Bibliographies thématiques / Metodi commerciali

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Metodi commerciali »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Metodi commerciali"

Peretti, Griva Pierpaolo, et Silvio Trombetta. « Strumenti e metodi. Migliorare prestazioni e risultati commerciali attraverso lo sviluppo della self efficacy ». FOR Rivista per la formazione, n^o 99 (octobre 2015) : 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/for2014-099011.

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Clodio Enre. « Tra arbitrato brasiliano e arbitrato europeo : uno studio sull'Agenzia nazionale delle telecomunicazioni (ANATEL) e sull'Ufficio delle comunicazioni (UFCOM) ». International Journal of Science and Society 4, n^o 4 (27 octobre 2022) : 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i4.564.

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La ricerca dell'arbitrato come mezzo di risoluzione delle controversie è importante per la grande mole di casi sottoposti al giudizio dello Stato - giudice, in numero inversamente proporzionale alla preparazione tecnica di coloro che sono investiti della funzione giurisdizionale per atto statale . Attualmente parlare di composizione extragiudiziale dei conflitti in materia di regolamentazione significa entrare in uno scenario di grandi discussioni e dibattiti. In questo modo, il testo cerca di costruire ragioni per la risoluzione delle controversie nel campo delle telecomunicazioni attraverso l'arbitrato, anche, vista l'esperienza europea, come l'UFCOM. Uno dei compiti delle agenzie di regolamentazione è proprio la soluzione dei conflitti tra attori del settore a livello amministrativo. Analizzando le forme di risoluzione delle controversie nell'Unione Europea, si può evidenziare il peculiare comportamento. Nelle principali controversie che si verificano nel continente, è più comune utilizzare l'arbitrato rispetto alla magistratura. Infatti, l'arbitrato può essere utilizzato da ANATEL come uno strumento importante per garantire una concorrenza ampia, libera e leale tra i fornitori di servizi di telecomunicazioni, in quanto elude la lentezza della magistratura e la possibilità di contenziosi fittizi, consentendo la rapida adozione di una decisione che spesso lede i diritti di un gran numero di utenti dei servizi di telecomunicazione. L'alto prestigio di cui godono questi metodi di risoluzione delle controversie rende omaggio alla loro caratteristica di essere un forum neutrale posizionato lontano da un'agenzia di regolamentazione di un determinato paese e vicino a arbitri scelti di comune accordo, o anche collegato ad istituzioni internazionali che forniscono i servizi di arbitrato nelle controversie commerciali.

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Malienė, Vida. « VALUATION OF COMMERCIAL PREMISES BY THE METHOD OF MULTIPLE CRITERIA ANALYSIS/KOMERCINIŲ PATALPŲ VERTINIMAS DAUGIAKRITERINĖS ANALIZĖS VERTĖS NUSTATYMO METODU ». JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 6, n^o 6 (31 décembre 2000) : 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2000.10531631.

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Daugelį problemų, su kuriomis susiduriama vertinant nekilnojamąjį turtą, galima išspręsti daugiakriterinės analizės metodais. Šie metodai pradėti taikyti tik XX a. antrojoje pusėje. Šiuo metu jie užima labai svarbią vietą pasaulinėje nekilnojamojo turto vertinimo praktikoje. Daugeliu atveju tarptautinėje praktikoje jie yra pagrįsti rinkos modeliavimu ir ekonominiu vertintojų mąstymu, todėl kartais pateikiami kaip atskiri vertinimo metodai ir vadinami šiuolaikiniais. Šiame straipsnyje siūlomas naujas daugiakriterinės analizės vertės nustatymo metodas. Jis yra pagrįstas rinkos analize bei vertinimo principu ir atitinka klasikinį lyginamosios vertės metodą. Jį galima priskirti netiesioginių lyginamosios vertės metodų grupei. Šie metodai daugiakriterinę nekilnojamojo turto analizę leidžia atlikti plačiau ir universaliau, nes remiasi daueelio skirtingų kriterijų, t. y. kokybinių, kiekybinių bei rinkos konjunktūros įvertinimu. Siūlomas metodas gali patenkinti daugelio suinteresuotų grupių tikslus bei poreikius, nes juo remiantis galima nustatyti ne tik nekilnojamojo turto rinkos vertę, bet ir kitas vertes, pvz., investicinę, naudojimo, esamo naudojimo rinkos vertę ir t. t. Šiame straipsnyje pateiktas metodo teorinis modelis, kuriuo remiantis buvo nustatyta patalpų. skirtų komercijai, rinkos vertė.

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Lukić, Darko. « Methods and techniques of neuromarketing research ». Marketing 52, n^o 3 (2021) : 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mkng2103185l.

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Advances in the development of neuromarketing research methods and techniques, over the past two decades, have enabled their application not only for scientific purposes, but also for commercial purposes of researching consumer behavior. This paper will review various methods and techniques of neuromarketing research, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of using these, for the purpose of consumer behavior research. As a research part of the paper, combined laboratory neuromarketing research (EEG and eye tracking) was conducted, that examined implicit attitudes of consumers (attention and emotions, in real time, from second to second), whose goal was to examine how consumers react implicitly to different marketing stimuli (TV commercials for Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola brands). The research additionally examined whether there is an overlap of conscious consumer attitudes, collected by the research method through a questionnaire, with the results of the combined neuromarketing research. The research found that the tested marketing stimuli have a positive impact on the implicit positioning of tested FMCG brands. In addition, by comparative analysis of explicit and implicit consumer attitudes, it was found that there is agreement between them. Finally, the research found that neuromarketing research has the potential to improve marketing communication (tested TV commercials), and thus the positioning of FMCG brands.

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Martínez-Aispuro, P., M,A, Goytia-Jiménez, A. F. Barrientos-Priego et A. Espinosa-Flores. « MÉTODOS DE DESHIDRATACIÓN EN LA CALIDAD COMERCIAL DE LA FLOR DE ROSA ». Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura XI, n^o 1 (juin 2005) : 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2003.10.067.

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Kansak, Nilgün, Müge Aslan, Rıza Adaleti et Sebahat Aksaray. « Klebsiella pneumoniae İzolatlarında Sıvı Mikrodilüsyon Temelli İki Ticari Sistemin Referans Mikrodilüsyon Yöntemine Göre Değerlendirilmesi ». Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 54, n^o 4 (15 octobre 2020) : 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/mb.69828.

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Lutfullayeva, Prof Durdona. « METHODS OF NAMING COMMERCIAL OBJECTS, ENTERPRISES, COMPANIES IN UZBEK LANGUAGE ». CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, n^o 12 (1 décembre 2021) : 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-12-18.

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In this article, the criteria for creating a name in the Uzbek language, the requirements for creating and choosing a name, the names were given to commercial objects, enterprises, firms, consumer goods in our country are analyzed and critically studied. Problems were addressed and they identified methods of naming.

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Trashchenko, O. L. « INSURANCE AS A METHOD OF RISK MANAGEMENT OF A COMMERCIAL BANK ». Economical, n^o 2(21) (2019) : 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1680-0044-2019-2(21)-22-28.

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Moťková, P., et J. Vytřasová. « Comparison of methods for isolating fungal DNA ». Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, Special Issue (4 janvier 2012) : S76—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/266/2011-cjfs.

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In this study methods of fungal DNA isolation were optimised and compared. The aim of the isolation processes was to obtain DNA of sufficient quality and quantity necessary for its amplification, as most detection techniques require DNA amplification before the proper DNA detection itself. For this purpose, classic methods of DNA extraction were compared and optimised while isolations using commercial kits were also done. The methods were evaluated from several perspectives, with focus especially laid on the isolated DNA not contain PCR inhibitors which would prevent DNA amplification, thus inhibiting the detection itself. For optimising the individual methods, collection strains of the genus Aspergillus were used. After the evaluation, two most suitable methods were selected and chosen for isolating potentially aflatoxigenic moulds taken from food samples. These methods were the commercially supplied kit for isolating DNA from plant leaves from Sigma and a classic method according Cenis in combination with the cell wall disruption by means of liquid nitrogen.

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沈旭明, 沈旭明, et 杜功仁 Hsu-Ming Shen. « 老舊商辦建築整修標準系統方法 ». 建築科學 23, n^o 23 (juin 2021) : 023–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/221915772021060023002.

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綠色經濟(GE)和可持續發展(SD)對社會中的每個人都有直接且持久的影響，不但有助於我們對抗老舊商辦建築老化，高能耗、高污染所面臨的許多問題，更重要是可以減少對生態環境的影響。因此，將透過對GE和SD進行探討，作為解決老舊商辦建築整修成為適合現代化商辦建築的解決方案，經蒐集各國專家學者對未來商辦建築的見解與應用著重之面向，建立老舊商辦建築整修標準系統來解決這種複雜性問題。本研究將應用模糊德爾菲法(FDM)與層級分析法(AHP)，建構有效的系統方法，將對老舊商辦建築整修項目及過程，能以快速且客觀評估角度，制定可持續商辦建築整修標準規劃，用於評估環保意識，設計美學及企業責任及意見反饋等構面。藉此，推動商辦建築物資產升級，除可降低空置率外，並達成建築增值保值及提升租金收益。  Green economy (GE) and sustainable development (SD) have a direct and long-term impact on everyone in the society. These methods can be used to not only solve problems, such as the aging of old commercial buildings, high energy consumption, and high pollution, but also reduce the impact on the ecological environment. Therefore, we intend to explore GE and SD as solutions to transform old commercial buildings into modern commercial buildings. We can establish a standardized systematic method and address the complex problem of renovating old commercial buildings by obtaining insights and application preferences from experts and scholars throughout the world with respect to future commercial buildings. In this study, we will apply the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to obtain an effective systematic method. Further, we intend to formulate a standard sustainable commercial building renovation plan from the viewpoint of rapid and objective assessment, which can be used to evaluate various aspects, including environmental awareness, design aesthetics, and corporate responsibility and feedback, with respect to the renovation projects and processes associated with old commercial buildings. Thus, we can promote the upgradation, reduce the vacancy rate, ensure the preservation, and increase the value and rent of the commercial building assets.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Metodi commerciali"

BELLIA, MARCO. « Innovazione e concorrenza nel sistema finanziario ». Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200982.

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The dissertation takes as its point of departure the global financial crisis of 2007- 2008. While many factors contributed to the crisis, at its roots lies the circumstance that improvements in computer and telecommunication technology led to revolutionary changes in the structure of financial markets and institutions, which became increasingly globalized and interconnected, while a fragmented nationally-based approach continued to apply to financial sector regulation and supervision. Moreover, the financial crisis has brought to light that financial innovation has too strongly increased complexity of financial products, which have become too complex to understand. Problems of complexity affected financial practices such as securitization, but more broadly involved new securities design made possible by recent advances in theory of finance and by absence of regulation. Now, after the crisis, new rules apply to over the counter derivatives, a new mandatory disclosure system is in force, and some sort of product regulation is provided for in Europe by a new discipline governing intermediaries conduct. This study consists of two parts, besides a short introduction. The first part of the dissertation considers financial product innovation as means for competition, and in this view it makes an assessment of the new European regulatory framework on «product governance» (Mifid II Directive) and «product intervention» rules (Mifir Regulation), which in large part address investor protection issues. Such measures might serve well the purpose to tackle complexity in financial products, especially since complexity helped to maximize and to exploit the comparative informational advantage of intermediaries on end-users. On the other side, this thesis argues that in the new European regulatory framework some protection of intellectual property rights would be a balanced mechanism in order to avoid over-regulation effects on financial innovation. More precisely, a patent system for financial product innovation would likely increase R&D in “good” financial product design, thus indirectly improving financial market efficiency. The second part of the dissertation focuses on the problem of patent eligibility for financial products. In Europe, business method patentability is subject to limitations under Art. 52 EPC. The U.S. Patent Act does not provide for such limitations; yet business method patents are a hot topic also in the United States, where the Supreme Court recently elaborated a new patent eligibility test in its 2014 decision Alice Corporation v. CLS Bank International. The study offers an analysis of this issue and concludes with a slightly positive assessment of financial product patent eligibility both in the Europe and the U.S..

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Compatangelo, Francesco. « Olive da tavola : aspetti qualitativi, tecniche di produzione e politiche commerciali delle DOP e IGP in Italia e nell'Unione Europea ». Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Questo elaborato ha lo scopo di fornire una visione d’insieme sull’argomento delle olive da tavola, partendo dalla definizione del prodotto, descrivendo le differenti fasi del processo produttivo, affrontando alcuni temi di sicurezza alimentare legati al suo consumo e concludendo con il metodo per l’analisi sensoriale elaborato dal Consiglio Oleico Internazionale. Il primo capitolo ha l’obiettivo di introdurre il tema in questione, riportando le caratteristiche compositive e nutrizionali proprie dell’oliva da tavola. Successivamente sono approfonditi i principali metodi di trasformazione impiegati, evidenziando quelle che possono essere le possibili alterazioni ed introducendo l’utilizzo di colture microbiche selezionate per migliorare l’avvio alla fermentazione. Il secondo capitolo descrive le classificazioni introdotte nella norma commerciale COI/OT/NC n. 1 del 12/2004 e le principali cultivar da tavola diffuse nel mercato italiano e in quello spagnolo. Sono inoltre argomentati i temi delle denominazioni di origine protette e delle indicazioni geografiche protette in Europa, con particolare attenzione verso le olive italiane e spagnole. Segue una panoramica sulla situazione dei mercati mondiali, europei ed italiani negli ultimi anni per concludere con un accenno alle possibili frodi alimentari che interessano tale prodotto. Il terzo ed ultimo capitolo è incentrato soprattutto sull’analisi sensoriale, illustrando nello specifico (formazione del panel di giudici, il foglio di profilo, il vocabolario da utilizzare) il metodo elaborato dal COI nel novembre del 2011 per valutare e classificare le olive da tavola.

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Kubo, Pablo Yugo Yoshiura [UNESP]. « Análise prospectiva do desenvolvimento do produto nas indústrias automobilísticas de veículos comerciais instaladas no Brasil ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106432.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kubo_pyy_dr_guara.pdf: 854634 bytes, checksum: c91e3063ee56f2acff6f33e070c95dd7 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo principal desta Tese é analisar prospectivamente as tendências sobre as estratégias mundiais de desenvolvimento dos veículos comerciais frente aos cenários nacional e internacional atuais. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa usando o método Delphi, que consiste em regular, sistematicamente, a apresentação de perguntas acerca de um determinado problema a um grupo de especialistas. Para um levantamento mais abrangente optou-se por aplicar os questionários a três grupos distintos: Acadêmicos, Executivos das montadoras de veículos comerciais e Executivos das indústrias de autopeças. É possível concluir, após a análise dos resultados, que o Brasil possui atualmente uma posição confortável na comercialização de caminhões e ônibus, além de certa autonomia no desenvolvimento desses veículos em relação às empresas matrizes. Adicionalmente destaca-se que poucos foram os argumentos que justificariam mudanças desse cenário até o ano de 2018, porém há claras deficiências – como ausência de profissionais (engenheiros) qualificados no mercado e necessidade de maior intercâmbio entre empresas e Universidades - que devem ser analisadas e superadas de modo a garantir ao Brasil a sustentabilidade no desenvolvimento deste tipo de produto.
The main objective of this Thesis is to present a prospective analysis about the tendencies of the world wide strategies of commercial vehicles’ development, in relation to the current local and international scenery. It has been done a research by using the Delphi method, which consists to regulate, systematically, the presentation of questions about a specific problem to a group of specialists. In order to guarantee more representative data, it has been adopted three distinct groups: Academics, OEMs Managers and OEM´s suppliers Managers. It is noticeable, after the data’s analysis, that Brazil has nowadays a comfortable status on the commercial vehicles’ market and also a good autonomy on product development. The specialists presented few arguments that could justify the modification of this scenery up to 2018, although there are clear evidences – like lack of qualified engineers on Brazilian market and the necessity of a better exchange of knowledge between the OEMs and Universities – that must be analyzed and suppressed, in order to guarantee the Brazilian product development sustainability in this segment.

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Kubo, Pablo Yugo Yoshiura. « Análise prospectiva do desenvolvimento do produto nas indústrias automobilísticas de veículos comerciais instaladas no Brasil / ». Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106432.

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Resumo: O objetivo principal desta Tese é analisar prospectivamente as tendências sobre as estratégias mundiais de desenvolvimento dos veículos comerciais frente aos cenários nacional e internacional atuais. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa usando o método Delphi, que consiste em regular, sistematicamente, a apresentação de perguntas acerca de um determinado problema a um grupo de especialistas. Para um levantamento mais abrangente optou-se por aplicar os questionários a três grupos distintos: Acadêmicos, Executivos das montadoras de veículos comerciais e Executivos das indústrias de autopeças. É possível concluir, após a análise dos resultados, que o Brasil possui atualmente uma posição confortável na comercialização de caminhões e ônibus, além de certa autonomia no desenvolvimento desses veículos em relação às empresas matrizes. Adicionalmente destaca-se que poucos foram os argumentos que justificariam mudanças desse cenário até o ano de 2018, porém há claras deficiências - como ausência de profissionais (engenheiros) qualificados no mercado e necessidade de maior intercâmbio entre empresas e Universidades - que devem ser analisadas e superadas de modo a garantir ao Brasil a sustentabilidade no desenvolvimento deste tipo de produto.
Abstract: The main objective of this Thesis is to present a prospective analysis about the tendencies of the world wide strategies of commercial vehicles' development, in relation to the current local and international scenery. It has been done a research by using the Delphi method, which consists to regulate, systematically, the presentation of questions about a specific problem to a group of specialists. In order to guarantee more representative data, it has been adopted three distinct groups: Academics, OEMs Managers and OEM's suppliers Managers. It is noticeable, after the data's analysis, that Brazil has nowadays a comfortable status on the commercial vehicles' market and also a good autonomy on product development. The specialists presented few arguments that could justify the modification of this scenery up to 2018, although there are clear evidences - like lack of qualified engineers on Brazilian market and the necessity of a better exchange of knowledge between the OEMs and Universities - that must be analyzed and suppressed, in order to guarantee the Brazilian product development sustainability in this segment.
Orientador: Maurício César Delamaro
Coorientador: Silvestre Prado de Souza Neto
Banca: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri
Banca: Valério Antonio Pamplona Salomon
Banca: Stella Regina Reisa da Costa
Banca: Flávia Luciane Consoni
Doutor

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Coit, David Earle. « Valuing Commercial Finance Companies ». ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2147.

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Stakeholders are increasingly insistent that companies increase firm value. The problem is that stakeholders of financial services firms are unable to accurately determine firm value. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the accuracy of 4 valuation models in predicting the market value of equity of commercial finance companies. Study participating companies were 8 listed U.S. or Canadian commercial finance companies. The theoretical constructs of the study included the accuracy of valuation models, modern portfolio theory, and the correlation of book value of equity to market value of equity. Financial information on participating companies obtained from public filings were input data in 4 valuation models. Multiple regression analysis of valuation model results and book value of equity (the predictor variables) were used to determine the accuracy of the models in predicting the market value of equity (response variable). The findings of the study showed that all 4 valuation models in combination with the book value of equity were statistically significant predictors of the market value of equity of the participating companies at the p < .05 level. However, the dividend discount model (DDM) and residual income model (RIM) were statistically more accurate without the combination of book value of equity (p = .000 and p = .000, respectively) than the discounted cash flow and risk-adjusted discounted cash flow valuation models (p = .371 and p = .904, respectively). The results of this study contribute to positive social change by providing business leaders an ability to measure the effectiveness of their actions in creating firm value. Corporate social responsibility activities correlate to value creation for firms that engage in promoting employee welfare and other stakeholder welfare.

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Carraro, Erica <1997&gt. « Metodo dei netti patrimoniali per la quantificazione del danno nelle azioni di responsabilità contro gli amministratori ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19748.

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La responsabilità degli amministratori è uno dei temi caldi in materia di fallimento, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la quantificazione del danno da questi causato. Sovente l’azione di responsabilità viene promossa dal Curatore all’interno di una procedura fallimentare, in quanto con il loro comportamento gli amministratori hanno danneggiato il patrimonio sociale a garanzia dei creditori sociali. Quindi, con la quantificazione di questo danno, si vogliono condannare gli amministratori a risarcire quanto sottratto alla società a seguito della loro condotta illecita. Per quanto riguarda le metodologie per la quantificazione del danno, le due più diffuse e conosciute sono quelle del deficit fallimentare e dei netti patrimoniali; quest’ultima, che sarà oggetto centrale di questo elaborato, è la più discussa di recente, sia in dottrina che in giurisprudenza, in quanto da alcuni è ritenuta la più adeguata mentre da altri è considerata anch’essa come un criterio con dei limiti. Si procederà, quindi, ad un’introduzione sulle azioni di responsabilità che possono essere promosse nei confronti dell’amministratore, ad un’esposizione dei metodi del deficit patrimoniale e dei netti patrimoniali, con apprezzamenti e critiche verso quest’ultimo; verrà poi esposto un caso pratico di azione di responsabilità nei confronti degli amministratori di una società promossa dal Curatore fallimentare, analizzando nello specifico le varie considerazioni dello stesso e del CTU per la quantificazione del danno e le conclusioni a cui si è poi arrivati con la sentenza.

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Chung, Carl Yuk Kay. « Managing ramp operations at airport : issues, models and solution methods / ». View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?IEEM%202005%20CHUNG.

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Peng, Chen. « Improve the Method for Requirements Analysis on Commercial Information System ». Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för för interaktion och systemdesign, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1405.

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This thesis states the tasks of the analyst: communicating with commercial customer to establish their requirements; reframing those requirements by negotiation in order that programmers can understand it to write the codes efficiently. Soft System Methodology (SSM) is an effective approach to identify the situation of the problem. In my thesis, I will improve a new business – oriented method that is called Process Improvement for Strategic Objectives (PISO) with SSM to make PISO have more efficiency and more quality. My first scientific contribution is to find the relationship between SSM and information system, explore how to adopt Soft System Methodology into a commercial information system analysis. Then I will do detailed research regarding how to improve PISO method with SSM.

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Poggi, Francesco. « Bending properties of commercial wood-based panels by NDT methods ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-66162.

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This thesis work focuses mainly on the application of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods on wood-based panels (WBP) in order to estimate the bending properties. To prove the accuracy and applicability of these methods on WBP, their results are correlated with results from a standardized static bending test. The behavior in different climate conditions and the application on panels of larger sizes is also questioned to provide an indication about strong points and boundaries of NDT methods applied on WBP.The bending properties are of major importance, especially for materials suited to bear loads. Bending stiffness, represented by the modulus of elasticity (MOE), is an expression of the deflection rate of a material under load. The bending strength, represented by the modulus of rupture (MOR), is an expression of the maximum load withstood by a material before rupture.Before testing, the material is acclimatized in three climate conditions: dry (20°C, 35% RH), standard (20°C, 65% RH) and wet (20°C, 85% RH), to understand the bending properties variation and how the NDT methods are affected by the variation in moisture content.The materials used are seven types of WBP, in particular four types of particleboards (PB), one type of high-density fiberboard (HDF), one type of dual density PB (with high and low density areas along the production direction) and one type of light-weight panel (Board-on-stiles, a composite panel of HDF, PB and paper honeycomb).To test the bending properties the following NDT methods are considered: transversal resonance vibration and longitudinal resonance vibration with the use of the BING system and the time-of-flight with the use of Fakopp Ultrasonic Timer and Silvatest Trio. The resonance vibration methods, transversal and longitudinal, are based on the relation between resonance vibration properties and bending properties of a material. The relation with bending properties also exists for the stress wave velocity (SWV) through a material, calculated with the time-of-flight method. The dynamic MOE resulting from these tests is then correlated with the static MOE and MOR from the static bending test.The NDT methods resulted to be reliable on WBP, with generally high levels of correlation between dynamic MOE and static MOE and MoR. The highest correlation value for MoE is with the transversal resonance vibration while the highest for MOR is with the longitudinal resonance vibration. The results of the dynamic MOE for all the NDT methods are higher than the static MOE, as confirmed also in the literature; the average ratio between the dynamic and the static MOE is, for example, up to 1,6 for WBP in standard climate condition, tested with Fakopp U.T.. These results are extremely higher than values suggested by previous studies. Moreover, the ratio increases with increasing relative humidity of the climate condition. The results from the tests on larger sizes suggest a possible application in this field. The time-of-flight method is suitable for in-plane uniform materials, like the PB and HDF, while the transversal resonance methods give also a good representation of the properties of the dual density PB and the light-weight panel.

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Tennemar, Johan, et Erik Koponen. « Practical applicability of methods to determine the transfer price of intangibles ». Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7680.

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This master’s thesis discusses and analyzes difficulties in transfer pricing methods’ applicability to intangibles. With basis from the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and the U.S. regulations, this thesis investigates applicable methods in legislation, theory, recommendations, case law and how they are applied in practice.

The OECD Guidelines do not provide an exact solution to the valuation of a transfer of intangibles between controlled parties. It refers to the arm’s length principle to determine whether the price set for a transfer between controlled parties is the same, as unrelated parties would have paid, under the same circumstances.

The best method rule used in the U.S. has no preferred order of application although it provides specific methods to be applied to intangibles. In the U.S., as in most countries (and recommended by the OECD), the Comparable Uncontrolled Price/Comparable Uncontrolled Transaction methods are considered most reliable if comparables can be identified.

The profit split method is recommended if there are no comparable transactions available and is applicable to non-routine intangibles. Other methods that require comparables are however used in the application of the profit split method to set an arm’s length price on routine functions. This method will probably become more popular in the future since it is not as dependent on comparables as most other transfer pricing methods.

There are several other methods and approaches to the arm’s length principle, which shows the complexity of intangibles and the ambition to find some form of standard.

This master’s thesis has identified the problems with most of the methods applied to intangibles relying on comparables to some extent. The comparability factors concerning intangibles are a problem, as they are difficult to apply strictly and a frequent problem is the limited access to information. A majority of available agreements published in databases are strongly focused on U.S. based enterprises transactions and rarely disclose all the required details. As a result, the comparables used become less reliable since the geographical area, size of the enterprise and functions compared seldom are comparable with the tested party or transaction. In some industry sectors, it is almost impossible to find independent comparables, especially for non-routine intangibles.

The discrepancy between theory and practice is shown through the usage and acceptance by tax authorities and courts, of comparables without sufficient comparability. This simplified and practical approach to transfer pricing derives from the limited availability of information and the need to avoid unreasonable requirements on the MNEs to produce transfer pricing benchmarking in particular and documentation in general.

Denna magisteruppsats diskuterar och analyserar svårigheterna med internprissättningsmetoders tillämplighet på immateriella tillgångar. Med utgångspunkt från OECD:s riktlinjer och de amerikanska reglerna, undersöker denna uppsats lagstiftningen, teorin, rekommendationer och rättsfall rörande tillämpliga metoder och hur de tillämpas i praktiken.

OECD:s rekommendationer ger ingen direkt lösning på värderingen av transaktionen av immateriella tillgångar mellan parter i intressegemenskap. Den hänvisar till armlängdsprincipen för att avgöra huruvida priset på en transaktion mellan kontrollerade parter är samma som okontrollerade parter skulle ha betalat under samma omständigheter.

Best method rule som används i USA ger inget krav på i vilken ordning metoderna ska användas även om den omfattar särskilda metoder som skall tillämpas på immateriella tillgångar. I USA, liksom i de flesta länder (och rekommenderat av OECD), anses Comparable Uncontrolled Price/Comparable Uncontrolled Transaction metoderna vara de mest tillförlitliga om jämförbara transaktioner kan identifieras.

Profit split metoden rekommenderas om det inte finns några jämförbara transaktioner tillgängliga och kan användas på icke rutinmässiga immateriella tillgångar. Andra metoder som kräver jämförbara transaktioner används dock vid tillämpningen av profit split metoden för att bestämma ett armslängdsmässigt pris på rutinmässiga funktioner. Denna metod kommer troligen att bli mer populärt i framtiden eftersom den inte är lika beroende av jämförbara transaktioner som de flesta andra internprissättningsmetoder.

Det finns flera andra metoder och strategier för att bestämma ett armlängsmässigt pris vilket visar immateriella tillgångars komplexitet och ambitionen att hitta någon form av standard.

Denna magisteruppsats har påvisat problematiken med att de flesta metoder som tillämpas på immateriella tillgångar använder i viss utsträckning jämförbara transaktioner. Kompabilitetskraven på de jämförbara immateriella tillgångarna utgör ett problem eftersom de är svåra att tillämpa strikt och ett återkommande problem är den begränsade tillgången till information. En majoritet av de tillgängliga avtalen publiceras i databaser som är starkt fokuserad på amerikanska företags transaktioner och sällan ges alla nödvändiga uppgifter. Detta resulterar i sämre tillförlitlighet på de jämförbara transaktionerna, eftersom det geografiska området, storleken på företagen och dess funktioner sällan är jämförbara med de testade parterna eller transaktionerna. I vissa branscher är det näst intill omöjligt att hitta oberoende jämförbara transaktioner, särskilt för icke-rutinmässiga immateriella tillgångar.

Skillnaden mellan teori och praktik visas genom användandet, skattemyndigheters och domstolars accepterande, av transaktioner utan tillräcklig jämförbarhet. Detta förenklade och praktiska tillvägagångssätt beror på den begränsade tillgången på information och behovet av att undvika orimliga krav på multinationella företag att producera jämförbarhetsanalyser och dokumentation till internprissättningen

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Livres sur le sujet "Metodi commerciali"

Cipriani, Alberto, et Anna Maria Ponzellini, dir. Colletti bianchi. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-973-7.

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Il volume presenta i risultati di una ricerca su impiegati e quadri nelle grandi imprese del settore metalmeccanico – al centro FCA e Leonardo – condotta secondo una metodologia di ricerca partecipata. Obiettivo dell’indagine è stato l’analisi dei cambiamenti nella professionalità, nell’organizzazione, nella qualità del lavoro e nel rapporto con il sindacato avvenuti negli ultimi anni nelle grandi aree impiegatizie (amministrative, commerciali, di ricerca e sviluppo, di supporto alla produzione), a fronte del progressivo venir meno di una identità professionale e sociale omogenea del mondo impiegatizio e dell’impatto crescente delle nuove tecnologie 4.0. La ricerca è stata condotta con metodi di ricerca qualitativa (interviste e focus) e quantitativa (una survey ai lavoratori) e ha visto momenti di discussione e di confronto tra i ricercatori, gli attori sociali delle imprese coinvolte (sindacalisti e managers) e un gruppo di studiosi che hanno accompagnato tutto il percorso.

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Simionova, N. E. Metody analiza rynka. Moskva : Izd-vo "Ekspertnoe bi︠u︡ro", 2000.

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Kopiński, Adam. Metody oceny kondycji ekonomicznej przedsiębiorstwa. Wrocław : Wydawn. Akademii Ekonomicznej we Wrocławiu, 1991.

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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. et American National Standards Institute, dir. Method of testing commercial refrigerators and freezers. Atlanta, GA : American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2005.

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Poe, Roy W. Business communication : A case method approach. 5^e éd. St. Paul, MN : Paradigm, 1995.

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Larichev, V. D. Kommercheskoe moshennichestvo v Rossii : Sposoby sovershenii︠a︡ : metody zashchity. Moskva : Ėkzamen, 2001.

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Rossi, Francesco. Pianificare il commercio, che fare ? : Metodi e criteri per la pianificazione commerciale. Soveria Mannelli (Catanzaro) : Rubbettino, 1998.

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V, Novozhilov G., dir. Proektirovanie grazhdanskikh samoletov : Teorii͡a︡ i metody. Moskva : "Mashinostroenie", 1991.

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Wexler, Ira. The business of commercial photography. New York : Amphoto Books, 1997.

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Petrunin, Stanislav Vladimirovich. Organizat︠s︡ionnye i logisticheskie metody povyshenii︠a︡ ėffektivnosti proizvodstvennoĭ dei︠a︡telʹnosti aviakompaniĭ. Moskva : Avia-biznes grupp, 2006.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Metodi commerciali"

Mathuravalli, S. M. D. « Commercial Bread Making Methods ». Dans Handbook of Bakery and Confectionery, 103–25. London : CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003242635-15.

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da Silva, Neusely, Marta Hiromi Taniwaki, Valéria Christina Amstalden Junqueira, Neliane Ferraz de Arruda Silveira, Margarete Midori Okazaki et Renato Abeilar Romeiro Gomes. « Commercial sterility ». Dans Microbiological Examination Methods of Food and Water, 373–97. Second edition. | Leiden, The Netherlands ; Boca Raton : CRC Press/Balkema, [2018] : CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315165011-23.

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Shapiro, Eric, David Mackmin et Gary Sams. « Commercial properties (1) ». Dans Modern Methods of Valuation, 325–45. Twelfth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Estates Gazette, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315145419-16.

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Shapiro, Eric, David Mackmin et Gary Sams. « Commercial properties (2) ». Dans Modern Methods of Valuation, 346–68. Twelfth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Estates Gazette, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315145419-17.

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Lin, S. Y. « Commercial Spent Pulping Liquors ». Dans Methods in Lignin Chemistry, 75–80. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_6.

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Barker, M. G. « Impurities in Commercial Potassium ». Dans Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 259–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145289.ch69.

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Ferguson, Scott M. « Commercial Considerations for Immunoproteomics ». Dans Methods in Molecular Biology, 361–67. Totowa, NJ : Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-589-7_22.

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Abdel-Aal, Hussein K. « Commercial Methods for Magnesium Production ». Dans Magnesium, 65–82. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.” : CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351170642-6.

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Pfohl, Hans-Christian, et Tamer Kurnaz. « Application of Service Engineering Methods for Developing a Functional Model for a Supply Chain Service Using the Example of the Air Cargo Supply Chain Service “CairGoLution” ». Dans Commercial Transport, 277–86. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21266-1_18.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Metodi commerciali"

VAN BODEGRAVEN, GEORGE. « Commercial aircraft DOC methods ». Dans Aircraft Design, Systems and Operations Conference. Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-3224.

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Zhang, Jixiu, Shuming Chen et Dengfeng Wang. « Interior Noise Analysis of a Commercial Vehicle Cab by Using Finite Element Method and Boundary Element Methods ». Dans SAE 2016 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-8051.

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Haff, Johannes, Mattias Jönsson, Sigfried Loose et Claus Wagner. « Reliability of Engineering Methods in Heavy-Vehicle Aerodynamics ». Dans Commercial Vehicle Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-7001.

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Navarro, Jorge, Isaac Martín de Diego, Karen Príncipe-Aguirre et María Algar. « New Commercial Representation for Cattle Information Gathering ». Dans 9th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008978405260534.

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Miller, R. E. « Methods to Assess Jolting and Jarring Events : A Surface Mining Case Study to Evaluate the Jolt-Duration Method ». Dans SAE 2009 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2830.

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Ohki, Shigeo. « Actinide management with commercial fast reactors ». Dans INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2015 (ICCMSE 2015). AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4938779.

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Nozaki, Hiromichi, Mitsuhiro Makita et Takahiko Yoshino. « Consideration of Steering Control Method Corresponding to Electric Vehicle Age ». Dans Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-2150.

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ANTAL-VAIDA, Claudia. « RISK MANAGEMENT METHODS FOR COMMERCIAL CREDITS ». Dans 19th International Conference on INFORMATICS in ECONOMY. Education, Research and Business Technologies. Bucharest University of Economic Studies Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/ie2020.04.05.

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Zhang, Dongxin, Zhi Zheng, Yuguo Li, Kefan Yu, Feng Wang et Fang Zhuo. « A Loss Modeling Method of Buck Converter with Different Control Methods ». Dans 2021 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpsasia52756.2021.9621681.

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Zheng, Tianlei, Yuefu Jin, Zhao Wang, Michael Wang, Freda Fung, Fatumata Kamakate et Huiming Gong. « Development of Fuel Consumption Test Method Standards for Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles in China ». Dans Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-2292.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Metodi commerciali"

Zheng, Jinhui, Matteo Ciantia et Jonathan Knappett. On the efficiency of coupled discrete-continuum modelling analyses of cemented materials. University of Dundee, décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001236.

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Computational load of discrete element modelling (DEM) simulations is known to increase with the number of particles. To improve the computational efficiency hybrid methods using continuous elements in the far-field, have been developed to decrease the number of discrete particles required for the model. In the present work, the performance of using such coupling methods is investigated. In particular, the coupled wall method, known as the “wall-zone” method when coupling DEM and the continuum Finite Differences Method (FDM) using the Itasca commercial codes PFC and FLAC respectively, is here analysed. To determine the accuracy and the efficiency of such a coupling approach, 3-point bending tests of cemented materials are simulated numerically. To validate the coupling accuracy first the elastic response of the beam is considered. The advantage of employing such a coupling method is then investigated by loading the beam until failure. Finally, comparing the results between DEM, DEM-FDM coupled and FDM models, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are outlined.

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Hammack, Richard, et Garret Veloski. Methods for Finding Legacy Wells in Residential and Commercial Areas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juin 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1361513.

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Hammack, Richard W., et Garret A. Veloski. Methods for Finding Legacy Wells in Residential and Commercial Areas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juin 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1330215.

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MacDonald, J. M., et D. M. Wasserman. Investigation of metered data analysis methods for commercial and related buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mai 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6261458.

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Ng, Lisa C., Steven J. Emmerich et Andrew K. Persily. An improved method of modeling infiltration in commercial building energy models. National Institute of Standards and Technology, avril 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1829.

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Matson, Nance E., et Mary Ann Piette. Review of California and National Methods for Energy PerformanceBenchmarking of Commercial Buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septembre 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887197.

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Larkin, Anna Kayla. Commercial Opportunity Cancer Imaging Ultrasonics-based methods for cancer imaging & ; diagnostics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), août 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1467251.

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Kulesza, Joel A. Recent Work in Hybrid Radiation Transport Methods with Applications to Commercial Nuclear Power. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mars 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1351181.

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Malej, Matt, et Fengyan Shi. Suppressing the pressure-source instability in modeling deep-draft vessels with low under-keel clearance in FUNWAVE-TVD. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40639.

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This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) documents the development through verification and validation of three instability-suppressing mechanisms in FUNWAVE-TVD, a Boussinesq-type numerical wave model, when modeling deep-draft vessels with a low under-keel clearance (UKC). Many large commercial ports and channels (e.g., Houston Ship Channel, Galveston, US Army Corps of Engineers [USACE]) are traveled and affected by tens of thousands of commercial vessel passages per year. In a series of recent projects undertaken for the Galveston District (USACE), it was discovered that when deep-draft vessels are modeled using pressure-source mechanisms, they can suffer from model instabilities when low UKC is employed (e.g., vessel draft of 12 m¹ in a channel of 15 m or less of depth), rendering a simulation unstable and obsolete. As an increasingly large number of deep-draft vessels are put into service, this problem is becoming more severe. This presents an operational challenge when modeling large container-type vessels in busy shipping channels, as these often will come as close as 1 m to the bottom of the channel, or even touch the bottom. This behavior would subsequently exhibit a numerical discontinuity in a given model and could severely limit the sample size of modeled vessels. This CHETN outlines a robust approach to suppressing such instability without compromising the integrity of the far-field vessel wave/wake solution. The three methods developed in this study aim to suppress high-frequency spikes generated nearfield of a vessel. They are a shock-capturing method, a friction method, and a viscosity method, respectively. The tests show that the combined shock-capturing and friction method is the most effective method to suppress the local high-frequency noises, while not affecting the far-field solution. A strong test, in which the target draft is larger than the channel depth, shows that there are no high-frequency noises generated in the case of ship squat as long as the shock-capturing method is used.

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Amirav, Aviv, et Steven Lehotay. Fast Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695851.bard.

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The overall theme of this project was to increase the speed of analysis for monitoring pesticide residues in food. Traditionally, analytical methods for multiple pesticides are time-consuming, expensive, laborious, wasteful, and ineffective to meet critical needs related to food safety. Faster and better methods were needed to provide more cost-effective detection of chemical contaminants, and thus provide a variety of benefits to agriculture. This overarching goal to speed and improve pesticide analysis was successfully accomplished even beyond what was originally proposed by the investigators in 1998. At that time, the main objectives of this project were: 1) to further develop a direct sample introduction (DSI) device that enables fast sampling and introduction of blended-only agricultural products for analysis by gas chromatography (GC); 2) to evaluate, establish, and further develop the method of simultaneous pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for enhanced pesticide identification capabilities; and 3) to develop a new and novel MS pesticide analysis method, based on the use of supersonic molecular beams (SMB) for sampling and ionization. The first and third objectives were successfully accomplished as proposed, and the feasibility of the second objective was already demonstrated. The capabilities of the GC/SMB-MS approach alone were so useful for pesticide analysis that the simultaneous use of a PFPD was considered superfluous. Instead, the PFPD was investigated in combination with an electron-capture detector for low-cost, simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods. Three important, novel research projects not originally described in the proposal were also accomplished: 1) development of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticides in foods; 2) development and optimization of a method using low-pressure (LP) GC/MS to speed pesticide residue analysis; and 3) innovative application of analyte protectants to improve the GC analysis of important problematic pesticides. All of the accomplishments from this project are expected to have strong impact to the analytical community and implications to agriculture and food safety. For one, an automated DSI approach has become commercially available in combination with GC/MS for the analysis of pesticide residues. Meanwhile, the PFPD has become the selective detector of choice for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Great strides were made in SMB-MS through the manufacture of a prototype "Supersonic GC/MS" instrument, which displayed many advantages over commercial GC/MS instruments. Most notably, the QuEChERS method is already being disseminated to routine monitoring labs and has shown great promise to improve pesticide analytical capabilities and increase lab productivity. The implications of these developments to agriculture will be to increase the percentage of food monitored and the scope of residues detected in the food, which will serve to improve food safety. Developed and developing countries alike will be able to use these methods to lower costs and improve results, thus imported/exported food products will have better quality without affecting price or availability. This will help increase trade between nations and mitigate certain disputes over residue levels in imported foods. The improved enforcement of permissible residue levels provided by these methods will have the effect to promote good agricultural practices among previously obstinate farmers who felt no repercussions from illegal or harmful practices. Furthermore, the methods developed can be used in the field to analyze samples quickly and effectively, or to screen for high levels of dangerous chemicals that may intentionally or accidentally appear in the food supply.

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