Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « (meta)lexicography »

En este trabajo se presenta y establecen los límites de la lexicografía crítica como reciente disciplina dentro del ámbito de los estudios metalexicográficos. En concreto, se enmarca en el contexto general de la etnolexicografía (Fillmore 1994; Pérez 1997, 2000, 2005; Calero Vaquera 2010) con el fin de determinar su espacio propio dentro de las investigaciones lingüísticas y de destacar su relevancia en los estudios del discurso realizados con perspectiva crítica. Asimismo, también se recogen sus principios teóricos, líneas fundamentales de trabajo y claves analíticas. In this paper the limits of critical lexicography are presented and defined as a recent discipline that is part of the field of meta-lexicographical studies. This paper falls squarely in the general framework of ethno- lexicography (Fillmore 1994; Pérez 1997, 2000, 2005; Calero Vaquera 2010) and seeks to stake out its own space within linguistic research and highlight its importance within the field of critical discourse studies. It also addresses the discipline’s principles, basic areas of inquiry and analytical codes.

This paper argues for proximity between the two branches of a jurisprudential–adjudicative genre: manuals for judges or the etiquette for the judgeship. I wish to demonstrate that the proximity, lexicography, ways and tools of argument, etc., are founded upon a meta-legal stratum that contains kalam theology. In this paper, I will elaborate on the genre and its discovery, define some basic principles for the field of discussion, and provide textual examples of the proximities between the two branches of the genre based on pre-legal or meta-halachic demands. I suggest a preliminary result here and lay the groundwork for further research in the future: The criteria for the appointment of the true judge sketch out his idealized personality. He is more than an administrator of the judicial bureaucracy: he is a guide for the legally perplexed peoplehood, both in Judaism and Islam.

Zdaniem autora potrzeba nowej systematyzacji terminologii leksykograficznej i metaleksykograficznej wynika ze znacznego rozwoju leksykografii w ciągu ostatnich kilkunastu lat, przede wszystkim „rewolucji cyfrowej”. Niektóre tradycyjnie ustalone terminy, jak np. megastruktura, powinny być teraz zupełnie inaczej interpretowane, pojawiły się nowe. Innym ważnym zadaniem jest translacja terminów angielskich używanych w leksykografii zagranicznej na język polski, a także terminów utworzonych na gruncie polskim (m.in. w trakcie opracowywania Wielkiego słownika języka polskiego PAN) na język angielski. Autor postuluje potrzebę nowego opracowania terminologii leksykograficznej, które powinno mieć formę leksykonu albo podręcznika do leksykografii. Aktualnie dostępne publikacje, szczególnie polskie, nie uwzględniają najnowszego stanu wiedzy. On the need for a new systematization of (meta)lexicographical terminology. In connection with the work on the PAN Great Dictionary of Polish The author of the article argues that there is a need for a new systematization of lexicographical and metalexicographical terminology, which results from a significant development of lexicography and, in particular, from the “digital revolution”. Some traditionally established metalexicographical terms, e.g. megastructure, should now be reinterpreted; new terms have been coined. Another important issue is the translation of the (mostly English) terms used in international metalexicographical discourse into Polish, as well as the translation of the terms coined in Polish metalexicography (during the preparation of the PAN [Polish Academy of Sciences] Great Dictionary of Polish) into English. The author calls for a new systematization of the lexicographical terminology, preferably in the form of a lexicon or a textbook. Currently available publications, especially those published in Polish, do not take in account the latest developments in lexicographic terminology. Keywords: lexicography, metalexicography, terminology, electronic dictionaries

In the last fifteen years the modern French literature and language has featured the emergence of two works by Charles Dantzig: Dictionnaire egoïste de la littérature française (-Paris: Grasset et le Livre de Poche, 2005. 1154-p.) and Dictionnaire egoïste de la littérature mondiale (-Paris: Grasset, 2019. 1244 p. -), both of them being highly appreciated by literary critics and won valuable prizes. Dantzig’s dictionaries have challenged and annihilated many dogmas and axioms which used to belong to the traditional lexicography. The aforementioned works have suggested the topic of our article i.e. The Stylistic Term of Liberal-Exotic Nature and Structure, which is vastly appreciated and updated by Dantzig. Before him we have encountered several examples in lexicographers, when a trivial word or structure becomes a term in its own right. (e.g. P. Guiraud, R. Barthes, Iu. Cristeva, Tz. Todorov, etc.). Nonetheless, Dantzig has managed to create a unique meta-language which requires a novel vision as to define and subject it to the lexicographic activity.

The study attempts to analyze the current state of English online lexicography evolving in the context of electronic digital technology. The research is based on more than 30 online dictionaries of English and over 30 meta-lexicographic resources using the following methods: theoretical and linguistic analysis of literature, lexicographic analysis and com-parative analysis. The research allowed to define the main concepts and principles underlying modern online dictionar-ies of English, including integration of lexicographic forms and functions, universalization of online dictionary re-sources followed by the expansion of the user audience solving various linguistic problems, optimization of tools for the search and retrieval of information providing for high retrieval rate, relevance and reliability of the data, as well as dictionary ergonomics, intuitiveness of its methods and functions, etc. Online lexicographic resources also find themselves striving for “smartization” seen in the customization of the vocabulary look-up mode and creation of user profiles, compilation of context aware dictionaries embedded in other resources, application of the latest technologies to assess the users’ “lexicographic behavior”, such as eye-tracking and interpretation of user log files. Literature review and online dictionary analysis give grounds to assert that the lexicographic paradigm formed in the second half of the 20th century is being “fine-tuned” in the era of globalization and digitalization: once an automated reference guide with a solid information base, the dictionary is advancing to the level of a dynamically changing, personally configura-ble innovative synergetic resource, thus becoming a user’s full partner in the solution of a large number of tasks related to data reception and generation.

The search for the optimal and most comprehensible ways of lexical units semantization has been the key problem of lexicography and metalexicography for the dictionary user and remains the contemporary problem. Introduction of computer technology has radically changed the concept of the dictionary, solved many problems of the lexicographic genre, and expanded the capabilities of the dictionary user. Along with this, the abundance of lexicographic works, including electronic ones, dictionary platforms, that act as aggregators of several online dictionaries, an overabundance of reference information, disorient an inexperienced consumer. Due to this, the objective of this article is the typology of existing online dictionaries and information dictionary platforms based on the material of the German language, depending on their content and general purpose. The most accurate multi-aspect interpretation of a word comprises various features and connotations taken into account. Nevertheless, the reference nature requires a laconic description of the material, devoid of a formalized meta-language, and the ability to quickly find the necessary explanation. Regarding this, the analysis of the application of the principles of multimodality is conducted in the article to solve the problems of meaning representation in electronic dictionaries. Besides, the author underlines the significance of the multimodal meaning representation for the effective interpretation of foreign lexis in all variety of nuances, and, therefore, for the effectiveness of a foreign language lexis acquisition and overcoming translation difficulties.

In the introductory article to this special issue, the two editors first provide a brief insight into how it arose and then give an overview of the contents of the individual papers, all of which are dedicated to phraseography or metaphraseography. These two fields of linguistic research belong to both phraseology and (meta-)lexicography and deal with the inclusion of phrasemes in dictionaries and the corresponding practical and theoretical issues. The articles also have in common that they focus on various diatopic Romance varieties spoken in Italy (Genoese, Trentino, Piedmontese, Tuscan, regional Italian of Rome, Sardinian, Catalan of Alghero), Croatia (Istriot), Spain and Latin America (regional varieties of Spanish). Since the term phraseme is used in a broad sense in this publication, numerous different phraseological categories are discussed in the papers, including, for example, syntagmatic verbs and partially lexically filled constructions, in addition to more classical categories such as idioms, proverbs and collocations. Finally, it will be briefly argued why this special issue, which is inspired by the two research projects GEPHRAS and GEPHRAS2, can be regarded as particularly innovative.

Our study tackles Russian interrogative-relative pronouns ( wh -words) as a lexicographic type which requires a unified treatment. Our objective is to give a systematic description and explanation of the numerous collocational and constructional properties of the Russian wh -words using lexicographic and corpus methods. The dataset and statistics were extracted from the Russian National Corpus, at least 100 examples for each of the pronouns were analysed. Methodologically the study is based on the principles of the Moscow School of Semantics (namely, integral description of language and systematic lexicography) which are to a large extent rooted in the “Meaning⇔Text” theory. They include analysis of linguistic items on all levels of language; a focus on their semantic and combinatorial properties; acknowledged validity of dictionary as an instrument of linguistic research. The paper considers semantic, syntactic and co-occurrence properties shared by many Russian interrogative pronouns and analyzes the reasons for their almost entire lack in the pronouns zachem ‘what for’ and pochemu ‘why’. As demonstrated in the study, most of the constructional and co-occurrence properties typical of Russian interrogative pronouns (for example, co-occurrence with particles imenno ‘exactly’ and khot’ ‘at least’, constructions with mnogo ‘many’, malo ‘few’, etc.) are motivated by the semantics of multiplicity and choice, which are incompatible with ‘what for’ and ‘why’. In addition, as the findings show, different interrogative pronouns have different frequencies of occurrence in the described constructions, which is explained not by their general corpus frequencies or by the animacy hierarchy, but by the compatibility of their semantics with the meanings of multiplicity and choice. The obtained results suggest that combinatorial properties of wh -words are motivated by their semantics which, in turn, reflects the meta-linguistic characteristics of the situations to which they refer.

The dictionary is an essential foundation of language, as it preserves the fundamental structure of the language. However, the Arabic library in general, and the Arab world in particular, have suffered from a clear deficiency in the field of lexicography. Lexicographic studies have taken two approaches: the first focuses on revising the works of previous scholars, while the second examines the principles of modern lexicography and their availability in traditional Arabic dictionaries. The advent of technology has exacerbated the problem, as it has facilitated the development and accessibility of many technological applications with non-Arabic languages, especially those written from left to right. This has led to the availability of linguistic dictionaries that enrich these languages. Meanwhile, the Arabic language and its lexicographers have lagged behind the goals achieved by their predecessors through their dictionaries. This has created a temporal gap that hinders the progress and adaptation of the Arabic language to advancements and technology, with the language being accused of difficulty and technological deviance.

La recherche sur l'emprunt linguistique a été longtemps dominée, en France comme ailleurs, par le paradigme de la sociolinguistique synchronique au sein de laquelle elle a pris forme, mais a connu récemment des progrès significatifs, notamment grâce aux résultats obtenus par des travaux associant les méthodes synchroniques de la sociolinguistique à une approche historico-philologique attentive, en plus des facteurs internes, aux facteurs externes en jeu dans une situation de contact linguistique. C'est précisément dans la lignée de ces travaux que souhaite s'inscrire notre recherche. En effet, il n'y a pas à ce jour d'étude de ce genre sur les italianismes culinaires du français. Qui plus est, l'état actuel des connaissances sur les italianismes culinaires du français présente des lacunes importantes. La description lexicographique de ces unités lexicales, limitée pour la plupart à des considérations d'étymologie-origine, en est la preuve ; elle est aussi le point de départ de notre travail, qui vise à compléter la description de la langue telle qu'elle est représentée dans la lexicographie avec l'observation de son usage dans le(s) discours, et ce en exploitant les bases de données textuelles, lesquelles permettent aujourd'hui de retracer plus fidèlement, et plus aisément, l'évolution de la langue dans le temps et dans l'espace, ainsi que dans les traditions discursives et à travers les variétés diasystémiques, et d'en restituer par là même une meilleure description lexicographique
Research on linguistic borrowing has long been dominated, in France as elsewhere, by the synchronic sociolinguistics paradigm in which it has taken shape, but has recently made significant progress, notably thanks to the promising results obtained by works combining the synchronic methods of sociolinguistics with a meticulous historical-philological approach, observant of both internal and external factors at play in a language contact situation. It is precisely along the lines of these works that our research aims to follow. The current state of knowledge on French culinary Italianisms would greatly benefit from such an in-depth study, since the lexicographical description of these lexical units is still mostly limited to etymological considerations. Our work aims at completing the description of language, as it is represented in lexicography, with the observation of its use in discourse(s), by exploiting the richness of textual databases, which make it now possible to trace more faithfully, and more easily, the evolution of language in time and space, and thereby to provide a better lexicographical description

Dans le cadre de nos travaux, nous définissons 1a lexicographie collaborative – en nous appuyant sur Cotter et Damaso (2007), Meyer et Gurevych (2012), Granger 2012, etc. – comme un genre dictionnairique qui intègre les contributions d’une communauté et qui crée, via l’internet, un espace virtuel où les contributeurs se soutiennent, collaborent et coopèrent dans la rédaction. Nous nous focalisons sur les dictionnaires collaboratifs généraux monolingues, un terrain qui semble très peu exploité actuellement. Nous nous concentrons en particulier sur les dictionnaires français La Parlure, Le dictionnaire collaboratif du français parlé et le dictionnaire slovène Razvezani jezik, Slovar žive slovenščine. Nous proposons une analyse en trois parties. Dans la première partie, nous décrivons les dictionnaires collaboratifs du point de vue lexicographique, énonciatif et sociolinguistique. Nous explorons également la question de la néologie et de la norme ainsi que les moyens de régulation du contenu. La deuxième partie est consacrée à des phénomènes linguistiques, qui s’inscrivent de façon particulièrement intéressante dans le contexte de la lexicographie collaborative : le métalangage, le nom propre, le figement et la métaphore. Dans la troisième partie, nous étudions la place du genre (gender) dans les dictionnaires collaboratifs, à travers les différentes désignations – métaphoriques et autres – relevant du genre et de la sexualité. Les trois axes explorés nous mènent à la conclusion que nous sommes confrontés à un objet novateur, un nouveau phénomène dans l’histoire de la lexicographie qui n’a pas encore été exploré et qui ouvre de nombreuses pistes prometteuses
In the scope of our research, I define the collaborative lexicography – following Cotter and Damaso (2007), Meyer and Gurevych (2012), Granger 2012, etc. – as the dictionary genre that integrates the contributions of a community and creates, through the internet, a virtual space where contributors collaborate and cooperate in writing the dictionary articles. I have focused on general monolingual collaborative dictionaries, a subject which seems to have captured very little attention so far. I have concentrated in particular on the French dictionary La Parlure, Le dictionnaire collaboratif du français parlé and the Slovene dictionary Razvezani jezik, Slovar žive slovenščine. I propose an analysis in three parts. The first part describes the collaborative dictionaries from the lexicographical aspect, the aspect of enunciation and the sociolinguistic aspect. I equally explore the question of neologisms, of the norm and different types of content regulation. The second part is devoted to linguistic phenomena that are inscribed in particularly interesting ways into the context of collaborative lexicography: meta-language, proper names, set expressions and metaphors. The third part examines the place of gender in collaborative dictionaries through different designations – metaphoric and other – pertaining to gender and sexuality. The three axes of investigation lead to the conclusion that we are faced with an innovative object, a new phenomenon in the history of lexicography which hasn’t been explored yet, and which opens up numerous promising lines of research

This concluding chapter summarises the analysis presented in the preceding chapters, and charts a path for the lexicography project to take over the coming years. The chapter begins by distilling the core features of the three meta-categories that together form the overarching theory of wellbeing introduced here, representing the main ways it is experienced (feelings), influenced (relationships), and cultivated (development). In a spirit of reflexivity, it is acknowledged that the analysis in the book has its limitations, including being influenced by the situatedness of the author. However, it is argued that these very limitations can provide the basis for a future research agenda. It is anticipated that this could have two main strands: an empirical strand (aimed at improving the lexicography), and an applied strand (involving initiatives to help people cultivate familiarity with the phenomena signified by the words). Together, these two strands will allow the potential of the lexicography to be fully realised and harnessed in the years ahead.

Joost Halbertsma’s Lexicon Frisicum, published by his son Tjalling in 1872, was the first dictionary to contain modern Frisian, spoken in the Dutch Province of Friesland. As such, it is considered the basis of modern Frisian lexicography. In his dictionary, Halbertsma focuses much attention on the cultural and linguistic history of the Frisians. At the same time, he was very concerned with the Netherlands as a free civil state, and he used ancient Frisian customs and habits to comment on the national and political situation of his time. Dykstra addresses criticism levelled at Halbertsma’s dictionary, such as that it lacked internal consistency and coherence, tends to digress, and uses Latin as meta-language, making it largely inaccessible to Halberstma’s contemporaries. Even with its shortcomings, Dykstra evaluates the ways in which Halbertsma’s Lexicon Frisicum provides insight into various aspects of nineteenth-century linguistics, lexicography, culture, and cultural nationalism.