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This is a case from the Kidney section of Genitourinary Imaging Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.

This is a case from the Second Trimester section of Ultrasound. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.

Millions of children worldwide are involved in organized sports. In the United States alone, an estimated 38 million children are involved in agency sponsored programmes, such as U.S. Youth Soccer, Little League Baseball, and Pop Warner football.1,2 Survey data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that ∼56% of U.S. high school students participate in at least one school or community-based sports team annually, with just over 38% of U.S. children between the ages of 9–13 years participating in sport or an organized physical activity of some kind.3,4

Chapter 37 is an introduction to Chapter 38, which covers the ratio of science to activism in the shaping of autism, and includes discussion about the DSM, looping effects, philosophy, activism, the Internet, and the “internal” and the “external” factors that have shaped autism.

Introduction 36Indications for a detailed cardiac scan 38• The incidence of structural CHD is 8:1000 live births, in practical counselling the figure often used is 1%.• This figure is higher in the prenatal population and cardiac diagnoses are biased towards:• More complicated lesions....

Chapter 39 is a commentary on Chapter 38, which covers the ratio of science to activism in the shaping of autism, and includes discussion about the DSM, looping effects, philosophy, activism, the Internet, the “internal” and the “external” factors that have shaped autism. It also offers an alternative perspective on the shaping of autism and other psychiatric disorders.

The landmark paper discussed in this chapter, published by Bach et al. in 1988 is a Danish paper that describes a study where patients who were to undergo lower-limb amputation received either preventive, preoperative epidural analgesia for 72 hours before the amputation, or systemic analgesia. At 6 and 12 months post-operatively, all patients in the epidural group were pain free, while 38% and 27%, respectively, in the control group had phantom limb pain. The study has been criticized for a number of points including the pseudorandomization by year of birth, the lack of any blinding, and the small number of patients used in the study (only 25 patients overall).

Adjustment disorder is the most common psychiatric diagnosis in the armed forces, with a prevalence of 25–38% in those seen in the military psychiatric services, although PTSD has received far more attention in that setting. The military environment is characterized not just by the risk of exposure to major stressors during deployments, but also by a disciplined environment in which individuals lose some of their abilities to make choices regarding their environment or changes in their social milieu. It is also characterized by stoical attitudes that discourage displays of mental suffering. Young people, removed from the buffering effects of social support in their home environment, may not find alternative sources of confiding support readily available. Problem-solving and stress management strategies are the current main ingredients of management, and the condition carries a good prognosis for a return to work. However, there is a paucity of published research work.

This book explores 38 cases about headache and facial pain. In this edition, several scenarios that seem less important or less problematic as a result of new developments in the field have been eliminated. In addition, cases dealing with issues that were not included in the first edition have been added, and the rest of the cases have been revised and updated. The volume is divided into four sections that cover the typical ground for head and face pain consultation: Diagnostic Questions; Treatment Questions; Questions Related to Special Populations; and Prognostic, Social, and Legal Issues. Diagnostic reasoning is presented along the lines of the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Moreover, a list of key clinical points appears at the end of each case discussion, followed by a list of suggested articles or chapters for those interested in doing further reading on the subject.

This section provides key knowledge on the pathogenesis and natural history of epididymitis and scrotal abscess, as well as providing a framework for the assessment, investigation, and management of patients presenting with these conditions. The information provided links to the knowledge and clinical skills requirement of Intermediate stage topics ‘Urinary Tract Infection’ and ‘Emergency Urology’, within the syllabus of the United Kingdom (UK) Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Project (ISCP) Urology Curriculum (https://www.iscp.ac.uk/). There is a lack of data concerning the incidence and prevalence of these conditions. Previous estimates from UK general practice suggested incidence rates of epididymo-orchitis of 38/10,000 male person-years. A recent study of first presentations of epididymo-orchitis in UK general practice has reported a lower incidence of 21/10,000 male person-years in 2007. However, the true figure is likely to be higher, given that many patients will present directly to urgent care facilities.

Chapter 38 covers how the “internal” and the “external” factors that have shaped autism substantially overlap. Autism activists have done much of the shaping, and not scientific inquiry—except that for a critical period in the shaping of autism, many of the scientists were also activists. The most influential and effective experts were often involved in autism in their personal lives. That is, many of those who have shaped our current concept of autism have been PCA—personally connected to an autistic person. Other themes explored in this essay include: (1) the increasingly popular “neurodiversity movement” that contends that autism and related disorders reflect “just a difference”, not a disorder; (2) the substantial impact of the Internet on shaping autism (“Autism lives on the Internet”); and (3) a discussion of the “unparalleled efficacy of autism advocates.” The recent history of autism is viewed in this chapter through the lens of Hacking’s broader “Making up People Project.”

The prevalence of mood disorders in patients with cancer is uncertain in oncological, hematological, and palliative care settings because most studies have relied on depression symptom-screen methods rather than diagnostic instruments. Mitchell et al aimed to quantify the prevalence of mood disorders in studies where mood disorders were diagnosed by interview. Twenty-four palliative studies (n = 4,007) and 70 oncological and hematological studies (n = 10,071) were included in this meta-analysis of interview-based studies. The prevalence of depression was 24.6% and 20.7%, depression or adjustment disorder 24.7 and 31.6%, and all types of mood disorders 29% and 38%, respectively. There were no correlates of depression including age, gender, or palliative versus nonpalliative settings. Interview-defined mood disorders is less common in patients with cancer than reported previously (30%–40% prevalence) without a difference between palliative and nonpalliative care settings. Clinicians should remain attentive for all mood complications, not just depression.

This chapter presents a list of empirically based principles of therapeutic change that was revised from the one published in this book’s previous volume. The chapter describes the ways in which the original list was modified, and how an extensive review of scientific literature led to the identification of 38 principles clustered into 5 categories: client prognostic principles, treatment/provider moderating principles, client process principles, therapy relationship principles, and therapist intervention principles. This chapter concludes with two appendices. The first is a glossary of terms featured in the list of principles. The second is a list of references that provided empirical support for each principle retained in the list.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemic has particularly affected the poorest regions of the world. HIV can directly or indirectly affect different aspects of renal function, and results in a variable expression of kidney disease.Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in approximately 20% of hospitalized patients. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) amongst HIV-infected patients is reported at 3.5–38% in different regions of the world. The complex interplay between the pheno- and/or genotypic variants of the virus, the genetic make-up of the host, and environmental factors determine the clinical manifestations of renal disease. The association of APOL1 gene variants G1 and G2 with the risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis explains the high frequency of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) in populations of black ethnicity.Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is effective in preventing progression of HIVAN. Some of the drugs used in ART regimens are potentially nephrotoxic and require dose adjustment or even avoidance in CKD. Progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in HIVAN has been reported to correlate with the extent of chronic damage quantified by renal biopsy.HIV-infected patients requiring dialysis, who are stable on ART, are achieving survival rates comparable to those of non-HIV dialysis populations. Similarly, HIV infection does not seem to adversely affect patient and graft survival rates after kidney transplantation, and there has been no increase in the prevalence of opportunistic infections in transplant recipients on effective ART.

Positive body image entails appreciating, loving, respecting, nurturing, protecting, and seeing beauty in the body regardless of its consistency with media appearance ideals. Embodiment reflects a connection between the mind and the body, which have a continual dialectical relationship with the world, and includes positive body connection, body agency and functionality, attuned self-care, positive experiences with body desires, and living in the body as a subjective rather than objectified site. This 38-chapter handbook reviews current knowledge of positive body image and embodiment, as well as future directions for work in these areas, which will be useful for mental health researchers, practitioners, advocates, and activists. Nine chapters review constructs that represent the positive ways we live in our bodies: experiences of embodiment, body appreciation, body functionality, body image flexibility, broad conceptualization of beauty, mindful attunement, intuitive eating, attunement with exercise, and attuned sexuality. Fifteen chapters speak to how we can cultivate positive body image and embodiment by expanding physical freedom (mindful movement, personal safety, connection to agency and desire); mental freedom (resisting objectification, stigma, media images, and gender-related molds); and social power (within families, peers, support systems, and online contexts). Last, 14 chapters address novel ways we can enhance positive body image and embodiment through individual and social interventions that focus on compassion, acceptance, emotional regulation, mindfulness, social justice, movement (yoga), cognitive dissonance, media literacy, and public health and policy initiatives.

This book aims to create a new venue for evidence-based practice in psychotherapy—a venue that goes beyond the traditional and unidirectional dissemination of research, whereby clinicians are typically viewed as passive recipients of scientific findings. In contrast, this book is the result of an active, intense, and bidirectional collaboration of psychotherapy researchers and practitioners. Based on an extensive review of literature, it first offers a list of 38 empirically based principles of change that are clustered within five categories: client prognostic, treatment/provider moderating, client process, therapeutic relationship, and therapist interventions. It then illustrates the expertise of six therapists from diverse theoretical orientations who describe how they implement each of these principles with specific cases of depression and anxiety disorders (with or without substance abuse or personality disorder). The book also includes exchanges between researchers and clinicians on several issues regarding the current list of principles of change, such as how similarly and differently they are addressed or used across a variety of treatments, how helpful they can be in clinical routine (and/or under which situations they may not be clinically valid), how they may be combined for particular purposes (such as teaching and training), and how the list can be expanded to guide future research based on clinicians’ observations and reflections. This book is an attempt to advance psychotherapy by having researchers and clinicians share their unique and yet complementary knowledge. It also lays the foundations for further collaborations and partnerships between different stakeholders in mental health services.

The use of non-prescription drugs is widespread and has a major impact on the health of the individual user and society. In 2006, the British Crime Survey reported that 10% of adults had used one or more illicit drugs in the preceding year, with 3% reporting using a Class A drug. Over 11 million people in the UK are estimated to have used an illicit drug at least once in their lifetime (35%). Drugs abused vary in their intrinsic potential to cause addiction and, with it, more regular and harmful use. Drug users are influenced by trends and fashions, adopting new compounds such as crack cocaine and experimenting with routes of ingestion. Some drugs may become less popular over time, such as LSD, while others, such as cannabis, experience a revival as more potent strains (e.g. Skunk) are developed. A problem drug user is best defined as a person whose drug taking is no longer controlled or undertaken for recreational purposes and where drugs have become a more essential element of the individual’s life. The true economic and social cost of drug use is likely to be substantially greater than the published figures, which are derived from a variety of health and crime surveys which may overlook vulnerable groups such as the homeless. The majority of non-prescription drugs used in the UK are illegal and covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The drugs most commonly abused gave rise in 2003–4 to an estimated financial cost in England and Wales of 15.4 billion pounds to the economy, with Class A drugs such as heroin and cocaine accounting for the majority of this. Some 90% of the cost is due to drug-related crime, with only 3% (£488 million) due to health service expenditure, which is mainly spent on inpatient care episodes. This still represents a major health pressure, which in 2006–7 amounted to 38 000 admissions, in England, for primary and secondary drug-related mental or behavioural problems, and over 10 000 admissions recorded for drug poisoning. Clinicians in all specialities can expect to encounter harmful drug use, especially those working in primary care, A & E, and psychiatric services. Presenting problems are protean, ranging from mood disorders, delirium, and psychosis to sepsis, malnutrition, and hepatitis. Blood-borne infections such as hepatitis C and HIV are widespread, as contaminated needles and syringes are shared by up to a quarter of problem drug users. Even smoking drugs such as crack cocaine can lead to increased transmission of hepatitis C through oral ulceration and contact with hot contaminated smoking pipes. Amongst the UK population, over half of IV drug users have hepatitis C, a quarter have antibodies to hepatitis B, and, by 2006, 4662 had been diagnosed with HIV. Non-prescription drug abuse is a leading cause of death and morbidity amongst the young adult population (those aged 16–35). In 2006 there were 1573 deaths where the underlying cause was poisoning, drug abuse, or dependence on substances controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act. The vast majority (79%) were male. Young men, in particular, are at greater risk of violent death through associated criminal activity such as drug supplying and from deliberate and accidental overdose. The male-to-female ratio for deaths associated with mental and behavioural disorder is 6:1.