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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Medical policy – Social aspects – Germany"
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Rimon-Zarfaty, Nitzan, Johanna Kostenzer, Lisa-Katharina Sismuth, and Antoinette de Bont. "Between “Medical” and “Social” Egg Freezing." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 18, no. 4 (2021): 683–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11673-021-10133-z.
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AbstractEgg freezing has led to heated debates in healthcare policy and bioethics. A crucial issue in this context concerns the distinction between “medical” and “social” egg freezing (MEF and SEF)—contrasting objections to bio-medicalization with claims for oversimplification. Yet such categorization remains a criterion for regulation. This paper aims to explore the “regulatory boundary-work” around the “medical”–”social” distinction in different egg freezing regulations. Based on systematic documents’ analysis we present a cross-national comparison of the way the “medical”–”social” differentiation finds expression in regulatory frameworks in Austria, Germany, Israel, and the Netherlands. Findings are organized along two emerging themes: (1) the definition of MEF and its distinctiveness—highlighting regulatory differences in the clarity of the definition and in the medical indications used for creating it (less clear in Austria and Germany, detailed in Israel and the Netherlands); and (2) hierarchy of medical over social motivations reflected in usage and funding regulations. Blurred demarcation lines between “medical” and “social” are further discussed as representing a paradoxical inclusion of SEF while offering new insights into the complexity and normativity of this distinction. Finally, we draw conclusions for policymaking and the bioethical debate, also concerning the related cryopolitical aspects.
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KOVAL, Svitlana. "SYSTEM OF STATE SOCIAL INSURANCE: EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE AND GERMANY." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 2(55) (2018): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.02.067.
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Introduction. Social protection of the population is one of the state functions The implementation of a socially oriented state policy involves solving the problems of social protection and is aimed at creating the proper conditions for a decent standard of living and free development of the individual. The emergence and functioning of social insurance is conditioned by the presence of various social risks and the need to retain citizens who can not take an active part in the process of social production. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the practical principles of the functioning of the system of state social insurance of Ukraine and Germany and to develop, on this basis, practical recommendations aimed at improving the social insurance of Ukraine in the context of the borrowing of progressive experience in Germany. Results. Approaches to the treatment of social insurance are considered: as a system of economic relations, as an element of the social policy of the state, as a component of social protection of the population. A comparative analysis of forms of social insurance and sources of financing payments in Ukraine and Germany has been carried out. The practical aspects of functioning of compulsory medical insurance in Germany are investigated, its positive features are revealed. Conclusion. It is revealed that the forms and sources of state social insurance of Ukraine and Germany are similar. The exception is the state health insurance, which in Ukraine is in the stage of implementation. The necessity to restore the payment of a single social contribution by hired workers in the conditions of a shortage of financial resources in the sphere of social insurance of Ukraine is substantiated. It is proposed to apply in the domestic practice the mechanism of functioning of the state medical insurance of Germany, which excludes the possibility of abuses by medical workers in the context of the appointment of unnecessary medical examinations and procedures.
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REITZ, DANIELA, and GERD RICHTER. "Current Changes in German Abortion Law." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19, no. 3 (2010): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180110000113.
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The current practice of late termination of pregnancy in Germany has been criticized by the German Medical Association as well as several sociopolitical groups. The controversy has especially concerned the time limit for the termination of pregnancies and the counseling process prior to that intervention. The criticism, in part, originates from the reform of the German Abortion Law in 1995, and demands for change led to legislative initiatives in 2008.
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Duffourc, Mindy Nunez. "Filling Voice Promotion Gaps in Healthcare through a Comparative Analysis of Error Reporting and Learning Systems and Open Communication and Disclosure Policies in the United States and Germany." American Journal of Law & Medicine 44, no. 4 (2018): 579–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858818821137.
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Voice in healthcare is crucial because of its ability to improve organizational performance and prevent medical errors. This paper contends that a comparative analysis of voice promotion in the American and German healthcare industries can strengthen a culture of safety in both countries. It provides a brief introduction to the concept of voice in healthcare, including its impact on safety culture, barriers to voice, and the dual influences of confidentiality and transparency on voice promotion policies. It then examines the theoretical basis, practical workings, and legal aspects of voluntary error reporting and error disclosure as avenues for exercising voice in the U.S. and Germany. Finally, it identifies transferable practices that can remedy shortcomings in each country's voice promotion policy.
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Illhardt, Franz J., Eduard Seidler, and Peter J. Tosic. "The Federal Republic of Germany: A New Forum for Medical Ethics." Hastings Center Report 19, no. 4 (1989): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562318.
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RICHTER, GERD. "Clinical Ethics as Liaison Service: Concepts and Experiences in Collaboration with Operative Medicine." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 4 (2009): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109090562.
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Over the past decade, clinical ethics has received growing attention in Germany as in most European countries. In the mid-1990s, most European countries made efforts to establish healthcare ethics committees (HEC) and clinical ethics consultation (CEC) services. The development of clinical ethics discourse and activities in Germany, however, was delayed and, consequently, is still in its natal phase. Until the end of the 1990s, the only institutionalized bodies of ethical reflection were the research ethics committees at university medical centers and at the State Physician Chambers. In March 1997, the Catholic and Protestant hospital association in Germany recommended the implementation of HECs, modeled after the American HECs. Consequently, the establishment of clinical ethics consultation in the form of HECs started in Germany in denominational hospitals, followed by a small but increasing number of community hospitals.
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GANDJOUR, AFSCHIN. "Autonomy, Coercion, and Public Healthcare Guarantees: The Uptake of Sofosbuvir in Germany." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30, no. 1 (2020): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180120000596.
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AbstractHealth insurance coverage for incarcerated citizens is generally acceptable by Western standards. However, it creates internal tensions with the prevailing justifications for public healthcare. In particular, a conceptualization of medical care as a source of autonomy enhancement does not align with the decreased autonomy of incarceration and the needs-based conceptualization of medical care in cases of imprisonment; and rejecting responsibility as a criterion for assigning medical care conflicts with the use of responsibility as a criterion for assigning punishment. The recent introduction of sofosbuvir in Germany provides a particularly instructive illustration of such tensions. It requires searching for a refined reflective equilibrium regarding the scope, limits, and justifications of publicly guaranteed care.
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REHBOCK, THEDA. "Limits of Autonomy in Biomedical Ethics? Conceptual Clarifications." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 20, no. 4 (2011): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180111000260.
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In biomedical ethics the principle of autonomy is closely connected with the moral and legal claim to informed consent. After World War II and the dramatic misuse of medicine in Nazi Germany, informed consent regulations were expected to help avoid similar misuse in the future, to help overcome the traditional medical paternalism, and to advance the liberty rights of patients and human subjects of research. With the rise of the new field of bioethics in the 1970s, the traditional beneficence-based model of medical ethics shifted in the direction of an individual autonomy model.
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SCHICKTANZ, SILKE, AVIAD RAZ, and CARMEL SHALEV. "The Cultural Context of End-of-Life Ethics: A Comparison of Germany and Israel." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19, no. 3 (2010): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180110000162.
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End-of-life (EoL) decisions concerning euthanasia, stopping life-support machines, or handling advance directives are very complex and highly disputed in industrialized, democratic countries. A main controversy is how to balance the patient’s autonomy and right to self-determination with the doctor’s duty to save life and the value of life as such. These EoL dilemmas are closely linked to legal, medical, religious, and bioethical discourses. In this paper, we examine and deconstruct these linkages in Germany and Israel, moving beyond one-dimensional constructions of ethical statements as “social facts” to their conflicting and multifaceted embedding within professional, religious, and cultural perspectives.
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Fuerholzer, Katharina, Maximilian Schochow, and Florian Steger. "Good Scientific Practice: Developing a Curriculum for Medical Students in Germany." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 1 (2019): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-018-0076-7.
Texte intégralThèses sur le sujet "Medical policy – Social aspects – Germany"
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Weipert, Matthias. ""Mehrung der Volkskraft" die Debatte über Bevölkerung, Modernisierung und Nation 1890 - 1933." Paderborn München Wien Zürich Schöningh, 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2753215&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Faber, Pierre Anthony. "Industrial relations, flexibility, and the EU social dimension : a comparative study of British and German employer response to the EU social dimension." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:959fa1ee-cd08-450b-8e94-68b9858dd9e3.
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This study sets out to explore employer response to the EU social dimension, in answer to the question, "How are employers in the UK and Germany responding to the EU social dimension, and why?" Using case study evidence from nine large British and German engineering companies, as well as material from employers' associations at all levels, it is argued that there is little employer support for extending the social dimension. Focusing on micro-economic aspects of the debate, it is also argued that a common feature in both British and German employer opposition is a concern for the impact of EU industrial relations regulation on firm-level flexibility. This stands in direct contradiction of the EU Commission's own contentions about the flexibility-enhancing effects of its social policy measures, and appears paradoxical in light of earlier research findings of a German flexibility advantage over UK rivals on account of the country's well-structured regulatory framework for industrial relations. Evidence from participant companies, however, suggests that, in the global environment of the late 1990s, much of Germany's former flexibility advantage has been eroded, and the regulation-induced limitations on both the pace and scale of change are increasingly onerous to German companies. German managers perceive a need for targeted deregulatory reform of their industrial relations system; by strengthening (and often extending) existing industrial relations regulation, EU social policy measures meet with firm disapproval. In the UK, by contrast, the changed context has contributed to a significant increase in firm-level flexibility. British companies now operate to levels of flexibility often in advance of their German counterparts, at far lower 'cost' in terms of the time taken, and the extent to which change measures are compromised, to reach agreement. For British managers, EU social policy measures are perceived as a threat to these beneficial arrangements, and vigorously opposed. The thesis concludes by suggesting that such fixed opposition, in the face of Commission determination to extend the EU social dimension, points to an escalation of the controversy surrounding the social dimension.
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Magill, Julia Rose. "No contest : theorizing power through aspects of health and social care policy in the wake of the demise of the internal market in NHS Wales." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2011. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/no-contest(d7482313-4e9a-4498-a729-3318e07be8fe).html.
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Following in the footsteps of Neitzsche (1968) and Foucault (1980), Clegg et al (2006) and Haugaard and Clegg (2009) have argued that power is the most central concept in the analysis of organization and organizing. The desirability of further developing the theorization of power in health and social care policy in the United Kingdom has been identified in a number of recent publications (Hunter, 2008; Crinson, 2009; Ham, 2009). This critical overview analyzes relative power to connect policy at the macro level (ending the internal market in NHS Wales) with specific policy issues encompassed by the four projects within the portfolio on: • locality commissioning; • delayed transfers of care; • governance, incentives and integration; and • safeguarding adults. The contribution to knowledge that flows from this critical overview: identifies that theorizing power in health and social care policy may help to explain apparent disconnections between policy intent and the effect of policy in practice in the context of post-devolution Wales; • suggests that, at its most extreme, neglecting to take into account the role of power in the design, implementation and review of policy in this particular policy arena becomes a matter of life and death; and • proposes that exploring power in health and social care policy through Foucauldian-informed critical discourse analysis of relative power could to some extent facilitate translation of policy aspirations into practice.
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Romero, Mariel Sintora. "A Critical Medical Anthropology Approach to Advocating for Social Justice and Policy Change in Pesticide Use and Practice to Reduce Health Risks Among Hispanic/Latinos in Central California." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804957/.
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This mixed methods research was conducted in the fall of 2014 to understand the perceptions and experiences of health risks and health outcomes due to pesticide exposure among community members (n=13) - concerned community members, agriculture workers and teachers- that live in the Central California agriculture counties of Monterey, Santa Cruz, Tulare, Fresno and Madera. This research explored: 1) The crops growing in participants’ communities, and how exposure to pesticides used in these crops pose potential health risks to participants and their communities 2) How pesticide exposure is impacting Hispanic/Latino communities in Central California, particularly those that are most vulnerable including school children, agriculture workers, and community members 3) The major public health concerns of impacted communities 4) Feelings of empowered to advocate for community health and environment and 5) What impacted communities wish to see on behalf of government and agribusiness to protect public health from pesticide exposure and toxins.
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Lemar, Susan. "Control, compulsion and controversy: venereal diseases in Adelaide and Edinburgh 1910-1947." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl548.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 280-305). Argues that despite the liberal use of social control theory in the literature on the social history of venereal diseases, rationale discourses do not necessarily lead to government intervention. Comparative analysis reveals that culturally similar locations can experience similar impulses and constraints to the development of social policy under differing constitutional arrangements.
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Jennings, Reece. "The medical profession and the state in South Australia, 1836-1975 /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MD/09mdj54.pdf.
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Horn, Lynette (Lynette Margaret). "Theories of justice and an HIV/AIDS health care policy for South Africa : a comparative analysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53662.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: On The io" of May 1994 Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the first democratically
elected black president of South Africa. The occasion was regarded, both nationally and
internationally, as a triumph for humanity and perfused with a widespread optimism for the
future of South Africa. Mandela proclaimed in his inaugural speech that "Never, never and
never again shall it be that this beautiful land will experience oppression of one by
another .... The sun shall never set on so glorious an achievement." However, now, less
than 10 years later the rapidly accelerating and devastating HIV/AIDS epidemic is again
'obscuring the sun'. Those people affected so negatively by the racial, economic and
gender injustices of the apartheid past, seem again to be suffering a possible injustice,
because of a health and welfare system that is struggling to meet the needs of the HIV
affected population.
The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the concept of distributive justice in South
Africa, within the context of this devastating epidemic. I begin by discussing the Bill of
Rights in the South African Constitution. I argue that an acceptable framework for a theory
of justice for health care in South Africa, must be worked out against the background of
this egalitarian Bill of Rights. I then consider the extent of the HIV epidemic, the effect it is
having on the people of South Africa and the consequent implications for health care
needs.
It is within this context that I examine and compare three theories of distributive justice,
namely utilitarianism, John Rawls' theory of "Justice as Fairness" and a libertarian concept
of justice, as proposed by Robert Nozick. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory that
focuses on producing the 'greatest happiness for the greatest number'. I argue that many
health policy decisions in South Africa are in fact guided by this principle. However
utilitarianism has both strengths and weaknesses which are critically examined. Within the
framework of health care policy making, utilitarian justice dictates that rights are derivative
and that the welfare of the majority usually takes precedence over the pressing needs of a
minority. This issue in particular is discussed. Rawls' theory of "Justice as fairness" is critically discussed next. This theory has been
adapted to health care by Norman Daniels, who argues that the Rawlsian principle of "fair
equality of opportunity" is a suitable founding principle for health care institutions.
Apartheid entrenched a system of 'inequality of opportunity'. Consequently, a theory that
focuses on equality of opportunity, has many advantages within the South African context.
I examine this theory in detail and provide justification for my assertion that it could be
usefully adapted to South African healthcare and the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Finally, I discuss a Libertarian (Nozickian) theory of justice and examine both the strengths
and weaknesses of this theory. I attempt to demonstrate why a libertarian system, with it
vigorous commitment to moral and economic individualism and belief that one is only
entitled to that share of healthcare that can be paid for, would be unjust, if rigorously
applied within the post-apartheid South African context. I conclude my dissertation by reiterating
my assertion that "Justice as Fair Equality of Opportunity" could be used as a just
foundation for a theory of justice for health care in current day, HIV/AIDS affected South
Africa.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Teorieë van geregtigheid en 'n gesondheidsbeleid vir die VIGS epidemie in Suid
Afrika: 'n vergelykende ontleding.
Op die 10de Mei 1994 is Nelson Mandela ingehuldig as die eerste demokraties verkose
swart president van Suid- Afrika. Die geleentheid is in beide Suid-Afrika en in die buiteland
beskou as 'n oorwinning vir humaniteit. Optimisme oor Suid-Afrika se toekoms was oral
tasbaar. Mandela het in sy inhuldigingstoespraak verkondig dat dit nooit weer sal gebeur
dat hierdie pragtige land sal lyonder die onderdrukking van een oor die ander nie. Hy het
gesê dat die son nooit salondergaan op so 'n wonderlike prestasie nie. Nou, minder as
tien jaar later, is die verwoestende VIGS epidemie besig om weer die 'son te laat
ondergaan'. Dieselffde mense wat alreeds onder apartheid se rasisme en ekonomiese en
geslagsongeregtighede gely het, blyk nou weer verontreg te word; hierde keer omdat die
gesondheids- en welsynsisteem sukkel om in die behoeftes van die VIGS-geaffekteerde
populasie te voorsien.
Die doel van hierdie verhandeling is om die konsep van distributiewe geregtigheid in die
konteks van die dreigende VIGS epidemie te bespreek. Ek begin met 'n bespreking van
die Verklaring van Regte soos vervat in die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet. Ek voer aan dat
enige aanvaarbare teorie oor geregtigheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse gesondheidsisteem
gegrond moet word op hierdie egalitêre Verklaring van Regte. Tweedens kyk ek na die
omvang van die VIGS epidemie, die effek wat dit op die HIV-positiewe populasie en hulle
familielede het, en die gevolglike implikasies vir gesondheidsbehoeftes.
Dit is binne hierdie konteks dat ek drie teorieë van distributiewe geregtigheid ondersoek en
vergelyk; naamlik utilitarisme, John Rawls se teorie van "Justice as Fairness", en 'n
libertynse konsep van geregtigheid soos voorgestel deur Robert Nozick. Utilitarisme is 'n
konsekwensialistise teorie wat beteken dat die regte daad die een is wat in enige situasie
die grootste geluk vir die meeste persone sal meebring. Ek voer aan dat baie van die
beleidsrigtings wat 'n gesondheidsorg in Suid-Afrika gevolg is, deur hierdie teorie
beïnvloed is. Utilitarisme het uiteraard sterk en swak punte en beide kante word krities
ondersoek. In 'n gesondheidsorg konteks beteken utilitarisme dat regte altyd afgelei is en
dat die welsyn van die meerderheid gewoonlik belangriker is as die van 'n minderheid,
selfs wanneer die probleme van die minderheid ernstig en dringend is. Rawls se teorie van geregtigheid word vervolgens krities bespreek. Hierdie teorie is deur
Norman Daniels aangepas vir gesondheidsorg. Hy stel voor dat Rawls se beginsel van
'regverdige gelykheid van geleentheid' baie effektief aangepas kan word vir
gesondheidsorginstellings. Apartheid het 'n sisteem van ongelyke geleentheids verskans;
gevolglik hou 'n teorie wat gelykheid van geleentheid verseker baie voordele vir die Suid-
Afrikanse situasie in. Ek bespreek hierdie teorie in detail en poog om my standpunt dat die
teorie besonder geskik is vir Suid-Afrikaanse gesondheidsisteem - veral in die konteks
van die VIGS epidemie - te regverdig.
Laastens bespreek ek die libertynse teorie van geregtigheid soos voorgestel deur Robert
Nozick. Ek probeer aantoon waarom hierdie teorie, wat gebaseer is op morele en
ekonomiese individualisme en gevolglik aanvoer dat mense geregtig is op gesondheidsorg
alleenlik as hulle daarvoor kan betaal, onregverdig is in die Suid-Afrikaanse post-apartheid
konteks. Ek sluit hierdie. verhandeling af deur weer te argumenteerdat Rawls se teorie en
die beginsel van 'geregtigheid as gelyke geleentheide' uiters geskik is as 'n grondslag vir
gesondheidsorg in Suid-Afrika vandag.
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Palmedo, P. Christopher. "Equality, Trust and Universalism in Europe, Canada and the United States: Implications for Health Care Policy." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1929.
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A number of theoretical explanations seek to describe the factors that have led to the position of the United States as the last industrialized Western nation without a universal health care program. Theories focus on institutional arrangement, historic precedent, and the influence of the private sector and market forces. This study explores another factor: the role of underlying social values. The research examines differences in values among ten European countries, the United States and Canada, and analyzes the associations between the values that have been seen to contribute the individualism-collectivism dynamic in the United States. The hypothesis that equality and generalized trust are positively associated with universalism is only partially true. Equality is positively associated (B = .301, p < .001), while generalized trust is negatively associated with universalism (B = -.052, p < .001). Not only do Americans show lower levels of support for income equality and universalism than Europeans, but the effect of being American holds even after controlling for socio-demographic and religious variables (B = .044, p < .01). When the model tests the association of equality and trust on universalism in each region, it explains approximately 17 percent of the variance of universalism for the United States, and approximately 13 percent in Europe and Canada.
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Khan, Shaghaghi Legrand Richard. "La régulation de l'accès aux médicaments (aspects de droit comparé)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB099.
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Alors que les pays européens font face à des dépenses croissantes en matière de médicaments, la prise en charge d'un nouveau produit de santé par les financeurs publics apparaît comme un enjeu primordial dans le contrôle de ces dépenses. La plupart des pays, comme la France, utilisent alors des listes explicites définissant les produits pris en charge ou non pris en charge par le biais de financements publics. L'idée sous-jacente d'un tel procédé est de concentrer la prise en charge publique sur des produits dits « utiles », c'est-à-dire qui non seulement participent au traitement de pathologies jugées importantes, mais qui se montrent également efficaces et, le cas échéant, les moins onéreux. Si cette idée est simple, l'élaboration en pratique de telles listes reste complexe. La définition des critères adoptés pour déterminer les contours d'un panier de médicaments remboursables ainsi que les méthodes utilisées pour évaluer si un produit répond à ces critères, représentent des enjeux importants pour les décideurs publics et peuvent avoir des répercussions directes sur la qualité et les coûts des prescriptions médicamenteuses. Dans l'absolu, la décision de prendre en charge un médicament peut s'appuyer sur de nombreux critères : efficacité, rapport coût-efficacité, gravité de la pathologie, symptômes traités, impact sur les budgets consacrés à la santé, etc. De plus, les évaluations présentent toute une série de difficultés méthodologiques et techniques auxquelles viennent s'additionner le contexte politique et le pouvoir de négociation des laboratoires pharmaceutiques, qui influencent également les décisions de prise en charge. La présente étude s'organise autour de la présentation de la notion de médicament, des modalités de prise en charge de ces derniers et de la procédure de leur mise sur le marché sous un angle comparé entre le droit français et divers autres systèmes juridiques relevant du cadre communautaire. Une telle analyse soulève certaines interrogations dont la mise en cause du système actuel de régulation des médicaments. À travers ce travail de recherches, il est permis de constater plusieurs défaillances non seulement dans le mécanisme de régulation des dépenses, mais aussi dans le système de prise en charge lui-même. Si la question d'un réajustement de la politique de régulation des médicaments est alors au cœur du débat, des perspectives d'évolution se dessinent néanmoins<br>While the European countries face increasing spending regarding medicine, the coverage of a new product of health by the public financiers appears as an essential stake in the control of these spending. Most of the countries, as France, use then explicit lists defining products taken care or not taken care by means of public financing. The underlying idea of such a process is to concentrate the public coverage on "useful" said products, that is which not only participate in the treatment of pathologies considered important, but which show themselves also effective and, where necessary, the least expensive. If this idea is simple, the elaboration in practice of such lists remains complex. The definition of the criteria adopted to determine the outlines of a basket of refundable medicine as well as the methods used to estimate if a product answers these criteria, represent stakes important for the public decision-makers and can have direct repercussions on the quality and the costs of the medicinal prescriptions. Theoretically, the decision to take care of a medicine can lean on numerous criteria: efficiency, cost efficiency ratio, revolved by the pathology, the handled symptoms, the impact on the budgets dedicated to the health, etc. Furthermore, the evaluations present a whole series of methodological and technical difficulties to which come to add up the political context and the bargaining power of pharmaceutical companies, which also influence the decisions of care. The present study gets organized around the display of the notion of medicine, modalities of care of the latter and the procedure of their launch on the market under a compared angle enter the French and diverse law other legal systems being a matter of the community frame. Such an analysis lifts certain questioning of which the questioning of the current system of regulation of medicine. Through this research work, it is allowed to notice several failures not only in the mechanism of regulation of the spending, but also in the system of care itself. If the question of an adjustment of the policy of regulation of medicine is then at the heart of the debate, perspectives of evolution take shape nevertheless
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Bassetto, Gustavo Xavier. "O idoso e a proteção normativa da saúde." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21127.
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Previous issue date: 2018-04-04<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>This paper analyzes the historical evolution of health and elderly standards, the influence of international events on Brazilian norms, the recognition of the right to health as a fundamental right, the Brazilian health system from the Federal Constitution of 1988, norms the protection of the elderly and their health. The effectiveness of norms for the protection of the rights of the elderly can be determined by indicators from the political matrix and its objectives<br>Este trabalho analisa a evolução histórica das normas de saúde e do idoso, as influências frente aos acontecimentos internacionais nas normas brasileiras, o reconhecimento do direito à saúde como um direito fundamental, o sistema de saúde brasileiro a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, as normas de proteção à pessoa idosa e à sua saúde.
A efetividade das normas de proteção dos direitos da pessoa idosa pode ser apurada por indicadores a partir das matrizes políticas e de seus objetivos
Livres sur le sujet "Medical policy – Social aspects – Germany"
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Usborne, Cornelie. The politics of the body in Weimar Germany: Women's reproductive rights and duties. University of Michigan Press, 1992.
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Usborne, Cornelie. The politics of the body in Weimar Germany: Women's reproductive rights and duties. Macmillan, 1992.
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Medienlebensstile zwischen Informationselite und Unterhaltungsproletariat: Wissensungleichheiten durch die differentielle Nutzung von Printmedien, Fernsehen, Computer und Internet. New York, 2000.
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1945-, Anderson R. E., ed. The autopsy: Medical practice and public policy. Butterworths, 1988.
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Organization, Policy Studies, ed. Biomedical policy. Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1995.
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Jansen, Brigitte E. S. Legal, ethical, social aspects of public health care in Europe and beyond: Croatia, Japan, Portugal and Turkey. AVM, 2010.
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Green, Judith. Analysing health policy: Sociological approaches. Addison Wesley Longman, 1998.
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Public health policies and social inequality. New York University Press, 1998.
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Simon, Biggs, and Phillipson Chris, eds. Social theory, social policy and ageing: A critical introduction. Open University Press, 2003.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Medical policy – Social aspects – Germany"
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Andersson, Ragnar, and Thomas Gell. "Vision Zero on Fire Safety." In The Vision Zero Handbook. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_44.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractSince 2010, Sweden has a Vision Zero policy on fire safety: no one should die or be seriously injured as a result of fire. Compared to the traffic safety model, however, the preconditions for successful implementation appear more immature and less convincing in the fire area. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate, using the Vision Zero policy on fire safety as an example, how a Vision Zero initiative in a new area, where the conditions for governance may differ significantly from the area of inspiration, can be dealt with as a dynamic process to gradually establish credibility and effectiveness.Globally, fire is a significant cause of death and injury. The general trend is toward a slow decline, especially among middle-income and high-income countries. The decline may be due to successful fire safety efforts, but also to other conditions affecting it indirectly. Both risk-increasing and risk-reducing factors determine fire safety. Risk increasing factors include an ageing population, an increasing diversity of possible ignition sources, and a change in the composition and amount of combustible materials present in our homes. The risk-reducing factors include generally favorable socioeconomic and technological developments, including concrete societal actions directed against fire risks such as the promotion of smoke detectors and sprinkler systems.Fire safety is one of the oldest documented examples of societal risk management. City planning and construction were early influenced by fire safety considerations, while in contrast, the legal responsibility for residential fire safety has largely remained a private and individual matter. The situation is similar to the one that for long prevailed in the traffic sector, that is, the primary responsibility rests with the system’s users, not with its designers.The launch of the Vision Zero on fire safety in 2010 represented a clear boost in ambition. Along with the vision, a strategy intended to guide the work toward the visionary goal was also presented. The strategy included four items: information, technical solutions, local collaboration, and evaluation/research. Several actions were taken in line with the strategy, including a significant research effort and the development of a set of indicators to monitor progress.Ten years later, the research effort has brought new knowledge that puts previous perceptions into partly new light. The notion that survival depends on the individual’s personal capacities is strengthened. Adverse outcomes such as death and serious injury appear mainly linked to specific vulnerabilities of certain groups for medical and social reasons. Most fires are handled by the residents themselves without injuries and without assistance from Rescue Services; on the other hand, even minor fires can be fatal for vulnerable residents. This turns the problem framing toward social aspects rather than technical, since broad groups of residents lack the capacities needed, conflicting with the prevailing view that the individual should bear the primary responsibility.Other findings relate to the proven inefficiency of certain measures for groups at elevated risk and the need for re-thinking and innovations to meet the challenges ahead. This includes extended inter-sectoral collaboration on a broader spectrum of residential risks besides fire, threatening the same groups for similar social and medical reasons.This updated state of knowledge is now being used as a basis for renewing current national fire safety strategies. With reference to general principles of systems control, this chapter will discuss obstacles and challenges to establish a more robust and systematic national control of the fire problem in line with the Vision Zero policy. The appropriateness of launching Vision Zero policies in fields that are not yet ripe for systematic governance is also discussed. It is concluded that a Vision Zero initiative can still be meaningful and successfully pursued, provided that limitations in the ability to influence crucial elements in the system are openly identified and systematically addressed in a process in which strategical and policy developments interact with research and innovation.
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Andersson, Ragnar, and Thomas Gell. "Vision Zero on Fire Safety." In The Vision Zero Handbook. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_44-1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractSince 2010, Sweden has a Vision Zero policy on fire safety: no one should die or be seriously injured as a result of fire. Compared to the traffic safety model, however, the preconditions for successful implementation appear more immature and less convincing in the fire area. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate, using the Vision Zero policy on fire safety as an example, how a Vision Zero initiative in a new area, where the conditions for governance may differ significantly from the area of inspiration, can be dealt with as a dynamic process to gradually establish credibility and effectiveness.Globally, fire is a significant cause of death and injury. The general trend is toward a slow decline, especially among middle-income and high-income countries. The decline may be due to successful fire safety efforts, but also to other conditions affecting it indirectly. Both risk-increasing and risk-reducing factors determine fire safety. Risk increasing factors include an ageing population, an increasing diversity of possible ignition sources, and a change in the composition and amount of combustible materials present in our homes. The risk-reducing factors include generally favorable socioeconomic and technological developments, including concrete societal actions directed against fire risks such as the promotion of smoke detectors and sprinkler systems.Fire safety is one of the oldest documented examples of societal risk management. City planning and construction were early influenced by fire safety considerations, while in contrast, the legal responsibility for residential fire safety has largely remained a private and individual matter. The situation is similar to the one that for long prevailed in the traffic sector, that is, the primary responsibility rests with the system’s users, not with its designers.The launch of the Vision Zero on fire safety in 2010 represented a clear boost in ambition. Along with the vision, a strategy intended to guide the work toward the visionary goal was also presented. The strategy included four items: information, technical solutions, local collaboration, and evaluation/research. Several actions were taken in line with the strategy, including a significant research effort and the development of a set of indicators to monitor progress.Ten years later, the research effort has brought new knowledge that puts previous perceptions into partly new light. The notion that survival depends on the individual’s personal capacities is strengthened. Adverse outcomes such as death and serious injury appear mainly linked to specific vulnerabilities of certain groups for medical and social reasons. Most fires are handled by the residents themselves without injuries and without assistance from Rescue Services; on the other hand, even minor fires can be fatal for vulnerable residents. This turns the problem framing toward social aspects rather than technical, since broad groups of residents lack the capacities needed, conflicting with the prevailing view that the individual should bear the primary responsibility.Other findings relate to the proven inefficiency of certain measures for groups at elevated risk and the need for re-thinking and innovations to meet the challenges ahead. This includes extended inter-sectoral collaboration on a broader spectrum of residential risks besides fire, threatening the same groups for similar social and medical reasons.This updated state of knowledge is now being used as a basis for renewing current national fire safety strategies. With reference to general principles of systems control, this chapter will discuss obstacles and challenges to establish a more robust and systematic national control of the fire problem in line with the Vision Zero policy. The appropriateness of launching Vision Zero policies in fields that are not yet ripe for systematic governance is also discussed. It is concluded that a Vision Zero initiative can still be meaningful and successfully pursued, provided that limitations in the ability to influence crucial elements in the system are openly identified and systematically addressed in a process in which strategical and policy developments interact with research and innovation.
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"Clinical aspects of medical and social support for patients with alcohol intoxication in medical emergency care department." In Drug Cultures and Policy in Germany, Central Asia and China. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748914037-59.
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Eissel, Dieter. "2. Social and Economic Aspects of Tax Policy in Germany." In Tax Justice and the Political Economy of Global Capitalism, 1945 to the Present. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780857458827-004.
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Baldwin, Peter. "Th e Rest of the Welfare State." In The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
If We Turn to Other forms of Social Policy, how does the United States care for its old, its poor, its unemployed, and its disabled? Here, most outcomes place the United States in the lower half of the spectrum, but within European norms and standards. The primary weakness of American social policy is its reluctance to deal resolutely with poverty. If we measure outcomes before redistribution, the United States starts with an economy that produces less poverty than most European nations. According to one calculation, only Finland and the Netherlands have lower “natural” poverty rates. But after taxes, social benefits, and other mechanisms of redistribution have worked their magic, the American poverty rate (as measured relatively, i.e., as a fraction of median income) is higher than anywhere in Western Europe. We will come back in more detail to the question of poverty and inequality. In what one might call the middle-class entitlement aspects of the welfare state, however, America is less of an anomaly. As is widely known, the American state is more modest in size and scope than its European peers. Yet as an employer of civil servants, it ranks in the middle of the European scale (figure 50). France and Finland employ proportionately more civil servants, but at least five other countries, including Germany, hire fewer. Correspondingly, the percentage of America’s GDP spent on government employee salaries is higher than in six of the nations we are examining. The size of the American state, as measured by government expenditure as a percentage of GDP, also fits into the European span. Ireland and Switzerland spend less (figure 51). For most social policies and benefits— which together make up what is usually called the welfare state—the picture is analogous: the United States ranks low, but within the bottom half of the European spectrum. All figures given here and elsewhere (unless otherwise indicated) are phrased in internationally comparable terms. Sometimes this means benefits rates are measured as a percentage of median income, allowing a sense of what proportion of a standard of living is maintained. Sometimes they are calculated in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms, which means that differences between the cost of living in poorer and richer nations have been factored in.
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"Some Aspects of Social Policy in Britain during the Second World War." In The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany 1850–1950, edited by J. Harris. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429461095-14.
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Shugart, Matthew S., Matthew E. Bergman, Cory L. Struthers, Ellis S. Krauss, and Robert J. Pekkanen. "Germany." In Party Personnel Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897053.003.0005.
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This chapter tests the book’s premises on a case of mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) representation, using the case of legislative committees in the Bundestag of Germany. Its results cover the two largest parties, the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party. German parties should have a strong tendency to use the expertise model, because the MMP system means that votes cast anywhere in the country are of approximately equal value in maximizing seats. Thus, parties are able to emphasize their national reputation for policy, for which matching the expertise of their personnel to committee function is valuable. The MMP system also creates local single-seat districts in which nearly half of members are elected. Thus, aspects of the electoral–constituency model also should apply, as parties seek to develop connections to constituencies through local and personal vote of their legislators. The results offer strong support for the premises of the theory.
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Cohen, Shana, and Jan-Jonathan Bock. "Introduction: social activism, belonging and citizenship in a period of crisis." In Austerity, Community Action, and the Future of Citizenship. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447331032.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the books and the individual chapters, which were written by both academics and practitioners in the field in Germany and the UK. The book reflects an interest in democracy and, more pointedly, in how to express and practice citizenship, particularly in relation to helping others and generating a physical and social space for individual belonging. The book builds a narrative of how policy has failed to account for social belonging and, likewise, provide a framework for social solidarity in welfare reform though in practice the experience of belonging seems critical for instigating changes in individual behaviour and self-confidence. Part I: The Social Consequences of Welfare Policy examines policy attempts to address related aspects of poverty and consolidate a social role for the state through specified responsibilities, whether through providing health services, unemployment insurance, or other benefits. Part II: The Practice of Social Good is comprised of practitioner case studies. The section shows how grassroots activism translates abstract notions of a just society fashioned by policymakers. Part III: Social Change and Neoliberalism returns to the presentation of academic research and Part IV: Situating Solidarity in Perspective continues providing a critical platform to discuss the meaning of citizenship.
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Patashnik, Eric. "Paying for Medicare: Benefits, Budgets, and Wilbur Mills’s Policy Legacy." In Governing America. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691150734.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the origins and consequences of Medicare's peculiar bifurcated structure, focusing on the role played by former House Ways and Means Committee chair Wilbur D. Mills. It shows that fiscal conservatism has been no less central to Medicare than the commitment to social insurance principles. The chapter first reviews the scholarly literature on Medicare finance and welfare state before discussing the logic of Mills's financing design. Three aspects of Medicare's legislative design are analyzed: the financing scheme chosen for Hospital Insurance; the financing scheme chosen for Supplementary Medical Insurance; and why Medicare's financing came to be divided in the first place. The chapter concludes with an assessment of recent Medicare reform proposals that featured competing financing approaches.
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Jović, Željko. "IZAZOVI FUNKCIONISANJA ZDRAVSTVENIH SISTEMA I ZDRAVSTVENIH OSIGURANJA U POSTCOVID ERI." In PRAVNI I DRUŠTVENI ASPEKTI VAKCINACIJE TOKOM PANDEMIJE KOVIDA 19 = LEGAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF VACCINATION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Institute of Comparative Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56461/zr_22.cov19vak.05.
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In the period before the Covid-19 pandemic, it seemed that the health and insurance sys- tems of developed countries were extremely stable, functional and largely humanely organized. Constant investments in the field of health, the progress of medical research gave the impres- sion of certainty and faith that health would be one of the most valuable categories of human- ity in the future. The importance of health even reached the point that the election results, for example, in the USA in the second half of the 21st century, depended to a large extent on the health program policy. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has completely refuted these views and pointed to significant omissions, inflexibility, and even corruption when it comes to health insurance and the organization of health systems. Namely, the crisis has shown that in the EU there is no satisfactory cooperation between health systems and insurance of EU members, sufficient information of citizens about the rights and possibilities of cross-border health care, as well as clear legal form of using medical services outside the territory of the domicile state. The members of the EU, as well as those outside of it in Europe, each became well-fortified bastions where common European values almost did not exist. Everyone fought individually as he knew and was able. The situation was no better in the USA either, where the values of the famous “Obamacare” (entered into force in 2014 and introduced mandatory health insur- ance for the majority of US residents) were completely destroyed. Small and medium-sized companies began to suffer the greatest pressure, which, due to insolvency, were late in paying their employees’ health insurance, and in the middle of 2021, as many as 64% of employers in the USA reduced their health insurance coverage. As for the situation in the Republic of Ser- bia, the pandemic has shown that our health system is not as weak as we are ready to assess it. Although there is no connection between the state and private health sectors, the pandemic has shown all the flexibility and, under the circumstances, good organization. The credit goes mostly to the medical staff, who showed incredible sacrifice to keep the health system function- ing. All this shows the absence of a global defense strategy against challenges that can threaten health and the human population. The world is completely unprepared to adequately resist the challenges that pandemics like Covid-19 can bring.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Medical policy – Social aspects – Germany"
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Činčurak Erceg, Biljana, Aleksandra Vasilj, and Aleksandra Perković. "FIT FOR 55 – DOES IT FIT ALL? AIR AND RAIL TRANSPORT AFTER COVID – 19 PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22411.
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The main principle of sustainability means being able to meet the needs of today’s society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development implies the interdependence of its main components: society, economy, and ecology. The prosperity of a society depends on economic progress and the development of new technologies, but in a way that the natural environment is protected and preserved. This concept is inextricably linked to the concept of ecology and, consequently, to all types of transport, given that transport is considered one of the main pollutants of the ecosystem. Due to its rapid development through history, and as the youngest and safest type of transport, air transport is particularly subjected to the environmental impact assessment. At the same time, air transport affects the global economy due to its connection with other sectors, which in turn enables faster mobility of people, services, and goods. This was especially evident with the increased need for faster medical supplies and protective equipment delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. The European Union’s transport policy is geared towards sustainable development by linking all environmental and social goals in a balanced way. Considering the negative long-term impact of COVID-19 on the air transportation sector, the question posed in this paper is whether this can be done in an appropriate way. As part of the European Green Deal, the “Fit for 55” package is a set of proposals to revise and update EU legislation with the purpose of introducing new initiatives regarding the climate goals agreed by the Council and the European Parliament. Regarding air transport, the emphasis is on contributing to reducing CO2 emissions and noise pollution and their impact on other sectors and competitiveness. The EU Commission White Paper: “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system” emphasizes that the EU aviation industry should become a frontrunner in the use of low-carbon fuels to reach the set targets, as well as that the majority of medium-distance passenger transport should go by rail by 2050. There are also initiatives that aviation taxes should subsidize high-speed rail (HSR), which potentially may cause a decrease in the air transport and benefit an increase the rail transport. The paper will also address the questions as to whether existing legislation, measures, and proposals are appropriate, considering that aviation is one of the industry sectors that is most affected by COVID-19 and could be most affected by the “Fit for 55” package, as well what impact this duopoly might have on the market for travel served by air transport. Does really “Fit for 55” fit air transport?
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Liu, Chengcheng. "Strategies on healthy urban planning and construction for challenges of rapid urbanization in China." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/subf4944.
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In the past 40 years, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization development in the world. The infrastructure, urban environment and medical services of cities have been improved significantly. The health impacts are manifested in the decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases and the significant increase of the life span of residents. However, the development of urbanization in China has also created many problems, including the increasing pollution of urban environment such as air, water and soil, the disorderly spread of urban construction land, the fragmentation of natural ecological environment, dense population, traffic congestion and so on. With the process of urbanization and motorization, the lifestyle of urban population has changed, and the disease spectrum and the sequence of death causes have changed. Chronic noncommunicable diseases have replaced acute infectious diseases and become the primary threat to urban public health. According to the data published by the famous medical journal The LANCET on China's health care, the economic losses caused by five major non-communicable diseases (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) will reach US$23 trillion between 2012 and 2030, more than twice the total GDP of China in 2015 (US$11.7 trillion). Therefore, China proposes to implement the strategy of "Healthy China" and develop the policy of "integrating health into ten thousand strategies". Integrate health into the whole process of urban and rural planning, construction and governance to form a healthy, equitable and accessible production and living environment. China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. The main strategies from national system design to local planning are as follows. First of all, the top-level design of the country. There are two main points: one point, the formulation of the Healthy China 2030 Plan determines the first batch of 38 pilot healthy cities and practices the strategy of healthy city planning; the other point, formulate and implement the national health city policy and issue the National Healthy City. The evaluation index system evaluates the development of local work from five aspects: environment, society, service, crowd and culture, finds out the weak links in the work in time, and constantly improves the quality of healthy city construction. Secondly, the reform of territorial spatial planning. In order to adapt to the rapid development of urbanization, China urban plan promote the reform of spatial planning system, change the layout of spatial planning into the fine management of space, and promote the sustainable development of cities. To delimit the boundary line of urban development and the red line of urban ecological protection and limit the disorderly spread of urban development as the requirements of space control. The bottom line of urban environmental quality and resource utilization are studied as capacity control and environmental access requirements. The grid management of urban built environment and natural environment is carried out, and the hierarchical and classified management unit is determined. Thirdly, the practice of special planning for local health and medical distribution facilities. In order to embody the equity of health services, including health equity, equity of health services utilization and equity of health resources distribution. For the elderly population, vulnerable groups and patients with chronic diseases, the layout of community health care facilities and intelligent medical treatment are combined to facilitate the "last kilometer" service of health care. Finally, urban repair and ecological restoration design are carried out. From the perspective of people-oriented, on the basis of studying the comfortable construction of urban physical environment, human behavior and the characteristics of human needs, to tackle "urban diseases" and make up for "urban shortboard". China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. Committed to the realization of a constantly developing natural and social environment, and can continue to expand social resources, so that people can enjoy life and give full play to their potential to support each other in the city.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Medical policy – Social aspects – Germany"
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.
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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries