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1
Carroll, Jerome. « William James and 18th-century anthropology ». History of the Human Sciences 31, no 3 (9 mai 2018) : 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118764060.
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This article discusses the common ground between William James and the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Recent commentators on this overlap have characterised philosophical anthropology as combining science (in particular biology and medicine) and Kantian teleology, for instance in Kant’s seminal definition of anthropology as being concerned with what the human being makes of itself, as distinct from what attributes it is given by nature. This article registers the tension between Kantian thinking, which reckons to ground experience in a priori categories, and William James’s psychology, which begins and ends with experience. It explores overlap between James’s approach and the characteristic holism of 18th-century philosophical anthropology, which centres on the idea of understanding and analysing the human as a whole, and presents the main anthropological elements of James’s position, namely his antipathy to separation, his concerns about the binomial terms of traditional philosophy, his preference for experience over substances, his sense that this holist doctrine of experience shows a way out of sterile impasses, a preference for description over causation, and scepticism. It then goes on to register the common ground with key ideas in the work of anthropologists from around 1800, along with some references to anthropologists who come in James’s wake, in particular Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, in order to reconceptualise the connection between James’s ideas and the tradition of anthropological thinking in German letters since the late 18th-century, beyond its characterisation as a combination of scientific positivism and teleology.
2
Kinashchuk, O. « UKRAINIAN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY OF 1940-60S ABOUT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ZAPOROZHIAN HOST AND RUSSIA DURING THE HAYDAMATSKIY MOVEMENT IN THE XVIII CENTURY ». Intermarum history policy culture, no 11 (1 décembre 2022) : 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112037.
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The purpose of the research is to analyze the works of Ukrainian Soviet historians of the 1940s and 1960s, who are devoted to the Haidamat movement and the role of Cossacks in it. Changes in the Soviet paradigm regarding the interpretation of the history of the Zaporozhian Host and the social and political aspects of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the spread of the Haydamak movement in the 18th century are traced.The influence of the resolutions of the congresses of the CPSU on the coverage of the 300th anniversary of the "reunification of Ukraine and Russia" and the 200th anniversary of the Koliivshina has been studied. Among the methods that were used during the preparation of the article - general scientific and general historical, analysis of the Soviet historiography of the problem, comparison and generalization. The scientific novelty is emphasized by the fact that in modern Ukrainian historiography there are no works dedicated to the study of the history of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the Haydamak movement of the 18th century. The author of the article proposes to fill this historiographical gap.
Conclusions. In the context of the study of the Haydamak movement of the 18th century, Soviet historians considered Zaporozhye-Russian relations as a component of the struggle of peasants against feudal lords in Right-Bank Ukraine. This was due to the promotion and consolidation in Soviet historiography of the idea of the "leading role" of the peasantry, instead of the Cossacks, in the wars and uprisings of the outlined period. Soviet historians consciously supported the policy of the Central Committee of the CPSU, participating in the transformation of historical science into a political tool, manipulating facts to suit the ruling ideology.
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Sakai, Tatsuo, et Yuh Morimoto. « The History of Infectious Diseases and Medicine ». Pathogens 11, no 10 (4 octobre 2022) : 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101147.
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From ancient times to the present, mankind has experienced many infectious diseases, which have mutually affected the development of society and medicine. In this paper, we review various historical and current infectious diseases in a five-period scheme of medical history newly proposed in this paper: (1) Classical Western medicine pioneered by Hippocrates and Galen without the concept of infectious diseases (ancient times to 15th century); (2) traditional Western medicine expanded by the publication of printed medical books and organized medical education (16th to 18th century); (3) early modern medicine transformed by scientific research, including the discovery of pathogenic bacteria (19th century); (4) late modern medicine, suppressing bacterial infectious diseases by antibiotics and elucidating DNA structure as a basis of genetics and molecular biology (20th century, prior to the 1980s); and (5) exact medicine saving human life by in vivo visualization and scientifically verified measures (after the 1990s). The historical perspectives that these five periods provide help us to appreciate ongoing medical issues, such as the present COVID-19 pandemic in particular, and remind us of the tremendous development that medicine and medical treatment have undergone over the years.
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Tanaka, Yoshihide. « Japanese Historiography on 18th-Century Russian History in 2000–2020 ». RussianStudiesHu 4, no 1 (2022) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.38210/rustudh.2022.4.5.
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Bonța, Claudia M. « Dinamica dintre portret și peisaj în secolul al XVIII-lea. Studiu de caz : Portret de Femeie de Johann Martin Stock ». Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia Artium 66, no 1 (30 décembre 2021) : 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhistart.2021.02.
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"The Second Half of the 18th Century Highlights a New Fashion in Painting, the Portrait in Landscape that Combines the Portrait and the Landscape. The long series of female portraits arouse admiration and are imitated all over Europe. The Transylvanian space joins the new artistic trend, and we owe some spectacular achievements in this field to one of the most famous painters of the genre, Johann Martin Stock. The National Museum of History of Transylvania shelters in its collections a compositional portrait signed by Johann Martin Stock, Portrait of a Woman, 1787, a remarkable success of the 18th century local painting. Keywords: portrait, rococo, landscape, 18th century painting, Johann Martin Stock. "
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Popova, Ludmila. « The Vision of a Human in the History of the Concept of «Law» : Lexicographic and Functional Aspects ». Philology & ; Human, no 3 (9 septembre 2022) : 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2022)3-09.
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The vision of a person in the historical structure of the concept of «law» is considered on the basis of subject nominations in the lexical family «law» as the core of the concept. In the language of the 11th–19th centuries the thematic groups of nominations are singled out in lexicography as follows: subjects establishing laws; subjects implementing laws and subjects monitoring the implementation of laws; subjects aware of laws and interpreting them; subjects violating the law; household members in relation to the law. The predominantly religious nature of the nominations until the 18th century is noted. Since the 18th century a tendency to differentiation of religious and legal semantics was recorded as well as a decrease in the number religious nominations. In the 18th–19th centuries the dominance of nominations with legal semantics is revealed. The use of many nominations of the 18th century for the political-legal and religious realias of other nations is noted. A different scope of the nominations of subjects in relation to the law of the 18th–19th centuries is revealed in the National Corpus of the Russian Language, the tendency to transfer the nominations to non-religious spheres is confirmed.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir, Tadeush Novogrodsky, Galina Sinko et Stepan Zakharkevich. « Gypsies : from Belarus to Siberia (according to documents and materials of the 18th - first half of the 19th century) ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no 10 (1 octobre 2020) : 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi08.
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In the 14th — 15th century the Belarussian part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became a center of ethnic minorities, among which Gypsies stood out. Until the first half of the 18th century, they enjoyed the patronage of the local magnates, thanks to which they got a lean system of self-government and were able to fill their own economic niche. In the 18th century, Gypsies of Belarus were forced to leave their traditional places of residence. As a result, they came to Walachia, Moldavia and Siberia. At the end of the 18th — early 19th century Romani had a mostly semi-nomadic lifestyle in Siberia, many of them settled in cities and engaged in trade and crafts. The present paper approaches the issues of the ethnic-dispersive Gypsies community setup in Siberia, the basis of which was laid by Belarusian Gypsies. The paper is written mainly based on archive material, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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Kunts, Evgeny. « “Republic of literature” on the banks of the Neva : from the history of public self-awareness of the Russian nobility in the last third of the 18th century (according to the letters of M.N. Muravyov to his father and sister, 1777—1778) ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no 3-1 (1 mars 2022) : 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202203statyi05.
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In the second half of the 18th century, Russian nobles showed attention to the problems of personality, morality, human dignity, culture, art, science. In the article, based on the correspondence of M.N. Muravyov with his relatives, the features of the system of interpersonal communications in the capital’s literary environment of the second half of the 70s of the 18th century are considered. It is concluded that the literary community served as an important channel for the dissemination of the ideas of the Enlightenment.
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Dębicka, Malwina K. « Dzieje opiniowania sądowo-lekarskiego w Królestwie Prus w XVIII stuleciu ». Archives of Forensic Medicine and Criminology 71, no 1-2 (2021) : 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16891716amsik.21.002.14225.
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W artykule przedstawiono historię i przebieg opiniowania sądowo-lekarskiego w Królestwie Prus w XVIII wieku. Opisano działalność pierwszych instytucji zajmujących się sprawami z zakresu medycyny publicznej w kraju, w tym medyczno-sądowymi. W artykule przedstawiono działalność uczelni i wydziałów medycznych, pionierskie badania wybitnych profesorów medycyny, a także najważniejsze regulacje prawne dotyczące orzecznictwa sądowo-lekarskiego. Omówiono problematykę udziału biegłych lekarzy w postępowaniu sądowym w celu rozstrzygnięcia kwestii związanych z oceną stanu zdrowia i życia. Opiniowanie sądowo-lekarskie w Prusach rozwijało się niezwykle prężnie w XVIII stuleciu (szczególnie na tle innych krajów europejskich), zaś swoją tradycją sięga czasów Lex Caroliny z 1532 roku oraz Lex Bambergiany z 1508 roku. The history of medicolegal opinions in the Kingdom of Prussia in the 18th century The article presents the history and the course of medicolegal opinions in the Kingdom of Prussia in the 18th century. The activities of the first institutions dealing with matters in the field of public medicine in the country, including medico-forensics, are described. The article presents the activities of universities and medical faculties, pioneering research by eminent professors of medicine, as well as the most important legal regulations concerning medicolegal judgments. The issue of the participation of expert doctors in court proceedings in order to resolve issues related to the assessment of health and life was discussed. Medicolegal opinions in Prussia developed very dynamically in the 18th century (especially compared to other European countries), and its tradition dates back to the times of Lex Carolina from 1532 and Lex Bambergiana from 1508.
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Finegold, Ira. « A brief history of allergen immunotherapy ». Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 43, no 4 (1 juillet 2022) : 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2022.43.220023.
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Allergen immunotherapy has its roots in the immunologic treatment of contagious disease. The idea, beginning in the 18th century, that one could be protected against certain illnesses was successfully extended to the field of allergy in 1911. This review presents highlights of the advances by some of the individuals who have contributed to the science of allergen immunotherapy.
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Pullat, Raimo, et Tõnis Liibek. « The inventory of Michael Meyer’s property (1758) as a reflection of a Tallinn (Reval) merchant’s material world during the Age of the Enlightenment ». Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej 69, no 4 (23 décembre 2021) : 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/khkm69.2021.4.005.
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The inventory of Tallinn merchant Michael Meyer’s (1704–1758) property is one of the largest inventories of an 18th century citizen of Tallinn. Almost the entire world of his possessions is reflected in this unique source. The inventory provides a comprehensive picture of his success, lifestyle, and hobbies, and the diverse list of household items provides a good idea of a prosperous merchant’s home in northeast Europe in the 18th century. The unique body of sources (Michael Meyer’s will, property inventory, and auction reports) provides comprehensive insight into the development of Tallinn’s material culture, i.e., the material culture history of Northern Europe, during the century of Enlightenment.
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Rogińska, Justyna. « Mikrometr śrubowy Gottfrieda Kircha – historia, konstrukcja i upowszechnienie w 1. poł. XVIII w. » Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki, no 3 (2021) : 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/0023589xkhnt.21.025.14186.
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Gottfried Kirch’s Screw Micrometer – Its History, Design and Dissemination in the First Half of the 18th Century Gottfried Kirch (1639–1710) developed the screw micrometer to observe the occultation of οTauri by Saturn on January 7/17, 1679. The news about the instrument was not published immediately. The device was popularised by his calendar for 1696. The article presents preliminary findings concerning the dissemination of knowledge about this invention and responds to the claim that it was the most widely used micrometer in the German-speaking lands in the first half of the 18th century.
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Юрій Миколайович Поліщук. « THE «POLISH QUESTION» IN THE POLITICS OF RUSSIAN TSARISM ON THE RIGHT-BANK OF UKRAINE (LATE 18TH - MIDDLE 19TH CENTURY) ». Intermarum history policy culture, no 5 (1 janvier 2018) : 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111811.
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Annotation: In the article, taking into account the achievements of Ukrainian and foreign historiography, the results of the research of the policy of Russian tsarism concerning the Polish population of the Right-Bank Ukraine since the annexation of the land to the Russian Empire and the Polish uprising of 1863 - 1864 were presented.It is established that in the late XVIII century on the territory of the Right-Bank Ukraine lived icon is the number of poles, which the vast majority belonged to the nobility which has been characterized by economic and social equality. However, all of them were Polish patriots. The Poles in the region were the second largest after the Ukrainians. They occupied a dominant position in both economic and political and cultural life. Therefore, immediately after the annexation of the region, "the Polish question" became a priority problem of the Russian tsars. Because the Empire was desperately needed to blow up on the Right Bank of Ukraine, the economic position of the Polish nobility, to eliminate its political clout, cultural opportunities, and to destroy even the memory of the existence of the Polish state.The author distinguishes five periods of activity of the institutes of state administration of the Russian Empire in the ethnopolitical space of the Right Bank Ukraine and analyzes three of them that fall into the chronological boundaries of this study. In particular, the steps taken by St. Petersburg to limit the access of the Poles to the authorities of the province, and to reduce the economic potential by reducing their land tenure have been analyzed. On the basis of the analysis of the legislative framework, the steps of the Russian tsarist regime have been defined for the transfer of the vast majority of the Polish gentry to tax regimes, the attraction of the Russian population to the right bank of the Russian Federation and an increase in its land tenure at the expense of the lands of the Polish nobility. It was established that the result of such a policy was the practice of leaving a part of the Polish elite of the territory of the Right-bank Ukraine. As a rule, they were representatives of the gentry, who did not abandon the idea of restoration of the Polish state. All this led to a decrease in the number of Polish population in the region. However, as evidenced by further events, the spirit of Poles failed to break. A large part of them supported a new uprising against the rule of the Russian Empire.
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Liebich, Andre. « History and Its “Losers” ». Histories 1, no 4 (20 novembre 2021) : 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories1040023.
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This article considers the historiography of the British Jacobites and American loyalists. It argues that they have been treated unfairly by history. In short, their importance has been minimized out of regard for dominant narratives. The article looks at older and newer historical accounts that reinterpret events in 17th and 18th century Britain and in revolutionary America to give Jacobites and loyalists a fairer share in these events. In conclusion, the article states that historiography will soon have to integrate the experience of these hitherto neglected currents into its main narrative.
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Ruffieux, Christiane. « Les méthodes d’évaluation de nouveaux remèdes dans la première moitié du 19ème siècle : l’exemple des médecins genevois ». Gesnerus 77, no 1 (6 novembre 2020) : 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24894/gesn-fr.2020.77001.
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Recent research on the history of medicine has shown that during the 18th century, the pharmacological market has steadily expanded. For medical practitioners, this influx of novelties triggered constant challenges to the process of cure assessment. This study analyses six historical controversies surrounding new remedies in Geneva during the first half of 19th century. The overview of fifty years of therapeutic questioning shows how Genevan practitioners managed to judge the usefulness of a specific remedy on the basis of observations – usually quite numerous – and how they started to elaborate methodological principles underlying a populational approach.
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Alheit, Peter, et Bettina Dausien. « A brief history of biographical research in Germany ». Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa (Auto)biográfica 3, no 9 (20 décembre 2018) : 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31892/rbpab2525-426x.2018.v3.n9.p749-764.
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The contribution gives a brief historical insight in the beginning and the drastic change of biographical thinking particularly in the educational sphere. Biography is a theme addressed by German educational sciences ever since its historical beginnings in the late 18th century. The discovery of the autonomous, educated, middle-class subject is rooted in that interest in biography, which also shaped the process of “biographisation” of the lower social strata a century later. Even post-modern and post-structural criticism of the ‘subject’ towards the end of the 20th century has a lasting influence on educational science. Understanding the historical background and the consequences of this threefold change of ideas in the concept of “biography” in the German tradition is the aim of this article.
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Capecchi, Danilo, et Giuseppe Ruta. « Mechanics and Natural Philosophy in History ». Encyclopedia 2, no 3 (11 juillet 2022) : 1333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2030089.
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This entry presents a historical view of the meaning attributed to the terms mechanics and natural philosophy, from a hint to ancient Greece, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance to a special focus on the 18th Century, which represents a turning point for the development of modern physics and science in general. Since we are not concerned with the summation of the histories of natural philosophy and mechanics, but only with their interrelations, this makes a detailed description of the two disciplines unnecessary.
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Semeniuk, Larysa. « THE HISTORY OF COSSACK UKRAINE IN DRAMATIC GENRE FORMS OF THE 18TH CENTURY ». Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no 12(80) (23 décembre 2021) : 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-12(80)-120-125.
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Recent scientific intelligence has led to an understanding of the ambiguity of the phenomenon of Cossack Ukraine which is presented in the texts of dramatic works of the XVIII century, which formation was influenced by the specificity of Ukrainian-Russian relations, complex inter-confessional relations and the heterogeneous nature of dramatic genre forms themselves. The study of the dramatic works of the late Baroque period is important and relevant considering revealing the authors' manifestation of their own national identity there, for the representation of which created by the artists of the XVIII century artistic model of the historical fate of Cossack Ukraine played a significant role. On the basis of historical-literary and contextual methods of research, an attempt was made to take into account in these texts their ideological message, inscribed in the traditional baroque dramatic genre forms of school drama (anonymous "Grace of God"), secular verbal dialogue ("Conversation between Velykorossiya and Malorossiya" S. Divovych), humorous interludes to school dramas and traditional Christmas vertep. The conclusions emphasize, that the references of the authors of dramatic works of the XVIII century to the history of the Cossack state, the creation of the cult of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the image of the Cossack as a defender of the people in the context of sharpening Ukrainian-Russian relations was a topical theme of Ukrainian dramatic creativity. The emergence of such works during the national decline can be interpreted as an attempt of patriotic part of the Ukrainian elite of the XVIII century to draw the public's attention to the problem of restoring Cossack conquests as a guarantee of preserving national identity.
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ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), F. « The history of development of medicine through time : a repeated case ». Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 60, no 2 (20 novembre 2017) : 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14921.
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At all times, man was interested in the therapy of diseases in any possible way. In the Hellenic world, that is generally regarded as the spiritual predecessor of recent Europe, two distinct traditions existed: the first had a true sacred origin and was practiced from a corporation or guild of healers/priests named zsAsklipiades. Asklipios, son of Apollo, was considered by them as their generic leader. The second, practiced by Vakhes, comes from indigenous populations of Eastern Aegean area approx. at 2000 B.C. During its practice patients went into a sacred mania ie., with dancing, music, or body exertion went into an extended consciousness from which, when they recovered, they showed a peaceful state and a new identity again due to moral comprehension. The first liberation from sacred ceremonies occurs in ancient Greece from Hippocrates and thus the first step towards scientific medicine occurs and it is practiced by cosmic healers. To Hippokrates we owe the meaning of "method" for the observation and development of the disease and its symptoms (there is a distinction between them). He believed in "the self healing capability of nature" that had to be taken into account, because medicine comes from the disruption of the balance between man and environment. After Hippocrates there is a gap of approx. 7 eons (till 3rd century D.C.) during which period important developments occur that will determine later the path of medicine: 1. During the 1st century B.C., Dioscouridis from Alexandria and in the 2ndcentury D.C. Asklipiadis and the great healer and surgeon from Pergamos, Galinos, transplanted the "absolute medical orthodoxy" in Rome where it remained as a dogma until the 16th century D.C. This is similar to Arab and recent European medicine. Hippocrates and Galinos beliefs have a lot in common with the growth of medicine in China and India. 2.Arab philosophers and healers reconnect medicine with politics and their base is the healthy society. 3. In Christianity, in the Middle Ages, the human body is discarded as not * worthy and surgery and anatomy are prohibited. In 1130 D.C. the practice of medicine by monks isprohibited and this is passed on to "cosmic clergy" from where the first schools of medicine and recent Universities originate (Paris, Oxford, Bologna, Montpellier). With Renaissance starts the questioning of the Galino's theory. The main archetype of the healer of this period was undoubtedly Paracelsus. He brings back the correlations of symptoms and moral attitude and his whole comprehension was "ecosystematic" and "psychosomatic". The healing ideas and practices of the Middle Ages and Eastern world are various and come from different origins without being an identical philosophical model, but they have the following similar points changed eventually by the "scientific medicine" born after the Cartesian debate: a) there is a bond between body and psyche, b) there is a bond of interaction between the human body and the environment, c) there is a mutual bond of equality and trust between the patient and the healer. The important developments between the 17th - 18th centuries (discovery of the microscope, growth of laboratories and clinics) will give a tremendous push to this scientific medicine and will allow to discard the patient as a whole person for the favour of the diagnosis and the manipulation of "diseases and syndromes". Another disruption from this course of scientific medicine occurs with the emergence of biology as a distinct science, which brought the uprising of the usual vitalistic beliefs that during in the 18th century did not totally stop to exist (G. Stahl-anima, S. Hahneman- homeopathy). However, due to the positivistic direction that the great physiologist of the 19th century, C. Bernard (who established in medicine the quantification according to the prototype of positive Sciences) and finally L. Pasteur established with the discovery of the bacterial role, strengthened again the self confidence of the classical/ scientific medicine. In 20th century, medicine gains also powers and is connected socially also with the growing pharmaceutical, but still is unable to heal satisfactory the mental / psychological illnesses; meantime, the recent specialization opened up a new horizon of medical applications (molecular biology, neurochemistry, clear understanding of the immunological-nervous-endocrinological mechanism) that are, however, part of the same mechanical model. The malpractice of this model involved attachment of medicine and politics in a programme that experimentally was performed in the Nazis camps. Again, three subsequent currents of developments questioned the medical orthodox theory during most of 20th century: S. Freud and psychoanalysis, the phenomenological medicine of E. Husserl and modern alternative medicines (homeopathy, acupuncture).
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Charlton, Anne. « George Cheyne (1671 or 73–1743) : 18th-century physician ». Journal of Medical Biography 19, no 2 (mai 2011) : 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2010.010028.
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Dukhanina, Alexandra V. « The Life of St. Stephen of Perm in the Printed Prologue : Textual Criticism and Codicological Value ». Труды Отдела древнерусской литературы 68 (2020) : 135–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0130-464x-2020-67-135-174.
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The Life of St. Stephen of Perm in a specific redaction was included in the second edition of the Prologue of 1642—1643 and reprinted in all subsequent editions of the Prologue in the 17th—18th centuries. Eight handwritten copies of the text belonging to this redaction have been found in 17th- and 18th-century manuscripts. In most editions of the Prologue the text reveals minor linguistic and stylistic changes that provide material for the history of editing of the Prologue, as well as for the history of the Russian literary language. They also allow determining which particular edition served as a model for this or that manuscript copy of the Life. Knowing the publication year of the editions has helped to clarify the dating of some manuscripts of this redaction of the Life and even to correct some data from an album of seventeenth-century watermarks
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Olennikov, Daniil N., et Nina I. Kashchenko. « Marigold Metabolites : Diversity and Separation Methods of Calendula Genus Phytochemicals from 1891 to 2022 ». Molecules 27, no 23 (6 décembre 2022) : 8626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238626.
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Marigold (Calendula), an important asteraceous genus, has a history of many centuries of therapeutic use in traditional and officinal medicines all over the world. The scientific study of Calendula metabolites was initiated at the end of the 18th century and has been successfully performed for more than a century. The result is an investigation of five species (i.e., C. officinalis, C. arvensis, C. suffruticosa, C. stellata, and C. tripterocarpa) and the discovery of 656 metabolites (i.e., mono-, sesqui-, di-, and triterpenes, phenols, coumarins, hydroxycinnamates, flavonoids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, etc.), which are discussed in this review. The identified compounds were analyzed by various separation techniques as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography which are summarized here. Thus, the genus Calendula is still a high-demand plant-based medicine and a valuable bioactive agent, and research on it will continue for a long time.
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Jay, Mike. « 2 The history of psychedelics in psychiatry ». Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & ; Psychiatry 91, no 8 (20 juillet 2020) : e1.3-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-bnpa.2.
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Mike Jay has written widely on the history of science and medicine, and particularly on the discovery of psychoactive drugs during the 18th and 19th centuries. His books on the subject include Emperors of Dreams: drugs in the nineteenth century (2000, revised edition 2011) and most recently High Society: mind-altering drugs in history and culture (2010), which accompanied the exhibition he curated at Wellcome Collection in London. The Atmosphere of Heaven is also the third book in his series of biographical narratives of political reformers in 1790s Britain. It follows The Air Loom Gang (2003, revised edition forthcoming 2012) and The Unfortunate Colonel Despard (2004).The history of psychedelics in psychiatry is longer than usually recognised. The potential of psychedelic drugs to effect mental cures, and the difficulty of managing their powerful effects, were both recognised over a century ago. Since 1962 the research protocols for demonstrating drug efficacy have posed particular problems for psychedelic-assisted therapy.
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Sergeev, Alexander, Ekaterina Bratukhina, Irina Kushova et Dmitriy Ovsyukov. « Liability of minors in russian criminal law practice XVIII — first half of XIX century ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no 12-3 (1 décembre 2020) : 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi70.
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The article examines the historical aspects of the evolution of the legislative definition of the age of onset of criminal responsibility and the specifics of sentencing juvenile offenders in the 18th and first half of the 19th century.
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Bates, Ann, et A. W. Bates. « Lãn Ông (Lê Hũ'u Trác, 1720–91) and the Vietnamese medical tradition ». Journal of Medical Biography 15, no 3 (août 2007) : 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/j.jmb.2007.06-30.
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The 18th-century physician Hai Thu'o'ng Lãn Ông is the most celebrated practitioner of Vietnamese medicine. He wrote medical texts and poetry that included, unusually for the time, an autobiographical element and he is the first Vietnamese physician for whom significant biographical information is available. Educated in classical Chinese medicine, he incorporated into the pharmacopoeia traditional herbal remedies indigenous to Vietnam. Despite his inclination to pursue a secluded life, he became the foremost physician of his day and was summoned to the corrupt court of the Trinh Lords in Hanoi, of which he left a revealing account. Since the 19th century his writings have been central to the canon of traditional Vietnamese medicine.
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maehle, A. H. « Review : 'To Improve the Evidence of Medicine' : The 18th century British Origins of a Critical Approach ». Social History of Medicine 15, no 2 (1 août 2002) : 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/15.2.349.
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Sljapic, Ziva, et Miljana Sljapic-Roganovic. « Child care in Vrsac and its development ». Medical review 55, no 9-10 (2002) : 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0210431s.
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Documents concerning history of medicine during the Turkish reign (1552-1716) are very rare. However, there is evidence of plague epidemic in 18th century and cholera epidemic in the 19th century. The first medical institutions: The German Communal Hospital, The Serbian Hospital and the Pharmacy were founded in the second half of the 18th century. In the year 1803, children were vaccinated against variola. The first Serbian book about child care ? "Cadoljub" was written by Dr. Gavrilo Pekarovic (1812-1851) during his studies of medicine in Budapest. In 1927 the city founded a dispensary for the newborn. The Polyclinic for schoolchildren was established as a part of the Health Center in 1934. After World War II, Children's Department was opened in the Health Center, later on it was turned into Mother and Child Center. At the beginning of 1955, a provisional children's ward with 18 beds was established in the former sanatorium, whereas till the end of the year it had 49 beds. In May 1965, it was moved into a new hospital building. After integration of Hospital and the Health Center into a Medical Center in 1967, a department for children was founded and it consisted of the emergency center and a hospital. Parents counseling, dispensary for children and dispensary for schoolchildren were founded in August 1971. .
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Bonamin, Leoni Villano, et Silvia Waisse. « Explanatory models for homeopathy : from the vital force to the current paradigm ». Homeopathy 105, no 03 (août 2016) : 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2016.02.003.
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Facing claims for and against the scientific status of homeopathy, one is entitled to ask: is there a scientific model for homeopathy? In this study we reconstructed the model put forward by Hahnemann. The results showed that it was essentially based on the assumption of a ‘vital force’ exclusive to living beings. While the vital force was a basic element of 18th-century science, the existence of such a sui generis force of nature was refuted with the formulation of the law of the conservation of energy by mid-19th century. As a function of that fact for homeopathic theory, we discuss the history of the rise and demise of the theory of the vital force from the last quarter of the 18th century to 1830. Finally, we call the attention to the paradigm shift biology underwent starting at the end of the 19th century as the framework for contemporary views on the functioning of living beings and consequently, of the effects of pharmacological agents on them.
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Macdonald, Alexander J. R. « A Brief Review of the History of Electrotherapy and Its Union with Acupuncture ». Acupuncture in Medicine 11, no 2 (novembre 1993) : 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.11.2.66.
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This is a brief review of the history of electrotherapy. Pain has been relieved by electricity since ancient times, at first by means of applying live electric fish to the tender part to cause numbness. But once frictional machines were found to produce electro-static electricity (Franklinism) in the mid 18th century the use of living organisms was discontinued. By the late 18th century Galvani had rediscovered the fact that animals developed electricity spontaneously. Volta discovered a chemical means of producing electricity from the first form of battery or voltaic pile without recourse to animal tissues or frictional machines whose efficiency varied with atmospheric conditions. This discovery led to the medical use of direct current (Galvanism). Its ability to cause necrosis by electrolytic means was employed in the destruction of tumours. Galvanism was also applied to needles, hence the first form of electroacupuncture pioneered by Berlioz and Sarlandiére. For the first time the combination of electrotherapy and oriental ideas about needling were brought together. Furthermore these early experimenters showed how stimulation of the nervous system brought profound relief from pain. In the early 19th century Faraday's work on the production of alternating currents and his understanding of electrolysis provided medicine with the escape that was required from the dangers of Galvanism. A variety of safer alternating and interrupted currents (Faradism) have been employed in electrotherapy ever since, particularly in the form of electroacupuncture, TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation) and Dorsal Column Stimulation. The popularity of electrotherapy fell during the early part of the 20th century as no one knew how its effects were obtained. However now we know how afferent nerve fibres respond to different frequencies and amplitudes, electrotherapy permits the modern practitioner to stimulate the nervous system in a number of different ways to induce the selective production of various monoamines, amino acids and peptides in the central nervous system. However more experiments are required to make electrotherapy realise its true potential in stimulating the patient's own pain relieving substances.
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Fehér, Andrea. « The Hungry Traveller. 18th-Century Transylvanian Travellers and the Western Culinary Experience ». Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 66, no 1 (février 2022) : 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2021.1.03.
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"The present article discusses food narratives from travelogues written by the Calvinist elite of Transylvania. The paper firstly presents attitudes toward travel and travel writing in 18th-century Transylvania and then offers examples about stories associated with food and foodways. In the first instance, we discussed the attachment of Transylvanians to familiar tastes, then we offered examples of food rejection, either culturally or confessionally motivated. The asymmetrically opposed constructions of these food narratives, the constant distinctions made by the authors between “our” food and “theirs”, suggest the importance of food in identity building. In the last part of our paper, we approached the social dimension of food, arguing that we are witnessing a cultural shift and the changing of the existing food regime, processes undergoing due to the increased number of travels, especially to Vienna. Keywords: 18th Century, Transylvania, travelogues, culinary history, food narratives. "
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De Santis, Marcelo Domingos. « A bibliographic review of the history of Dexiinae (Diptera, Tachinidae) taxonomy in the Neotropical Region with bibliographic notes on Dominik Bilimek and Fritz Plaumann ». Arquivos de Zoologia 53, no 4 (1 décembre 2022) : 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/2176-7793/2022.53.04.
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The knowledge of Dexiinae and Tachinidae diversity in the Neotropical Region, in contrast to other regions, e.g., the Palaearctic Region, is in a poor condition. The history of these taxa has gradually increased since the 18th Century from the works of European and North American authors such as Johan C. Fabricius, Christian R.W. Wiedemann, Jean B. Robineau-Desvoidy, Pierre J.-M. Macquart, Jacques M.F. Bigot, Francis Walker, Victor von Röeder, Ermanno Giglio-Tos, Friedrich M. Brauer and Julius E. Bergenstamm, Frederik M. van der Wulp, Charles H. Curran, John M. Aldrich, Charles H.T. Townsend, Henry J. Reinhard and William R. Thompson. It was only in the first half of the 20th Century that scientists born or established in South America began to enter tachinidology. Dipterists like Jean Brèthes and Everardo E. Blanchard from Argentina, Rául E. Cortés Peña from Chile and José H. Guimarães from Brazil, are the most memorable names for, not only to Neotropical Dexiinae, but, indeed for the whole family. Herein, a brief chronological review of tachinidology, with emphasis on Dexiinae and based on a literature review, is given. The history is divided into four periods: the pre-Linnaean period of the 16th and 17th Centuries, the 18th Century, the 19th Century and the first half of the 20th Century. After the first half of 20th Century, the emphasis is focused on European and North American dipterists with an overview of their contributions on Dexiinae taxonomy. Later, with presence of the South American dipterists, the emphasis is directed to them. Then a few notes are given on the Czech Dominik Bilimek, a poorly known collector from the 19th Century and Fritz Plaumann, a well-known German immigrant who collected in Brazil during the earlier 20th Century. Finally, some notes and perspectives about the 21st Century dexiinidology from the Neotropics is briefly discussed.
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Fedorov, Aleksandr V. « RUSSIAN INVESTIGATION AS VIEWED BY A HISTORIAN ». Russian investigator 12 (27 novembre 2019) : 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3783-2019-12-3-10.
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The article is dedicated to the famous Russian historian and legal expert Doctor of History Dmitriy O. Serov and a brief analysis of his studies concerning the establishment and development of the Russian law enforcement authorities in the first third of the 18th century: courts, prosecutor’s office, fiscal service, investigative authorities. Having started his scientific activities from studies of history of the spiritual life of the Russian society from the 17th to the 18th century, D.O. Serov then moved on to the legal aspects of history of the 18th to the 20th century, history of the personnel of the national government machine focusing on investigative authorities and was recognized in our country and abroad as one of the best experts of the Peter the Great’s epoch, specialist in history of the Russian law enforcement and judicial systems, leading scientist studying history of the Russian investigative authorities. D.O. Serov developed new areas of historical and legal research; identified, researched and introduced into scientific discourse many earlier unknown or briefly mentioned archive files including the Instruction to Major’s Investigative Chancelleries of December 9, 1717. The educational course History of the Russian Investigative Authorities was launched based on his research; a new professional holiday, the Day of an Investigation Officer of the Russian Federation, was introduced by Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 741 of August 27, 2013 (July 25, the day of establishment of the first M.I. Volkonskiy investigative chancellery); some memorable dates of history of the national pre-trial investigation were introduced (including December 9, the Day of Establishment of Major’s Investigative Chancelleries). D.O. Serov justified that the Russian investigative authorities originated in the form of investigative chancelleries. The basis for acknowledgment of such chancelleries as investigative authorities is their characteristics as an independent permanent government authority, designated to investigate criminal cases on the pre-trial stage, being the only function of this authority. D.O. Serov’s research showed that the reason for a short life of such authorities was not their low efficiency. Quite the opposite, major’s investigative chancelleries were in advance of their time and turned out to be misfitting even for the reformed state mechanism of Russia.
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Belousov, Mikhail, et Alexander Belousov. « Russian intellectuals and the Polish question in the late 18th — early 19th century ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no 01 (1 janvier 2020) : 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202001statyi05.
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Kolesnikov, Ilya, et Svetlana Pavlyuk. « Transcaucasia in the international politics in the last quarter of the 18th century ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no 05 (1 mai 2020) : 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202005statyi16.
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Verkhovykh, Lyudmila N. « TO THE STUDY OF THE ORIGINS OF DOMESTIC LINGUISTIC LOCAL HISTORY STUDIES AND REGIONAL ONOMASTICS ». Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 26, no 1 (20 mars 2022) : 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2022-1-81-93.
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The article presents an analysis of scientific literature devoted to the study of the linguistic local history direction of language learning. The aim of the work is to describe the origins of Russian linguistic local history, regional onomastics based on the use of textological analysis, descriptive method, elements of comparative and comparative-historical methods. The material of the research is presented by works that have a linguistic local history character, starting from the 30s of 18th century. Based on the analysis of scientific works of the 18th and early 19th centuries, including the linguistic local history component, the author comes to the following conclusions. Since the first third of the 18th century in Russia, there have been some fragmentary attempts at linguistic local lore commenting when describing settlements by historians, geographers, physicians, and biologists who participated in research expeditions across Russia. Of particular importance in this respect was the historical and regional studies activities of V.N. Tatishchev, who compiled detailed questions for the study of settlements in Russia, prepared the first part of the “Lexicon of Russian historical, geographical, political and civil”. The material of the research shows that the origins of scientific linguistic regional studies in Russia are associated with the activities of V.K. Trediakovsky and M.V. Lomonosov. M.V. Lomonosov consistently introduced the linguistic local history component into the research methodology, which was applied in practice in the compilation of the “Russian grammar”, in the organization of centralized work on the historical and geographical study of Russian settlements, in the development of the foundations of teaching Russian students in their native language. M.V. Lomonosov is the founder of the linguistic local history direction in Russian linguistics. The beginning of scientific regional onomastic research is associated with the activities of E.A. Bolkhovitinov, who for the first time in 1800 gave a detailed historical and linguistic description of the toponymy and microtoponymy of the Voronezh Territory.
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Braun, Ramona. « Voyaging in the Vein : Medical Experimentation with Heart Catheters in the Twentieth Century ». Nuncius 26, no 1 (2011) : 132–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539111x569793.
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AbstractHistorical research on physiology has to date largely been confined to the rise and peak of physiological investigations in the 18th and 19th century. This article examines how the instrument of the cardiac catheter was used in 20th century research on the heart. The development of the domain of interventional cardiology is shown in the efforts of standardising balloon angioplasty. A special focus is given in the three studies on Werner Formann, Andr Cournand and Dickinson Richards and Andreas Grntzig to issues arising from the human being as an experimental object in medicine and to instruments as another material part in the experimental system.
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Novella, Enric J. « Alexandre Brierre de Boismont and the limits of the psychopathological gaze ». History of the Human Sciences 31, no 3 (27 mai 2018) : 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118768375.
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One of the most remarkable implications of psychological medicine in the transition from the 18th to the 19th century was the advent of a new way of looking at the human being and new tools for analysing not only behaviour and individual experience, but also historical events, collective behavioural patterns or complex cultural achievements. Unsurprisingly, the deployment of this gaze could not advance without there being a series of disputes and controversies about its reach and the limits to its indiscriminate application. Focusing on the figure of French alienist Alexandre Brierre de Boismont and on the controversial cases of hallucinations and suicide, this article addresses the conflicts generated by the use of certain emblematic concepts and categories present in French psychological medicine throughout the central decades of the 19th-century, as well as the essentially ambivalent relationship of the psychopathological point of view with the criticism of a culture that was made responsible, then, as now, for a great number of psychological disorders and illnesses.
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Novita, Aryandini, Muhamad Nofri Fahrozi et Muhamad Alnoza. « Komoditi Lada dan Praktik Kapitalisme di Sumatera Selatan Pada Abad XVIII - Awal Abad XX ». PURBAWIDYA : Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi 10, no 2 (30 novembre 2021) : 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24164/pw.v10i2.406.
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Pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the cultivated plants and since the past has become a commodity traded in international commerce. In the past several regions of the archipelago have cultivated pepper, such as Banten, southern Sumatra, and Aceh. This paper aims to describe the ebb and flow of pepper as a trading commodity during the 18th to early 20th centuries concerning the practice of capitalism in the South Sumatra region. The method of articles is a literature study with data sources the result of archaeology research and history research as well as other library data related to pepper as commodities in the South Sumatra region during the 18th century to the early 20th century. The results showed that colonialism had encouraged pepper production in South Sumatra on a large scale. However, along with changes in global market demand, there has been a change in the orientation of the cultivation of commodity crops so that it can be said that colonialism also brought down pepper production.
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Kincses, Katalin Mária, et Sándor Szakály. « A leprától a spanyolnátháig. » Scientia et Securitas 2, no 3 (22 décembre 2021) : 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/112.2021.00045.
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Összefoglaló. A tanulmány az egyetemes és magyar medicina járványtörténeti és hadtörténeti összefüggéseit vizsgálja történeti példák alapján, a kérdés fontosabb vonatkozásainak vázlatát igyekszik megrajzolni. A szerzők megállapítják, hogy a járványtörténet az orvostörténetnek egyik azon fejezete, amelyik a hadtörténelemhez is szorosan kapcsolódik, ily módon a téma a tágabb értelemben vett, korszakokon átívelő védelempolitika tárgykörébe is illeszkedik. A felsorakoztatott példák rávilágítanak, hogy a járványok természetszerűleg a háborúk kísérői voltak, ugyanakkor azok terjedéséhez is hozzájárultak. Az európai társadalmak a történeti korokban a legnagyobb járványokat intézményi szinten csak a katonaság bevonásával, valamint már a középkortól kezdve egészen a legutóbbi időkig csak katonai szigorúságú intézkedésekkel voltak képes megfékezni. Summary. The foundations of modern medicine were formed during the Enlightenment. Medical treatment in Europe took its present form in the second half of the 19th century, when healing based on observations, experience, idealistic philosophical theories and beliefs were supplanted by medicine based on scientific empiricism due to the turbulent development and specialization of natural sciences. Today, healing is based on basic laboratory research. Hygiene, supported by bacteriological research, has come to the fore in clinical practice. The healing network (hospitals, medical institutions and healing society in general, from doctors to caregivers) and the public health insurance system have been established. The history of human conflicts coincides with the history of medicine. The history of war and the epidemics that have plagued humanity are an extreme form of both of these. A common feature between ancient and modern societies is that their greatest public health challenge is/was caused by infectious and epidemic diseases, which are/were the leading cause of mortality from time to time. The authors cite examples from epidemiological history and solution strategies in Europe and Hungary. The history of epidemics in the Middle Ages, Early Modern and Modern Ages is one of the chapters of medical history closely related to military history. In this way, the topic naturally fits into the scope of defense policy (military) in a broader sense, spanning the epochs. The examples show that epidemics not only accompanied the wars, but that the movement of soldiers also caused large-scale epidemics in Europe to a large extent or facilitated their spread. At the same time, the solution was in the hands of the armies, the military administration. In the Middle and Early Modern Ages, the only effective way to deal with epidemics, i.e., quarantine, could be implemented and maintained only with the participation of military forces. In Europe, epidemic management has been changing since the 18th century. At the same time, the greatest epidemics from the 18th century until the end of the First World War could only be curbed at the institutional level with the broad involvement of the army. Military mentality and rigor have been reflected (in a good sense) in effective epidemic management in European culture. From the Middle Ages to the present day, the management and possible curbing of major epidemics, in addition to extensive vaccination efforts, could have been maintained only with the participation of the military.
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Matioc, Adrian A. « An Anesthesiologist’s Perspective on the History of Basic Airway Management ». Anesthesiology 124, no 2 (1 février 2016) : 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000955.
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Abstract Basic airway management modern history starts in the early 18th century in the context of resuscitation of the apparently dead. History saw the rise and fall of the mouth-to-mouth and then of the instrumental positive-pressure ventilation generated by bellows. Pulmonary ventilation had a secondary role to external and internal organ stimulation in resuscitation of the apparently dead. Airway access for the extraglottic technique was to the victim’s nose. The bellows-to-nose technique was the “basic airway management technique” applicable by both medical and nonmedical personnel. Although the techniques had been described at the time, very few physicians practiced glottic (intubation) and subglottic (tracheotomy) techniques. Before the anesthetic era, positive-pressure ventilation was discredited and replaced by manual negative-pressure techniques. In the middle of the 19th century, physicians who would soon administer anesthetic gases were unfamiliar with the positive-pressure ventilation concept.
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Karas, Marcin. « Z historii odkrycia pierwiastków ziem rzadkich ». Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki, no 4 (2020) : 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/0023589xkhnt.20.030.12863.
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On the History of Discovery of the Rare-Earth Elements With reference to the existing literature, the article reviews the history of discovering rare-earth elements (lanthanides) from the late 18th to the mid-20th century. By outlining the main stages of this story, the author analyzes biographies of chemists, presents the geography of discoveries and the development of analytical methods in inorganic chemistry. The text also mentions the scientific errors and disputes between scholars. From the perspective of the philosophy of science, this history is an important example of the mutual relationship between empirical knowledge and its theoretical justification in science.
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Young, Francis. « The Shorts of Bury St Edmunds : Medicine, Catholicism and politics in the 17th century ». Journal of Medical Biography 16, no 4 (novembre 2008) : 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2007.007058.
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The Short family of Bury St Edmunds produced at least eight doctors between the first half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th. Some of these practised locally and others went on to achieve fame in London or abroad. They included Richard Short (d. 1668), a medical polemicist, and Thomas Short (1635–85) who treated Charles II in his last illness and became the subject of poetry and other literature. The Shorts generated controversy through their adherence to the Roman Catholic faith at a time of persecution and suspicion. Richard Short used medical polemic as a vehicle for advancing his religious views, and his son and nephew became involved in James II's political programme to introduce religious toleration in 1688. After the Revolution the Shorts withdrew from political life but continued in their medical practice and their recusancy. This paper is the first to unravel the family relationships of the Shorts, which previously have eluded most historians.
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Manfredini, Matteo, Marco Breschi, Alessio Fornasin, Stanislao Mazzoni, Sergio De lasio et Alfredo Coppa. « Maternal Mortality in 19th- and Early 20th-century Italy ». Social History of Medicine 33, no 3 (5 février 2019) : 860–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkz001.
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Summary Although dramatically reduced in Western and developed countries, maternal mortality is still today one of the most relevant social and health scourges in developing countries. This is the reason why high levels of maternal mortality are always interpreted as a sign of low living standards, ignorance, poverty and woman discrimination. Maternal mortality represents, therefore, a very peculiar characteristic of demographic systems of ancien regime. Despite this important role in demographic systems, no systematic study has been addressed to investigate the impact of maternal mortality in historical Italy. The aim of this article is to shed some light on such a phenomenon by investigating its trend over time and the determinants in some Italian populations between the 18th and the early 20th centuries. The analysis will make use of civil and parish registers linked together by means of nominative techniques, and it will be, therefore, carried out at the micro level.
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Maksimovic, Jovan, et Marko Maksimovic. « From history of proctology ». Archive of Oncology 21, no 1 (2013) : 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo1301028m.
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The authors of this paper presented the key moments in the development of proctology, a medical discipline which is an integral part of surgery, whose development path was inseparable from the historical development of operational medicine. Even in the ancient Egypt, proctology was an important branch of medicine. Out of eight of so far known medical papyri in the history of proctology, the most important one is the Beatty`s (Chester Beatty) papyrus from the 13th century BC, which is actually a short monograph on diseases of the anus and their treatment. In the ancient period, operative proctology reached the highest level in the time of Hippocrates. In detail, and with special care, the operative procedures of the large intestine, primarily perianal fistula and hemorrhoids were described in the Hippocratic writings. One of the most famous Roman medical writers, Celsus (Cornelius Celsus Asullus) described the surgery of hemorrhoids by their ligature and the surgery of anorectal fistula in two ways: ligation of the fistula channel by string of raw flax and fistula incision through the probe placed through the fistula channel. Doctors of the 18th and the 19th century introduced into practice some more complicated surgical procedures in the treatment of anorectal diseases. The French surgeons were the leaders. In 1710, Littr? performed, for the first time, anus praeter naturalis and Jacques Lisfranc (1790-1847) pioneered the method of perineal resection of the rectum for cancer. The first rectoscope was constructed in 1895 and in 1903 it was introduced into practice by Kelly (Kelly Howard Atwood). A sudden progress in the diagnosis and treatment of anorectal diseases occurred after the Second World War and the trend has continued to this day.
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Klimov, Andrey, et Yuliya Saleeva. « Police functions of magistrates in the legislation of the Russian Empire of the 18th century ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no 02 (1 février 2021) : 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202102statyi26.
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Based on the analysis of normative legal acts regulating the activities of magistrates in the cities of the Russian Empire, the article identifies, summarizes and describes the police functions of magistrates performed by them along with administrative, judicial, fiscal and other functions, and also shows the role of city self-government bodies in the formation and development of police in the cities of the Russian Empire of the XVIII century.
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Veremenko, Valentina, Vladimir Shaidurov et Darya Melnikova. « Pages of Georg Magnus Sprengtporten’s daily life ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no 6-1 (1 juin 2021) : 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202106statyi05.
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In the second half of the 18th - early 19th century some representatives of the Swedish nobility hatched plans for the creation of an independent Finland. One of them was Georg Magnus Sprengtporten, who joined the Russian Empire in 1786 and even became Governor-General of Finland (1808-1809). In the article about the daily life of a foreigner in the Russian service, the authors used both published materials and documents from various archives (GARF, RGIA, RGVIA).
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Dameshek, L. M., I. L. Dameshek et K. A. Sosnerzh. « The History of the North-Eastern Outskirts of Russia during the Empire Era in the Latest Historical Studies ». Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 37 (2021) : 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2021.37.106.
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In connection with the approaching 300th anniversary of the formation of the Russian Empire, the analysis of the latest monographic studies on the outskirts policy of the Russian state in the 18th – early 20 century is carried out. The fact of the introduction of previously unknown historical sources into scientific circulation, the emergence of new approaches to the study of the problem is noted. At the same time, it is noted that the topic of the outskirts policy of the empire is far from being exhausted and remains in demand by researchers.
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Costa, Véronique. « Éon : le chevalier androgyne. Le plus célèbre travesti de l’histoire de France ou la guerre en dentelle ». Caietele Echinox 42 (30 juin 2022) : 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2022.42.07.
Texte intégralRésumé :
"Charles-Geneviève, the knight Éon de Beaumont, famous transvestite in the history of France, remains an enigma. The rumor will evoke the hermaphroditism of this knight, devoid of attraction to either sex. The eccentric D’Eon shatters genres and forces us to think about the masculine-feminine border and its flexibility. The androgynous knight refers to the tension between imagination and reality, to the emergence in the 18th century of medical and philosophical questioning on gendered indeterminacy."
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Ponomareva, Varvara V. « Medical treatment in girls’ schools of the Russian Empire : 18th – beginning of 19th century ». Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), no 1 (23 juin 2022) : 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2022.1.125-133.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Results This study looks at inception and development of medical departments in girls’ schools of the Russian Empire during the second half of the 18th and beginning of 19th century, the first of which was founded in 1764. Materials and methods. The problems of the article, based on a wide range of sources, both archival and published, studied using the principles of objectivity and historicism, still remain unexplored. Results. Empress Catherine II and her associates’ ideas, based on innovative principles in the physical education of children, which were being developed by European Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century, had to be implemented in a practical way in both boys’ and girls’ state-established schools of the Russian Empire. With emphasis on preventive healthcare, the organization of necessary medical procedure in a boarding school with 200–300 pupils was an uncharted territory. Discussion. Gradual establishment of medical matters throughout the early period of history of girls’ schools progressed tracing general development in medical science and practice. The experience of scientific organization of medical assistance was systematically gained in privileged state-run schools: initial examination of new students, routine health checks, universal smallpox vaccinations, organization of strict quarantine in the instance of infectious disease outbreak, establishment of modern infirmaries with relevant equipment, development of diagnostics, medicine preparation in own pharmacies, referrals to various specialists.
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Mitsyuk, Natalia A., et Anna V. Belova. « Midwifery as the first official profession of women in Russia, 18th to early 20th centuries ». RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no 2 (15 décembre 2021) : 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-270-285.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The authors study the institutionalization of midwife specialization among women in Russia in the period from the 18th through the early 20th centuries. The main sources are legislative acts, clerical documents, as well as reports on the activities of medical institutions and maternity departments. The authors use the approaches of gender history, and the concept of professionalization as developed by E. Freidson. Midwifery was the first area of womens work that was officially recognized by the state. There were three main stages on the way to professionalizing the midwifery profession among women. The first stage (covering the 18th century) is associated with attempts to study and systematize the activities of midwives. The practical experience of midwifes was actively sought by doctors whose theoretical knowledge was limited. The second stage of professionalization (corresponding to the first half of the 19th century) was associated with the normative regulation of midwife work and the formation of a professional hierarchy in midwifery. The third stage (comprising the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century) saw a restriction of the midwives spheres of activity, as well as the active inclusion of male doctors in practical obstetrics and their rise to a dominant position. With the development of obstetric specialization, operative obstetrics, and the opening of maternity wards, midwives were relegated to a subordinate position in relation to doctors. In contrast to the United States and Western European countries, Russia did not have professional associations of midwives. Intra-professional communication was weak, and there was no corporate solidarity. In Soviet medicine, finally, the midwives subordinate place in relation to doctors was only cemented.