Articles de revues : « Micro Star Software (Firm) »

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Kuo, Anthony, Tsih-tse Lo, Dhanoos Sutthiphisal et Ivy Chiu. « Innovation as Guided Coevolution : The Trend Micro Case (1998 – 2005) ». KINERJA 24, n^o 1 (1 mars 2020) : 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v24i1.3227.

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Innovation is considered crucial for firms to compete effectively. The extant research on innovation has provided significant insights, but, however, the majority examined innovation in the context of technology. Only a few exceptions have explored how social and behavioral factors influence firms in the innovation processes. Based on the coevolution perspective, this study examines innovation process of a software firm participating in the ever-changing information security software industry. We focused on how the firm guided its offerings to coevolve with new technologies and relevant changes among different groups of human actors. Our data reveals that the firm developed different offerings in different periods to cope with the changing driving forces—technologies, users, and hackers—in each period. Effectively identifying the driving forces and guided its offerings to coevolve with them, the firm successfully sustained its competitive advantage in the period characterized with turbulence in the environment.Keywords: innovation, coevolution, software, high-tech

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Putritamara, Jaisy Aghniarahim, Budi Hartono, Hery Toiba, Hamidah Nayati Utami, Moh Shadiqur Rahman et Dewi Masyithoh. « Do Dynamic Capabilities and Digital Transformation Improve Business Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic ? Insights from Beekeeping MSMEs in Indonesia ». Sustainability 15, n^o 3 (17 janvier 2023) : 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15031760.

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This study investigated the influence of Dynamic Capabilities (DC) and Digital Transformation (DT) on Business Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Using cross-sectional data from 388 micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) of beekeeping in Indonesia. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis and executed by SmartPLS 3.0 software. The main results of this study indicate that DC plays an important role in improving MSMEs’ DT. However, the essential role of DT on firm resilience only happened for micro, small, and medium firms of family businesses. However, DT has an insignificant effect on firm resilience in small nonfamily businesses. Yet, the effect of DC on firm resilience is mediated by DT. Nevertheless, our empirical findings indicate heterogeneous effects among micro, small, and medium firms. Based on the study’s findings, we suggested that the policy implication in developing beekeeping firms should be more specific based on the firm scale. The results of this study can be generalized to the national level to inform decision-making regarding the intangible assets of MSME livestock products in developing countries. The findings are also relevant to other livestock products, which tend to be dynamic during a crisis.

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Rehman, Naqeeb Ur. « Drivers of firms’ growth : a case study of software firms in Islamabad/Rawalpindi regions ». Journal of Management Development 34, n^o 8 (10 août 2015) : 901–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-05-2014-0041.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the drivers of firm’s growth such as research and development (R & D), absorptive capacity, knowledge management, organisation culture, access to finance, internationalisation and so forth. As far as the contribution is concerned, two objectives have been achieved from this empirical paper. First, this paper fills an important gap in the literature by determining the drivers of firm’s growth. Second, this study analysed the Pakistani software industry at micro level by investigating the firm’s knowledge-based assets and their significant association with labour productivity growth. Based on a face to face interview of 69 software firms, this study found that firm size, access to finance, internationalisation (exporting and outward foreign direct investment), business improvement methods and knowledge management have a positive impact on the firm’s labour productivity growth. In comparison, firm undertaking R & D and absorptive capacity showed negative association with labour productivity growth. This study implies that these software firms have low investment in knowledge-based assets. In summary, this empirical study suggests that high sunk costs, low investment in knowledge-based assets and shortage of skills generally affect the labour productivity of these software firms. Design/methodology/approach – Survey analysis, using cross section data analysis. Findings – This study found that firm size, access to finance, internationalisation (exporting and outward FDI), business improvement methods and knowledge management have a positive impact on the firm’s labour productivity growth. In comparison, firm undertaking R & D and absorptive capacity showed negative association with labour productivity growth. In summary, this empirical study suggests that high sunk costs, low investment in knowledge-based assets and shortage of skills generally affect the labour productivity of these software firms. Research limitations/implications – Additionally, suggestions for future research would be to investigate the relationship between drivers of firm growth and innovation performance. The survey analysis could be extended to other parts of country such as Karachi and Lahore for resolving causality. Originality/value – First, this paper fills an important gap in the literature by determining the drivers of firm’s growth. Second, this study analysed the Pakistani software industry at micro level by investigating the firm’s knowledge-based assets and their significant association with labour productivity growth.

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Kipp, Peter C., Yibo (James) Zhang et Amanuel F. Tadesse. « Can Social Media Interaction and Message Features Influence Nonprofessional Investors' Perceptions of Firms ? » Journal of Information Systems 33, n^o 2 (1 février 2018) : 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/isys-52067.

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ABSTRACT We investigate the impact of social media messages on nonprofessional investors' assessments of management credibility and firm value. In a between-participants experiment, we examine the joint effect of social media message vividness, valence, and micro-blogger influence on nonprofessional investors' assessments of management credibility and firm value. We find that when social media messages are pallid and negative (positive), high micro-blogger influence decreases (increases) nonprofessional investors' assessments of management credibility. In contrast, the effect is absent when messages are vivid. Further, we find that the effect of micro-blogger influence on nonprofessional investors' assessments of blogger credibility and management credibility is mediated by social media interactions. The assessment of management credibility, in turn, significantly impacts nonprofessional investors' firm valuation assessment. The results have implications for regulators (SEC 2013) that may wish to update their guidance to managers on how to monitor or even control nonprofessional investors' interaction on social media platforms. Data Availability: Contact the authors.

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Tjørnehøj, Gitte, et Lars Mathiassen. « Improvisation during Process-Technology Adoption : A Longitudinal Study of a Software Firm ». Journal of Information Technology 25, n^o 1 (mars 2010) : 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jit.2009.20.

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Most software firms struggle to take advantage of the potential benefits of software process improvement (SPI) as they adopt this technology into the complex and dynamic realities of their day-to-day operation. Such efforts are therefore typically fluctuating between management's attempt to control SPI technology adoption and events that causes the process to drift in unpredictable directions. To further understand how management's attempt to control the process is complemented by drifting, this article investigates the role of improvisation in adoption of SPI technology in a Danish software firm, SmallSoft, over a 10-year period (1996–2005). We found that micro-level and macro-level improvisations interacted, often in uncoordinated ways, to shape SPI technology adoption at SmallSoft. The improvisations enhanced employee creativity, motivation and empowerment, created momentum in the adoption process despite constrained resources, and, most importantly, helped adapt SPI technology to the everyday practices at SmallSoft. However, we also identified un-called for improvisations and outcomes that were uncoordinated with SmallSoft's goals. Based on these findings we discuss how management in small software firms can exploit improvisations to facilitate adoption of complex technologies like SPI.

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Barinta, Dunga Dwi, Siti Aisjah et Christin Susilowati. « Entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation as drivers of Micro Small Medium Entrepises (MSMEs') Performance ». Journal of Business and Management Review 3, n^o 8 (23 août 2022) : 548–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47153/jbmr38.4172022.

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Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) contribute to the Gross National Income (GDP) up to 40% and the creation of new job vacancies. Based on 25% of the total number of MSMEs in Indonesia cannot produce during the pandemic. In addition, internal problems such as lack of business knowledge, IT updates, low understanding in market make most MSMEs have low firm performance. Firm performance is an important part of a company to observe and evaluate the suitability of the results in business activities with the predetermined plan. Some researchers believe that firm performance is affected by Entrepreneurial Orientation and Market Orientation. This research was conducted by MSMEs that run their businesses in Malang City, East Java Indonesia. Data collection uses non-probability method approach with simple random sampling technique. The number of respondents collected in this study amounted to 112 respondents, but which can be used in data processing was amounted to 101 respondents. The method of data analysis uses SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) based on Partial Least Square (PLS) using SmartPLS 3.3 software application. This study aims to investigate the role of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Market Orientation in improving the performance of MSMEs. The research findings that entrepreneur orientation and market orientation are proven to have an effect on improving the performance of MSMEs. However, entrepreneur orientation cannot have a direct impact on improving performance. Entrepreneur orientation must be supported by market orientation in improving MSME performance

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Zhou, Helper, et Robert Zondo. « Do Firms’ Growth Rates Follow a Random Walk ? Evidence from Incubated Small and Medium Enterprises in South Africa ». African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies 5, n^o 1 (2023) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/ajims.v5i1.1091.

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Debate on the validity of the Law of Proportionate Effect (LPE) on firm growth is ongoing decades after it was postulated by Gibrat in 1931. The theoretical model which asserts that firm growth follows a random walk has been largely tested in developed economies using data from non-incubated firms, with scanty research in developing regions like Africa. This paper, therefore, aims to address this gap by being the first to assess the validity of Gibrat's law on incubated small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa. The study utilised four-year panel data from 300 incubated SMMEs across the country, for the period between 2018 to 2021. Utilising the Law's generalised growth rate model, the generalised least square regression modelling was harnessed, using R Software. The findings, using sales as firm size proxy, confirmed Gibrat’s Law. The results showed that firm size had no effect on the sales growth rate of incubated firms, on the other hand when employment proxied performance the LPE was rejected. The findings provide important implications for both practitioners and pertinent stakeholders in the SMME sector in South Africa.

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Truong, Thanh Hang, et Thu Ha Dang. « The impact of capital structure on financial performance - an empirical study at hotel firms in Hanoi ». Journal of Economic and Banking Studies 4, n^o 1 (juin 2024) : 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.59276/jebs.2024.06.2652.

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The article examines the impact of capital structure (CS) on financial performance (FP) of hotel firms. A sample size of 72 of 3 - 5 star hotel firms in Hanoi city, Vietnam in a period of 3 years from 2016 to 2019 has been taken to analyze. Firm FP is measured by ROA, ROE, ROS. The study which applies quantitative methods along with the support of EVIEWS software points out a statistical significance relationship. Firstly, the CS has a contrariwise impact on ROA but no effect on ROE and ROS. Secondly, among control variables (asset structure, expenditure ratio, revenue), the expenditure ratio is the only one showing a contrariwise impact on ROS and the rest has no statistical significance

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Xu, Yang, et Chengming Li. « Digital Transformation, Firm Boundaries, and Market Power : Evidence from China’s Listed Companies ». Systems 11, n^o 9 (19 septembre 2023) : 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11090479.

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Digital transformation is seen as an “elixir” for companies to improve their economic performance and expand their market power in the digital economy. Therefore, how does digital transformation affect enterprises’ market power? This paper used machine learning to construct a digital transformation index and used panel data of listed enterprises from 2008 to 2020 to study the impact of digital transformation on market power and its mechanism of action. The findings showed that digital transformation significantly increases market power, and this conclusion still holds after considering potential endogeneity issues and conducting robustness tests. The results of mechanism analysis revealed that digital transformation facilitates endogenous scale expansion and promotes merger and acquisition (M&A), which reshapes firm boundaries and, thus, enhances market power. This paper revealed new changes in the micro-organization of enterprises in the context of digital transformation and provided micro-evidence for the industrial organization effect of digital transformation.

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Keller, Felipe Hatzenberger, Everaldo Luis Daronco et Marcelo Cortimiglia. « Strategic tools and business modeling in an information technology firm ». Brazilian Journal of Operations & ; Production Management 14, n^o 3 (6 septembre 2017) : 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.14488/bjopm.2017.v14.n3.a4.

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Many small companies active in the segment of information and communication technology demonstrate difficulties in terms of expanding their business and increasing the product and service portfolio. In this context, this study aims to apply strategic tools and business model in a micro-segment of the software industry inserted into a huge market competition and low entry barriers. A qualitative research was carried out, unfolded in three stages: initial diagnosis, which is developed in the current map of the business model and analysed in the internal and external environments through tools such as PESTEL, Porter's 5 forces and SWOT matrix; critical analysis, when opportunities for improvement were identified based on analysis of the environment and questionnaires applied to current and potential customers and; restructuring and identifying improvements, a stage that includes the redesign of the idealized business model, stipulating coefficients of importance for further start-up study, by applying cross SWOT analysis. Among the main results to new technologies, media release, complementary services and support partnerships are adapted.

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Nnko, Eliakira, et Elia John. « The Influence of Learning Orientation on Performance of Micro and Small Agro-processing Enterprises in Tanzania ». International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, n^o 09 (16 septembre 2022) : 3861–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i9.em05.

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Firms that operate in dynamic and competitive business environment require strong learning orientation to build competitive edge and accelerate their performance. This study examines the influence of learning orientation on performance of micro and small agro-processing enterprises in Tanzania. Learning view holds that, organizations that can learn the business environment are in a better position to perform than their rivals. However, there exists scant literature on the relationship between learning orientation and performance specifically in micro and small agro-processing enterprises in developing economies like Tanzania. The current study put forward to contribute to the existing knowledge with empirical evidence relating the learning orientation dimensions of commitment to learning, open-mindedness and shared vision with firm performance. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design whereby data were collected through structured questionnaire from 302 agro-processing firms in Dar es Salaam, Morogoro and Arusha regions in Tanzania. The analysis was carried through Structural Equation Modeling with SPSS IBM AMOS software version 21. The findings revealed that, all three constructs of learning orientation have positive significant influence on the firm performance. This suggests that, the agro-processing MSEs should strengthen their learning orientation for better business performances. Besides, the policies related to agro-processing should provide enabling environment for the small firms to learn and build their competitiveness for the improved performances.

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John Nyide, Celani, et Sharon Zunckel. « Interplay between capital structure choice and survival and growth of small, medium, and micro enterprises : A South African context ». Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, n^o 4 (26 novembre 2019) : 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(4).2019.10.

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It is essential for small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) to become established, be sustainable and grow. These firms play a vital role in the economy of both developed and developing countries. Empirical studies have acknowledged the contribution of SMMEs to the economy, as well as to the gross domestic product. However, the failure rate of these firms has also been emphasized in the same studies. SMME survival is critical for economic growth, which is measured by increases in profits. Capital structure decisions are significant to the survival and growth of these entities. This study was conducted to examine the interplay between capital structure and SMMEs` survival and growth in a developing economy. A sample size of 103 SMMEs was chosen on a non-probability basis using convenience sampling within the eThekwini area, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The statistical tool used for analysis in this study was the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) 5.0 software. Capital structure was found to have a significant influence on the growth and survival of small, medium, and micro enterprises. The study concludes that utilizing retained earnings, personal savings, trade credit and funds from friends and family has a significant influence on the growth and survival of the firm. Debt and external equity financing, on the other hand, have an insignificant influence on the growth the firm.

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Zeng, Shouzhen, Joaquin Gonzalez et Clemente Lobato. « The effect of organizational learning and Web 2.0 on innovation ». Management Decision 53, n^o 9 (19 octobre 2015) : 2060–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2014-0388.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationships between Web 2.0 adoption, innovation, organizational learning and organizational performance in the hotel industry. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of four and five-star hotels provides the data. The fieldwork took place between February and June 2013. The questionnaire was sent to top managers of Chinese hospitality firms that provide their e-mail addresses on the main Chinese tourism web pages. The final sample comprises 278 hotels. This percentage of responses yields a sample error of 6.9 per cent for a 95 per cent confidence level. The authors followed a two-step approach for structural equation modelling, using EQS 5.7 software to conduct the tests. Findings – Results suggest that competitive advantage in the hotel industry requires firm strategies focusing on Web 2.0, innovation capacity and organizational learning. This finding contributes to the strategic management field by offering an explanation of the differences in firm performance within a particular industry. Therefore, the findings mark an important contribution to the literature, introducing a new variable that mediates the relationship between Web 2.0 and firm performance. Originality/value – The results hold that Web 2.0 adoption is crucial for enhancing innovativeness, which is a fundamental source of sustainable competitive advantage. In addition, organizational learning also has a positive effect on innovativeness. Innovation, which is the essence of competitive advantage, is a key concept for firms nowadays.

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Sun, Mu, Elena Urquía-Grande, Julián Chamizo-González et Cristina del Campo. « Accounting Earnings and Economic Growth, Trends, and Challenges : A Bibliometric Approach ». Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (10 août 2022) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7352160.

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In recent years, studies have been conducted to quantify the relationship between microeconomic and macroeconomic development. Macroeconomics is the orientation of microeconomic development. Existing research hopes to quantify the relationship between macroeconomics and micro-firms, rather than just focusing on economic indicators. And some empirical studies try to use the relationship between them to discuss its usefulness for micro-firm decision-making. This article focuses on applying and developing aggregate earnings in connecting microenterprise earnings and macroeconomic development. To achieve this goal, this research did a comprehensive bibliometric analysis on macro-accounting on the two most influential databases, namely, Web of Science and Scopus. It used the information visualization software VOSviewer to draw knowledge maps to sort research lines. We also analyzed the research hotspots of macro-accounting in recent years according to the year scale and combined it with the neural network PSO-LSTM model to predict their future development. It turns out that the research on aggregate earnings related to economic growth has become a research hotspot in recent years. Scopus research and development potential is better than Web of Science in this field.

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Liyanage, M. L. D. C. J., S. N. Morais, S. Abeysinghe et C. N. Wickramasinghe. « The Impact of Access to Finance on Firm Performance : Evidence from Microenterprises of Sri Lanka ». International Journal of Accounting and Business Finance 9, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2023) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/ijabf.v9i2.140.

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Lack of access to finance constantly emerges as one of the most imperative and robust underlying factors restricting firm growth and performance. Even though there were many literatures found on global scale there is very limited research conduct in Sri Lankan context, especially on the microenterprise’s perspective. Therefore, the main purpose of this study to fulfill this gap and investigate the role of access to finance on the performance of microenterprises in Sri Lanka. The study followed positivism philosophy and a deductive approach. As survey strategy was chosen, a structured questionnaire was used as the data collection tool from a sample of 385 Sri Lankan microentrepreneurs. The author has developed hypothesis and test them using the SPSS software. The findings indicate that increased access to finance has positive effects on the growth of profit, sales, and asset base of the micro enterprises. However, its impact of access to finance on employment generation was weak. Further, the study confirms the assumption that employment generation within microenterprise sector is persistently low. This study contributed to the local body of literature by analyzing the different employment groups of microenterprises and their relationship to access to finance in Sri Lankan context.

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Wijayanti, Cynthia Anna, Syamsir Abduh, Robert Kristaung et Filma Festivalia. « The Role of A Firm’s Capabilities on Business Model Innovation ; Evidence From Hotels in Indonesia ». Return : Study of Management, Economic and Bussines 3, n^o 3 (20 février 2024) : 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.57096/return.v3i2.209.

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A business model is a strategic plan for creating, delivering, and retaining value, ensuring profitability and competitiveness. To thrive in a dynamic market, a company should harness its strengths and innovate its business model to address opportunities or challenges. Strong capabilities empower a firm to effectively implement business model innovation in response to market fluctuations. This quantitative study examines the role of a firm’s capabilities, which are dynamic capabilities and market orientation toward a business model innovation in Indonesia’s hotel industry after the pandemic. Inferential statistical analysis was conducted on two independent variables, dynamic capabilities, and market orientation, to examine their impacts on business model innovation as a dependent variable using Structural Equation Modelling with software Smart PLS 4. The samples included 492 general managers at three to five-star hotels in Indonesia who were used as respondents. They were selected using purposive sampling to examine two hypotheses. A five-point Likert-scale online questionnaire included thirty-two questions from seven dimensions covering two independent variables examined. The results of the T-test show that the firm’s capabilities, which are dynamic capabilities and market orientation, have significant effects independently on business model innovation, with each substantial value of p<0.05. Dynamic capabilities affect business model innovation by 42.9%, followed by Market orientation, which contributes to business model innovation generation by 35%. Additionally, Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) identifies the practical contributions of firm capabilities, particularly highlighting the significance of proactive market orientation in influencing business model innovation.

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Ogar, Anthony, Joseph Anyadighibe, Jeremiah Abanbeshie, Aniebiet Etuk et Basil Eja. « Shadow banking and micro-, small and medium scale enterprises : A municipal assessment in Nigeria ». Banks and Bank Systems 18, n^o 2 (5 juin 2023) : 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.18(2).2023.13.

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Shadow banking is usually considered as offering financial and financial-related support outside of the mainstream conventional financial system. The biggest issue facing micro-, small, and medium-sized businesses (MSMEs) in Nigeria is the inconveniences and challenges associated with obtaining funds or credit from conventional banks, which encourages remote business operations and small-scale expansion. Thus, shadow banking activity is still widespread among MSMEs in Nigeria. This study used MSMEs operating in the Marian and Watt markets to analyze the impact of shadow bank interest income, savings products, and loans on the performance of MSMEs. A systematic Likert scale questionnaire was given to a group of 160 people, with 157 questionnaires duly returned. The survey research design was adopted, while the SPSS software was used to analyze the data acquired. As such, shadow banking interest income has a non-significant positive impact (0.022%) on the performance of MSMEs in Calabar metropolis; shadow banking savings products have a negative but significant impact (–0.160%) on MSME performance in Calabar metropolis, while shadow banking loans have a positive and significant effect (0.194%) on micro-, small, and medium-scale firm performance in Calabar metropolis. The study concluded that shadow bank operators should ensure that their service costs are standardized and supplied at affordable rates to attract MSMEs to patronize them for more successful business operations.

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Jones, Andrew. « Digital credit scoring for affordable housing finance : Syntellect and Reall in urban India ». Enterprise Development and Microfinance 32, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2021) : 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00012.

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A promising field of housing finance innovation is digital approaches to assessing the creditworthiness of low-income borrowers, based on the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to ‘alternative’ customer data. These reduce the risk of lending to underserved customers, many of whom work in the informal sector and lack formal credit histories. This article introduces and explores the emerging application of digital credit scoring technologies to affordable housing in India, through the practitioner lens of Syntellect – a Mumbai-based fintech firm – and their investor Reall, an innovator in climate-smart affordable housing. Syntellect has developed proprietary software called RightProfile – a unique customer profiler that caters to the unbanked, new to banking, and new to credit segment with a focus on informal micro-entrepreneurs. The article shares Syntellect and Reall’s experience to date, situating these within broader affordable housing trends and reflecting on the transferability of RightProfile outside India.

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Valencia. S. Permata, Antonius S. Setiawan, Johan G. Ony,. « The Effect of Cultural Values on Business Strategy Choices ». Jurnal Manajemen 24, n^o 1 (2 mars 2020) : 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jm.v24i1.636.

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The strategy is important in the effort to achieve firm performance. The decision of an entrepreneur in determining the choice of strategy is often influenced by certain factors. Ethnic cultural values embraced by an entrepreneur will often be an important issue that will have an impact on the choice of their business strategy. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of cultural values on business strategy choices. The study was conducted using quantitative methods using primary data through a survey on micro, small and medium business entrepreneurs in Palembang city. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed to entrepreneurs. The number of questionnaires used in this study was 107 (71%). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis using Warp PLS version 5.0 software is used to test the hypothesis. The results of the study indicate that the cultural values embraced by entrepreneurs influence the choice of business strategies that they implement.

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Kharub, Manjeet, Rahul S. Mor et Rajiv Sharma. « The relationship between cost leadership competitive strategy and firm performance ». Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 30, n^o 6 (21 octobre 2019) : 920–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-06-2017-0116.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the cost leadership competitive strategy’s (CLCS) impact on firm performances and the mediating role of quality management (QM) practices in the context of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Design/methodology/approach A structures questionnaire data collected from 245 ISO 9000 certified MSMEs in India (65.1 per cent of response rate) have been utilised to understand the CLCS’s impact on firm performances. In the first step, the data adequacy tests were performed to check the reliability and validity of the questionnaire and survey data. After that, the partial mediating model (direct, indirect and total effect) along with structural equation modelling approach was employed to test the research hypotheses. Findings The study results revealed that no direct relationship exists between the CLCS and firm performances (0.12<β<0.13; p>0.05); however, QM practices entirely mediated their relationship (β=0.73, p<0.01). Among eight model parameters, with highest total effects on product quality improvement (β=0.6264) and process improvement (β=0.6028), the continuous improvement secured the rank 1, followed by information and analysis (β=0.2334) and supplier management (0.1839), respectively, at p<0.05. Based on the empirical results, it can be concluded that the continuous improvement via proper information and data analysis is the key to achieve CLCS’s goal in the MSMEs. Research limitations/implications The study results’ generalisation towards the large organisations is limited. The survey result findings applicability to other developing countries should also be treated with caution because the Indian Government subsidised the MSMEs selected for this study. The study results will help managers in implementing CLCS at the organisational level. The successful implementation will facilitate a competitive advantage in the local market and will motivate them to think globally. Originality/value The research observation and findings are expected to contribute to the strategic management in manufacturing industries. The study also confirms the existence of strategic management in MSMEs in a developing country. Furthermore, the major contribution is to understand the mediating role of QM practices, especially continuous improvement effect on the relationship between CLCS and firm performances in a developing country. The results indicated that the CLCS is only possible when the managers in the manufacturing sectors emphasis on the QM practices in their firms.

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Njoki, Jerusha, et Patrick Ngugi. « Influence of Innovation on the Growth of Micro and Small Pharmaceutical Enterprises in Kenya ». Journal of Entrepreneurship & ; Project Management 6, n^o 4 (27 septembre 2022) : 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t6032.

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Medium and Small Enterprises (MSEs) are engines of economic development through contribution of jobs and poverty reduction. Currently, the MSE sector in Kenya contributes over 70% of the country’s GDP. Despite this importance, 3 out every five of MSEs in Kenya collapse within 3-5 years of operation leading to loss of jobs, increased poverty and low GDP. Innovation has been termed as one of the most crucial elements in today’s globalized and competitive environment. Remaining competitive in today’s modern world require organizations to pursue innovation the objective of the study was to determine the influence of innovation on growth of micro and small pharmaceutical enterprises in Kenya. To achieve this objective, a descriptive survey study design shall be adopted. The target population of the study was the pharmaceutical MSEs in Nairobi County. Random sampling technique was used to get sample size of 30 .The research study adopted a questionnaire as a research data collection instrument. Both open and closed ended questions shall be used to elicit responses from respondents. The research data collected was analyzed using the statistical package for social scientists software and the results presented using charts and tables. Descriptive statistical data was used for analysis and reporting. The reliability of the test instrument shall be done using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between growth and the types of innovation applied in pharmaceutical Mses. The study results were presented through tables and figures. The study concludes that open innovation has a positive and significant effect on growth of micro and small pharmaceutical enterprises in Kenya. In addition, the study concludes that process innovation has a positive and significant effect on growth of micro and small pharmaceutical enterprises in Kenya. Further, the study concludes that front end innovation has a positive and significant effect on growth of micro and small pharmaceutical enterprises in Kenya. The study also concludes that market innovation has a positive and significant effect on growth of micro and small pharmaceutical enterprises in Kenya. Based on the results, this study recommends that the management of micro and small pharmaceutical enterprises should encourage open innovation to ensure maximum utilization of resources and minimize wastage. Further, the management of micro and small pharmaceutical enterprises should formulate and implement effective marketing strategies to increase the sales of their firm. Keywords: Innovation, Leadership Skills, Pharmaceuticals, Micro and Small Enterprises

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Varghese, Anish, Bob Edwards, Gaurav Mitra et Alistair P. Rendell. « Programming the Adapteva Epiphany 64-core network-on-chip coprocessor ». International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 31, n^o 4 (27 août 2015) : 285–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342015599238.

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Energy efficiency is the primary impediment in the path to exascale computing. Consequently, the high-performance computing community is increasingly interested in low-power high-performance embedded systems as building blocks for large-scale high-performance systems. The Adapteva Epiphany architecture integrates low-power RISC cores on a 2D mesh network and promises up to 70 GFLOPS/Watt of theoretical performance. However, with just 32 KB of memory per eCore for storing both data and code, programming the Epiphany system presents significant challenges. In this paper we evaluate the performance of a 64-core Epiphany system with a variety of basic compute and communication micro-benchmarks. Further, we implemented two well known application kernels, 5-point star-shaped heat stencil with a peak performance of 65.2 GFLOPS and matrix multiplication with 65.3 GFLOPS in single precision across 64 Epiphany cores. We discuss strategies for implementing high-performance computing application kernels on such memory constrained low-power devices and compare the Epiphany with competing low-power systems. With future Epiphany revisions expected to house thousands of cores on a single chip, understanding the merits of such an architecture is of prime importance to the exascale initiative.

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Iswati, Heni, Muhammad Iqbal Al 'Mudatsir, Nora Andira Brabo et Rinny Meidiyustiani. « How Marketing Communication Affect Consumer Purchase Intention in Social Media Context (Case Study : MSMEs Business in Indonesia) ». International Journal of Social Service and Research 3, n^o 1 (29 janvier 2023) : 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v3i1.225.

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The rapid development of the internet has driven changes in marketing communication strategies, from communication through traditional mass media to using communication on the internet that utilizes social media. Marketing communication through social media can help micro, small and medium-sized businesses introduce their brands and products to consumers at a lower cost than through traditional media. The study aims to find out the influence of social media communication forms on brand equity, brand attitudes and consumer purchase intentions built from Consumer Decision Model. This study focus on selected UMKM (Micro, small and medium enterprises-MSMEs) brands in area of food and beverages which business are relatively new to the market and have lower than 5000 followers in social media Instagram. Total number of 102 respondents are selected for online survey by convenience sampling method and a structural equation model (PLS-SEM) with Smart PLS software use as an analysis tool for limited data. The results of this study showed that firm created communication had a positive and significant effect on brand equity but had no significant effect on brand attitudes. User generated communication has a positive and significant effect on brand equity and brand attitudes. Brand attitudes have a positive and significant effect on brand equity. Brand attitudes have a positive and significant influence on consumer purchase intention. Brand equity has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention. Implications and limitations are discussed further.

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Vashahi, F., S. Ra, Y. Choi et J. K. Lee. « Influence of Design Parameters on the Air/Liquid Ratio of an Air Induction Nozzle ». Journal of Mechanics 34, n^o 3 (29 mars 2017) : 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2017.12.

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AbstractA two-phase flow parametric study on an air induction nozzle with water and air as the working fluids is presented. Liquid was supplied at the pre-orifice with various inlet pressures ranging from 3 to 6 bar. The interaction between air and water at the molecular level at the orifice exit leads to formation of a strong shear layer that is intensified with the increase in inlet pressure. Thus, it is vital to regulate the ratio of the intake air to the supplied liquid so that the generated micro bubbles fit the design criteria. CFD analysis was conducted using the commercial software STAR CCM+ from Siemens and validated against experimental data to investigate the design parameters and their effect on the ALR. A volume of fluid (VOF) method of the RANS models was used to undertake the air-water interaction. Parameters such as the throat, air orifice, and air inlet diameter, along with the diffuser angle, were investigated. It was found that certain parameters such as the throat diameter have a more significant effect on the air/liquid entrainment ratio than other parameters.

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Srivastava, Saurabh, et Derrick D’Souza. « An empirical examination of the relationship between managerial strategic thinking and absorptive capacity of the organization ». Journal of Strategy and Management 13, n^o 1 (27 novembre 2019) : 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-05-2019-0077.

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Purpose Recently, researchers have highlighted the limited attention that has been devoted to managerial capabilities as micro-foundational elements of absorptive capacity. Strategic thinking is one such managerial capability that guides managers during the development of organizational capabilities. The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the influence of managerial strategic thinking on the development of absorptive capacity. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using a sample of 324 senior-level and mid-level managers from the software industry. PLS-SEM was used to test the hypothesized relationships. Findings Study results indicate that managerial strategic thinking is positively related to absorptive capacity, as well as to each of its four components – acquisition, assimilation, transformation and exploitation. Originality/value The current study adopts a micro-foundations perspective and delves into the development and orchestration of organizational capabilities. This study is the first to empirically investigate the relationship between managerial strategic thinking and absorptive capacity. Prior literature on absorptive capacity has focused on its influence on phenomena that are downstream to absorptive capacity, e.g. innovation, new product development and firm performance. The research offers new insights into the relationship between absorptive capacity and managerial strategic thinking, a hitherto unexplored upstream phenomenon. Scholars have theorized that managerial strategic thinking plays a pivotal role in managerial decisions, making it a critical factor in developing the absorptive capacity of an organization. The authors believe that the empirical evidence of the theorized relationship offers valuable insights that will aid scholarly research on organizational capabilities.

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Volkova, Nadezhda A., Vladmir A. Kurkin, Olga E. Pravdivtseva, Arkadii A. Andreev, Anna V. Kurkina, Sergei V. Pervushkin et Albert I. Agapov. « Morphological and anatomical study of <i>Crataegus submollis</i> ; Sarg. shoots ». Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya 23, n^o 1 (21 mars 2023) : 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55531/2072-2354.2023.23.1.31-35.

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Aim to conduct a morphological and anatomical study of dried shoots of soft hawthorn collected during the flowering period. Material and methods. The shoots of soft hawthorn were collected during the flowering period in the Botanical Garden of Samara University. The micro-preparations were immersed in an alcohol-water-glycerin mixture (1:1:1). To determine the lignified elements of stems and pedicels, a solution of 2% aniline sulfate in 50% ethanol was used. The samples of raw material were examined in daylight using a magnifying glass and a "Motic DM-39C-N9GO-A" binocular. The microscopic examination was performed in transmitted and reflected light using a digital microscope Carl Zeiss Primo Star 415500-0057-000 (Imaging Software for Microscopy ZEN soge V2.7). Results. The study of anatomical and morphological properties of hawthorn shoots revealed their most characteristic feature - the abundant pubescence with simple hairs. In addition, the edge of the leaf blades, bracts and sepals had multicellular glands with brown contents. Conclusion. The anatomy of the petiole of the hawthorn leaf was described for the first time. The study allows us to identify characteristic changes in the conducting system of the leaf. The morphological and anatomical analysis allows us to identify the common features of the semi-soft hawthorn and closely related species.

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Sultan, Khurram, Ramyar Rzgar Ahmed, Fairoz Mohammad Ameen et Mamta Singh. « THE EFFECT OF MACROECONOMIC & ; BANK SPECIFIC FACTORS ON BANKS PROFITABILITY : AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM BANKING INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN ». Humanities & ; Social Sciences Reviews 8, n^o 3 (2 juin 2020) : 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8368.

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Purpose of the study: In the emerging environment of the banking sector, profitability is the main principle of the banks.The objective of this study to scrutinize the impact of banks on specific indicators such as asset size, credit risk, capital adequacy, and macroeconomic indicator such as the interest rate on the profitability of banks. Profitability is usually shown as a function of internal and external determinants. Methodology: To consider the determinants of bank’s profitability panel data has been used from 2003 to 2018 which belongs to 17 commercial banks for VIF, LSDVM, and Hausman test. The data is collected from the secondary source through financial reports of the banks. The dependent variable is ROE and the independent variables are in two categories bank-Specific variables and macroeconomic variables and analysis has been carried out in E-views software. Main Findings: The results reveal that the micro-economic factors that are deposits, asset quality, asset size, and liquidity have a significant impact on the bank’s profitability. While macro-economic factor gross domestic product (GDP) has a positive impact on the bank’s efficiency. However capital adequacy ratio, inflation has a negative effect on the bank’s profitability. Ours inspects give the conclusion that the bank's profitability being resolute by the significantly considered the above factors. Application of this study: This study contributes toward the banking sector for policymakers in order to construct the best capital configuration of the firm. This study also suggests that which element is having more importance while making capital configuration for the firm. The originality of this study: Profitability is usually shown as a function of internal and external determinants. The number of studies is available related to other industries but fewer studies are available related to the banking sector of Pakistan so this research work provides the technique while making the best profitability configuration for banks of Pakistan.

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Somantri, Nivika Tiffany, Naftalin Winanti et Fatkhurrohman Fatkhurrohman. « Model Routing Data pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro (PLTMH) Berbasis Jaringan Sensor Nikabel (JSN) ». TELKA - Telekomunikasi Elektronika Komputasi dan Kontrol 7, n^o 1 (24 mai 2021) : 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/telka.v7n1.49-61.

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Pembangkit listrik tenaga mikrohidro adalah salah satu sumber energi listrik terbarukan saat ini dengan memanfaatkan tenaga air berskala kecil untuk penggeraknya. PLTMH pada umumnya memiliki ruang kontrol yang berada jauh dengan sistemnya, sehingga dibutuhkan suatu sistem monitoring. Penggunaan sistem monitoring berbasis nirkabel menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut dengan proses pengiriman informasi yang cepat dan mudah. Penelitian ini merancang suatu model routing data dengan perancangan hardware dan software pada komunikasi data. Sistem dibangun menggunakan mikrokontroller arduino dan komunikasi frekuensi Xbee dengan protocol zigbee. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan berbagai macam topologi yaitu topologi pair, star, mesh, tree, dan x dalam model routing data baik dalam lingkungan indoor maupun lingkungan outdoor. Hasil yang didapat berdasarkan pengujian pada lingkungan indoor menunjukan Xbee tetap dapat mengirim dalam ruangan yang memiliki penghalang dengan jarak 21m, sedangkan pada pengujian outdoor, Xbee dapat tetap mengirim dengan jarak maksimum 120.5m menggunakan model topologi x. Berdasarkan semua pemodelan yang telah dilakukan, topologi x merupakan model yang dianggap paling berhasil walaupun memiliki kelemahan dalam tingkat kerapihan penerimaan data namun dari tingkat keamanannya ketika terjadi masalah dengan salah satu node, topologi x masih memiliki jalur lain untuk dapat mengirimkan data ke penerima. Micro hydropower plant is one of the current renewable electrical energy by making use of small-scale water power for propulsion. MHPP generally has a control room that was away with the system, so we need a monitoring system. The use of wireless-based monitoring systems into one solution to overcome these problems with the delivery process information quickly and easily. Therefore, we designed a model of routing data by designing hardware and software in data communication comprising Arduino microcontroller and Xbee frequency communication with ZigBee protocol. Testing is done by using a variety of topologies, namely topology pair, star, mesh, tree, and x in the model routing of data in both the indoor and outdoor environment. The results obtained by testing the indoor environment is Xbee can still send in a room that had a barrier at a distance of 21m, while the outdoor testing Xbee can still send more than the maximum distance delivery Xbee 70.5m in research that is by using the model topology x. Based on all the modeling that has been done, topology x is the model that is considered the most successful even though it has weaknesses in the level of data reception tidiness. But the level of security has the advantage that when there is a problem with one of the nodes, the x topology still has another path to be able to send data to the receiver.

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Le Thi Kim, Nhung, Daphné Duvernay et Huyen Le Thanh. « Determinants of financial performance of listed firms manufacturing food products in Vietnam : regression analysis and Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition analysis ». Journal of Economics and Development 23, n^o 3 (16 février 2021) : 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jed-09-2020-0130.

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PurposeThis article studies the impact of micro and macro factors on firm performance in the context of an emerging economy just changed from a subsidized economy to a market economy.Design/methodology/approachThe authors carried out an investigation into 30 listed food processing companies in Vietnam from 2014 to 2019. The data are analyzed by using STATA software. In this study, beside the regression analytical technique, the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition analysis is used to study more deeply the effect of variables on financial performance of food processing companies, so its results are reliable base to give suggestions.FindingsThe results of empirical research help us to have some following conclusion. First, two variables consisting of total assets turnover ratio (ATR) and growth in sales significantly influence financial performance, when it is measured by return on equity (ROE) or return on sales (ROS). Second, leverage significantly negatively impacts return on sale. Third, there are difference in financial performance and the effect of predictors on dependent variable “ROS” between state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and non SOEs, and the causes come from the component effect.Originality/valueIn fact, although a range of previous researches on that topic have been carried out, none of them dig deeper reasons resulting to the differences in financial performance between SOEs and non SOEs, whereas Vietnamese economy has just changed to a market economy since 1986, making impacts of State ownership totally different from other countries. In this study, the authors use the t-test and analysis to have more accurate conclusions about that problem.

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Ferrier, L., M. Vezza et H. Zare-Behtash. « Improving the aerodynamic performance of a cycloidal rotor through active compliant morphing ». Aeronautical Journal 121, n^o 1241 (11 mai 2017) : 901–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2017.34.

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ABSTRACTCycloidal rotors are a novel form of propulsion system that can be adapted to various forms of transport such as air and marine vehicles, with a geometrical design differing significantly from the conventional screw propeller. Research on cycloidal rotor design began in the early 1930s and has developed throughout the years to the point where such devices now operate as propulsion systems for various aerospace applications such as micro air vehicles, unmanned air vehicles and compound helicopters. The majority of research conducted on the cycloidal rotor’s aerodynamic performance have not assessed mitigating the dynamic stall effect, which can have a negative impact on the rotor performance when the blades operate in the rotor retreating side. A solution has been proposed to mitigate the dynamic stall effect through employment of active, compliant leading-edge morphing. A review of the current state of the art in this area is presented. A two-dimensional, implicit unsteady numerical analysis was conducted using the commercial computational fluid dynamics software package STAR CCM+, on a two-bladed cycloidal rotor. An overset mesh technique, otherwise known as a chimera mesh, was used to apply complex transient motions to the simulations. Active, compliant leading-edge morphing is applied to an oscillating NACA 0015 aerofoil to attempt to mitigate the dynamic stall whilst maintaining the positive dynamic lift coefficient (Cl) contributions. It was verified that by applying a pulsed input leading-edge rotational morphing schedule, the leading-edge vortex does not fully form and the large flow separation is prevented. Further work in this investigation will focus on coupling the active, leading-edge motion to the cycloidal rotor model with the aim to maximise aerodynamic performance.

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Abbas, Naveed, Muhammad Zafar, Mushtaq Ahmad, Ashwaq T. Althobaiti, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan, Trobjon Makhkamov, Yusufjon Gafforov et al. « Tendril Anatomy : A Tool for Correct Identification among Cucurbitaceous Taxa ». Plants 11, n^o 23 (28 novembre 2022) : 3273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233273.

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This research examined the histological micro-structure of tendril vasculature in cucurbitaceous taxa. In this research, the tendril anatomy of 17 taxa of Cucurbitaceae categorized into seven genera, including Cucumis (five species), Cucurbita and Luffa (three species each), Citrullus and Momordica (two species each) while Lagenaria and Praecitrullus (one species each), collected from different areas of the Thal desert were examined via microscopic imaging to explore its taxonomic significance. Tendril transverse sections were cut with a Shandon Microtome to prepare slides. The distinctive characteristics of taxonomic value (qualitative and quantitative) include tendril and vascular bundle shape, variation in the number of vascular bundles, tendril diameter length, layers of sclerenchyma, and shape of collenchyma and epidermal cells. Tendril shapes observed are irregular, slightly oval-shaped, slightly C shaped, angular (4-angled, 6-angled, or polygonal), and star shaped. Quantitative measurements were taken to analyze the data statistically using SPSS software. Cucurbita pepo had a maximum tendril diameter length of 656.1 µm and a minimum in Momordica balsamina of 123.05 µm. The highest number of vascular bundles (12) were noticed in Luffa acutangula var.amara. Angular type was prominent in collenchyma, and irregular shape was dominant in sclerenchyma cells. A maximum of seven to nine sclerenchyma layers were present in Lagenaria siceraria and a minimum of two or three layers in Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis, Cucumis melo var. flexuosus, and Cucumis melo var.cantalupensis. Epidermis cells also show great variations with a rectangular shape being dominant. Statistical UPGMA dendrogram clustering of tendril vasculature traits shows that histological sections studied with microscopic techniques can be used to identify species and will play a vital role in future taxonomic and phylogenic linkages.

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Ghobakhloo, Morteza, Adel Azar et Sai Hong Tang. « Business value of enterprise resource planning spending and scope ». Kybernetes 48, n^o 5 (7 mai 2019) : 967–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-01-2018-0025.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to contribute to the existing knowledge about the value of post-implementation Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system at the firm level. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect data from 217 Malaysian firms that successfully implemented ERP system. Data analysis was conducted with partial least squares-structural equation modeling and partial least squares multi-group analysis techniques. Findings Higher ERP spending and greater ERP scope in the post-implementation stage were associated with higher performance gains. Research limitations/implications Among other limitations, relying on a small sample size and cross-sectional data of this study and lack of generalizability of findings tend to have certain limitations. An interesting direction for future research would be to extend this study by conducting a multi-level analysis to understand how ERP spending and scope would affect the micro-level performance. Practical implications Non-financial performance gain is another valuable outcome of ERP implementation. The choice between in-house and off-the-shelf ERP systems will have dramatic impacts on the future profitability of firms. ERP risk management team and related practices during implementation phase result in a significantly higher financial gain in the post-implementation phase. Originality/value This study assesses the business value of ERP at the post-implementation phase while accounting for key contextual and managerial issues, a topic that has received little attention to date.

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Spraggon, Martin, et Virginia Bodolica. « Collective tacit knowledge generation through play ». Management Decision 55, n^o 1 (13 février 2017) : 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-05-2015-0173.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the literature by examining the generation of collective tacit knowledge (CTK) in organizations through social ludic activities (SLAs) as a specific form of playful micro-practice carried out by employees. Design/methodology/approach This paper builds upon socially distributed cognition (SDC) and transactive memory systems (TMS) to analyze SLAs’ contribution to CTK creation in the workplace. These theories provide conceptual underpinnings for comprehending how workers self-organize shared activities to store, retrieve and use each other’s tacit knowledge within the collective. An example is provided to illustrate SLAs’ manifestation in an agile-based software development firm. Findings SLAs may facilitate collective members’ knowing and learning whereby different solutions are sought and potential tactics to cope with work issues are attuned to changing conditions by the collective members at work. Four moderating factors, namely physical proximity, psychological safety, richness of communication pathways and intensity of interactions, are identified and propositions to conceptualize their role in CTK generation through SLAs are formulated. Practical implications SLA players’ efforts to solve dysfunctionalities at work are not merely prompted by interdependencies among work-related tasks but also driven by high levels of social embeddedness and interaction among employees. Managers should become more supportive of collective playful activities in their organizations by building a propitious corporate climate for the mobilization of CTK in the workplace. Understanding SLAs as a soft group device where CTK resides, transits, is enacted and continuously metamorphosed represents an important complement to hard devices offered by information systems. Originality/value Relying on the notion of SLAs as a means to cope with work concerns, the authors integrate insights from organizational play, knowledge management, SDC and TMS literatures to advance the authors’ understanding of CTK creation through collective playful undertakings at work.

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Агафонова, В. В., А. П. Скибин et В. Ю. Волков. « Modeling air exchange in office premises using a microperforated fabric air duct ». Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, n^o 2 (15 février 2021) : 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2021.02.06.

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Рассмотрены вопросы улучшения качества внутренней среды помещения офисного здания при применении современного воздухораспределительного устройства – текстильного воздуховода с микроотверстиями. Преимуществом такого вида устройств является подача приточного воздуха струями с малым импульсом, что позволяет размещать их вблизи рабочей зоны помещения, исключая возможность возникновения сквозняков на рабочих местах. Цель работы – сопоставительный численный расчет эффективности организации воздухообмена в помещении офисного здания при двух схемах подачи воздуха: через приточные решетки и посредством текстильного воздуховода с микроперфорацией. Моделирование проводилось с использованием коммерческого программного комплекса STAR-CCM+. Для описания движения воздуха используется система уравнений Рейнольдса с замыканием с помощью модели турбулентности k-ω SST (Mentor). В ходе проведения исследований были получены данные о характере изменения температуры и скорости воздуха по высоте рабочей зоны помещения. Определено, что при подаче воздуха через приточные решетки температура (23,3–27,2 °С) и скорость воздуха (0,06–0,22 м/с) соответствуют допустимым параметрам микроклимата (ГОСТ 30494-2011), при организации воздухообмена с помощью микроперфорированного воздуховода – оптимальным параметрам (температура 23,1–25,4 °С, скорость воздуха 0,09–0,13 м/с), комфортным для организма человека. Таким образом, применение воздуховода с микроперфорацией повышает эффективность ассимиляции тепловых избытков по сравнению с традиционными воздухораспределительными устройствами (вентиляционными решетками). The issues of improving the quality of the internal environment of an office building using an advanced air dispersion device – a fabric air duct with micro-orifices are considered. The advantage of this device is supplying the incoming air by jets with a low impulse allowing to locate the devices near the working space in offices eliminating the risk of drafts at the working places. The purpose of the work is a comparative numerical calculation of the efficiency of arranging the air exchange in an office building with two air supply schemes: through supply grilles and through a fabric air duct with microperforation. Modeling was carried out using the commercial STAR-CCM + software package. The system of Reynolds equations with closure using the k-ωSST turbulence model (Mentor) is used to describe the air movement. As part of the study, data on the nature of the change in temperature and air speed along the height of the working area of the office were obtained. It has been determined that while air is supplied through the supply grilles, the temperature (23.3–27.2 °C) and air speed (0.06–0.22 m/s) meet the permissible microclimate standards (GOST 30494-2011); while arranging the air exchange with the use of a microperforated air duct they correspond to the optimal parameters (temperature 23.1–25.4 °С, air speed 0.09–0.13 m/s) that are comfortable for the human body. Thus, the use of a microperforated air duct enhances the efficiency of heat surplus assimilation in comparison with traditional air distribution devices (ventilation grilles).

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Ayu Vianora, Natasha, Cholisa Rosanti, Yohani Yohani et Fadli Hudaya. « PENANGANAN PEMBIAYAAN BERMASALAH DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DALAM FATWA DSN MUI (Studi pada Koperasi Simpan Pinjam dan Pembiayaan Syariah (KSPPS) BTM Kajen) ». Neraca 19, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2023) : 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.48144/neraca.v19i2.1691.

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The purpose of this research is to find out, understand, and analyze the handling of murabahah and musyarakah financing carried out by the Savings Cooperative Sharia Borrowing and Financing (KSPPS) BTM Kajen during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Fatwa DSN MUI. Since it is a descriptive qualitative study, some interviews, and observations were conducted. Data analysis is carried out by collecting, (data collection), reducing, (data reduction), presenting (data display), and drawing data conclusions or verification (conclusions). The results stated handling of problem financing of murabahah and musyarakah carried out by the Savings and Loans Cooperative and Sharia Financing (KSPPS) BTM Kajen during the COVID-19 Pandemic, including: (a) administrative process, conducted by rescheduling, reconditioning dan restructuring; (b) collateral, an agreement that has a guarantee at the beginning of the financing agreement murabahah is transferred under the name of KSPPS BTM Kajen until the financing has been payment by the customer; (c) settlement of disputes due to financing problems with murabahah and musyarakah financing are carried out in court. Furthermore, analysis settlement of problematic murabahah and musyarakah financing at KSPPS BTM is carried out in accordance with the Fatwa of the National Sharia Council- Indonesian Ulema Council (DSN-MUI). Associated with rescheduling, restructuring, reconditioning, guarantee auction, and write off of results interviews and also become the top ranking in financing settlement mapping the problematic murabahah conducted by the researcher, it was found that this solution model is in line with the DSN-MUI fatwa. REFERENSI Arifin, Imamul. 2015, Membuka Cakrawala Ekonomi, Jakarta: Setia Purna Inves. Azharsyah Ibrahim dan Arinal Rahmawati, 2017, Analisis Solutif Penyelesaian Pembiayaan Bermasalah di Bank Syari’ah: Kajian Pada Produk Murabahah di Bank Muamalat Indonesia Banda Aceh. Iqtishadia Volume 10 Nomor 1 2017. Azzahra, M., Yohani, Y., & Fatah, K. (2023). ANALISIS DAMPAK SEBELUM DAN DI SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19 TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM DAN LABA PERUSAHAAN SUB SEKTOR TRANSPORTASI YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA. Jurnal Akuntansi STIE Muhammadiyah Palopo, 9(1), 1-14. Baswir, Revrisond. 2016. Manifesto Ekonomi Kerakyatan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Dini, Melinda. 2020. Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Sektor Ekonomi. Jurnal Abdimas. Volume 7 Nomor 3, Maret 2021. Effendi, J. 2020. Mengembangkan Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Syariah. Semarang: UNDIP Gina, W., Effendi, J., 2014. Program Pembiayaan Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Syariah ( LKMS ) Dalam Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Pelaku Usaha Mikro (Studi Kasus BMT Baitul Karim Bekasi). Financing Program in Microfinance Institution ( LKMS ) of Welfare Enhancing for Micro Business Enterprise, 3(1), 33–43. Hanoatubun, Silpa. 2020. Dampak Covid 19 terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia. EduPsyCouns Journal, Volume 2 nomor 1, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. Jelitia, Wienanda Rizka Sukma dan Atina Shofawati, 2019, “Manajemen Risiko Operasional Pada PT Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syari’ah (BPRS) Jabal Nur Tebuireng Di Surabaya,” Falah: Jurnal Ekonomi Syari’ah, No. 1 (2019). Khairan, 2020. “Strategi Penanganan Pembiayaan Bermasalah Dengan Metode Reschedulling, Reconditioning dan Restructuring Pada Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Syari’ah Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil”. Jurnal At-Tamwil. Vol. 2 No. 1 Maret 2020. Kharisma, Widya Ratna. 2019. Manajemen Risiko Pembiayaan Mitra Usaha di KSPPS BMT al-Hikmah Cabang Mijen Ungaran. Jurnal. UIN Walisongo, Semarang. Lutfiani, A. P., & Hidayah, R. (2022). ESG Performance and Ownership Structure on Cost of Capital and Research & Development Investment. Fokus Bisnis Media Pengkajian Manajemen dan Akuntansi, 21(1), 25-42. Risgiyanti, R., & Hidayah, R. (2020). The role of workplace spirituality in reducing the negative impact of organizational cynicism on job performance. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 18(4), 692-703. Riswan, R., & Suyono, E. (2016). Corporate diversification: Destroying or increasing firm value? Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Corporate Ownership & Control. 14 (4). Rosanti, C. (2020). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Inovasi Produk Koperasi Jasa Keuangan Syariah Pada KJKS BTM Se Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 6(1), 8-13. Usamah, U. (2022). THE MODERATION ROLE OF GENDER ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF BAITUT TAMWIL MUHAMMADIYAH IN INDONESIA. Jurnal Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam, 8(1).

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Dalle Carbonare, Luca, Alessandro Matte, Maria Teresa Valenti, Angela Siciliano, Arianna Cristellon et Lucia De Franceschi. « Zoledronic Acid Reverses Acute Bone Impairment in a Mouse Model for Sickle Cell Disease ». Blood 124, n^o 21 (6 décembre 2014) : 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.222.222.

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Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a worldwide distributed hereditary red cell disorder, characterized by the synthesis of pathological hemoglobin S (HbS). Up to now, limited studies in SCD patients have proposed a bone loss related to recurrent acute vaso-occlusive events (VOCs). Here, we designed a study in a humanized mouse model for SCD to evaluate (i) bone structure turnover and micro-architecture by histomorphometric approach; (ii) osteoblastic differentiation by RT-PCR analysis of bone runx2, sparc and alp gene expression. We used humanized healthy control (Hbatm1(HBA)Tow Hbbtm3(HBG1,HBB)Tow) and SCD (Hbatm1(HBA)Tow Hbbtm2(HBG1,HBB*)Tow) mice. Mice were divided into different groups as detailed in the enclosed flow-chart. In steady state, we first evaluated bone-marrow erythropoiesis by FACS analysis based on CD44-TER119 strategy. No signs of ineffective erythropoiesis were detectable in SCD mice compared to controls. Bone analysis was performed by histomorphometric approach after double labelling with demeclocycline followed by calcein to evaluate the dynamic parameters of bone turnover and analyzed by a specific software (bone3.1, Explora Nova, Larochelle, France). The histomorphometric bone analysis revealed (i) reduced bone volume with associated decreased trabecular number and increased trabecular separation; (ii) increased bone-turnover measured as bone formation rate (BFR) and activation frequency (AcF); (iii) decreased number of nodes (NdN) and node termini ratio; (iv) increased marrow star volume (MSV) and fractal dimension (D) compared to healthy mice. The bone molecular analysis revealed a significant down-regulation of runx2, sparc and alp gene expression in SCD mice compared to healthy ones. These data indicate a severe osteoporosis with bone fragility associated with alteration of osteogenic differentiation in SCD mice. Zoledronic acid (Zol) is the most powerful available bisphosphonate used to reduce bone turnover and bone fragility. Since VOCs are life-threatening complication of SCD and mainly involved skeletal system, requiring multidiscliplinary approach, we exposed SCD and control mice to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) stress to mimic acute VOCs (see flow-chart). Mice were exposed to hypoxia (8% oxygen, 10 hours) followed by reoxygenation (21% oxygen) for either 18 hours to carry out molecular analysis or 10 days to carry out histomorphometric analysis. In H/R exposed vehicle treated SCD mice, we found (i) a significant increase in AcF (bone turnover), without differences in bone structure and microarchitecture compared to SCD mice under normoxia; (ii) a further reduction in osteogenic differentiation molecular markers. Zol (100 μg/ Kg in a single ip injection) was administrated either 7 days before (Zol-pre) or immediately after (Zol-post) H/R stress. In SCD mice, both Zol-pre and Zol-post significantly prevented the H/R induced increased bone turnover, while no differences were detectable in bone structure and microarchitecture compared to vehicle treated H/R SCD mice. The molecular analysis showed that Zol increased the osteogenic related gene expression, indicating a positive induction of osteogenic differentiation. Our data suggest that murine SCD is characterized by a significant bone impairment related to the unbalance between osteoblastic/osteoclastic activity in favor of osteoclastic one in presence of a down-regulation of osteogenic differentiation. In SCD, Zol plays a pivotal role decreasing osteoclastic activity and promoting osteogenic differentiation, representing a powerful new therapeutic strategy to limit bone disease in SCD. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Kara, Sami, Suphunnika Ibbotson et Berman Kayis. « Sustainable product development in practice : an international survey ». Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 25, n^o 6 (1 juillet 2014) : 848–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-09-2012-0082.

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Purpose – Improved environmental performance of products and services have lately become one of the main strategic and operational goals of manufacturers. This is due to influences from various stakeholders including government, consumers, societies and the business partners. Evidently, different manufacturers differently implement their environmental practices for sustainable product development depending on various driving factors such as customer awareness, legislation, economic benefits and competitive strategies, etc. In theory, manufacturers can efficiently undertake sustainable product development by implementing life cycle thinking into their system. This way, they can monitor the environment hot spots throughout a product life cycle and be able to minimise the environmental impact effectively. Therefore, several researchers have focused on developing tools and strategies to support the manufacturers in implementing sustainable manufacturing and product development studies. However, in reality, each manufacturer may operate their manufacturing system differently to accommodate different demands and constraints induced by firm characteristics and its regional location. Their attempts to implement the sustainable tools and strategies to their companies would also be different. Thus far, a number of studies have studied the implementation for a specific company. No studies have examined the relationship between their decisions and implementation for different characteristics of firms and different manufacturing locations. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to comprehensively investigate the practices of manufacturers towards sustainable product development. Design/methodology/approach – A detailed statistical analysis was conducted on the survey data gathered from 330 manufacturing organisations in 13 countries. The research questions mainly cover implementation approaches, decision tools and techniques used and main driving forces at the strategic and operational levels concerning environmental practices in sustainable product development. This is to bridge the gaps between the research outputs and implementations in practice for the developed sustainable strategies and tools. Results highlighted interesting relationships of the implementations across different geographical regions (locations) as well as types and sizes of manufacturers. They can be used to shed some light for future research direction, the dominant driving forces of consumers and regulations importance towards the manufacturer practices to improve not only the environmental performance but also their social responsibility. In total, 12 null hypotheses were formulated to test the relationships as well as the correlations between the manufacturing characteristics and the research questions which cover several driving forces in implementing the environmental strategies. Findings – The results of this large-scale global research highlighted that different geographical/manufacturing regions are driven mainly by legislation, competition and consumer pressures whilst manufacturers of different sizes utilise various decision tools. Design tools such as LCA, DFE and ECQFD methods are likely to be utilised in the medium-and high-complexity product development by OEM and ETM manufacturers. Environmental responsibility plays an important role and also enhanced by other driving forces such as the economic benefits, the long-term survival in the market and the company image. Research limitations/implications – Future work may include some or all of the following; such as respondents of this survey may be re-contacted and comparative data can be gathered from these manufacturers to capture the changes over the years. Further investigation of the sustainable supply chain management approaches, influences of dynamic driving forces and the environmental practices towards cleaner production practices such as improving energy efficiency, minimising waste, recycling scraps and reusing product as well as the product recovery practices for used products would be beneficial to gather and evaluate. This would support to address the current trends and emerging practices. Practical implications – Results highlighted interesting relationships and thus provide some answers on strategies adopted by many manufacturers for the sustainability approaches and implementations across different geographical regions (locations) as well as types and sizes of manufacturers. The wave of change towards sustainability is clearly on enterprises, industries, communities and governments for thinking about solutions to increase the awareness in environmental sustainability thus reduce carbon footprint. In some areas there is clear progress but for many, this process is just beginning. Social implications – There is an overwhelming amount of information, methods and opinions, and proliferation of initiatives. It is in this climate that not only manufacturers but society must provide a practical and effective way to develop and disseminate the skills and knowledge required to fuel an environmentally sustainable economy. To achieve this, results of global surveys like this paper may support manufacturers who need to work with communities and stay well connected to their stakeholders. This may lead to developing training packages that accurately reflect industry needs and provide leadership in communities and workforce development. Originality/value – There is generally an understanding of the sustainable product development and the use and role of tools and techniques to improve environmental performance of manufacturers at micro-level (within companies based on selected product, process, environmental tools and manufacturing characteristics). Whereas, a large-scale research like this paper, to present the status of sustainable product and process development approaches used by manufacturers located around the globe, of different sizes, types within existing operational and corporate strategies and eco-design initiatives have not been detailed.

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Subodha Kumar, Rai G., Nagesha Parvathi, Rangegowda Suresh, Niruvappa Vinay et Ittigi Vivekananda. « Efficacy and safety of povidone iodine with dimethyl sulfoxide vs 0.05% tretinoin in treatment of molluscum contagiosum : A randomized case control study ». Our Dermatology Online 12, e (28 août 2021) : e63-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.2021e.63.

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ABSTRACT Background: MC is an infection caused by a poxvirus. It is a self limiting condition, active therapy needed to prevent further spread, relieve symptoms, to prevent scarring and for cosmetic and social reasons. Methods: 40 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups; 20 each for Povidone Iodine with DMSO and 0.05% Tretinoin cream. The given medication was applied at bed time over molluscum lesions. The assessment of response and side effects were performed weekly for 4 weeks. Results: At the end of 4 weeks, the mean lesion count decreased from 6.45±3.60 SD to 4.25±3.76 SD and from 6.85±4.08 SD to 3.60±4.76 SD in patients treated with Povidone Iodine and 0.05% Tretinoin cream respectively. Conclusion: Tretinoin showed fast recovery, lesions were resolved before 4 weeks. In Povidone Iodine with DOMS showed delayed response and even some of lesion extended beyond 4 weeks but the side effect were less. Key words: MC-molluscum contagiosum.DMSO-dimethyl sulfoxide; SD-standard INTRODUCTION Molluscum contagiosum is an infection caused by a poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum virus). It is self-limited infectious dermatosis, frequent in paediatric population, sexually active adults, and immunocompromised individuals. It is caused by molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) which is a virus of the Poxviridae family. MCV is transmitted mainly by direct contact with infected skin, which can be sexual, non-sexual, or autoinoculation [1].The lesions, known as Mollusca, are small, raised, dome shaped and usually pearly white, pink, or flesh-coloured with a dimple or pit in the centre. They often have a pearly appearance. They’re usually smooth and firm. In most people, the lesions range from about the size of a pinhead to as large as 2 to 5 millimetres in diameter. They may become itchy, sore, red, and/or swollen [2]. Mollusca may occur anywhere on the body including the face, neck, arms, legs, abdomen, and genital area, alone or in groups. The lesions are rarely found on the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet. The disease is common, with an estimated prevalence of 5–11%. The disease is rare under the age of 1 year, perhaps due to maternally transmitted immunity and a long incubation period. In hot countries where children are lightly dressed and in close contact with one another, spread within households is not uncommon. The age of peak incidence is reported as between 2 and 5 years. In cooler climates, however, spread within households is rare and infection may occur at a later age, perhaps correlated with the use of swimming pools and shared bathing facilities. A later incidence peak in young adults is attributable to sexual transmission with lesions more common in the genital area [2]. Treatment modalities that have been tried are caustic destruction by cantharidin, trichloroacetic acid, diluted liquefied phenol, Irritants like salicylic acid, adapalene, nitric oxide cream, potassium hydroxide, benzoyl peroxide, lemon myrtle oil, tea tree oil, Surgical irritation like cryotherapy, laser. Immunological modality like diphencyprone, imiquimod, interferon, cimetidine, intralesional immunotherapy and Surgical removal. All-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin) is easily available as cream base thought to involve the induction of local irritation which damages the viral protein-lipid membrane [2]. Povidone iodine is used primarily in Dermatology as a surgical preparation, as it has been recognized as a broad-spectrum, resistance-free biocidal agent for many years. Povidone iodine also has a long track record of safety and tolerability given its extensive history of use in the operating room. Although incompletely understood, it is likely that free iodine poisons electron transport, inhibits cellular respiration, destabilizes membranes, inhibits protein synthesis, and denatures nucleic acids. Although Povidone iodine kills micro-organisms including bacteria, viruses, yeasts, molds, fungi, and protozoa, it has scarcely been used for purposes outside of skin asepsis in Dermatology. DMSO is currently FDA approved for the treatment of interstitial cystitis. DMSO is also a very effective pharmaceutical vehicle, greatly enhancing percutaneous penetration when used in combination with other substances [3]. Although it is a self limiting condition, a decision may be made in favor of active therapy to prevent further spread, relieve symptoms, to prevent scarring and for cosmetic and social reasons. The current treatment modalities include physical destruction of the lesion by curettage, cryosurgery or manual expression and topical application of caustic agents such as trichloroacetic acid, cantharidin, silver nitrate etc [4]. These therapeutic approaches have to be undertaken in a hospital setup and are not well tolerated by children owing to substantial pain and fear. In addition, these can also result in scarring and abscess formation [5]. Topical application of povidine iodine solution and 0.05% Tretinoin cream are two relatively painless modalities that have been used. Although tretinoin 0.05% cream which is commonly used, have shown different efficacy and safety profile in different studies, there are very few studies using povidone iodine and comparing the two. Hence this study was undertaken in view of comparing the safety and efficacy of the above two modalities in treating molluscum contagiosum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Double blinded randomized control study was conducted among 40 patients who attended Out Patient Department (OPD) of Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy Department, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences Hassan, during the period of august 2019 to January 2020. Patients with Molluscum contagiosum more than 1 year of age and not taken any treatment for past 3 months were included in the study. Pregnant, lactating women, patients with more than 25 lesions, patients with lesion involving eyelid, patients with secondary infection and those who have history of hypersensitivity to Povidine iodine or Tretinoin were excluded from the study. 40 patients satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited irrespective of sex, duration and response of disease to previous therapies. 40 patients were allocated randomly to group 1 and 2. In group 1, 20 patients were treated with povidone iodine with dimethyl sulfoxide and in group 2: 20 patients were treated with 0.05% tretinoin. A detailed history was obtained, and a thorough general, systemic and cutaneous examination was done. Information regarding age, sex, number of lesions, duration of illness, site of involvement, family history, history of atopy and previous treatment were collected. Patients were randomly divided into two groups; 20 each for povidone iodine with dimethyl sulfoxide solution and 0.05% Tretinoin cream group. Parents or guardians were advised to apply petroleum jelly around the lesions followed by application of the above medication to the centre of the lesion using a cotton swab, to be applied once every day at bed time for 4 weeks. If accidental spillage occurred, they were advised to wash the skin with water immediately. Parents were asked to report local (erythema, itching, burning, pain, erosion, crusting) and systemic (fever, flu like illness, diarrhoea, mylagia) side effects immediately. Follow up assessment was done every week for 4 weeks. At each follow up visit, clinical assessment of lesion, photographic assessment of lesion and any side effects were noted. Efficacy assessment was done by weekly examination of patient every week for 4 weeks. In each visit complete remission of number of lesions were noted in both groups and photographic assessment was done. Photographic assessment was done based on resolution of number of lesion in each follow up visit for 4 weeks. Any side effects present were noted at each visit. Statistical Analysis Data was entered in Microsoft Excel and SPSS software was used for the analysis. Results were expressed in percentages and proportions. Chi- square test, unpaired T- test, was used for analysis Ethics Statement Study was conducted after taking ethical committee clearance.

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Augusto, Fabio. « Teaching Experimental Instrumental Analytical Chemistry Are we forming professionals, training operators or illuding students (and ourselves) ? » Brazilian Journal of Analytical Chemistry 11, n^o 43 (2 avril 2024) : 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30744/brjac.2179-3425.point-of-view-faugusto.n43.

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The term “science” refers to “any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation”.1 Therefore, laboratory courses are almost universally considered an integral and mandatory part of instruction on science and technology,2 whatever the field or area of specialization. Consequently, undergraduate chemistry courses (and correlated specialties such as pharmaceutical sciences, biochemistry and some branches of engineering) always include practical disciplines, one of which is instrumental analytical chemistry. Despite being essential for these courses and part of the everyday routine of the faculty affiliated with analytical chemistry departments or programs, several aspects are far from being consensus among lecturers, students and the other people involved. Topics related to course syllabus, general approaches on the implementation and teaching of specific analytical techniques and experiments, their integration with other disciplines, and much more, are a matter of constant discussion and debate. One aspect to be considered is the considerable change in the profile of students that has occurred in recent years. The teaching tools and didactic approaches that university professors and instructors aged > 40 years experienced in their own training are generally not suitable for the present-day undergraduate audience. With former generations, the usual sources of information were printed books and similar materials available in libraries, whereas students today have a greater affinity for consulting online sources,3 which are not always reliable and often return a huge number of search results that require careful evaluation to select which information is relevant and/or reliable. Of course, the facility with which online sources of information are manipulated by our present pupils also has some important advantages: in particular, the near-instantaneous speed of information collection and the virtual accessibility to databases from anywhere on the planet. In addition, until the turn of the millennium, university students were more used to long lectures and experimental classes with relatively complex procedures that often took hours of careful manipulation and numerous laboratory operations (many of them repetitive and tedious). Specifically in the case of practical classes, many of today's students are relatively unaccustomed to experiments that require more than moderate manual skills (at least when compared to their colleagues of previous generations), which may also imply difficulty in organizing their time in the laboratory. Perhaps one of the biggest mistakes we make with our current students is that we consider them ill-prepared or less capable than our generation and attribute their difficulties to this simplistic, crude verdict – when perhaps the biggest problem is that, as educators, we are failing to cope with the rapid evolution in the characteristics and profiles of these young people. The type of change we need so that we can offer practical courses on instrumental analytical chemistry that are more appropriate and better suited for our students is not easy because, in addition to the demand that we change the vision of teaching and paradigms that we have considered as absolute since we entered our academic career, we are also confronted with practical reasons that make this type of change difficult. Laboratory classes demand a huge endeavor from technical and instructional staff and teaching assistants; furthermore, they are comparatively expensive, requiring space, fragile glassware, acquisition and maintenance of instruments, proper disposal of consumables and waste, as well as expenses on faculty salaries.4 The revision of curricula and experimental procedures would impose additional pressure on the workload of the personnel involved and also on the reduced budget availability typical of most public and private universities and colleges (whether in Brazil or anywhere else on the planet). Although there is no easy, direct and universal solution to the problems mentioned above, some alternatives can be tested and adopted with relative ease in most higher education courses on instrumental analytical chemistry. The workload of the experiments can be reduced, supplementing them or eventually even replacing some with practices carried out in virtual environments, which had an unexpected but necessary boost during the recent COVID-19 pandemic.5 Several paid or free-to-use tools have been described for this purpose. For instance, Shallice et al.6 describe a downloadable high-performance liquid chromatography simulator that emulates a basic automated liquid chromatography system capable of binary gradient operation. Similar software emulating other instrumental techniques exist, such as UV-Vis’s spectrometry, electroanalytical techniques, etc., as stand-alone applications, full online resources or even as Excel spreadsheets. In addition to simulated experiments using virtual analytical instruments, other resources that can be used as a supplement to practical instrumental analysis classes are online video libraries, which have also proliferated after the recent period of restriction on face-to-face activities. A well-known example is the collection of the Royal Chemical Society,7 which offers videos demonstrating basic principles and practical aspects of various instrumental techniques (from gas and liquid chromatography to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy). In addition to possible inadequacies due to changes in the profile of typical students currently entering higher education courses in chemistry and related sciences, the evolution of analytical instrumentation, its scope of application and the practical demands imposed on analytical methods that future professionals will apply also pressure us to make changes in the programs of experimental disciplines of instrumental analytical chemistry and in the way we teach the associated techniques. Until the turn of the millennium, the typical program of experimental disciplines of instrumental analytical chemistry in most of the curricula in Brazil and many other countries comprised sequences of isolated experiments using analytical techniques such as gas or liquid chromatography, UV-Vis absorption spectrometry, atomic emission/emission spectrophotometry, etc., with samples and procedures that required relatively simple and quick preparation (usually only sample dissolution, decomposition or extraction). However, due to the natural evolution of analytical instrumentation, the equipment that future professionals will typically find in academic and industrial research laboratories after their impending graduation is very different from that previously employed in the teaching laboratories where their instructors learned analytical chemistry (typically, much simpler equipment that required careful attention and reasonable practical skills from users and operators). The contemporary analytical instruments are much less transparent to the user in their operation; however, as a rule, they incorporate extensive automation and/or mechanization resources, complete control of operation by software and greater operational robustness. From a didactic point of view, modern equipment certainly does not provide students with the same understanding and insight of the basic operational principles of the associated techniques as the instruments of previous generations. However, considering the typical profile of today's students, it possibly would not be advantageous to use those simpler analytical platforms exhaustively merely for didactic purposes. For example, until the turn of the millennium, one of the main demands for students in gas chromatography didactic experiments was to improve and master the manual injection of samples using micro syringes. Today, this didactic approach seems to be preposterous, considering that chromatographs without automatic sample injection are becoming increasingly rare in industrial and even in academic environments. The result is that students are sometimes subjected to tedious laboratory sessions and often completely lose their focus on what would be fundamental in that practical class. In addition, the present demand is increasingly for professionals to be trained to interpret data and propose solutions based on the information gained and not to act as mere operators of laboratory equipment. Thus, it seems to us that we should increasingly design experiments for undergraduate students that incorporate all stages of the analytical process, with particular attention to sampling and sample preparation (taking advantage of features of modern instruments that allow processing more samples in less time and whose operation is less dependent of user ability and manual dexterity) as well as the interpretation and understanding of the analytical data produced. Regarding the above-mentioned focus on the interpretation and understanding of analytical data, it is interesting to note that in 2004, when the Analytical Chemistry Division of the Federation of European Chemical Societies (FECS) established the curricular guidelines to be observed in the analytical chemistry disciplines taught in universities of the European Community (the so-called "Eurocurriculum II"),8 four basic pillars of education in analytical chemistry were defined: Spectroscopy; Chromatography; Chemical Sensors; and Chemometrics and Computer-Based Analytical Chemistry. Thus, it was recognized that in modern analytical chemistry the processing and interpretation of data, as well as its transformation into useful information about the chemical systems studied, is on a par with the three traditional subdivisions of analytical chemistry (spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques, chromatographic techniques and electroanalytical techniques). Although it is important to emphasize that these considerations apply to courses in the European Community, they can be contemplated in the training of chemists anywhere else on the world. Also, they reinforce the indication that the education of analytical chemists should place an increasing emphasis on aspects related to information generation/manipulation and interpretation and not merely on the direct operational aspects of analytical methods and protocols already established. The discussion so far does not pretend to cover all the relevant points whose evaluation would perhaps be necessary for a comprehensive and exhaustive debate of the current status of college/University courses on instrumental analytical chemistry, as well as the possible alternatives and paths to follow. In addition, this text of course echoes the author’s personal opinions and idiosyncrasies, without any pretense at being an absolute expression of the truth (if indeed one exists on this matter). In fact, any discussion of these topics is, by their nature, highly controversial and heavily influenced by the background and area of expertise of those involved. However, we have the firm conviction that the community needs to continuously discuss the education and professional development in analytical chemistry, with emphasis on areas where changes can occur very quickly, always keeping an open mind and a willingness to review supposedly untouchable concepts (and, of course, remembering that its focus should always be on the students).

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Kaur, Parneet, Navneet Kaur et Paras Kanojia. « Firm innovation and access to finance : firm-level evidence from India ». Journal of Financial Economic Policy ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (22 mars 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-07-2020-0161.

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Purpose Based on 9,281 firm-level survey data on micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India, this study aims to investigate how access to different finance sources and collateral requirement facilitates the firm’s innovation activity across industries. Design/methodology/approach This paper used ordered logit regression models using Stata software for explanatory variables to measure the impact of explanatory variables on firm innovation performance. Firms’ innovation performance is measured through the aggregate innovation index obtained by adding up the no. of “new-to-firm” activities. Findings The empirical results reveal that external sources of funding impact innovation activity than other financing sources. Also, the requirement of collateral for financing impacts innovation performance significantly. This paper finds that firms funded by state-owned banks or government agency are more actively engaged in innovation activities. The firm’s size, ownership structure and location of the firm also show the varying innovation performance. This paper found variation in innovation performance across industries as well. Practical implications First, the present study underlines the significance of funding sources. Second, minimizing the need for collateral to obtain external finance boosts small firms’ innovation activity and will also trigger overall economic growth. Finally, while making policies for ownership transformation of state-owned institutions, policymakers should discuss these policies’ impact on innovative firms. Originality/value What facilitates innovation performance in an emerging market is missing in the literature for MSMEs, largely due to lack of data. It is reasonable not to generalize innovation knowledge in large firms to small firms because of the constraints, particularly MSMEs face.

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Zaki, Sana, Nan Zhang et Michael D. Gilchrist. « Optimization of forward pulsed currents for combining the precision shaping and polishing of nickel micro mould tools to reduce demoulding defects ». International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 19 février 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13163-0.

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AbstractPrecise tooling is vital for defect-free production of micro injection moulded (μ-IM) or hot-embossed products. The demoulding stage of such moulding and forming processes poses a serious challenge to the integrity of thin miniature features because of friction, adhesion, and thermal stresses. Typically, micro moulds involve geometrically textured patterns or features such as linear ridges, pillars, channels, and holes, the characteristic dimensions of which range from 10 to 300 μm. Realistically complex mould designs, containing precision micro features (enhanced fillet radius and positive draft angle) and high surface quality, are presented in this work. Electropolishing based on forward pulse currents (PC) has been used to shape and polish Ni micro moulds that contain sets of micron-scaled linear ridges and star patterns in order to ease the separation of moulded polymeric parts from the metallic mould during ejection and demoulding. The use of forward pulsed currents improved the mould design by increasing the fillet radii and draft angle while keeping the surface roughness low and maintaining a good surface shine. An optimization study of forward PC using a green solution of nickel sulfamate varied EP times (0–70 min) and duty cycles (40, 50, 60, and 70%) at a process conditions of 2.8 V, 50 °C, and 250 rpm. The best topographical and morphological changes were observed for a typical microfluidic channel (w × h, 100 × 110 μm) with an EP time of 70 min and 50% duty cycle: fillet radius increased by 3.8 μm, draft angle by 3.3°, and the channel width reduced by 11.4% while surface roughness changed by 8.6% and surface shine improved by 48.9%. Experimental validation was performed using hot embossing wherein the electropolished Ni mould replicated the micro channels and star patterns in PMMA chips with notably fewer burrs, material pile up, and no feature distortion. Moreover, there was a reduction in the side wall roughness of micro channels in PDMS casting with electropolished Ni mould by 16%. Hence, this work presents a significant scientific contribution to improving the efficiency of micro mould tools and reduces the defects caused by friction and adhesion in replicated polymeric parts.

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Kryeziu, Liridon, Besnik A. Krasniqi, Mehmet Bağış, Vjose Hajrullahu, Genc Zhushi, Donika Bytyçi et Mirsim Ismajli. « The effects of institutions, firm-level factors and rational decision-making on entrepreneurial behaviors of MSMEs : lessons and opportunities for transition communities ». Journal of Enterprising Communities : People and Places in the Global Economy, 1 septembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-05-2023-0075.

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Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of regulatory, normative and cultural cognitive institutions and firm and individual factors on entrepreneurial behavior. Design/methodology/approach Using the quantitative research method, the authors collected data from 316 micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kosovo, a transition economy, through a cross-sectional research design. The authors performed exploratory factor analyses, correlation and regression analyses on the data using SPSS 26 and STATA software. Findings The research findings indicate that, within transition economies, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions have a positive impact on entrepreneurial behaviors. The authors could not determine the effect of regulatory institutions on entrepreneurial behavior. The authors also discovered that young firms are more inclined toward entrepreneurial behavior than older firms, and micro firms display a stronger entrepreneurial behavior than small firms. Furthermore, family businesses showed a greater tendency for entrepreneurial behavior than nonfamily firms. Interestingly, when the rational decision-making interacts with regulatory institutions, the effect on entrepreneurial behavior is negative. Research limitations/implications This study employed a cross-sectional approach to investigate the influence of macro, meso, and micro-level factors on entrepreneurial behavior within a transitioning community across three industries. Future studies could replicate these findings within comparable institutional contexts, employing longitudinal studies that include additional variables beyond those considered in our present study. Practical implications Considering the importance of MSMEs for a country’s economic and sustainable development, the authors provide some policy implications. The authors recommend managers carefully evaluate the information gathered while they decide and also increase their capabilities concerning digitalization, which is crucial for their firm’s survival, growth and sustainable competitive advantage. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature and shows and analyses entrepreneurial behavior at institutional (macro), firm-level factors (meso) and managers' rational decision-making (micro), providing evidence from a transition community.

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Xiaobao, Peng, et Jian Wu. « Do subsidy increases promote or inhibit innovation ? Evidence from Chinese enterprises listed on the SSE STAR Market ». Chinese Management Studies, 6 décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-05-2022-0183.

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Purpose This study aims to comprehensively investigate the relationship between government subsidies and innovation performance in Chinese enterprises listed on the SSE STAR Market. Design/methodology/approach An unbalanced sample, covering 285 observations in 215 enterprises listed on the SSE STAR Market from 2019 to 2020, was used to explore the relationships between government subsidies, R&D investment, CEO shareholding and innovation performance. Counterfactual analysis is added for robustness testing. Findings Empirical evidence confirms that government subsidies have an inverted U-shaped relationship with R&D investment and innovation performance. Meanwhile, R&D investment is a mediating variable between government subsidies and innovation performance. Moreover, CEO shareholding plays a moderating role between government subsidies and R&D investment. The higher the CEO ownership, the steeper the inverted U-shaped relationship. Practical implications The government should introduce a dynamic mechanism to reasonably control subsidy amounts and strengthen the supervision of subsidy use. Enterprise managers should be aware of how incentives affect the firm’s innovation and implement a coordinated development of government subsidy policies and internal enterprise governance. Originality/value This study adds new empirical evidence for the relationship between government subsidies and enterprise innovation performance. The risk incentive provided by stock options is an important micro mechanism to compensate for the lack of government subsidies. The study identifies ways to promote firm innovation based on the synergistic effect of internal and external mechanisms.

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Padmanabh, P. V., E. D. Barr, S. S. Sridhar, M. R. Rugel, A. Damas-Segovia, A. M. Jacob, V. Balakrishnan et al. « The MPIfR-MeerKAT Galactic Plane survey I - System setup and early results ». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 22 juin 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad1900.

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Abstract Galactic plane radio surveys play a key role in improving our understanding of a wide range of astrophysical phenomena. Performing such a survey using the latest interferometric telescopes produces large data rates necessitating a shift towards fully or quasi-real-time data analysis with data being stored for only the time required to process them. We present here the overview and setup for the 3000 hour Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIfR) MeerKAT Galactic Plane survey (MMGPS). The survey is unique by operating in a commensal mode, addressing key science objectives of the survey including the discovery of new pulsars and transients as well as studies of Galactic magnetism, the interstellar medium and star formation rates. We explain the strategy coupled with the necessary hardware and software infrastructure needed for data reduction in the imaging, spectral and time domains. We have so far discovered 78 new pulsars including 17 confirmed binary systems of which two are potential double neutron star systems. We have also developed an imaging pipeline sensitive to the order of a few tens of micro-Jansky with a spatial resolution of a few arcseconds. Further science operations with an in-house built S-Band receiver operating between 1.7-3.5 GHz are about to commence. Early spectral line commissioning observations conducted at S-Band, targeting transitions of the key molecular gas tracer CH at 3.3 GHz already illustrate the spectroscopic capabilities of this instrument. These results lay a strong foundation for future surveys with telescopes like the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).

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Pufal, Nathália Amarante, et Paulo Antônio Zawislak. « Innovation capabilities and the organization of the firm : evidence from Brazil ». Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (24 août 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-02-2021-0054.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine different types of organization of the firm considering the innovation capabilities of manufacturing firms.Design/methodology/approachThe authors carried out an innovation survey with Brazilian manufacturing firms. A sample of 1,156 firms was analyzed in this paper. Collected data were analyzed using multivariate data analysis techniques. From an innovation capabilities approach, it was possible to identify different types of organization of the firm.FindingsResults show four different types of organization of the firm: advanced, intermediate and basic stability-oriented and change-oriented. Each type presents a different innovation capabilities arrangement. The successful strategies toward innovation are related to change-oriented organization of the firm and advanced stability-oriented organization of the firm.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the literature by presenting a different view on the organization of the firm, encompassing the capabilities approach and thus a higher level on the perception of firms' heterogeneity. This study contributes to narrow the literature gap on how firms internally coordinate its different capabilities into a coherent organization to sustain an innovative behavior.Practical implicationsThese straightforward findings can serve as a guideline so that managers can conduct changes within their companies toward more innovation. Managers can reconsider its organization as a way to foment innovation, once it is identified as a key strategy for competitiveness.Social implicationsThis study may help managers understand that focusing on stability-driven capabilities is riskier if change-driven capabilities are not present in an adequate and aligned level of development. The outcome may be the growth of the cost structure greater than the potential return. Conversely, managers should also understand that once change-driven capabilities are in a glance, they need do follow up with stability-driven capabilities. Here, the risk is not having an adequate structure to sustain the upcoming growth, arising from innovation. In short, not only “cost and value” should be taken together, but they must be arranged following the specific situation of the company. Every company should manage costs either to sustain new added value or to allow the addition of new value.Originality/valueThe study is based on a unique dataset that traces a large set of companies, being able to check different types of firm organization and associate it with innovation capabilities. The study relates to an emerging economy, which has not received adequate attention until now, largely because of the lack of micro-level data. The study is based on a robust theoretical model of innovation capabilities, which is being tested through such data. Finally, results elucidate ways to improve innovation performance of firms.

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Verma, Jai Bhan, Mohan Agrawal, Ganapati N. Joshi, Sunil Chandel, Ved Prakash et Ranjan K. Mishra. « CFD analysis of flow control in compressor cascade using MVGs ». International Journal of Turbo & ; Jet-Engines, 28 novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2022-0046.

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Abstract The present study reports the numerical investigation of the compressor cascade. To minimize the separation phenomenon in the compressor cascade, a passive flow control device i.e. Micro Vortex Generator (MVG) is utilized. MVG is a very simple and lightweight attachment mounted infront of the leading edge of the cascade blade. Due to being passive in nature, it neither consumes power nor requires any external device to actuate. The numerical simulations were carried out on a highly loaded compressor cascade at an angle of incidence of −1° under subsonic conditions at Mach number 0.2. The profile of the compressor cascade blade was double circular arc (DCA), unsymmetrical and cambered at 40°. Two different types of micro vortex generators were mounted infront of the leading edge in the compressor cascade to control the secondary flows since secondary flows were responsible for various losses in cascade. To analyze the flow under incompressoible state of air (M = 0.2), Star CCM + software has been used. To simulate the flow under turbulent condition, k-ω SST turbulence model was used. A velocity profile of 25 mm boundary layer thickness was extracted and used as an input in the compressor cascade. Mounting of MVG on compressor cascade enhanced drag but also increased lift. Total pressure loss coefficient (TPLC) was calculated to compare the losses. The aerodynamic efficiency in terms of coefficient of lift and coefficient of drag has been used to study the effect of MVG over cascade. It is found that there is reduction in total pressure loss coefficient (TPLC) for trapezoidal and curved trapezoidal types of MVGs and the decrease in percentage are 2.17 and 8.86%, respectively. Alos, aerodynamic efficiency is increased by mounting trapezoidal and curved trapezoidal types of MVG and the increase in percentages are 2.03 and 3.10%, respectively.

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Magade, Krishnanjali A., Abhijit patankar et M. A. Potey. « Techniques for Load Balancing in Wireless LAN ». International Journal of Smart Sensor and Adhoc Network., juillet 2012, 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47893/ijssan.2012.1135.

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This suggests new strategies for balancing load in a wireless network connected in star topology. The loads are assigned to each processor using divisible load theory & Different techniques [II], [III], [IV], and [V]. Divisible load theory suggests that a load can be divided arbitrarily such that each fraction of the load can be independently assigned and computed in any processor present in the network. Wireless networks are connected in such a manner that they as assemble a distributed system most of the times, which makes load balancing an important technique to maximize the throughput from the system. A wireless sensor network generally consists of a base station (or Gateway) which communicates with other nodes present in the network. The other nodes are used for Measuring and collecting various environmental and Intelligence related data. The network that we have considered is connected with the central node being the base station and the other nodes are used for calculation of load distributed by the central node. Load balancing involves distribution of all computational and communicational activities over two or more processors, links or any other computational devices present in the network. The main thing behind this is load balancing is to reduce the execution time of the load and to make sure that all the resources present in the system are utilized optimally. The IEEE 802.11 standard does not provide any mechanism to resolve load imbalance. To reduce this deficiency, various load balancing schemes have been designed. These techniques commonly take the approach of directly controlling the user-AP association by deploying Proprietary client software or hardware. Load balancing Features in their device drivers, AP firm wares, and WLAN cards. In these solutions, APs broadcast their load levels to users via modified beacon messages and each user chooses the least-loaded AP.

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De Souza, M. M., D. A. Koltes, H. Beiki, M. A. Sales, T. Tsai, C. V. Maxwell, J. Zhao et J. E. Koltes. « Early-Life Exposure of Pigs to Topsoil Alters miRNA and mRNA Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ». Frontiers in Genetics 13 (23 août 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.886875.

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Exposure to less-hygienic conditions during early childhood has been associated with stimulation and development of the immune system. A recent study indicated that exposure of piglets to soil-borne microbes during lactation was related with modulation of gut microbiota and immune function. To identify the potential molecular mechanisms and pathways impacted by early-life topsoil exposure, we analyzed the messenger RNA (mRNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these piglets. Total RNA was extracted from the PBMCs of piglets exposed to topsoil only from d 4–d 21 of life (mRNA n = 6; miRNA n = 5) or unexposed control pigs (mRNA n = 6; miRNA n = 8) at 11, 20, and 56 days of age. Small RNA and mRNA were sequenced with 50-bp single-end reads using Illumina chemistry. Sequence data were quality checked with FASTQC software and aligned to the Sscrofa 11.1 genome with the STAR aligner for mRNA and mirDeep2 for miRNA. Differential expression (DE) analysis was performed using PROC Glimmix of SAS to evaluate changes in expression due to topsoil exposure over time with genes declared DE at a false discovery rate (FDR) of q < 0.10. A total of 138 mRNA and 21 miRNAs were identified as DE for the treatment by age interaction. Ontology enrichment analysis of DE mRNA revealed Gene ontology (GO) terms directly involved in the connection between T-cell and antigen-presenting cells that are associated with T-cell activation. Key regulatory genes identified include PTPRJ, ITGB3, TRBV30, CD3D, mir-143, mir-29, and mir-148a. While these results require validation, this study provides data supporting the hypothesis that less-hygienic environments during early life may contribute to the development of the immune system.

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Goswami, Mohit, et Yash Daultani. « Make-in-India and Industry 4.0 : technology readiness of select firms, barriers and socio-technical implications ». TQM Journal, 2 novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tqm-06-2021-0179.

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Purpose In this research, the emphasis is multifold. First objective is to study differences amongst India's Make-in-India, Germany's Industry 4.0 and China's Made-in-China 2025 on a macro level. Second objective is to identify where does individual industry segment out of the five broad segments (prioritized by Make-in-India initiative) represented by ten firms in India stand in terms of adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. Third objective is to identify key barriers for each of these five industry segments. Finally, socio-technical interventions are also proposed aimed at faster adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. Design/methodology/approach A mixed methodological approach is followed to achieve the research objectives. First, for the macro-level comparison of three pertinent countries, extant research and industry literature have been relied upon. Thereafter, at a micro level, inputs from experts belonging to focal sectors are included in this study to ascertain the current level of readiness of adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies and the barriers to adoption. Finally, the authors argue for and propose some socio-technical interventions that are aimed at mitigation of barriers for adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. Findings It has been ascertained that amongst the ten firms (two each from given focal sectors) considered in the study, the automotive and the software firm are perhaps best placed to adopt the Industry 4.0 technology, while the infrastructure project management firm is least ready for Industry 4.0 technologies. The common barriers to adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies, as elaborated by experts belonging to each of the ten firms, are also identified. These three commons barriers are resistance to change, unclear economic benefits and problems related to coordination and collaboration. Research limitations/implications The study is one of first attempts to understand the nuances related to technology readiness across focal industries pertaining to the Make-in-India initiative and Industry 4.0. The study furthers the extant understanding of common and distinct barriers across industries. Employing the soft-systems methodology, the study advocates for a number of socio-technical interventions pertaining to establishment of e-skill ecosystem, community learning clusters and sector-focussed skill acquisition and augmentation. Since the study considers only two firms corresponding to each of the five focal sectors, including more firms across industries could have resulted in further validation of study as well. Practical implications Contrasting the initiatives of the three countries results in identification of different thematic focus of the respective initiatives. While India's Make-in-India initiative has a strong social dimension, Germany's Industry 4.0 and Made-in-China 2025 have key objective related to integration of cyber-physical systems and to graduate to innovation-driven country, respectively. Further, analysis on the technology readiness for adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies based on the respective experts' assessment results in understanding of the underlying barriers. Social implications Adopting the soft-systems perspective linking nuances of stakeholders, socio-technical systems and socio-economic characteristics results in several propositions to further the social objectives of India's Make-in-India initiative. These propositions advocate for pathways in which extant strengths in terms of technology, people and existing socio-technical structures can be brought together to cater to the requirements related to employability and skill augmentation of new as well as existing workforce. Originality/value Extant research literature is primarily focussed on certain specific topics within Industry 4.0 implementation and is mainly based on conceptual or theoretical basis. From a practitioners' perspective, only a few empirical papers could be found that too are typically focussed on single case studies resulting from pilot applications of Industry 4.0. However, such papers have not examined the broad implications of Industry 4.0 in terms of differences between key countries' manufacturing initiatives, readiness of key sectors, sectoral barriers and accompanying policy-level implications associated with implementation of Industry 4.0. Thus, the objective of this research is to abridge these research gaps.

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Benneworth, Paul. « The Machine as Mythology ». M/C Journal 2, n^o 6 (1 septembre 1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1784.

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Machinofacture, computer control and globalisation have created the appearance that in the relation between humanity and the machine the human possesses ever-deepening power. However, this is a very Whiggish view of the history of science and technology as a field of ever-expanding knowledge. History is littered with examples of technologies which have been abandoned as out-dated, then later attempts to revive them have failed because the expertise has been lost. Technology is not merely a reflection of human needs, but an embodiment of the human condition. Machines can be seen as products of their creator, but in the case of long-lived machines they can out-live their creator whilst embodying some of their expertise and their failings. If there is a human need for that lost experience contained within the machine, then there is a form of remote power exercised through the machine. Although the machine can be owned, and the owner 'controls' the machine, it is not a deity-subject (uni-directional) relation; the machine may fail -- because the master does not understand the processes of the machine, there is no way to enforce the power of ownership. This potential for control loss has resonances with the 'Frankenstein syndrome' where the fear is that humanity could unleash something beyond its control. This fear has found recent expression in the debate about genetically-modified (GM) foods in Europe, taking place not over the results of scientific tests; indeed the debate precedes those tests and concerns the effects of releasing them from the direct (space-time) control by humans in laboratories. Frankenstein's monster and GM-foods share the common trait that both are organic, and it makes more sense that a sentient or at least living object could upset the human-object power relation. The inanimate analogue of this (e.g. the golem of Jewish folklore) has a much weaker hold over popular consciousnesses. Asimov 'built' his robots with the laws of robotics to prevent upsetting the hegemony of human over machine. Even huge advances recently in computing power, neural networks and artificial intelligence have come nowhere near producing an Asimov robot with the freedom to have and exercise power over humanity. However, there are other more mundane and diffuse ways that machines can have power over humans. The company Joyce-Loebl, based in the North East of England, from the 1950s to the 1970s built thousands of microdensitometers, and through the effort of its sales teams sold them all over the world. The company was like a family; little was done in the way of formal drawings -- even the machinists were highly skilled and exercised great initiative; the 'secrets' of the machine were passed through incredibly elaborate apprenticeships, and were diffused into many individuals in a range of trades. The machine's inventor described it in correspondence thus: "many scientific measurements result in a series of darkened bars similar to a barcode. To interpret these bars it is necessary to measure their density. The microdensitometer does this by balancing the signal from the bars with light passing through an optical wedge. This balancing technique gives great accuracy". These machines did not embody absolute power of humans over machines; they came about only because the highly place-specific and combined efforts of a number of highly-skilled complementary craftsmen. At a time when the region was said to be "good for the nearest inch" (i.e. good at shipbuilding) the company made instruments that were "good to the nearest thousandth [of an inch]" (i.e. as precise as clockwork). Loebl, in his forthcoming memoirs, relates a number of examples where the microdensitometer conferred the power to influence human life even when it was notionally under anthropological control. It found a crashed moon probe from a lunar satellite photograph when all other analyses had failed, and allowed him, as a one-time refugee from the Nazis, to snub the apartheid regime by refusing to sell machines to South African firms. More palpably, it disproved the evidence in a murder appeal where the machine 'proved' that the rope submitted as evidence could not have produced the marks on the neck of the strangulated wife (legal power). Although the machine required an operator to use, in common with many technologies today, there is a separation between the knowledge necessary to manufacture the microdensitometer, and that required to make it carry out it designated functions. It appeared for a time as if microdensitometers were a commodity to be bought and sold; humans controlled them absolutely through determining where they were located. The appearance of absolute control only arose out of a particular techno-economic configuration particular to the 1960s, dependent on the mass-production and mass marketing of the machine. When this configuration disintegrated, so the balance of power shifted towards the machine. Joyce-Loebl broke up in the 1980s; technologies moved towards analytic software rather than electro-mechanical measurement; the skills of craftsmen were lost; the instrument teams drifted. Electronic instrument standardisation and the effects of the PC on software seemed to spell the end for analogue hardware. However, the microdensitometer remains the most precise instrument for the measurement of grey scale on photograph emulsions, yet the skills to produce microdensitometers have been lost. The Soviets tried for over a decade to reverse engineer the machine, even copying faults in a screw thread, but the machine steadfastly 'refused' to be copied, and the imitation would not work (geopolitical power). One film-manufacturing multi-national firm has paid thousands of pounds for the refurbishment of one such device from the 1970s (commercial power). The device is still in use in scientific, medical and engineering installations world-wide (technical power). Joyce-Loebl broke up in the 1980s; technologies moved towards analytic software rather than electro-mechanical measurement; the skills of craftsmen were lost; the instrument teams drifted. Electronic instrument standardisation and the effects of the PC on software seemed to spell the end for analogue hardware. However, the microdensitometer remains the most precise instrument for the measurement of grey scale on photograph emulsions, yet the skills to produce microdensitometers have been lost. The Soviets tried for over a decade to reverse engineer the machine, even copying faults in a screw thread, but the machine steadfastly 'refused' to be copied, and the imitation would not work (geopolitical power). One film-manufacturing multi-national firm has paid thousands of pounds for the refurbishment of one such device from the 1970s (commercial power). The device is still in use in scientific, medical and engineering installations world-wide (technical power). Value is not identical to power, but arises in the independence the machines have as bearers of the skills of their creators. It is not just the skill embodied in those machines, but the machines arise because of the particular contingency of their creation. Although design conventions can exist, machines are purposively designed and manufactured, the outcomes of these processes affecting their final state. The machine is not just the creature its maker desires, but like Frankenstein's Monster, emerges from a struggle to shape the raw materials to the designer's ends, and records that struggle for posterity. In the case of the micro-densitometer, understanding the reasons for the precise arrangement of the various optics, mechanisms, metal and electronics is impossible. However, in the machine lies a series of messages about the context of the creation of the machine. The North East of England is a declining industrial region; the machine can be read as a recipe for creating material success in a high-technology industry in the North East even given the absence of contemporary activity -- 'assemble a range of disparate craft skills, make a branded product, sell globally, find new avenues for your skill base'. Mythology has served a similar purpose in a number of ancient civilisations. To westerners raised on an abstract, Kiplingesque diet of 'native tales' providing neat explanations of natural phenomena, these myths might appear pointless, but even today, in their context of a particular location, contain highly encoded cultural information for survival and edification (e.g. Australian Aboriginal peoples). The power of these myths provided access to extensive micro-zoological and anthropological observation and understanding without necessarily understanding why. The Joyce-Loebl microdensitometer came out of particular situation in the economy of the North East of England which has materially all but vanished. Messrs. Joyce and Loebl built a company making branded equipment selling worldwide, in a way that was and is supposed to be impossible for a heavy industrial region, whose cultural traits of the industrial structure are supposed to endure in the communitarian and anti-entrepreneurial aspirations of the working classes. However, the microdensitometer challenges the notion that the North East was only a centre of heavy industry, but was once somewhere where instruments of beauty and purpose were fashioned and sold. The Joyce-Loebl microdensitometer came out of particular situation in the economy of the North East of England which has materially all but vanished. Messrs. Joyce and Loebl built a company making branded equipment selling worldwide, in a way that was and is supposed to be impossible for a heavy industrial region, whose cultural traits of the industrial structure are supposed to endure in the communitarian and anti-entrepreneurial aspirations of the working classes. However, the microdensitometer challenges the notion that the North East was only a centre of heavy industry, but was once somewhere where instruments of beauty and purpose were fashioned and sold. Just as the Story of the Dreaming explains that "storytelling, while explaining the past, helps young Indigenous Australians maintain dignity and self-respect in the present", there is a modern role for past machines in helping the inhabitants of declining industrial regions maintain their dignity and sustain themselves economically into the future. Much of the debate about industrial renewal in the UK has recently focussed around the notion of the knowledge economy in the abstract form; the microdensitometer is the embodiment of how a knowledge economy can be created. This suggests three potential ways of understanding a machine beyond the delivery of a piece of technological functionality within a production paradigm. A machine can at once have and exercise technological, political and cultural power when the constraints of its control are removed. This brings us back to the starting point of the article, the idea of the Frankenstein monster, who demonstrated a highly spectacular specific physical power; in a modern(-ist?) reality, the power of many 'rogue machines' (those beyond tight contextual control) is entirely more mundane, diffuse and abstract, yet represents a real influence on life experiences in the modern world. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Paul Benneworth. "The Machine as Mythology -- The Case of the Joyce-Loebl Microdensitometer." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.6 (1999). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9909/micro.php>. Chicago style: Paul Benneworth, "The Machine as Mythology -- The Case of the Joyce-Loebl Microdensitometer," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 6 (1999), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9909/micro.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Paul Benneworth. (1999) The machine as mythology -- the case of the Joyce-Loebl microdensitometer. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(6). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9909/micro.php> ([your date of access]).

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