Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Medieval orchards »

AbstractExtensive tall-trunk orchards, an important element of the central European landscape since the Middle Ages, conserve potential for the future regarding their biodiversity, land use policy and agricultural value. For these reasons, extensive tall-trunk orchards are interesting with regard to nature conservation. Once the management of these low-productivity vegetation sites ceases, the habitat is threatened by successive overgrowth by shrub vegetation. Taking abandoned tall-trunk cherry orchards with dry/mesophilous grassland undergrowth in the locality of Kaňk as an example, the degree of colonization of orchards by woody species and differences in the structure of vegetation cover in different periods after abandonment were monitored. The results showed that the cover of cherry trees in orchards abandoned before 1990 was approximately 30% lower than in orchards abandoned after 2000. The cover of the herb layer in orchards abandoned before 1990 was approximately 60% lower than in orchards abandoned after 2000. The species diversity of orchards abandoned before 1990 was statistically significantly lower than that of orchards abandoned after 2000. The total cover of all species in habitat in areas of medieval ore extraction was approximately 50% lower than that in land originally used for farming.

Animals were a permanent element in the landscape of medieval towns. Many residents of the then urban centres lived of animal husbandry. In addition to farm animals (e.g. pigs), they kept domestic animals (e.g. dogs and cats) as well as wild animals. The latter often sought food in garbage and suburbs. Such animals were also kept for entertainment. Authorities of Prussian towns regulated many issues related to the functioning of towns, including those concerning animal husbandry. Animals could pose a threat to the health and life of residents. They were also considered to be pests that destroy crops, orchards, and household appliances. The legislation of the period was focused on determining guilt for crimes and offenses committed by animals. Either an animal, treated as an entity responsible for the harmful act, or its owner was blamed for the misconducts. The presence of animals, especially livestock, was considered to be the cause of considerable sanitary problems in towns, mainly due to animal waste. Town authorities regulated issues concerning cattle herding and grazing. The care over the herd was entrusted to urban shepherds whose service was regulated by town legislation. The problem of the perception of animals by the society of that time was also significant. Although seemingly unwanted, they were the only source of income for many residents. For some, animals were pests, and for others, a guarantee of fragile existence. It was also a time when people began to wonder what exactly an animal is, what role it should play in human life, and how to treat it.

Excavations at Castlebank Street, Partick between the Clyde and the Kelvin Rivers revealed some archaeological features. The earliest was a Roman/Iron Age ditch, dated to the second to third century AD. Medieval activity on the site included a large north-east/south-west oriented ditch with a culvert and a slightly later substantial stone wall. In addition, a stone-lined well was located and a small ditch with associated features in the north of the excavated area. These features spanned the beginning of the eleventh to the end of the fourteenth century. A limited range of material culture, mainly medieval and later medieval local pottery, with some glass and animal bone was associated with the fills of the larger ditch, culvert and wall. Historical research revealed a complex history surrounding the establishment of the Bishop of Glasgow's country estate and manor house (the early castle?) and its subsequent demolition. However, it has been difficult to match the archaeological evidence with the historical documentation mainly due to nineteenth century use of the area for a foundry and laundry, as well as the insertion of South Orchard Street, which did much to obliterate evidence from earlier periods.

El presente artículo estudia la toponimia medieval del término, huerta y villa de Castielfabib. Para ello se realiza un trabajo inicial de identificación y relación de los diversos espacios con la actualidad; en segundo término se estudia el uso del territorio y las activiades laborales desarrolladas en el medio rural y en la villa. Finalmente, se ha tratado de realizar una aproximación a la fisionomía de la villa de Castielfabib a través de los elementos documentados con el objetivo de lograr una reconstrucción hipotética de diversos elementos definitorios como son la Casa de la Villa y el recinto fortificado. Palabras clave: toponimia, territorio, espacios; Castielfabib, siglos XII-XV, reino de Valencia. Abstract: This paper studies the medieval toponymy of the term, orchard and town of Castielfabib. For this, an initial work of identification and relation of the various spaces is carried out; secondly, the use of the territory and the work activities carried out in rural areas and in the town are studied. Finally, it is had tried to make an approach to the physiognomy of the town through the documented elements with the aim of achieving a hypothetical reconstruction of various defining elements, such as the Casa de la Villa (House of the Town) and the fortified enclosure. Keywords: toponymy, territory, spaces; Castielfabib, 12th-15th centuries, kingdom of Valencia.

El trabajo de restauración llevado a cabo en la década de 1950 por el equipo de Clive Rouse en la iglesia Normanda de Santiago el Mayor de Stoke Orchard, Gloucestershire, dejó al descubierto uno de los ciclos pictóricos más tempranos y extensos conservados en Europa sobre la vida y muerte del apóstol Santiago, fechado entre el ca. 1190 y 1220. Aunque el método decorativo adoptado aquí, a modo de friso continuo recorriendo todo el interior de la nave de la iglesia, puede también verse en otras iglesias inglesas como St Botolph en West Sussex, ejemplos conservados parecen indicar que esta fórmula pictórica era más bien inusual en el norte de Europa. A pesar de su rareza, estas pinturas fueron solamente publicadas en un artículo por su descubridor en el año 1966. Además de exponer las pinturas murales, mi investigación girará en torno a tres cuestiones fundamentales: las fuentes medievales escritas que pudieron inspirar estos frescos; su funcionalidad en relación al puerto de Bristol, uno de los principales embarcaderos para los peregrinos británicos jacobeos; y por último, su posible patronazgo por parte de la familia Archer y del origen de su devoción Jacobea.

In this article I use a blend of autoethnography and historical storytelling to explore the role of outdoor space in forming relationships between fifteenth-century men and their maintenance of hegemonic power. By weaving together three striking vignettes from late fifteenth-century England, constructed as creative retellings of the historical evidence, with autoethnographic notes on my own lived experience, I am able to fill in the gaps of the historical record and open up questions about the implications of what has been left out. I argue that the medieval cultural understanding of the outdoors as both spiritually and physically beneficial, as well as practical concerns about privacy, made orchard and garden spaces a natural site for sharing sensitive news and for deepening emotional bonds between men in ways that may have been less feasible in a busy domestic interior context. In outdoor spaces related to, but distinct from, the interior domestic space, men may have been able to exercise a homosocial intimacy freed from some of the constraints of the regulated household. This could have positive effects that nuance our understanding of the way generations of men related to one another, shifting the conversation beyond interpreting multi-generational relationships beyond strict hierarchical systems. Cultivated outdoor spaces were fruitful in ways beyond the obvious: they facilitated cross-generational empathy and fostered mutual understanding. However, the blurring of social controls and relaxing of strict etiquette around status and age in these spaces could facilitate and then cover up gross misconduct and criminal activity, up to and including rape.

Les vergers, lieux de culture d'arbres fruitiers, sont les miroirs des mutations profondes qui traversent la fin du Moyen Age. Leur étude, au croisement de l'histoire de l'environnement, de l'histoire des savoirs, des techniques, des représentations et de l'histoire politique, a longtemps été laissée de côté par l'historiographie. La présente thèse comble ce manque par une enquête sur les vergers en France, Flandre et dans les États Bourguignons menée à travers une méthode d'approche interdisciplinaire alliant études quantitatives utilisant les humanités numériques et analyses de détail attentives à la matérialité des sources. Son objectif est de mieux comprendre ces espaces particuliers et à travers eux l'évolution du rapport des sociétés tardo-médiévales à leur environnement entre le XIVe et le milieu du XVIe siècle.En premier lieu nous avons analysé les termes désignant les espaces de culture des arbres fruitiers et leurs évolutions tout au long de la période étudiée, dévoilant le détail des changements du vocabulaire selon les régions, la chronologie et les types de documents, et soulignant les origines et évolutions des termes. La thèse approfondit ensuite l'étude des mots par celle de leurs connotations, à partir d'une analyse des figurations picturales et littéraires des vergers. Ce travail a permis de mettre en avant de fortes distinctions entre les connotations de différentes formes d'aménagement végétaux, notamment entre les vergers fruitiers d'une part et des jardins d'herbe d'autre part, démontrant que leurs héritages et parcours symboliques sont distincts et détaillant les nuances et ramifications de ces cheminements. Forte de cet appareil conceptuel, l'étude se penche alors sur le Liber Ruralium commodorum de Pierre de Crescens (m. vers 1320), premier traité d'agronomie à consacrer aux vergers un livre entier et à ranger les vergers fruitiers dans la catégorie des lieux voués à l'agrément, sous l'influence probable du domaine des récits fictifs. La conception des vergers, des arbres fruitiers et de leur culture telle qu'exposée dans ce traité a fait émerger des éléments majeurs de définitions de ces espaces. L'étude des manuscrits, incunables et imprimés du Liber ruralium commodorum en latin et en français, de sa diffusion spatiale et sociale, des caractéristiques et évolutions de son iconographie, de ses lectures ainsi que des textes postérieurs le reprenant, nous ont permis de retracer l'évolution de la réception et du statut de l'ouvrage. Nous avons alors étudié à travers plusieurs études de cas la matérialité de l'espace du verger de ceux que Pierre de Crescens nomme les « moyennes personnes » à l'aide des documents de la pratique et des données archéologiques. Nous les avons comparés avec les connaissances circulant dans le Liber Ruralium commodorum, évaluant leur portée et leurs liens avec d'autres traités et d'autres formes de transmissions et de construction du savoir, par des acteurs variés tels que, par exemple, les jardiniers de Paris. Enfin la place des vergers fruitiers et son évolution au sein des parcs des puissants, troisième catégorie de vergers définie par Pierre de Crescens, a été interrogée à partir de plusieurs études de cas. Ces dernières nous ont permis de mettre au jour la richesse de ces espaces tout au long de la période et souligné des évolutions majeures dans le rapport à ces lieux.Ce travail nous a permis de montrer les spécificités, diversités et évolutions de l'espace du verger fruitier à la fin du Moyen Âge. La thèse a balayé de nombreuses idées reçues largement répandues, notamment sur les jardins médiévaux, et révélé des mutations significatives et symptomatiques d'évolutions anthropologiques majeures dans les rapports entre les sociétés tardo-médiévales et leur environnement<br>Orchards mirror the profound changes oflate-medieval societies. Their study, at the crossroadsof environmental history, history of knowledge,history of techniques, of representations and ofpolitics, has long been neglected by historiography.This thesis fills this gap by investigating orchards inFrance, Flanders and in the Burgundian States usingan interdisciplinary approach combining the use ofdigital humanities and detailed analysis paying closeattention to the materiality of sources, in order togain a better understanding of these particularspaces and, through them, of the changingrelationship between late medieval societies andtheir environment between the fourteenth and midsixteenth centuries.New hypotheses emerged through this work,showing the specificities, diversities and evolutionsof late-medieval orchards. It swept away manywidely-held preconceptions about medievalgardens in general, and revealed significantchanges, symptomatic of major anthropologicalshifts in the relationship between late medievalsocieties and their environment

Abstract The lack of much modern writing about medieval food production in gardens and orchards, or the consumption of vegetables and fruit, is easily explained. First, these matters have been dismissed by historians as marginal and trivial; secondly, full and detailed written evidence can be rather scarce. In fact gardens and their produce, far from being small matters best left to anti- quarians, are essential to any assessment of the quantity and quality of medieval diets. In considering quantity, in a period of food shortages and potential mal- nutrition, we must enquire about the contribution that horticulture made to the total volume of food production. Quality can be measured partly in the sense of nutritional value, given the current understanding that fresh fruit and vegetables are an essential component of a healthy diet. The quality of a diet can also be judged in terms of medieval ideas about balanced eating as defined in the theory of humours, and the pleasure and satisfaction that were derived from consuming garden produce. The contribution that vegetables and fruit made to diet cannot be separated from the cultural importance of gardens, which figure prominently in medieval literature, and for which there is archaeological evidence.