Articles de revues : « Metastatic progression »

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Roda, Niccolo’, Valentina Gambino et Marco Giorgio. « Metabolic Constrains Rule Metastasis Progression ». Cells 9, n^o 9 (11 septembre 2020) : 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9092081.

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Metastasis formation accounts for the majority of tumor-associated deaths and consists of different steps, each of them being characterized by a distinctive adaptive phenotype of the cancer cells. Metabolic reprogramming represents one of the main adaptive phenotypes exploited by cancer cells during all the main steps of tumor and metastatic progression. In particular, the metabolism of cancer cells evolves profoundly through all the main phases of metastasis formation, namely the metastatic dissemination, the metastatic colonization of distant organs, the metastatic dormancy, and ultimately the outgrowth into macroscopic lesions. However, the metabolic reprogramming of metastasizing cancer cells has only recently become the subject of intense study. From a clinical point of view, the latter steps of the metastatic process are very important, because patients often undergo surgical removal of the primary tumor when cancer cells have already left the primary tumor site, even though distant metastases are not clinically detectable yet. In this scenario, to precisely elucidate if and how metabolic reprogramming drives acquisition of cancer-specific adaptive phenotypes might pave the way to new therapeutic strategies by combining chemotherapy with metabolic drugs for better cancer eradication. In this review we discuss the latest evidence that claim the importance of metabolic adaptation for cancer progression.

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Morgans, Alicia K., Christopher Sweeney, Christopher J. D. Wallis, Susan Halabi, Andrew J. Armstrong, Frank Verholen, Jorge A. Ortiz, Anja Schmall, Shankar Srinivasan et Marc-Oliver Grimm. « Progression patterns by types of metastatic spread, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and clinical symptoms : Post-hoc analyses of ARAMIS. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, n^o 16_suppl (1 juin 2022) : 5044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.5044.

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5044 Background: Darolutamide (DARO), a highly potent and structurally distinct androgen receptor inhibitor, prolonged metastasis-free survival by nearly 2 years and reduced the risk of death by 31% vs placebo (PBO) with a favorable tolerability profile in patients (pts) with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) in ARAMIS. We present post-hoc analyses of ARAMIS to evaluate the association between metastatic progression with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and clinical progression and to describe the distribution of metastatic progression between groups. Methods: Pts with nmCRPC were randomized 2:1 to DARO (n=955) or PBO (n=554) while continuing androgen-deprivation therapy. Descriptive analyses were performed using the primary data cutoff (Sept 3, 2018) for the double-blind period. Post-baseline metastases were based on central review of conventional radiographic imaging every 16 weeks. PSA and pain progression were defined per primary analysis ( N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1235-46). Results: Metastatic progression was observed in 13.6% of DARO and 28.5% of PBO pts. Most pts had isolated progression as bone (DARO 46%, PBO 39%) or lymph node (32%; 40%) metastasis (Table). Pts with radiographic progression had shorter median time from initial diagnosis to study treatment (DARO 72.9, PBO 74.4 months) vs the overall ARAMIS population (86.2, 84.2 months). Of all pts with metastatic progression, baseline PSA levels (ng/mL) were similar in DARO (12.6) and PBO pts (15.1); DARO pts had lower median PSA before metastasis (16.7) vs PBO pts (48.0) and median absolute/relative PSA decrease from baseline of -0.7/-3.2% vs an increase for PBO pts of 29.5/181%. PSA progression before metastasis was observed in 55.6% (160/288) of pts, occurring in fewer DARO (45.4%) vs PBO pts (63.9%) (treatment difference 18.5%; nominal 95% CI 6.5%–30.6%). The median time between PSA progression and metastasis was 7.0 months with DARO vs 5.6 months with PBO. Pain progression before metastatic progression was rare and similar between groups (DARO 16.9%, PBO 17.7%). Conclusions: DARO significantly reduced risk of metastatic progression and improved overall survival vs PBO without changing the pattern of metastatic progression. Many pts with nmCRPC experienced metastatic progression without PSA progression, and pain progression was rare. These results support the use of imaging with PSA monitoring to properly identify disease progression in pts with nmCRPC. Clinical trial information: TBC. [Table: see text]

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Morgans, Alicia K., Christopher Sweeney, Christopher J. D. Wallis, Susan Halabi, Andrew J. Armstrong, Frank Verholen, Jorge A. Ortiz, Anja Schmall, Shankar Srinivasan et Marc-Oliver Grimm. « Progression patterns by types of metastatic spread, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and clinical symptoms : Post-hoc analyses of ARAMIS. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, n^o 16_suppl (1 juin 2022) : 5044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.5044.

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5044 Background: Darolutamide (DARO), a highly potent and structurally distinct androgen receptor inhibitor, prolonged metastasis-free survival by nearly 2 years and reduced the risk of death by 31% vs placebo (PBO) with a favorable tolerability profile in patients (pts) with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) in ARAMIS. We present post-hoc analyses of ARAMIS to evaluate the association between metastatic progression with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and clinical progression and to describe the distribution of metastatic progression between groups. Methods: Pts with nmCRPC were randomized 2:1 to DARO (n=955) or PBO (n=554) while continuing androgen-deprivation therapy. Descriptive analyses were performed using the primary data cutoff (Sept 3, 2018) for the double-blind period. Post-baseline metastases were based on central review of conventional radiographic imaging every 16 weeks. PSA and pain progression were defined per primary analysis ( N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1235-46). Results: Metastatic progression was observed in 13.6% of DARO and 28.5% of PBO pts. Most pts had isolated progression as bone (DARO 46%, PBO 39%) or lymph node (32%; 40%) metastasis (Table). Pts with radiographic progression had shorter median time from initial diagnosis to study treatment (DARO 72.9, PBO 74.4 months) vs the overall ARAMIS population (86.2, 84.2 months). Of all pts with metastatic progression, baseline PSA levels (ng/mL) were similar in DARO (12.6) and PBO pts (15.1); DARO pts had lower median PSA before metastasis (16.7) vs PBO pts (48.0) and median absolute/relative PSA decrease from baseline of -0.7/-3.2% vs an increase for PBO pts of 29.5/181%. PSA progression before metastasis was observed in 55.6% (160/288) of pts, occurring in fewer DARO (45.4%) vs PBO pts (63.9%) (treatment difference 18.5%; nominal 95% CI 6.5%–30.6%). The median time between PSA progression and metastasis was 7.0 months with DARO vs 5.6 months with PBO. Pain progression before metastatic progression was rare and similar between groups (DARO 16.9%, PBO 17.7%). Conclusions: DARO significantly reduced risk of metastatic progression and improved overall survival vs PBO without changing the pattern of metastatic progression. Many pts with nmCRPC experienced metastatic progression without PSA progression, and pain progression was rare. These results support the use of imaging with PSA monitoring to properly identify disease progression in pts with nmCRPC. Clinical trial information: TBC. [Table: see text]

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Seely, Kevin D., Amanda D. Morgan, Lauren D. Hagenstein, Garrett M. Florey et James M. Small. « Bacterial Involvement in Progression and Metastasis of Colorectal Neoplasia ». Cancers 14, n^o 4 (17 février 2022) : 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14041019.

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While the gut microbiome is composed of numerous bacteria, specific bacteria within the gut may play a significant role in carcinogenesis, progression, and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Certain microbial species are known to be associated with specific cancers; however, the interrelationship between bacteria and metastasis is still enigmatic. Mounting evidence suggests that bacteria participate in cancer organotropism during solid tumor metastasis. A critical review of the literature was conducted to better characterize what is known about bacteria populating a distant site and whether a tumor depends upon the same microenvironment during or after metastasis. The processes of carcinogenesis, tumor growth and metastatic spread in the setting of bacterial infection were examined in detail. The literature was scrutinized to discover the role of the lymphatic and venous systems in tumor metastasis and how microbes affect these processes. Some bacteria have a potent ability to enhance epithelial–mesenchymal transition, a critical step in the metastatic cascade. Bacteria also can modify the microenvironment and the local immune profile at a metastatic site. Early targeted antibiotic therapy should be further investigated as a measure to prevent metastatic spread in the setting of bacterial infection.

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Albini, Adriana, et József Tímár. « Genomics of metastatic progression ». Clinical & ; Experimental Metastasis 27, n^o 6 (août 2010) : 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10585-010-9348-6.

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Visentin, Sarah, Mirela Sedić, Sandra Kraljević Pavelić et Krešimir Pavelić. « Targeting Tumour Metastasis : The Emerging Role of Nanotechnology ». Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, n^o 8 (26 mars 2020) : 1367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666181220095343.

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The metastatic process has still not been completely elucidated, probably due to insufficient knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of the current findings that shed light on specific molecular alterations associated with metastasis and present novel concepts in the treatment of the metastatic process. In particular, we discuss novel pharmacological approaches in the clinical setting that target metastatic progression. New insights into the process of metastasis allow optimisation and design of new treatment strategies, especially in view of the fact that metastatic cells share common features with stem cells. Nano- and micro-technologies are herein elaborated in details as a promising therapeutic concept in targeted drug delivery for metastatic cancer. Progression in the field could provide a more efficient way to tackle metastasis and thus bring about advancements in the treatment and management of patients with advanced cancer.

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Mitra, Sumegha, Kartikeya Tiwari, Ram Podicheti, Taruni Pandhiri, Douglas B. Rusch, Andrea Bonetto, Chi Zhang et Anirban K. Mitra. « Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Matrisome Alteration as a Key Feature of Ovarian Cancer Progression ». Cancers 11, n^o 10 (9 octobre 2019) : 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11101513.

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Background: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. There is a lack of comprehensive investigation of disease initiation and progression, including gene expression changes during early metastatic colonization. Methods: RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was done with matched primary tumors and fallopian tubes (n = 8 pairs) as well as matched metastatic and primary tumors (n = 11 pairs) from ovarian cancer patients. Since these are end point analyses, it was combined with RNA-seq using high-grade serous ovarian cancer cells seeded on an organotypic three-dimensional (3D) culture model of the omentum, mimicking early metastasis. This comprehensive approach revealed key changes in gene expression occurring in ovarian cancer initiation and metastasis, including early metastatic colonization. Results: 2987 genes were significantly deregulated in primary tumors compared to fallopian tubes, 845 genes were differentially expressed in metastasis compared to primary tumors and 304 genes were common to both. An assessment of patient metastasis and 3D omental culture model of early metastatic colonization revealed 144 common genes that were altered during early colonization and remain deregulated even in the fully developed metastasis. Deregulation of the matrisome was a key process in early and late metastasis. Conclusion: These findings will help in understanding the key pathways involved in ovarian cancer progression and eventually targeting those pathways for therapeutic interventions.

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Entwistle, Susannah, Hannah K. Jackson, Ian Kerr, Beth Coyle et Alistair Hume. « MEDB-64. Are Rab GTPases metastatic drivers in metastatic medulloblastoma ? » Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_1 (1 juin 2022) : i121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac079.438.

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Abstract Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant paediatric brain cancer with poorer prognosis related to the onset of metastasis. It has four molecular subgroups; Wingless (WNT), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), group 3 and group 4, of which group 3 is the most likely to be metastatic and is therefore associated with the poorest prognosis. Exosomes are small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin which contain a variety of cargo including RNA and proteins. Increased exosome release is connected with disease progression and metastasis in multiple cancers. Rabs are a family of small GTPases (70 in humans) which regulate vesicle trafficking. Several Rabs are known to regulate exosome biogenesis and secretion and may thereby contribute to cancer progression. The role of Rabs in metastatic medulloblastoma is unclear. We aim to explore whether Rabs contribute to the progression of metastatic medulloblastoma through the exosome biogenesis and secretion pathways. Through analysis of literature, databases such as ExoCarta.org, the R2: Genomics analysis and visualisation platform, and mRNA content of medulloblastoma exosomes, five novel Rab candidates were identified that may contribute to disease progression in group 3 medulloblastoma. Gene expression of these Rabs was then verified across SHH, group 3 and group 4 patient-derived cell lines using RT-qPCR, with candidate Rab expression confirmed in the three subgroups. Presence of Rab mRNA has also been found in exosomes derived from group 3 and group 4 patients, with an enrichment in group 3 exosomes. Current and future work aims to determine the potential roles of Rabs in medulloblastoma pathogenesis, and to determine whether Rabs contribute to increased exosome biogenesis which drives metastasis or are metastatic drivers in medulloblastoma themselves. Therefore, experiments to characterise Rab candidate protein expression within cells and assess their function after knockdown are necessary and timely.

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Chen, Jocelyn F., et Qin Yan. « The roles of epigenetics in cancer progression and metastasis ». Biochemical Journal 478, n^o 17 (14 septembre 2021) : 3373–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20210084.

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Cancer metastasis remains a major clinical challenge for cancer treatment. It is therefore crucial to understand how cancer cells establish and maintain their metastatic traits. However, metastasis-specific genetic mutations have not been identified in most exome or genome sequencing studies. Emerging evidence suggests that key steps of metastasis are controlled by reversible epigenetic mechanisms, which can be targeted to prevent and treat the metastatic disease. A variety of epigenetic mechanisms were identified to regulate metastasis, including the well-studied DNA methylation and histone modifications. In the past few years, large scale chromatin structure alterations including reprogramming of the enhancers and chromatin accessibility to the transcription factors were shown to be potential driving force of cancer metastasis. To dissect the molecular mechanisms and functional output of these epigenetic changes, it is critical to use advanced techniques and alternative animal models for interdisciplinary and translational research on this topic. Here we summarize our current understanding of epigenetic aberrations in cancer progression and metastasis, and their implications in developing new effective metastasis-specific therapies.

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Shiraishi, Kenshiro, Keiichiro Tada, Jiro Kawamori, Atsushi Fukuuchi et Tsunehiro Nishi. « Disease progression of metastatic breast cancer by first relapse site after definitive radiotherapy. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, n^o 28_suppl (1 octobre 2015) : 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.28_suppl.36.

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36 Background: Bone metastasis as initial distant relapse is commonly considered to have better prognosis than other sites in metastatic breast cancer. To elucidate true clinical course of metastatic disease, it is essential that we prospectively manage patients since primary setting. Methods: Overall, 3,417 patients with breast cancer treated with mastectomy (n = 379, 11.1%) or breast-conserving surgery (n = 3,029, 88.6%) followed by definitive radiotherapy at two institutions in Center of Tokyo between 1980 and 2014 were included in the study. Information on all patients was prospectively collected and rigorously-controlled. Initial metastatic relapse sites included bone, brain, and other (mainly visceral). Intrinsic subtypes of tumor were classified as luminal A, luminal-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), luminal B, triple negative, and HER2 identified by routine immunohistochemistry and histological grade. Cumulative incidence rates of overall survival (OS) for each affected site after metastatic relapse were estimated according to Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Median follow-up time for living patients was 113 months. A total of 370 patients experienced metastatic progression as first relapse event. Median duration of OS after initial metastatic relapse was 69 month in all subtypes. No difference was seen in OS among five subtypes after initial bone or brain relapse. Meanwhile, OS of luminal subtypes after initial other-site relapse was better than that of triple negative and HER2 subtypes (P = .003). Notably, OS rates of bone and non-bone/brain metastasis groups as initial relapse site were almost identical (P= .626). Conclusions: We find no difference in mortality after metastatic relapse between bone and other site except for brain metastasis as initial relapse in breast cancer patients following definitive radiotherapy in our cohort without primary metastatic setting. Careful consideration is needed for initial distant relapse regardless of which site is involved. However, prognosis of metastatic breast cancer after definitive radiotherapy is favorable based on real world data, attributable mainly to improved systemic therapy and modern multidisciplinary approach.

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Hovens, Christopher, Matthew Hong, Geoff Macintyre, David Wedge, Peter Van Loo, Sebastian LunkePhD, Ludmil Alexandrov et al. « Tracking clonal diversity in metastatic prostate cancer progression. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, n^o 7_suppl (1 mars 2015) : 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.7_suppl.193.

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193 Background: Genomic heterogeneity has been observed in a number of tumor types including prostate cancer. However, how subclonal tumor diversity changes during metastasis and progression to lethality remains unexplored. Large scale genomic analyses have reported the most prevalent somatic aberrations associated with the dominant clone of the tumor without permitting an analysis of subclonal complexity or how this complexity impinges on metastatic potential or resistance to treatment. Methods: To understand and track the evolution of lethal prostate cancer from initial therapy to end stage metastases, we performed longitudinal and multiregional sampling of tumors from 7 patients with lethal prostate cancer. We performed whole-genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and SNP profiling. Computational approaches were used to reconstruct the genetic relationships and evolution of the tumors. These evolutionary tree reconstructions allowed us to observe the dynamics of chromoplexy and mutational processes along specific branches of tumor evolution. To refine the genetic landscape and spatial connections between subclones, we employed deep, targeted re-sequencing of variant loci in the original sequenced samples, in additional FFPE sites sampled from the organ confined tumors, and from blood. Results: We show that while all primary and metastatic prostate tumors share a single ancestral clone, metastases arise from subclones present at minor frequencies in the primary tumor. We reveal that individual metastases comprise mixtures of subclones indicative of intra-metastatic heterogeneity. We provide evidence for cross-metastatic site seeding and dynamic remolding of subclonal mixtures in response to therapy suggesting a distinct metastatic hierarchy. Ultra-deep sequencing of end-stage blood reveals the presence of diverse subclones with metastatic potential derived from various stages in the evolution of the tumor. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate unexpected complexity in the origins of both primary and metastatic prostate cancer, with distinct implications for treatment of advanced disease.

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Bartoszyński, Robert. « On metastatic progression of cancer ». Advances in Applied Probability 17, n^o 2 (juin 1985) : 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427131.

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Bartoszyński, Robert. « On metastatic progression of cancer ». Advances in Applied Probability 17, n^o 02 (juin 1985) : 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800014877.

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Rodolfo, Monica, Maria Daniotti et Viviana Vallacchi. « Genetic progression of metastatic melanoma ». Cancer Letters 214, n^o 2 (octobre 2004) : 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2004.06.049.

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Usmani, B. A. « Genomic Instability and Metastatic Progression ». Pathobiology 61, n^o 2 (1993) : 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000163771.

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Tímár, József, et Andrea Ladányi. « Metastatic Progression of Human Melanoma ». Cancers 15, n^o 4 (15 février 2023) : 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041225.

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This Topical Collection, comprising 13 papers (10 original articles and 3 reviews), addresses various aspects of the field of melanoma progression: genomic and proteomic approaches, experimental studies, the questions of sentinel lymph node dissection, and metastasis formation of uveal and conjunctival melanomas is also discussed [...]

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Dilmac, Sayra, Nilay Kuscu, Ayse Caner, Sendegul Yildirim, Burcak Yoldas, Ammad Ahmad Farooqi et Gamze Tanriover. « SIRT1/FOXO Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n^o 18 (6 septembre 2022) : 10227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810227.

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Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. The roles of the SIRT and FoxO proteins in tumor progression are known, but their roles in metastasis have not yet been clearly elucidated. In our study, we investigated the roles of SIRT and FoxO proteins their downstream pathways, proteins p21 and p53, in tumor progression and metastasis. We evaluated these proteins in vitro using metastatic 4TLM and 67NR cell lines, as well as their expression levels in tumor-bearing mice. In addition, the regulatory role of SIRT and FoxO proteins in different transduction cascades was examined by IPA core analysis, and clinicopathological evidence was investigated in the TCGA database. In primary tumors, the expression levels of SIRT1, p21, p53, E2F1 and FoxO proteins were higher in 67NR groups. In metastatic tissues, the expression levels of SIRT1, E2F1 and FoxO proteins were found to be enhanced, whereas the levels of p53 and p21 expression were noted to be reduced. IPA analysis also provided empirical evidence of the mechanistic involvement of SIRT and FoxO proteins in tumor progression and metastasis. In conclusion, SIRT1 was found to co-operate with FoxO proteins and to play a critical role in metastasis. Additional research is required to determine why overexpression of SIRT1 in metastatic tissues has oncogenic effects.

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Eckhardt, Bedrich L., Belinda S. Parker, Ryan K. van Laar, Christina M. Restall, Anthony L. Natoli, Michael D. Tavaria, Kym L. Stanley, Erica K. Sloan, Jane M. Moseley et Robin L. Anderson. « Genomic Analysis of a Spontaneous Model of Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone Reveals a Role for the Extracellular Matrix ». Molecular Cancer Research 3, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2005) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.1.3.1.

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Abstract A clinically relevant model of spontaneous breast cancer metastasis to multiple sites, including bone, was characterized and used to identify genes involved in metastatic progression. The metastatic potential of several genetically related tumor lines was assayed using a novel real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay of tumor burden. Based on this assay, the tumor lines were categorized as nonmetastatic (67NR), weakly metastatic to lymph node (168FARN) or lung (66cl4), or highly metastatic to lymph node, lung, and bone (4T1.2 and 4T1.13). In vitro assays that mimic stages of metastasis showed that highly metastatic tumors lines were more adhesive, invasive, and migratory than the less metastatic lines. To identify metastasis-related genes in this model, each metastatic tumor was array profiled against the nonmetastatic 67NR using 15,000 mouse cDNA arrays. A significant proportion of genes relating to the extracellular matrix had elevated expression in highly metastatic tumors. The role of one of these genes, POEM, was further investigated in the model. In situ hybridization showed that POEM expression was specific to the tumor epithelium of highly metastatic tumors. Decreased POEM expression in 4T1.2 tumors significantly inhibited spontaneous metastasis to the lung, bone, and kidney. Taken together, our data support a role for the extracellular matrix in metastatic progression and describe, for the first time, a role for POEM in this process.

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Zarrella, Mark, Joon Kyoo Lee MD et Sang-Chul Lim. « R412 – Role of KITENIN in Progression and Metastasis of SCC ». Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, n^o 2_suppl (août 2008) : P181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.566.

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Problem The expression of KAI1 (a metastatic suppressor gene) in cancer cells results in reduced cell motility and invasiveness. A cDNA clone of VANGL1, a member of the tetraspanin protein family that specifically interacts with the COOH-terminal cytoplasm domain of KAI1, was isolated and renamed KITENIN (KAI1 COOH-terminal interacting tetraspanin). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of KITENIN on the progression and metastasis of transfected squamous cell carcinoma using in vivo and in vitro experiments. Methods Locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma tissues from five patients were obtained for investigation of KITENIN expression. Malignant tumors, normal adjacent mucosa tissues, metastatic lymph nodes, and non-metastatic lymph nodes were collected. KITENIN or vector only (control) was transfected into SCC (squamous cell carcinoma) VII, a mouse squamous cell carcinoma cell line, using FuGENE 6. An in vitro assay (invasion, migration, and proliferation) for KITENIN and the vector-transfected group was studied. The KITENIN or vector-transfected SCC VII cells were injected subcutaneously into 12 C3H/HeJ syngeneic mice (6 mice for each group). The tumor size was measured daily for 4 weeks. During the fifth week after injection, the presence of metastasis in the lung and liver tissue was evaluated for each mouse with a tumor mass on the back; the tissues were assessed by gross and microscopic examination. Results KITENIN was highly expressed in tumors and metastatic lymph nodes from patients. KITENIN-transfected cells showed significantly increased invasion, migration, and proliferation compared with the vector-transfected cells. Tumor volume was more increased in the KITENIN-transfected cells-injected mice. Lung metastasis was found in the KITENIN-group (3/6 mice), while no metastasis in the vector-group. Conclusion KITENIN participates in the progression and metastasis of SCC. Significance An antisense KITENIN strategy may be a useful method to inhibit progression and metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma. Support This study was financially supported by Chonnam National University, 2006.

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Askeland, Eric J., Vincent A. Chehval, Ryan W. Askeland, Zaina Sangale, Placede Gangnang Fosso, Nafei Xu, Saradha Rajamani, Steven Stone et James A. Brown. « Cell cycle progression score to predict metastatic progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma after resection. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, n^o 4_suppl (1 février 2014) : 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.4_suppl.442.

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442 Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is primarily treated surgically when organ confined, but requires close follow-up to evaluate for recurrence. Expression levels of cell cycle progression (CCP) genes have prognostic value in certain cancers. We evaluated the prognostic value of the CCP expression in surgically resected ccRCC. Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with metastasis or lymph node involvement at surgery were excluded. Cases developed metastasis within 5 years of resection; controls were followed for at least 4.5 years without recurrence. Specimens were re-reviewed by a single pathologist. Tumor FFPE slides were macrodissected and RNA extracted. CCP score, sex, age, T stage, Fuhrman Nuclear grade (FNG), tumor size, smoking status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and time to metastasis were available for analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate association with metastatic progression. Subsequently, the tumor transcriptome was interrogated for other informative biomarkers using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Funding was by Myriad Genetics. Results: Twenty-six cases and 38 controls were evaluated. Median time to metastasis was 1.68 years (IQR 1.06-3.69) for the case group. Median follow-up was 6.69 years for controls. Univariate analysis revealed that LVI (OR 4.64, p=0.005), FNG (OR 4.16, p=0.0099) and CCP score (OR 2.65, p=0.0091) were significantly associated with progression to metastasis. In multivariate analysis, age (p=0.026), tumor size (p=0.022) and CCP score (p=0.026) were statistically significant. A step-wise multivariate model including age, CCP, tumor size and LVI had an AUC of 0.84, which decreased to 0.78 if CCP score was excluded. CCP scores calculated by qPCR and NGS were correlated (rho = 0.91). However, no other genes showed a significant association with metastasis or TNM stage (after correcting for multiple testing) in univariate analysis or after adjusting for CCP score. Conclusions: The cell cycle progression score predicts metastatic progression after resection of ccRCC and appears to add significant prognostic information to standard clinical and pathological variables.

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Oliveira, Renata Ramalho, Douglas V. Faget, Xianmin Luo, Jiayu Ye, Joseph B. Monahan et Sheila A. Stewart. « Abstract 244 : Limiting metastatic breast cancer progression by targeting MK2 stromal signaling ». Cancer Research 82, n^o 12_Supplement (15 juin 2022) : 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-244.

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Abstract Breast cancer is now the most common cancer among women in the US and metastasis to distant organs is the major cause of death in these patients. Among metastatic sites, bone is the most frequent destination of breast cancer metastasis and once the disease is found in the bone, it is often refractory to standard therapy. In addition, bone metastasis is associated with significant skeletal related events that greatly impact quality of life. Thus, there is a significant need to develop novel therapies that extend survival and improve quality of life. Previously we found that MK2 inhibition (MK2i) limits metastatic growth by targeting the tumor stromal compartment. To determine which stromal cells are targeted by MK2i we isolated stromal cells from within a metastatic bone lesion and carried out single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq). Using this approach, we found numerous gene expression changes in both the immune (CD45+) and non-immune (CD45-) populations upon MK2i. Indeed, we found significant numbers of p16+ senescent fibroblasts were present inside the metastatic lesion. We also found vascular cancer-associated fibroblasts (vCAF) and matrix CAFs (mCAF) inside the metastatic lesion suggesting that CAFs are not limited to primary disease. Numerous changes in gene expression in CD45+ cells were also observed, and these changes are being used to identify viable immunotherapies to deploy in our model. Finally, we are using conditional MK2 mice to establish the cell type targeted by MK2i. Our data demonstrate that MK2i is as effective as chemotherapy at limiting metastatic progression and our approach to leverage the scRNA-Seq data may allow us to optimize MK2i therapy to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Citation Format: Renata Ramalho Oliveira, Douglas V. Faget, Xianmin Luo, Jiayu Ye, Joseph B. Monahan, Sheila A. Stewart. Limiting metastatic breast cancer progression by targeting MK2 stromal signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 244.

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Stephenson, Andrew J., Michael W. Kattan, James A. Eastham, Zohar A. Dotan, Fernando J. Bianco, Hans Lilja et Peter T. Scardino. « Defining Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy : A Proposal for a Standardized Definition ». Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, n^o 24 (20 août 2006) : 3973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.04.0756.

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Purpose Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) defined biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer is widely used for reporting the outcome of radical prostatectomy (RP). A standardized BCR definition is lacking, and overall progression-free probability and risk of subsequent metastatic disease progression may vary greatly depending on the PSA criterion used. Ten definitions of BCR were evaluated to identify the one that best explains metastatic progression. Methods Of 3,125 patients who underwent RP at our institution since 1985, 75 developed distant metastasis during a median follow-up of 49 months. To predict metastasis progression, we modeled the clinical information using multivariable Cox regression analysis. BCR was included in the model as a time-dependent covariate, and separate models were developed for each definition. A goodness-of-fit (R2) statistic was used to determine the Cox model (and thereby the BCR definition) that best explained metastatic progression. Results The 10-year progression-free probability ranged from 63% to 79%, depending on the BCR definition. The model containing BCR defined as a PSA of at least 0.4 ng/mL followed by another increase best explained metastatic progression (R2 = 0.21). This definition was also associated with a high probability of subsequent secondary therapy, continued PSA progression, and rapid PSA doubling time. Conclusion BCR defined as a PSA value of at least 0.4 ng/mL followed by another increase best explains the development of distant metastasis among 10 candidate definitions, after controlling for clinical variables and the use of secondary therapy. On the basis of this evidence, we propose that this definition be adopted as the standard for reporting the outcome of RP.

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Hu, Dandan, Gong Chen, Yaojun Zhang et Minshan Chen. « Next generation sequencing reveals the phylogenetic relationship of multi-organ metastatic colon cancer and molecular determinants of metastasis. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, n^o 15_suppl (20 mai 2020) : e13502-e13502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e13502.

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e13502 Background: The clinical manifestation of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) varies from patient to patient, with the underlying genetic alterations and expression profiles deceptive. We aim to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the multi-organ mCRC and the possible biomarkers of disease progression. Methods: Whole Extron Sequencing (WES) was performed in CRC and their matched multi-organ metastases from three patients with different clinical manifestations. Sciclone calculation between individual lesions illustrated the evolutionary origins of each metastatic sites. Genomic divergence between primary and metastatic sites were identified and their potential role in the metastatic process were annotated. Following the WES results, the significantly correlated genes were validated by immunohistochemistry. Results: The evolutionary tree showed that the distant metastasis could originated from either the primary colon cancer or the other metastatic site. Organotropism exists in both mCRC and protein levels in terms of APOB, and a number of driver mutations potentially decide the disease progression. Moreover, the expressive change of APOB between primary CRC and CRC liver metastasis indicates worse long-term outcomes. Conclusions: Metastatic routes of multi-organ mCRC are highly heterogeneous. We identified previously unreported gene alterations might facilitate metastatic and organotropic progression, providing potential biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment.

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Gerbec, Zachary J., Antonio Serapio-Palacios, Sarah E. Woodword, Jorge Pena Diaz, Brett Finlay et Shoukat Dedhar. « Abstract A047 : Tumor-derived bacteria drive breast cancer metastasis ». Cancer Research 83, n^o 2_Supplement_2 (15 janvier 2023) : A047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.metastasis22-a047.

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Abstract Metastasis is a major barrier to long-term survival and therapeutic options for aggressive, metastatic forms of breast cancer remain limited. Studies using patient samples have identified tumor-resident bacteria that preferentially associate with specific breast cancer types including highly aggressive TNBC. However, it is not yet understood how intratumoral bacteria directly contributes to disease progression and metastatic propensity independent of other prognostic factors. It is therefore the goal of the Dedhar and Finlay labs to identify how specific bacteria within metastatic breast cancer control immune and tumor cell functions to regulate metastatic potential and determine the outcome of disease progression. Using the syngenic, immunocompetent 4T1 and 67NR breast cancer models of metastatic and non-metastatic disease, we found microbiome depletion significantly reduces primary tumor growth highly metastatic 4T1 tumors specifically. We also found bacterial depletion reduces metastatic burden and extends survival time compared to microbiome-replete controls. Along with alterations in disease progression, microbiome depletion induces changes in immune cell function that occur specifically in the metastatic 4T1 tumors, revealing differential microbial-based regulation of metastatic versus non-metastatic disease. To identify bacteria that control metastasis in microbiome-replete controls, we plated surgically resected tumor suspensions on bacterial growth media and compared bacteria from the 4T1 and 67NR primary tumors. We identified several species of the Bacillus genus that were unique to 4T1 tumors and were present both within the primary tumor as well as metastatic nodules. To determine how these bacteria effect disease progression, we designed several in vivo model systems to directly test the ability of the isolated bacteria to promote metastasis. Using an orthotopic inoculation model with 4T1 or EMT6 cells, we found that following intratumoral injection, the 4T1- derived Bacillus species was actually able to augment metastasis when introduced directly back into primary tumors. To determine the specificity of this phenomenon, we then compared the effects of the 4T1 and 67NR-isolated bacteria on metastasis by injecting 4T1 cells that had been co-cultured with either bacteria prior to injection. Interestingly, we found that while the 67NR-derived bacteria had little effect on metastasis, the 4T1-derived Bacillus species significantly enhanced metastatic tumor burden compared to all other groups including those cultured with the 67NR-derived bacteria. These data demonstrate the ability of certain bacteria to promote metastatic disease. Based on these findings, we hypothesize specific bacteria play a causative role in augmenting metastatic propensity, and seek to determine functional differences between intratumoral bacteria to identify mechanistic targets for prevention of metastasis. We also seek to expand this work into clinical models to identify potential prognostic factors as well as mechanistic targets for disease treatment. Citation Format: Zachary J. Gerbec, Antonio Serapio-Palacios, Sarah E. Woodword, Jorge Pena Diaz, Brett Finlay, Shoukat Dedhar. Tumor-derived bacteria drive breast cancer metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Metastasis; 2022 Nov 14-17; Portland, OR. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;83(2 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A047.

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Bodogai, Monica, Purevdorj Olkhanud, Yrina Rochman, Enkhzol Malchinkhuu, Katarzyna Wejksza, Ronald Gress, Charles Hesdorffer, Warren Leonard et Arya Biragyn. « Thymic stromal lymphopoietin mediates breast cancer progression and metastasis (48.9) ». Journal of Immunology 186, n^o 1_Supplement (1 avril 2011) : 48.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.48.9.

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Abstract Breast cancer escape and metastasis is an active process that requires inflammation and participation of immune cells. We have previously reported that this is a primary tumor-controlled process which activates lungs to produce CCL17 and CCL22 to facilitate lung metastasis together with the recruitment of CCR4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). To understand the mechanism of this process, we performed expression array analysis in both metastatic and non-metastatic cancer cells and found that metastatic cells produced thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an IL-7-like type 1 inflammatory cytokine that is often associated with the induction of Th2-type allergic responses in the lungs. Moreover, TSLP was also abundantly expressed in variety of human solid tumors, including breast, lung, colon and ovarian cancers. To gain further insights into the role of TSLP in cancer progression, we have blocked TSLP expression in cancer cells and found that TSLP is required for efficient breast cancer escape and metastasis. Moreover, utilizing adoptive transfer studies in TSLPR deficient mice, we demonstrated that by targeting CD4+ T cells to induce Th2-type inflammatory responses, cancer-produced TSLP promoted cancer escape. Taken together, our data indicate that TSLP is an important factor that needs to be controlled to effectively combat with cancer escape.

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Karlow, Jennifer A., Siddhartha Devarakonda, Xiaoyun Xing, Hyo Sik Jang, Ramaswamy Govindan, Mark Watson et Ting Wang. « Developmental Pathways Are Epigenetically Reprogrammed during Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis ». Cancer Research 82, n^o 15 (15 juin 2022) : 2692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4160.

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Abstract Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and deadliest cancers worldwide, with roughly half of all patients initially presenting with both primary and metastatic disease. While the major events in the metastatic cascade have been identified, a mechanistic understanding of how NSCLC routinely and successfully colonizes the brain is largely unknown. Recent studies have begun demonstrating the role of epigenetic misregulation during tumorigenesis and metastasis, including widespread changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications. To better understand the role of altered DNA methylation in NSCLC metastasis to the brain, we measured DNA methylation during disease progression for 12 patients, globally profiling the methylation status of normal lung, primary lung tumor, and brain metastasis samples. The variation in methylation was similar during metastatic spread and primary tumorigenesis but less coordinated across genomic features during metastasis. The greatest recurrent changes during metastatic progression were methylation gains in DNA methylation valleys (DMV) harboring the constitutive heterochromatin mark H3K9me3 as well as bivalent marks H3K27me3 and H3K4me1. In a lymph node–derived cancer cell line, EZH2 binding within DMVs was lost, accompanied by an increase in DNA methylation, exemplifying epigenetic switching. The vast majority of the differentially methylated region–associated DMVs harbored developmental genes, suggesting that altered epigenetic regulation of developmentally important genes may confer a selective advantage during metastatic progression. The characterization of epigenetic changes during NSCLC brain metastasis identified recurrent methylation patterns that may be prognostic biomarkers and contributors to disease progression. Significance: Altered DNA methylation in lung cancer brain metastases corresponds with loss of EZH2 occupancy at developmental genes, which could promote stem-like phenotypes permissive of dissemination and survival in different microenvironments.

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Audouin, Marie, Géraldine Cancel Tassin, Cécile Gaffory, Valérie Ondet, Stephane Oudard, Abdel Rahmene Azzouzi, Morgan Roupret et Olivier Cussenot. « Association of Rs1139971, a KAI1 polymorphism, with bone metastasis progression in prostate cancer and ganglionnary metastasis. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, n^o 15_suppl (20 mai 2013) : e16089-e16089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e16089.

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e16089 Background: Metastatic prostate cancer, with bones as principal location, is responsible for most of the death from this malignancy. If the molecular mecanisms of the metastasis progression are not completely solved, many involved pathways have been clarified. Association studies have proven that genetic factors could affect the risk of prostate cancer or its agressiveness. Likewise, some polymorphisms from genes involved in metastatic pathways could have a meaningfull function in the individual genetic susceptibility to metastatic prostate cancer. The KAI1 gene is known to be implicated in the metastatic process of many malignant tumors, such as breast, lung or colorectal cancer. Moreover, the protein encoded by this gene seems to act as a metastatic suppressor. In this study, we searched for an association between the risk of metastatic progression and a polymorphism from the KAI gene (rs1139971). Methods: It was a retrospective and multicentrique study, comparing 195 patients harbouring bone and/or ganglionnary metastatic prostate cancer with 386 patients affected by a non metastatic prostate cancer. All the patients were caucasians. The variant rs1139971 has been genotyped by Taqman technology. Results: The allele A from rs1139971 was found to be less frequent in metastatic patients but this result wasn’t significant. The patients were then stratified according to the metastatic location : bone or ganglionnary. In this case, the allele A was significantly associated with metastatic risk in the group of patients with bone metastasis [OR = 0,525 ; IC 95% = 0,332-0,828 ; p = 0,0056]. Conclusions: In this study, a significant association has been pointed up between bone metastatic prostate cancer and the polymorphism rs1139971 from KAI1 gene. However, these results need to be confirmed on a larger and independant population.

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McDonald, Erica, Sierra Cheng, Vanessa S. Arciero, Ronak Saluja, Katherine A. Zukotynski, Patrick Cheung et Urban Emmenegger. « Prevalence of oligoprogressive, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) amenable to stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) in men undergoing abiraterone acetate (AA) therapy. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, n^o 6_suppl (20 février 2017) : e587-e587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.e587.

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e587 Background: SABR is increasingly used for the treatment of men with oligometastatic prostate cancer, including patients (pts) presenting with oligoprogression. The latter is a clinical situation where a limited number of metastatic tumor sites progress (usually defined as ≤ 3-5), while all other metastases are controlled by a given systemic therapy. The frequency of oligoprogression potentially amenable to SABR is unknown. Methods: Thus, in a retrospective chart analysis we studied the progression pattern of 35 men with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC undergoing AA therapy, and of 20 men undergoing AA therapy after docetaxel chemotherapy. Applying RECIST1.1 and/or PCWG2 criteria, pts were considered SABR candidates if they radiologically progressed in ≤ 5 distinct metastatic locations, while all other metastases were stable or responding. Results: In chemotherapy-naïve men, pre-AA metastatic lesions were located in bone (94%), lymph nodes (49%), lungs (17%) and liver (3%), whereas progression during AA therapy occurred in bone (89%), lymph nodes (49%), lungs (14%) and liver (9%). 12 pts (34%) fulfilled the criteria of oligoprogression with a median of 2 progressive lesions/pt (range 1-5). 8 pts presented with bone progression only, 3 with nodal progression, and 1 pt with combined bone/nodal progression. Post-docetaxel pts had pre-AA metastatic lesions located in bone (75%), lymph nodes (35%), lungs (5%) and liver (5%). Progression during AA therapy occurred in bone (80%), lymph nodes (75%), lungs (20%) and liver (5%). Only 1 pt met oligoprogression criteria with a single progressive bone metastasis. Conclusions: A sizeable number of men with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC progressing during AA therapy might be considered for SABR. By contrast, progression of post-docetaxel mCRPC treated with AA is typically widespread. Further efforts are needed to identify criteria for oligoprogressive pts most suitable for SABR with sustained benefit versus men that may progress rapidly with widespread metastases following radiotherapy.

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Nestler, Tim, Priya Dalvi, Friederike Haidl, Maike Wittersheim, Melanie von Brandenstein, Pia Paffenholz, Svenja Wagener-Ryczek et al. « Transcriptome analysis reveals upregulation of immune response pathways at the invasive tumour front of metastatic seminoma germ cell tumours ». British Journal of Cancer 126, n^o 6 (12 janvier 2022) : 937–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41416-021-01621-5.

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Abstract Background Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) have a high metastasis rate. However, the mechanisms related to their invasion, progression and metastasis are unclear. Therefore, we investigated gene expression changes that might be linked to metastasis in seminomatous testicular germ cell tumour (STGCT) patients. Methods Defined areas [invasive tumour front (TF) and tumour centre (TC)] of non-metastatic (with surveillance and recurrence-free follow-up >2 years) and metastatic STGCTs were collected separately using laser capture microdissection. The expression of 760 genes related to tumour progression and metastasis was analysed using nCounter technology and validated with quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Distinct gene expression patterns were observed in metastatic and non-metastatic seminomas with respect to both the TF and TC. Comprehensive pathway analysis showed enrichment of genes related to tumour functions such as inflammation, angiogenesis and metabolism at the TF compared to the TC. Remarkably, prominent inflammatory and cancer-related pathways, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) signalling, integrin signalling and nuclear factor-κB signalling, were significantly upregulated in the TF of metastatic vs non-metastatic tumours. Conclusions IL-6 signalling was the most significantly upregulated pathway in metastatic vs non-metastatic tumours and therefore could constitute a therapeutic target for future personalised therapy. In addition, this is the first study showing intra- and inter-tumour heterogeneity in STGCT.

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McDonald, Erica, Sierra Cheng, Vanessa Sarah Arciero, Ronak Saluja, Katherine A. Zukotynski, Patrick Cheung et Urban Emmenegger. « Prevalence of oligoprogressive, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) amenable to stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) in men undergoing abiraterone acetate (AA) therapy. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, n^o 15_suppl (20 mai 2017) : e16509-e16509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e16509.

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e16509 Background: SABR is increasingly used for treating men with oligometastatic prostate cancer, a state between loco-regional and widespread metastatic disease that exists de novo, presents as oligorecurrence, is treatment-induced, or occurs as oligoprogression. The latter is a clinical situation where a limited number of metastatic tumor sites progress (usually defined as ≤3-5), while all other metastases are controlled by a given systemic therapy. The frequency of oligoprogression amenable to SABR is unknown. Methods: Thus, in a retrospective chart analysis we studied the progression pattern of 35 men with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC undergoing AA therapy, and of 20 men undergoing AA therapy after docetaxel chemotherapy. Applying RECIST1.1 and/or PCWG2 criteria, patients (pts) were considered SABR candidates if they radiologically progressed in ≤5 distinct metastatic locations, while all other sites were stable or responding. Results: In chemotherapy-naïve men, pre-AA metastatic lesions were located in bone (94%), lymph nodes (49%), lungs (17%) and liver (3%), whereas progression during AA therapy occurred in bone (89%), lymph nodes (49%), lungs (14%) and liver (9%). 12 pts (34%) met the criteria of oligoprogression with a median of 2 progressive lesions/pt (range 1-5). 8 pts presented with bone progression only, 3 with nodal progression, and 1 pt with combined bone/nodal progression. Post-docetaxel pts had pre-AA metastatic lesions located in bone (75%), lymph nodes (35%), lungs (5%) and liver (5%). Progression during AA therapy occurred in bone (80%), lymph nodes (75%), lungs (20%) and liver (5%). Only 1 pt met oligoprogression criteria with a single progressive bone metastasis. Conclusions: A sizeable number of men with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC progressing during AA therapy might be considered for SABR. By contrast, progression of post-docetaxel mCRPC treated with AA is typically widespread. Further efforts are needed to identify criteria for oligoprogressive pts most suitable for SABR with sustained benefit versus men that may progress rapidly with widespread metastases following radiotherapy.

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Biswas, Anup K., et Swarnali Acharyya. « Cancer-Associated Cachexia : A Systemic Consequence of Cancer Progression ». Annual Review of Cancer Biology 4, n^o 1 (9 mars 2020) : 391–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033642.

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Cancer is a life-threatening disease that has plagued humans for centuries. The vast majority of cancer-related mortality results from metastasis. Indeed, the invasive growth of metastatic cancer cells in vital organs causes fatal organ dysfunction, but metastasis-related deaths also result from cachexia, a debilitating wasting syndrome characterized by an involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. In fact, about 80% of metastatic cancer patients suffer from cachexia, which often renders them too weak to tolerate standard doses of anticancer therapies and makes them susceptible to death from cardiac and respiratory failure. The goals of this review are to highlight important findings that help explain how cancer-induced systemic changes drive the development of cachexia and to discuss unmet challenges and potential therapeutic strategies targeting cachexia to improve the quality of life and survival of cancer patients.

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Suh, Jeong Yoon, Se Jung Maeng, Mirinae Kim, Su Jeong Kang, Young Wook Choi et In Ho Chang. « Current Trends in Liquid Biopsy Technology for Early Diagnosis of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma ». Korean Journal of Urological Oncology 20, n^o 4 (30 novembre 2022) : 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22465/kjuo.2022.20.4.223.

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Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a disease with a wide variety of clinical progressions such as the rate of disease progression or the degree of metastasis. About 30% of ccRCC patients suffer from metastatic diseases, and about 30% develop metastasis after diagnosis. In the case of metastatic RCC, early prediction of the disease is important because of the poor prognosis, but ccRCC-specific molecular markers for clinical use are not available yet. As an alternative, liquid biopsy, which can find molecules released from tumor tissues in circulating blood and obtain information on metastatic dissemination and recurrence of ccRCC, is emerging. In this article, we will introduce molecules such as cell free DNA, cell free RNA, protein, and exosomes available as circulating biomarkers for liquid biopsy. We will also introduce some promising technologies that can compensate for the limitations of liquid biopsy.

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Gründker, Carsten, Matthias Läsche, Johanna Hellinger et Günter Emons. « Mechanisms of Metastasis and Cell Mobility – The Role of Metabolism ». Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 79, n^o 02 (février 2019) : 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0805-9113.

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AbstractTumour metastasis is responsible for more than 90% of tumour-associated mortality. About one third of breast cancer patients in the early stage develop metastases. The transformation in tumour development referred to as the “metastatic cascade” or “metastatic cycle” is a complex and multi-stage event. While it is generally recognised that epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) plays a crucial role in cancer progression and metastasis, the metabolic events in this process have received little attention to date. We would therefore like to provide a brief overview here of the influence of the metabolism on the progression and metastasis of tumours.

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Oh-Hohenhorst, Su Jung, et Tobias Lange. « Role of Metastasis-Related microRNAs in Prostate Cancer Progression and Treatment ». Cancers 13, n^o 17 (6 septembre 2021) : 4492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174492.

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Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancer types in males and the consequences of its distant metastatic deposits are the leading cause of PCa mortality. Therefore, identifying the causes and molecular mechanisms of hematogenous metastasis formation is of considerable clinical importance for the future development of improved therapeutic approaches. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by targeting messenger RNAs. Numerous studies have identified miRNAs as promotors or inhibitors of metastasis and revealed, in part, their targeting pathways in PCa. Because miRNAs are remarkably stable and can be detected in both tissue and body fluid, its potential as specific biomarkers for metastasis and therapeutic response is also currently under preclinical evaluation. In the present review, we focus on miRNAs that are supposed to initiate or suppress metastasis by targeting several key mRNAs in PCa. Metastasis-suppressing miRNAs include miR-33a-5p, miR-34, miR-132 and miR-212, miR-145, the miR-200 family (incl. miR-141-3p), miR-204-5p, miR-532-3p, miR-335, miR-543, miR-505-3p, miR 19a 3p, miR-802, miR-940, and miR-3622a. Metastasis-promoting RNAs, such as miR-9, miR-181a, miR-210-3, miR-454, miR-671-5p, have been shown to increase the metastatic potential of PCa cells. Other metastasis-related miRNAs with conflicting reports in the literature are also discussed (miR-21 and miR-186). Finally, we summarize the recent developments of miRNA-based therapeutic approaches, as well as current limitations in PCa. Taken together, the metastasis-controlling miRNAs provide the potential to be integrated in the strategy of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of metastatic PCa. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of consistency between certain miRNA signatures and reproducibility, which impedes clinical implementation.

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Park, Joo Un, et Jae Wan Jung. « Metastatic ameloblastoma with postoperative accelerated tumor growth treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel : a case report ». Kosin Medical Journal 37, n^o 1 (31 mars 2022) : 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7180/kmj.21.030.

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Ameloblastoma is a histologically benign odontogenic epithelial tumor that rarely metastasizes. However, metastasis to the lungs can occur, usually years after the development of the primary tumor. Here, we present the case of a 63-year-old woman with metastatic ameloblastoma in the lungs that developed 12 years after surgery for the primary lesion. As is typical for metastatic ameloblastomas, the tumor was incidentally found on radiography and surgically removed. However, the tumor exhibited accelerated progression with pleural metastasis after surgical removal, which is unusual in metastatic ameloblastoma. The patient was successfully treated with carboplatin/paclitaxel and showed a partial response to tumor progression, implying that this approach can be safely used in the absence of a standard treatment regimen.

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Yang, Beng, Xiaode Feng, Hua Liu, Rongliang Tong, Jingbang Wu, Changbiao Li, Hanxi Yu et al. « High-metastatic cancer cells derived exosomal miR92a-3p promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of low-metastatic cancer cells by regulating PTEN/Akt pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma ». Oncogene 39, n^o 42 (11 septembre 2020) : 6529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41388-020-01450-5.

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Abstract Exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication and metastatic progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, cellular communication between heterogeneous HCC cells with different metastatic potentials and the resultant cancer progression are not fully understood in HCC. Here, HCC cells with high-metastatic capacity (97hm and Huhm) were constructed by continually exerting selective pressure on primary HCC cells (MHCC-97H and Huh7). Through performing exosomal miRNA sequencing in HCC cells with different metastatic potentials (MHCC-97H and 97hm), many significantly different miRNA candidates were found. Among these miRNAs, miR-92a-3p was the most abundant miRNA in the exosomes of highly metastatic HCC cells. Exosomal miR92a-3p was also found enriched in the plasma of HCC patient-derived xenograft mice (PDX) model with high-metastatic potential. Exosomal miR-92a-3p promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in recipient cancer cells via targeting PTEN and regulating its downstream Akt/Snail signaling. Furthermore, through mRNA sequencing in HCC cells with different metastatic potentials and predicting potential transcription factors of miR92a-3p, upregulated transcript factors E2F1 and c-Myc were found in high-metastatic HCC cells promote the expression of cellular and exosomal miR-92a-3p in HCC by directly binding the promoter of its host gene, miR17HG. Clinical data showed that a high plasma exosomal miR92a-3p level was correlated with shortened overall survival and disease-free survival, indicating poor prognosis in HCC patients. In conclusion, hepatoma-derived exosomal miR92a-3p plays a critical role in the EMT progression and promoting metastasis by inhibiting PTEN and activating Akt/Snail signaling. Exosomal miR92a-3p is a potential predictive biomarker for HCC metastasis, and this may provoke the development of novel therapeutic and preventing strategies against metastasis of HCC.

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Elazezy, Maha, Sandra Schwentesius, Luisa Stegat, Harriet Wikman, Stefan Werner, Wael Y. Mansour, Antonio Virgilio Failla et al. « Emerging Insights into Keratin 16 Expression during Metastatic Progression of Breast Cancer ». Cancers 13, n^o 15 (31 juillet 2021) : 3869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153869.

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Keratins are the main identification markers of circulating tumor cells (CTCs); however, whether their deregulation is associated with the metastatic process is largely unknown. Previously we have shown by in silico analysis that keratin 16 (KRT16) mRNA upregulation might be associated with more aggressive cancer. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the biological role and the clinical relevance of K16 in metastatic breast cancer. By performing RT-qPCR, western blot, and immunocytochemistry, we investigated the expression patterns of K16 in metastatic breast cancer cell lines and evaluated the clinical relevance of K16 expression in CTCs of 20 metastatic breast cancer patients. High K16 protein expression was associated with an intermediate mesenchymal phenotype. Functional studies showed that K16 has a regulatory effect on EMT and overexpression of K16 significantly enhanced cell motility (p < 0.001). In metastatic breast cancer patients, 64.7% of the detected CTCs expressed K16, which was associated with shorter relapse-free survival (p = 0.0042). Our findings imply that K16 is a metastasis-associated protein that promotes EMT and acts as a positive regulator of cellular motility. Furthermore, determining K16 status in CTCs provides prognostic information that helps to identify patients whose tumors are more prone to metastasize.

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Camara, Raquel, Kelly Lopes, Miguel Barbosa, Inês Sucena, Carla Simão, Paulo Mota, Dina Matias, Telma Sequeira et Teresa Almodovar. « AT LAST ! It was not a progression ! » Revista do Grupo de Estudos do Cancro do Pulmão 19, n^o 1 (22 septembre 2022) : 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32932/gecp.2022.09.026.

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Introduction: Nivolumab is approved in Portugal for non-small cell metastatic lung cancer, as one of the indications, after progressing on chemotherapy. As an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immune-related adverse events (irAE) are possible reactions. Case report: A 64-year-old man with stage III lung adenocarcinoma who progressed after chemoradiotherapy and first line metastatic chemotherapy started nivolumab. Approximately 16 months after starting treatment he is admitted to the hospital with suspected brain metastasis due to vomiting, prostration and altered mental state. Brain-CT showed no abnormalities, but analyses showed decreased levels of ACTH and cortisol, which supported the diagnosis of hypophysitis. Nivolumab was stopped and high-dose hydrocortisone was initiated with good response. After discharge, patient showed disease stability and maintained vigilance. Discussion: Hypophysitis is an uncommon endocrine irAE of nivolumab. It appears on average 6 months after starting treatment and shows nonspecific symptoms often misjudged as disease progression. Only a high degree of suspicion can lead to appropriate investigation and treatment.

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Radojkovic, Milan, Jasmina Gligorijevic, Miroslav Stojanovic, Goran Stanojevic et Ivan Ilic. « Laparotomy site implantation metastasis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater ». Scottish Medical Journal 62, n^o 3 (20 juin 2017) : 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036933017715958.

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Introduction Carcinomas of the papilla of Vater make up a heterogeneous group of tumours arising from different types of epithelium. Regional lymph nodes, liver and lungs are the primary sites of metastatic progression of these tumours. Case presentation We present a patient with an abdominal incision site metastasis of low-grade (mixed type) adenocarcinoma of the papilla of Vater one year after pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. Implantation metastasis of low-grade ampullary carcinoma in the laparotomy wound after open Whipple’s procedure is unusual. Conclusion Adjuvant chemoradiation might be considered for patients with low-grade localised disease as a potentially preventative measure vs. metastatic progression.

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Laino, Charlene. « Metastatic RCC : pazopanib delays tumour progression ». Oncology Times UK 6, n^o 8 (août 2009) : 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01434893-200908000-00013.

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Sleeman, Jonathan P. « The metastatic niche and stromal progression ». Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 31, n^o 3-4 (15 juin 2012) : 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10555-012-9373-9.

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Zelefsky, Michael J., James A. Eastham, Angel M. Cronin, Zvi Fuks, Zhigang Zhang, Yoshiya Yamada, Andrew Vickers et Peter T. Scardino. « Metastasis After Radical Prostatectomy or External Beam Radiotherapy for Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer : A Comparison of Clinical Cohorts Adjusted for Case Mix ». Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, n^o 9 (20 mars 2010) : 1508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.22.2265.

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Purpose We assessed the effect of radical prostatectomy (RP) and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) on distant metastases (DM) rates in patients with localized prostate cancer treated with RP or EBRT at a single specialized cancer center. Patients and Methods Patients with clinical stages T1c-T3b prostate cancer were treated with intensity-modulated EBRT (≥ 81 Gy) or RP. Both cohorts included patients treated with salvage radiotherapy or androgen-deprivation therapy for biochemical failure. Salvage therapy for patients with RP was delivered a median of 13 months after biochemical failure compared with 69 months for EBRT patients. DM was compared controlling for patient age, clinical stage, serum prostate-specific antigen level, biopsy Gleason score, and year of treatment. Results The 8-year probability of freedom from metastatic progression was 97% for RP patients and 93% for EBRT patients. After adjustment for case mix, surgery was associated with a reduced risk of metastasis (hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.65; P < .001). Results were similar for prostate cancer–specific mortality (hazard ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.80; P = .015). Rates of metastatic progression were similar for favorable-risk disease (1.9% difference in 8-year metastasis-free survival), somewhat reduced for intermediate-risk disease (3.3%), and more substantially reduced in unfavorable-risk disease (7.8% in 8-year metastatic progression). Conclusion Metastatic progression is infrequent in men with low-risk prostate cancer treated with either RP or EBRT. RP patients with higher-risk disease treated had a lower risk of metastatic progression and prostate cancer–specific death than EBRT patients. These results may be confounded by differences in the use and timing of salvage therapy.

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Scheidmann, Manuel C., Francesc Castro-Giner, Karin Strittmatter, Ilona Krol, Aino Paasinen-Sohns, Ramona Scherrer, Cinzia Donato et al. « An In Vivo CRISPR Screen Identifies Stepwise Genetic Dependencies of Metastatic Progression ». Cancer Research 82, n^o 4 (16 décembre 2021) : 681–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3908.

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Abstract Blood-borne metastasis of breast cancer involves a series of tightly regulated sequential steps, including the growth of a primary tumor lesion, intravasation of circulating tumor cells (CTC), and adaptation in various distant metastatic sites. The genes orchestrating each of these steps are poorly understood in physiologically relevant contexts, owing to the rarity of experimental models that faithfully recapitulate the biology, growth kinetics, and tropism of human breast cancer. Here, we conducted an in vivo loss-of-function CRISPR screen in newly derived CTC xenografts, unique in their ability to spontaneously mirror the human disease, and identified specific genetic dependencies for each step of the metastatic process. Validation experiments revealed sensitivities to inhibitors that are already available, such as PLK1 inhibitors, to prevent CTC intravasation. Together, these findings present a new tool to reclassify driver genes involved in the spread of human cancer, providing insights into the biology of metastasis and paving the way to test targeted treatment approaches. Significance: A loss-of-function CRISPR screen in human CTC-derived xenografts identifies genes critical for individual steps of the metastatic cascade, suggesting novel drivers and treatment opportunities for metastatic breast cancers.

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Akashi, Momoko, Takayuki Ando, Ayumu Hosokawa, Hiroki Yoshita, Sohachi Nanjyo, Akira Ueda, Hiroshi Mihara et al. « Baseline factors associated with acute progression of metastatic lesions after primary tumor resection in patients with unresectable colorectal cancer. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, n^o 4_suppl (1 février 2018) : 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.4_suppl.860.

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860 Background: In patients with unresectable colorectal cancer, primary tumor resection is expected not only local control but also prolongation of survival time. However, in some cases, metastatic tumors have been known to rapidly progress after primary tumor resection. We examined clinical factors associated with acute metastatic progress after primary tumor resection, and it might lead to worse survival. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 183 patients who were newly diagnosed with unresectable colorectal cancer in our institution between April 2007 and April 2016. Among all patients, 83 patients received resection of primary tumor without the presence of symptoms. They were divided into progression and non-progression group according to metastatic progression that evaluated CT scan from four to six weeks after surgery. We analyzed clinicopathological factors related to acute progression after primary tumor resection using Cox proportional hazards. Results: After resection of the primary tumor, 25 patients were classified into progression group and 58 patients were classified into non-progression group. In progression group, the median percent change in the sum of the longest diameters of target lesions was 29.6% (10.0-191.7%), and 22 (88.0%) patients showed to have new lesions after resection of the primary tumor. Multivariate analysis revealed LDH (HR 4.44, 95%CI 1.15-18.5, p = 0.02), number of liver metastasis (HR 3.28, 95% CI 1.09-10.0, p = 0.03) and RAS status (HR 3.08, 95% CI 1.05-9.46, p = 0.03) were independent baseline factors associated with acute progression after resection of the primary tumor. The median overall survival (OS) was 12.3 and 27.8 months in progression and non-progression group, respectively. Conclusions: Serum LDH, number of liver metastasis, and RAS mutation were baseline factors associated with acute progression of metastatic tumors after resection of primary tumor in patients with unresectable colorectal cancer. These results indicated that the resection of the primary tumor in patients with these factors might be avoided when they have no clinical symptoms.

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Bendas, Gerd, et Lubor Borsig. « Cancer Cell Adhesion and Metastasis : Selectins, Integrins, and the Inhibitory Potential of Heparins ». International Journal of Cell Biology 2012 (2012) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/676731.

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Cell adhesion molecules play a significant role in cancer progression and metastasis. Cell-cell interactions of cancer cells with endothelium determine the metastatic spread. In addition, direct tumor cell interactions with platelets, leukocytes, and soluble components significantly contribute to cancer cell adhesion, extravasation, and the establishment of metastatic lesions. Clinical evidence indicates that heparin, commonly used for treatment of thromboembolic events in cancer patients, is beneficial for their survival. Preclinical studies confirm that heparin possesses antimetastatic activities that lead to attenuation of metastasis in various animal models. Heparin contains several biological activities that may affect several steps in metastatic cascade. Here we focus on the role of cellular adhesion receptors in the metastatic cascade and discuss evidence for heparin as an inhibitor of cell adhesion. While P- and L-selectin facilitation of cellular contacts during hematogenous metastasis is being accepted as a potential target of heparin, here we propose that heparin may also interfere with integrin activity and thereby affect cancer progression. This review summarizes recent findings about potential mechanisms of tumor cell interactions in the vasculature and antimetastatic activities of heparin.

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Hagen, Rachel M., et Michael R. Ladomery. « Role of splice variants in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer ». Biochemical Society Transactions 40, n^o 4 (20 juillet 2012) : 870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120026.

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AS (alternative splicing) and its role in disease, especially cancer, has come to forefront in research over the last few years. Alterations in the ratio of splice variants have been widely observed in cancer. Splice variants of cancer-associated genes have functions that can alter cellular phenotype, ultimately altering metastatic potential. As metastases are the cause of approximately 90% of all human cancer deaths, it is crucial to understand how AS is dysregulated in metastatic disease. We highlight some recent studies into the relationship between altered AS of key genes and the initiation of prostate cancer metastasis.

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Melih, Ağraz, Ağyüz Umut, Welch E Celeste, Kuyumcu Birol et Burak M Furkan. « Machine learning characterization of a novel panel for metastatic prediction in breast cancer ». Global Journal of Perioperative Medicine 6, n^o 1 (28 septembre 2022) : 005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/gjpm.000011.

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Metastasis is one of the most challenging problems in cancer diagnosis and treatment, as causal factors have yet to be fully disentangled. Prediction of the metastatic status of breast cancer is important for informing treatment protocols and reducing mortality. However, the systems biology behind metastasis is complex and driven by a variety of interacting factors. Furthermore, the prediction of cancer metastasis is a challenging task due to the variation in parameters and conditions specific to individual patients and mutation subtypes. In this paper, we apply tree-based machine learning algorithms for gene expression data analysis in the estimation of metastatic potentials within a group of 490 breast cancer patients. Tree-based machine learning algorithms including decision trees, gradient boosting, and extremely randomized trees are used to assess the variable importance of different genes in breast cancer metastasis. ighly accurate values were obtained from all three algorithms, with the gradient boosting method having the highest accuracy at 0.8901. The most significant ten genetic variables and fifteen gene functions in metastatic progression were identified. Respective importance scores and biological functions were also cataloged. Key genes in metastatic breast cancer progression include but are not limited to CD8, PB1, and THP-1.

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Faltermeier, Claire M., Justin M. Drake, Peter M. Clark, Bryan A. Smith, Yang Zong, Carmen Volpe, Colleen Mathis et al. « Functional screen identifies kinases driving prostate cancer visceral and bone metastasis ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n^o 2 (30 novembre 2015) : E172—E181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521674112.

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Mutationally activated kinases play an important role in the progression and metastasis of many cancers. Despite numerous oncogenic alterations implicated in metastatic prostate cancer, mutations of kinases are rare. Several lines of evidence suggest that nonmutated kinases and their pathways are involved in prostate cancer progression, but few kinases have been mechanistically linked to metastasis. Using a mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics dataset in concert with gene expression analysis, we selected over 100 kinases potentially implicated in human metastatic prostate cancer for functional evaluation. A primary in vivo screen based on overexpression of candidate kinases in murine prostate cells identified 20 wild-type kinases that promote metastasis. We queried these 20 kinases in a secondary in vivo screen using human prostate cells. Strikingly, all three RAF family members, MERTK, and NTRK2 drove the formation of bone and visceral metastasis confirmed by positron-emission tomography combined with computed tomography imaging and histology. Immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays indicated that these kinases are highly expressed in human metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer tissues. Our functional studies reveal the strong capability of select wild-type protein kinases to drive critical steps of the metastatic cascade, and implicate these kinases in possible therapeutic intervention.

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Karkampouna, Sofia, Maria De Filippo, Charlotte Ng, Irena Klima, Eugenio Zoni, Martin Spahn, Frank Stein, Per Haberkant, George Thalmann et Marianna Kruithof-de Julio. « Stroma Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profile of Prostate Cancer Metastasis Xenograft Models Reveals Prognostic Value of Stroma Signatures ». Cancers 12, n^o 12 (15 décembre 2020) : 3786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123786.

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Resistance acquisition to androgen deprivation treatment and metastasis progression are a major clinical issue associated with prostate cancer (PCa). The role of stroma during disease progression is insufficiently defined. Using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses on differentially aggressive patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), we investigated whether PCa tumors predispose their microenvironment (stroma) to a metastatic gene expression pattern. RNA sequencing was performed on the PCa PDXs BM18 (castration-sensitive) and LAPC9 (castration-resistant), representing different disease stages. Using organism-specific reference databases, the human-specific transcriptome (tumor) was identified and separated from the mouse-specific transcriptome (stroma). To identify proteomic changes in the tumor (human) versus the stroma (mouse), we performed human/mouse cell separation and subjected protein lysates to quantitative Tandem Mass Tag labeling and mass spectrometry. Tenascin C (TNC) was among the most abundant stromal genes, modulated by androgen levels in vivo and highly expressed in castration-resistant LAPC9 PDX. The tissue microarray of primary PCa samples (n = 210) showed that TNC is a negative prognostic marker of the clinical progression to recurrence or metastasis. Stroma markers of osteoblastic PCa bone metastases seven-up signature were induced in the stroma by the host organism in metastatic xenografts, indicating conserved mechanisms of tumor cells to induce a stromal premetastatic signature. A 50-gene list stroma signature was identified based on androgen-dependent responses, which shows a linear association with the Gleason score, metastasis progression and progression-free survival. Our data show that metastatic PCa PDXs, which differ in androgen sensitivity, trigger differential stroma responses, which show the metastasis risk stratification and prognostic biomarker potential.

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Hung, Shih-Ya, Chih-Yang Lin, Cheng-Chieh Yu, Hsien-Te Chen, Ming-Yu Lien, Yu-Wen Huang, Yi-Chin Fong et al. « Visfatin Promotes the Metastatic Potential of Chondrosarcoma Cells by Stimulating AP-1-Dependent MMP-2 Production in the MAPK Pathway ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n^o 16 (11 août 2021) : 8642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168642.

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Chondrosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that is characterized by high metastatic potential and marked resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. The knowledge that adipokines facilitate the initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance of various tumors has driven several in vitro and in vivo investigations into the effects of adipokines resistin, leptin, and adiponectin upon the development and progression of chondrosarcomas. Another adipokine, visfatin, is known to regulate tumor progression and metastasis, although how this molecule may affect chondrosarcoma metastasis is unclear. Here, we found that visfatin facilitated cellular migration via matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) production in human chondrosarcoma cells and overexpression of visfatin enhanced lung metastasis in a mouse model of chondrosarcoma. Visfatin-induced stimulation of MMP-2 synthesis and activation of the AP-1 transcription factor facilitated chondrosarcoma cell migration via the ERK, p38, and JNK signaling pathways. This evidence suggests that visfatin is worth targeting in the treatment of metastatic chondrosarcoma.

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