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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « MD-2 »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 9 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "MD-2"

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Visintin, Alberto, Dimitar B. Iliev, Brian G. Monks, Kristen A. Halmen et Douglas T. Golenbock. « MD-2 ». Immunobiology 211, no 6-8 (septembre 2006) : 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2006.05.010.

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Madsen, Karen. « MD-2 ». Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 17, no 6 (juin 2011) : 1436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21485.

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Choi, Soo-Ho, Jungsu Kim, Ayelet Gonen, Suganya Viriyakosol et Yury I. Miller. « MD-2 binds cholesterol ». Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 470, no 4 (février 2016) : 877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.126.

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Gitlin, Melvin C., et Marcos FeBornstein. « Opinion #2 : Melvin C. Gitlin, MD, and Marcos FeBornstein, MD ». Pain Medicine 2, no 3 (septembre 2001) : 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4637.2001.01036-3.x.

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Gitlin, Melvin C., et Marcos FeBornstein. « Opinion #2 : Melvin C. Gitlin, MD, and Marcos FeBornstein, MD ». Pain Medicine 2, no 3 (7 juillet 2008) : 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2001.1036-3.x.

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Hamaty, Daniel. « Opinion #2 : Daniel Hamaty, MD ». Pain Medicine 3, no 2 (juin 2002) : 170.1–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4637.2002.02021_3.x.

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Gordin, Vitaly. « Opinion #2 : Vitaly Gordin, MD ». Pain Medicine 3, no 4 (décembre 2002) : 350.1–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4637.2002.02049_3.x.

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Villarreal, Armando. « Opinion #2 : Armando Villarreal, MD ». Pain Medicine 4, no 3 (septembre 2003) : 297.1–297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03026_3.x.

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Divanovic, Senad, Aurelien Trompette, Sowsan F. Atabani, Rajat Madan, Douglas T. Golenbock, Alberto Visintin, Robert W. Finberg et al. « Inhibition of TLR-4/MD-2 signaling by RP105/MD-1 ». Journal of Endotoxin Research 11, no 6 (1 décembre 2005) : 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/096805105x67300.

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Divanovic, Senad, Aurelien Trompette, Sowsan F. Atabani, Rajat Madan, Douglas T. Golenbock, Alberto Visintin, Robert W. Finberg et al. « Inhibition of TLR-4/MD-2 signaling by RP105/MD-1 ». Journal of Endotoxin Research 11, no 6 (décembre 2005) : 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09680519050110061201.

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Thèses sur le sujet "MD-2"

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Divanovic, Senad. « Negative Regulation of TLR4/MD-2 Signaling by RP105/MD-1 ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1124119013.

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Walsh, Catherine Margaret. « Contributions of equine TLR4 and MD-2 to Lipid A discrimination ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612193.

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Chokbunpiam, Tadija, Rungroi Chanajaree, Oraphan Saengsawang, Siegfried Fritzsche, Christian Chmelik, Wolfhard Janke, Jürgen Caro, Tawun Remsungnen et Supot Hannongbua. « Diffusion and adsorption of N 2 and C 2 H 6 in ZIF-8 MD and MC simulations ». Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-183054.

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Chokbunpiam, Tadija, Rungroi Chanajaree, Oraphan Saengsawang, Siegfried Fritzsche, Christian Chmelik, Wolfhard Janke, Jürgen Caro, Tawun Remsungnen et Supot Hannongbua. « Diffusion and adsorption of N 2 and C 2 H 6 in ZIF-8 MD and MC simulations ». Diffusion fundamentals 20 (2013) 47, S. 1-2, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13619.

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ZAFFARONI, LENNY. « Production of recombinant human MD-2 and development of protein-ligand binding assays for the characterization of new TLR4 modulators ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/207343.

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Il toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) rappresenta un mediatore centrale dell’immunità innata ed adattativa in mammiferi. L’attivazione di TLR4 in risposta al lipopolisaccaride (LPS) batterico induce un rapido innesco di processi pro-infiammatori essenziali per una risposta immunitaria ottimale. L’attivazione di TLR4 mediata da LPS è un meccanismo che coinvolge la partecipazione di diverse proteine e culmina con la formazione del complesso attivato (TLR4/MD-2/LPS)2. MD-2 è il co-rettore di TLR4, e svolge un importante ruolo nell’interazione con LPS e la susseguente dimerizzazione del TLR4. MD-2 è la componente che interagisce con il ligando (LPS) nel complesso recettoriale TLR4/MD-2. Il legame di LPS al complesso TLR4/MD-2 induce la dimerizzazione del TLR4; mentre gli antagonisti del TLR4 sono in grado di legare il complesso TLR4/MD-2 ma non inducono la dimerizzazione del TLR4. L’attivazione non regolata del TLR4 è correlata ad un’ampia serie di problematiche prive di un trattamento farmacologico specifico. Esse includono disordini autoimmuni, infiammazione cronica, allergie, asma, infezioni e malattie del sistema nervoso centrale, cancro, e setticemia. L’inibizione del TLR4 tramite l’uso di piccole molecole sintetiche o naturali può quindi rappresentare una via per lo sviluppo di nuove terapie contro questa vasta gamma di problematiche. Questa tesi è parte di un studio originale di relazione struttura-attività (SAR) svolto su glicolipidi monosaccaridici sintetici nel contesto della modulazione del TLR4. In particolare, essa si focalizza sulla caratterizzazione del legame in vitro di nuovi glicolipidi monosaccaridici sintetici con il recettore MD-2 purificato. Per gli studi di interazione la proteina MD-2 umana (hMD-2) purificata e funzionale è stata espressa in cellule di lievito. Due diversi sistemi di espressione per la produzione di hMD-2 ricombinante sono stati testati: mammifero (HEK293T) e cellule di lievito (Pichia pastoris). La purificazione di hMD-2 da lievito è stata ottimizzata ottenendo una concentrazione finale di hMD-2 purificato di 30 μM. Per confrontare l’attività biologica di hMD-2 espresso nei diversi microorganismi è stato sviluppato un ELISA. hMD-2 da cellule di mammifero ha ottenuto l’attività biologica più elevata, seguito da hMD-2 espresso in P. pastoris. hMD-2 da E. coli ha ottenuto l’attività biologica più bassa dei tre. Date le rese più elevate di purificazione in lievito, hMD-2 espresso in P. Pastoris è stato utilizzato nei quattro diversi tipi di esperimenti di legame per studiare l’affinità di molecole naturali e sintetiche. I test di legame comprendono due ELISA con hMD-2 immobilizzato, un saggio fluorescente di spiazzamento, e misure di risonanza plasmonica di superficie (SPR). I due test ELISA sono basati su: i) spiazzamento dose-dipendente di un anticorpo da hMD-2 immobilizzato. L’anticorpo lega hMD-2 in una regione in prossimità del sito di legame del ligando; ii) spiazzamento di LPS biotinilato da hMD-2 immobilizzato. L’esperimento di florescenza è basato sullo spiazzamento di bis-ANS da hMD-2. Mentre la tecnica SPR è stata utilizzata per studiare la diretta interazione tra le molecole e hMD-2 immobilizzato. L’affinità per hMD-2 delle molecole analizzate (che risulta essere nell’intervallo del basso μM) è in linea con i risultati di attività biologica e la produzione di citochine in vitro in modelli cellulari. I risultati ottenuti da questi studi in vitro sul recettore hMD-2 purificato evidenziano l’interazione delle molecole con la tasca idrofobica di hMD-2, presentando differenze nei valori di affinità. Questi dati generati permettono uno studio sistemico dei modulatori del TLR4, creando buone prospettive per lo sviluppo di una nuova generazione di farmaci hits e leads che agiscano direttamente sul recettore TLR4.
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) represents a central mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses in mammals. TLR4 activation in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) results in the rapid triggering of pro-inflammatory processes essential for optimal host immune responses. TLR4 activation mediated by LPS is a complex event which involves several proteins (lipid binding protein (LBP), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), and myeloid differentiation 2 (MD-2)) and it ends with the formation of the activated (TLR4/MD-2/LPS)2 complex. The TLR4 co-receptor MD-2 plays an important role in the interaction with LPS and subsequent TLR4 dimerization. MD-2 alone binds to LPS, whereas TLR4 alone does not. MD-2 is the ligand-binding component of the TLR4/MD-2 receptor complex. LPS binding to TLR4/MD-2 induces TLR4 dimerization; whereas TLR4 antagonists binding to TLR4/MD-2 does not induce TLR4 dimerization. Deregulated TLR4 activation is related to an impressively broad spectrum of disorders still lacking specific pharmacological treatment. These include autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammations, allergies, asthma, infectious and central nervous system diseases, cancer, and sepsis. The TLR4 inhibition by small molecules of synthetic and natural origin provides access to new TLR-based therapeutics targeting this large array of diseases. This thesis is part of an original structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on synthetic monosaccharide glycolipids in the context of TLR4 modulation. Thesis work focuses on the in vitro binding characterization of new synthetic monosaccharide glycolipids with the purified receptor MD-2. Pure and functional human MD-2 (hMD-2) protein for binding studies has been obtained by expression in yeast cells. Two different expression systems for the production of recombinant hMD-2 were tested: mammalian (HEK293T) and yeast cells (Pichia pastoris). Recovery of hMD-2 from the medium of yeast cells was optimized, achieving a concentration of recombinant hMD-2 of 30 μM. An ELISA was developed in order to compare the biological activity of the hMD-2 expressed in different hosts. hMD-2 from mammalian cells obtained the highest biological activity, followed by the hMD-2 expressed by P. pastoris. hMD-2 expressed by E. coli presented the lowest biological activity of the three. Due to the higher yield of recovery achieved, hMD-2 expressed in P. pastoris was used in four different types of binding experiments to assess its affinity for natural and synthetic molecules. The binding tests comprise two plate based ELISA with immobilized hMD-2, a fluorescence displacement assay and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements. The two ELISA tests were based on: i) dose-dependent displacement of a monoclonal antibody from immobilized hMD-2. The antibody binds to hMD-2 in a region proximal to ligand binding site; ii) displacement of biotin-LPS from immobilized hMD-2. The fluorescence experiment was based on the displacement of the bis-ANS from hMD-2, whereas the SPR technique was used to study the direct interactions between small ligands and immobilized hMD-2. The obtained binding affinities for hMD-2 of the tested molecules (which turned out to be in the low μM range) mirror their biological activity in modulating TLR4 signaling and cytokine production in vitro in cell models. The results obtained from these in vitro cell-free studies indicate that the tested molecules bind to the hMD-2 pocket, with differences in the affinity values. These data allow a systematic study on SAR for TLR4 modulators, opening the way for the development of a new generation of drug hits and leads targeting directly TLR4 signaling.
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Aguiar, Carla Carvalho de. « Caracterização da dinâmica da complexação do receptor tipo Toll 4 humano a MD-2 ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/117886.

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Os receptores tipo Toll desempenham um importante papel na resposta imune inata, reconhecendo tanto padrões moleculares associados a patógenos (PAMPs), quanto padrões moleculares associados a danos (DAMPs), liberados sob condições de injúria ou estresse celular. O receptor tipo Toll 4 humano (hTLR4), associado ao seu co-receptor, o fator de diferenciação mielóide 2 (MD-2), forma um heterodímero caracterizado como responsável pelo reconhecimento de lipopolissacarídeos bacterianos (LPS), derivados de bactérias Gram-negativas. Nestes casos, sabe-se que o MD-2 reconhece LPS e promove a dimerização do complexo hTLR4 - MD-2 - LPS, promovendo a sinalização intracelular. Já foi reportada a ausência da associação hTLR4 a MD-2, no reconhecimento de outros ligantes por hTLR4, e, nesses casos, pouco é conhecido a respeito das mudanças estruturais e conformacionais sofridas por este receptor. No presente estudo, empregando a técnica de simulação por dinâmica molecular, foram exploradas as propriedades dinâmicas do complexo de reconhecimento de LPS, hTLR4 - MD-2, bem como investigou-se as implicações da presença do co-receptor para a biologia estrutural do hTLR4. Os resultados mostram que o receptor apresenta um movimento do tipo pinça, o qual leva a um estado final mais aberto da estrutura em forma de ferradura. Ademais, a estabilidade desta estrutura parece ser influenciada pela presença do co-receptor, MD-2.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immunity recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), as also damageassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released after cellular injury or stress. Human Toll-Like Receptor 4 (hTLR4) and its co-receptor, myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2), as a heterodimer, is a well-known complex of Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recognition. In this process, MD-2 recognizes LPS and promotes the dimerization of the complex hTLR4 - MD-2 - LPS, initiating an intracellular immune signaling. Moreover, it has been reported that hTLR4 can also act in the absence of MD-2, in the case of other ligands recognition, and, in these cases, little is known about the structural and conformational changes that hTLR4 structure underwent. In the current study, employing molecular dynamics simulations, we had explored the dynamical properties of the hTLR4 - MD-2 complex and investigated the implications of the co-receptor complexation to the structural biology of hTR4. We observed that the receptor showed a tweezers-like movement, leading to a more oppened final state of its horseshoe-shaped structure. Additionally, the stability of this structure seems to be influenced by the presence of the co-receptor, MD-2.
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McBride, Daniel S. « Lie to Me : Malingered Depression on the MMPI-2 ». OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/684.

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The Malingered Depression Scale (Md Scale; Steffan, Clopton, & Morgan, 2003) was recently developed for use with the MMPI-2 in attempts to distinguish individuals with genuine symptoms of depression from individuals who feign depression on the test. With respect to the Md scale, a relative lack of research and mixed findings regarding its utility are problematic; therefore, these issues were explored. The predictive and incremental validity of the Md scale were tested in this study to determine if use of the Md scale conferred a distinct predictive advantage over standard validity scales (e.g. F, FB, FP) in the differentiation between participants instructed to feign depression and participants who, prior to taking the MMPI-2, endorsed a significant number of depressive symptoms on a self-report measure. The Md scale demonstrated predictive and incremental validity in this study in distinguishing the two groups; however several limitations arose regarding use of the Md scale, most notably conceptual clarity within participant groups and problems regarding the use of cut scores.
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Eisenhauer, Kirstin Diana [Verfasser], Klaus [Gutachter] Gerwert et Christian [Gutachter] Herrmann. « MD-Simulationen zur Aufklärung des molekularen Reaktionsmechanismus von Channelrhodopsin-2 / Kirstin Diana Eisenhauer. Gutachter : Klaus Gerwert ; Christian Herrmann ». Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1112326693/34.

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Orbegoso, Pandal Carlos José. « Caracterización y calibración de películas radiocrómicas MD-55-2 y su utilización en la dosimetría de braquiterapia ocular ». Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/5986.

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Desarrolla la técnica de películas radiocrómicas en dosimetría de braquiterapia ocular, para un aplicador oftálmico de oro con fuentes en forma de pequeños hilos de Ir-192, teniendo en cuenta una buena precisión, sensibilidad, buena respuesta en el rango de aplicación, versatilidad en su manejo y otras cualidades. Por ello, el objetivo fundamental de esta tesis es mostrar las bondades de las películas radiocrómicas ya que poseen características apropiadas para la verificación de la dosimetría en pacientes.
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Eisenhauer, Kirstin [Verfasser], Klaus [Gutachter] Gerwert et Christian [Gutachter] Herrmann. « MD-Simulationen zur Aufklärung des molekularen Reaktionsmechanismus von Channelrhodopsin-2 / Kirstin Diana Eisenhauer. Gutachter : Klaus Gerwert ; Christian Herrmann ». Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1112326693/34.

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Livres sur le sujet "MD-2"

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The compleat Morrow micro decision : A guide to the MD-1, MD-2, MD-3, and MD-11. Reston, Va : Reston Pub. Co., 1985.

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V.M. Goldschmidt Conference (2nd 1990 Baltimore, Md.). V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, program and abstracts : May 2-4, 1990, Baltimore, MD. [College Park, Pa.] : Penn State [University], 1990.

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International Conference on Thermoelectrics (18th 1999 Baltimore, Md.). Eighteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics : Proceedings, ICT '99 : August 29-September 2, 1999, Baltimore Md., USA. Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Service Center, 1999.

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1945-, Gips Terry, et University of Maryland, College Park. Art Gallery, dir. Terra firma : January 15 to March 2, 1997, the Art Gallery, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. College Park, MD : The Gallery, 1997.

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Workshop on Improving Product and Process Quality Using Experimental Design (1995 Gaithersburg, Md.). Announcement, Workshop on Improving Product and Process Quality Using Experimental Design, October 2-6, 1995, NIST, Gaithersburg, Md. [Gaithersburg, Md.] : NIST, 1995.

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Board, United States National Transportation Safety. Runway overrun following rejected takeoff, Continental Airlines flight 795, McDonnell Douglas MD-82, N18835, LaGuardia Airport, Flushing, New York, March 2, 1994. Washington, D.C : The Board, 1995.

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Healthy Buildings/IAQ '97 (1997 Natcher Conference Center). Healthy Buildings/IAQ '97 : Global issues and regional solutions : conference venue, Natcher Conference Center at National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD : September 27-October 2, 1997 : proceedings. Sous la direction de Woods James E, Grimsrud David T et Boschi Nadia. Washington, DC : Healthy Buildings/IAQ '97, 1997.

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Botanical Society of America. Meeting. Abstracts : [of contributed papers ... presented at the annual meeting of the Botanical Society of American, from 2 to 6 August, 1998 at the Baltimore Convention Center in Baltimore, MD.]. Baltimore : Botanical Society of America, 1998.

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United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Hunger. Barriers to participation in federal assistance programs : Hearing before the Select Committee on Hunger, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session : hearing held in Baltimore, MD, October 2, 1987. Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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K, Dey Monideep, Hamins Anthony 1956-, Miles Stewart, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Division of Risk Analysis and Applications. et Building and Fire Research Laboratory (U.S.), dir. International Collaborative Project to Evaluate Fire Models for Nuclear Power Plant Applications : Proceedings of 5th meeting, held at National Institute of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, May 2-3, 2002. Washington, DC : U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2003.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "MD-2"

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Redwan, Raimi M., Akzam Saidin et Subbiah V. Kumar. « The Draft Genome of the MD-2 Pineapple ». Dans Genetics and Genomics of Pineapple, 109–29. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00614-3_9.

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Jukić, Marko, Sebastjan Kralj, Natalia Nikitina et Urban Bren. « Bioinformatic and MD Analysis of N501Y SARS-CoV-2 (UK) Variant ». Dans Computer Science Protecting Human Society Against Epidemics, 1–13. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86582-5_1.

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Li, Jianjiang, Kai Zhang, Peng Wei, Jie Wang et Changjun Hu. « The Performance Test and Optimization of Crystal-MD Program on Tianhe-2 ». Dans High-Performance Computing Applications in Numerical Simulation and Edge Computing, 152–63. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9987-0_13.

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Liu, Shenghui, Zhuying Zhu, Yumei Zhang, Wenqiu Lin, Changbin Wei et Xiumei Zhang. « Aromatic compounds of pineapple (Ananas comosus cv. MD-2) in different harvest time ». Dans Advances in Food Safety and Environmental Engineering, 73–77. London : CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003318514-13.

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Hutchinson, Tom A. « Class 2 : Congruent Communication ». Dans MD Aware, 39–49. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22430-1_4.

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Macedonio, Francesca. « Membrane Distillation (MD) ». Dans Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–9. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_361-2.

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Christiansen, D., O. L. Brekke, J. Stenvik, J. D. Lambris, T. Espevik et T. E. Mollnes. « Differential Effect of Inhibiting MD-2 and CD14 on LPS- Versus Whole E. coli Bacteria-Induced Cytokine Responses in Human Blood ». Dans Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 237–51. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_14.

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Fischer-Berenbein, Anna, et Hans-Werner Vohr. « In Vitro PFCA (MD Cultures) ». Dans Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27786-3_1585-2.

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Nan, Yiling, et Zhehui Jin. « Effect of Alcohol Tail Length on Aggregate Behavior of Alcohol and AOT at the Water-scCO2 Interface : MD Simulation Study ». Dans ACS Symposium Series, 263–88. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2022-1421.ch010.

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Hortobagyi, G. N., S. E. Singletary, A. U. Buzdar, M. D. McNeese, M. I. Ross, F. A. Holmes, E. Strom, R. L. Theriault et N. Sneige. « Primary chemotherapy for breast cancer — MD Anderson experience ». Dans Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Neo-Adjuvant Chemotherapy, 146–48. Paris : Springer Paris, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0782-9_35.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "MD-2"

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Schaefer, Gerald, Niraj P. Doshi, Shao Ying Zhu et Qinghua Hu. « Analysis of HEp-2 images using MD-LBP and MAD-bagging ». Dans 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944562.

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Raghuram, M., Kosaraju Sivani et K. Ashoka Reddy. « E2MD for reduction of motion artifacts from photoplethysmographic signals ». Dans 2014 International Conference on Electronics and Communication Systems (ICECS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecs.2014.6892793.

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Gruszka, M., et A. Borysow. « MD simulations of the RT CIA of CO[sub 2] for the atmosphere of Venus ». Dans The 13th international conference on spectral line shapes. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51884.

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SASSOLAS, Benoit, Julien Teillon, Raffaele Flaminio, Christophe Michel, Nazario Morgado et Laurent Pinard. « Development on Large Band-Pass Filters for the Wide Field Survey Telescope LSST ». Dans Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C. : OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.2013.md.2.

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Trubetskov, Michael K., et Tatiana Amotchkina. « Design of Optical Coatings with Optimized Absorptance in Individual Layers ». Dans Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C. : OSA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.2016.md.2.

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MacNally, S., C. Smith, J. Spaulding, J. Foster et J. B. Oliver. « Glancing-Angle–Deposited Silica Films for Ultraviolet Wave Plates ». Dans Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C. : OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.2019.md.2.

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Almeida, Bruno Felipe Leitão, Laurent Gallais, Jean-Thomas Fonné et Denis Guimard. « Ordered Submicron Structures in Optical Coatings Obtained by Laser Dewetting of Metallic Thin Film Stacks ». Dans Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.2022.md.2.

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Obtaining large surfaces covered by submicron structures is a challenge in patterning coatings. Using laser induced dewetting, large surface self-assembled ordered metallic structures were used to modify optical properties of interference coatings.
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Vachss, Frederick, et Mark Ewbank. « Spatiotemporal properties of photorefractive beam fanning ». Dans OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.md.2.

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Firth, W. J., et B. A. Samson. « Clusterisation and contrast enhancement at light propagation in a cable of nonlinear coupled fibers ». Dans Nonlinear Guided-Wave Phenomena. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlgwp.1993.md.2.

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The problem of optical computing is under intensive consideration in recent years because optical schemes allow to produce parallel data processing as well to develop principles of associative optical memory.
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Hirota, Kusato, Joshua S. Jo et Tom D. Milster. « High Density Phase Change Optical Recording Using a Solid Immersion Lens ». Dans Optical Data Storage. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ods.1998.md.2.

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The data density of the optical recording disk mainly depends on the light beam spot size. In conventional optical recording system, the beam spot size, which limited by the optical diffraction limit, can be reduced by using the shorter wavelength light source or larger NA objective lens. Recently, near-field optical techniques have been developed to overcome the defecation limit. In particular, Betzig et al.1) have applied the scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) optics, which has a tapered fiber prove with sub-micron aperture, for the recording of magneto-optical (MO) media. However. the low optical coupling efficiency of this fiber prove need a further improvement for practical data storage application. For another approach. Terris et al.2) have developed near-field optical recording optics using the solid immersion lens which has been developed as the optics for a microscope by Mansfield and Kino3). They have demonstrated recording of the 350 nm diameter mark on MO media by using the truncated spherical shaped SIL.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "MD-2"

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Cesaratto, John. SPS High Bandwidth Transverse Feedback System MD, Feb 2, 2013. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mai 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1131453.

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Harari, Ally R., Russell A. Jurenka, Ada Rafaeli et Victoria Soroker. Evolution of resistance to mating disruption in the pink bollworm moth evidence and possible mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598165.bard.

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t The pink bollworm, Pectinophoragossypiellais a key pest of cotton world-wide. In Israel mating disruption sex pheromone is used in all cotton fields and recent repeated outbreaks of the pest populations has suggested a change in the population sex pheromone characteristics. The research goals were to (1) determine the change in pheromone characteristic of PBW females after long experience to Mating Disruption (MD), (2) to test the male’s antennae response (EAG) to pheromone characteristics of laboratory, naive females, and of field collected, MD experienced females, (3) to analyse the biosynthetic pathway for possible enzyme variations, (4) to determine the male behavioural response to the pheromone blend involved in the resistance to MD. The experiments revealed that (1) MD experienced females produced pheromone blend with higher ZZ ratio than lab reared (MD naive females) that typically produced ZZ:EE ratio of 1:1. (2) Male’s origin did not affect its response to pheromone characteristics of lab or field females. (3) A transcriptome study demonstrated many gene-encode enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, but some of the transcripts were produced in differing levels in the MD resistant populations. (4) Male origin (field or lab) influenced males’ choice of mate with strong preference to females sharing the same origin. However, when MD was applied, males of both populations were more attracted to females originated form failed MD treated fields. We conclude that in MD failed fields a change in the population mean of the ratio of the pheromone components had occurred. Males in these fields had changed their search “image” accordingly while keeping the wide range of response to all pheromone characteristics. The change in the pheromone blend is due to different level of pheromone related enzyme production.
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CHICAGO UNIV IL. Update AF-EMIS for Hazardous Material Data Entry-Phases 1 and 2, Andrews Air Force Base, MD. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada386898.

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Roux, B., Y. Luo et W. Jiang. NAMD - The Engine for Large-Scale Classical MD Simulations of Biomolecular Systems Based on a Polarizable Force Field : ALCF-2 Early Science Program Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mai 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1079771.

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Chou, Roger, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Christina Bougatsos, Benjamin J. Morasco, Rebecca Holmes, Terran Gilbreath et Rongwei Fu. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain : 2022 Update—Surveillance Report 2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), janvier 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer250.2022updatesr2.

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Objectives. To update the evidence on benefits and harms of cannabinoids and similar plant-based compounds to treat chronic pain using a living systematic review approach. Data sources. Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS® databases; reference lists of included studies; and submissions received after Federal Register request were searched to October 24, 2022. Review methods. Using dual review, we screened search results for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with chronic pain evaluating cannabis, kratom, and similar compounds with any comparison group and at least 1 month of treatment or followup. Dual review was used to abstract study data, assess study-level risk of bias, and rate the strength of evidence (SOE). Prioritized outcomes included pain, overall function, and adverse events. We grouped studies that assessed tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) based on their THC to CBD ratio and categorized them as comparable THC to CBD ratio, high-THC to CBD ratio, and low-THC to CBD ratio. We also grouped studies by whether the product was a whole-plant product (cannabis), cannabinoids extracted or purified from a whole plant, or a synthetic product. We conducted meta-analyses using the profile likelihood random effects model and assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran’s Q statistic chi square test and the I2 statistic. Magnitude of benefit was categorized as no effect or small, moderate, and large effects. Results. From a total of 3,568 abstracts, 21 RCTs (N=1,905) and 9 observational studies (N=15,079) assessing different cannabinoids were included; none evaluated kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 60 percent enrolled patients with neuropathic pain. Comparators were primarily placebo or usual care. The SOE was low unless otherwise noted. Compared with placebo, comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray was associated with a small benefit in pain severity (7 RCTs, N=632, 0 to 10 scale, mean difference [MD] −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95 to −0.19, I2=39%; SOE: moderate) and overall function (6 RCTs, N=616, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.42, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.16, I2=32%). There was no effect on study withdrawals due to adverse events. There was a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea (dizziness: 6 RCTs, N=866, 31.0% vs. 8.0%, relative risk [RR] 3.57, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.60, I2=0%; sedation: 6 RCTs, N=866, 8.0% vs. 1.2%, RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.89, I2=0%; and nausea: 6 RCTs, N=866, 13% vs. 7.5%, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.77, I2=0%). Synthetic products with high-THC to CBD ratios were associated with a moderate improvement in pain severity, a moderate increase in sedation, and a large increase in nausea (pain: 6 RCTs, N=390, 0 to 10 scale, MD −1.15, 95% CI −1.99 to −0.54, I2=48%; sedation: 3 RCTs, N=335, 19% vs. 10%, RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.63, I2=28%; nausea: 2 RCTs, N=302, 12.3% vs. 6.1%, RR 2.19, 95% CI 0.77 to 5.39; I²=0%). We also found moderate SOE for a large increased risk of dizziness (2 RCTs, 32% vs. 11%, RR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47 to 6.86, I2=40%). Extracted whole-plant products with high-THC to CBD ratios (oral) were associated with a large increased risk of study withdrawal due to adverse events (1 RCT, 13.9% vs. 5.7%, RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.33) and dizziness (1 RCT, 62.2% vs. 7.5%, RR 8.34, 95% CI 4.53 to 15.34); outcomes assessing benefit were not reported or insufficient. We observed a moderate improvement in pain severity when combining all studies of high-THC to CBD ratio (8 RCTs, N=684, MD −1.25, 95% CI −2.09 to −0.71, I2=58%; SOE: moderate). Evidence (including observational studies) on whole-plant cannabis, topical or oral CBD, low-THC to CBD, other cannabinoids, comparisons with active products or between cannabis-related products, and impact on use of opioids was insufficient to draw conclusions. Other important harms (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, and cognitive effects) were not reported. Conclusions. Low to moderate strength evidence suggests small to moderate improvements in pain (mostly neuropathic), and moderate to large increases in common adverse events (dizziness, sedation, nausea) with high and comparable THC to CBD ratio extracted cannabinoids and synthetic products during short-term treatment (1 to 6 months); high-THC to CBD ratio products were also associated with increased risk of withdrawal due to adverse events. Evidence for whole-plant cannabis and other comparisons, outcomes, and plant-based compounds was unavailable or insufficient to draw conclusions. Small sample sizes, lack of evidence for moderate and long-term use and other key outcomes, such as other adverse events and impact on use of opioids during treatment, indicate that more research is needed.
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Johnson, Billy, et Zhonglong Zhang. The demonstration and validation of a linked watershed-riverine modeling system for DoD installations : user guidance report version 2.0. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), avril 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40425.

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A linked watershed model was evaluated on three watersheds within the U.S.: (1) House Creek Watershed, Fort Hood, TX; (2) Calleguas Creek Watershed, Ventura County, CA; and (3) Patuxent River Watershed, MD. The goal of this demonstration study was to show the utility of such a model in addressing water quality issues facing DoD installations across a variety of climate zones. In performing the demonstration study, evaluations of model output with regards to accuracy, predictability and meeting regulatory drivers were completed. Data availability, level of modeling expertise, and costs for model setup, validation, scenario analysis, and maintenance were evaluated in order to inform installation managers on the time and cost investment needed to use a linked watershed modeling system. Final conclusions were that the system evaluated in this study would be useful for answering a variety of questions posed by installation managers and could be useful in developing management scenarios to better control pollutant runoff from installations.
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McDonagh, Marian S., Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Rongwei Fu, Benjamin Morasco, Devan Kansagara et Roger Chou. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer250.

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Objectives. To evaluate the evidence on benefits and harms of cannabinoids and similar plant-based compounds to treat chronic pain. Data sources. Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS® databases, reference lists of included studies, submissions received after Federal Register request were searched to July 2021. Review methods. Using dual review, we screened search results for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with chronic pain evaluating cannabis, kratom, and similar compounds with any comparison group and at least 1 month of treatment or followup. Dual review was used to abstract study data, assess study-level risk of bias, and rate the strength of evidence. Prioritized outcomes included pain, overall function, and adverse events. We grouped studies that assessed tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) based on their THC to CBD ratio and categorized them as high-THC to CBD ratio, comparable THC to CBD ratio, and low-THC to CBD ratio. We also grouped studies by whether the product was a whole-plant product (cannabis), cannabinoids extracted or purified from a whole plant, or synthetic. We conducted meta-analyses using the profile likelihood random effects model and assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran’s Q statistic chi square and the I2 test for inconsistency. Magnitude of benefit was categorized into no effect or small, moderate, and large effects. Results. From 2,850 abstracts, 20 RCTs (N=1,776) and 7 observational studies (N=13,095) assessing different cannabinoids were included; none of kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 75 percent enrolled patients with a variety of neuropathic pain. Comparators were primarily placebo or usual care. The strength of evidence (SOE) was low, unless otherwise noted. Compared with placebo, comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray was associated with a small benefit in change in pain severity (7 RCTs, N=632, 0 to10 scale, mean difference [MD] −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95 to −0.19, I2=28%; SOE: moderate) and overall function (6 RCTs, N=616, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.42, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.16, I2=24%). There was no effect on study withdrawals due to adverse events. There was a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation and a moderate increased risk of nausea (dizziness: 6 RCTs, N=866, 30% vs. 8%, relative risk [RR] 3.57, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.60, I2=0%; sedation: 6 RCTs, N=866, 22% vs. 16%, RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.89, I2=0%; and nausea: 6 RCTs, N=866, 13% vs. 7.5%, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.78, I2=0%). Synthetic products with high-THC to CBD ratios were associated with a moderate improvement in pain severity, a moderate increase in sedation, and a large increase in nausea (pain: 6 RCTs, N=390 to 10 scale, MD −1.15, 95% CI −1.99 to −0.54, I2=39%; sedation: 3 RCTs, N=335, 19% vs. 10%, RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.63, I2=0%; nausea: 2 RCTs, N=302, 12% vs. 6%, RR 2.19, 95% CI 0.77 to 5.39; I²=0%). We found moderate SOE for a large increased risk of dizziness (2 RCTs, 32% vs. 11%, RR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47 to 6.86, I2=0%). Extracted whole-plant products with high-THC to CBD ratios (oral) were associated with a large increased risk of study withdrawal due to adverse events (1 RCT, 13.9% vs. 5.7%, RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.33) and dizziness (1 RCT, 62.2% vs. 7.5%, RR 8.34, 95% CI 4.53 to 15.34). We observed a moderate improvement in pain severity when combining all studies of high-THC to CBD ratio (8 RCTs, N=684, MD −1.25, 95% CI −2.09 to −0.71, I2=50%; SOE: moderate). Evidence on whole-plant cannabis, topical CBD, low-THC to CBD, other cannabinoids, comparisons with active products, and impact on use of opioids was insufficient to draw conclusions. Other important harms (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, and cognitive effects) were not reported. Conclusions. Low to moderate strength evidence suggests small to moderate improvements in pain (mostly neuropathic), and moderate to large increases in common adverse events (dizziness, sedation, nausea) and study withdrawal due to adverse events with high- and comparable THC to CBD ratio extracted cannabinoids and synthetic products in short-term treatment (1 to 6 months). Evidence for whole-plant cannabis, and other comparisons, outcomes, and PBCs were unavailable or insufficient to draw conclusions. Small sample sizes, lack of evidence for moderate and long-term use and other key outcomes, such as other adverse events and impact on use of opioids during treatment, indicate that more research is needed.
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Chou, Roger, Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin J. Morasco, Devan Kansagara, Shelley Selph, Rebecca Holmes et Rongwei Fu. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for iii Chronic Pain : 2022 Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), septembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer250update2022.

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Objectives. To update the evidence on benefits and harms of cannabinoids and similar plant-based compounds to treat chronic pain using a living systematic review approach. Data sources. Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS® databases; reference lists of included studies; and submissions received after Federal Register request were searched to April 4, 2022. Review methods. Using dual review, we screened search results for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with chronic pain evaluating cannabis, kratom, and similar compounds with any comparison group and at least 1 month of treatment or followup. Dual review was used to abstract study data, assess study-level risk of bias, and rate the strength of evidence (SOE). Prioritized outcomes included pain, overall function, and adverse events. We grouped studies that assessed tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) based on their THC to CBD ratio and categorized them as comparable THC to CBD ratio, high-THC to CBD ratio, and low-THC to CBD ratio. We also grouped studies by whether the product was a whole-plant product (cannabis), cannabinoids extracted or purified from a whole plant, or a synthetic product. We conducted meta-analyses using the profile likelihood random effects model and assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran’s Q statistic chi square test and the I2 statistic. Magnitude of benefit was categorized as no effect or small, moderate, and large effects. Results. From 3,283 abstracts, 21 RCTs (N=1,905) and 8 observational studies (N=13,769) assessing different cannabinoids were included; none evaluated kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 59 percent enrolled patients with neuropathic pain. Comparators were primarily placebo or usual care. The SOE was low unless otherwise noted. Compared with placebo, comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray was associated with a small benefit in change in pain severity (7 RCTs, N=632, 0 to10 scale, mean difference [MD] −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95 to −0.19, I2=39%; SOE: moderate) and overall function (6 RCTs, N=616, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.42, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.16, I2=32%). There was no effect on study withdrawals due to adverse events. There was a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea (dizziness: 6 RCTs, N=866, 31.0% vs. 8.0%, relative risk [RR] 3.57, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.60, I2=0%; sedation: 6 RCTs, N=866, 8.0% vs. 1.2%, RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.89, I2=0%; and nausea: 6 RCTs, N=866, 13% vs. 7.5%, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.77, I2=0%). Synthetic products with high-THC to CBD ratios were associated with a moderate improvement in pain severity, a moderate increase in sedation, and a large increase in nausea (pain: 6 RCTs, N=390, 0 to 10 scale, MD −1.15, 95% CI −1.99 to −0.54, I2=48%; sedation: 3 RCTs, N=335, 19% vs. 10%, RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.63, I2=28%; nausea: 2 RCTs, N=302, 12.3% vs. 6.1%, RR 2.19, 95% CI 0.77 to 5.39; I²=0%). We also found moderate SOE for a large increased risk of dizziness (2 RCTs, 32% vs. 11%, RR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47 to 6.86, I2=40%). Extracted whole-plant products with high-THC to CBD ratios (oral) were associated with a large increased risk of study withdrawal due to adverse events (1 RCT, 13.9% vs. 5.7%, RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.33) and dizziness (1 RCT, 62.2% vs. 7.5%, RR 8.34, 95% CI 4.53 to 15.34); outcomes assessing benefit were not reported or insufficient. We observed a moderate improvement in pain severity when combining all studies of high-THC to CBD ratio (8 RCTs, N=684, MD −1.25, 95% CI −2.09 to −0.71, I2=58%; SOE: moderate). Evidence (including observational studies) on whole-plant cannabis, topical or oral CBD, low-THC to CBD, other cannabinoids, comparisons with active products or between cannabis-related products, and impact on use of opioids was insufficient to draw conclusions. Other important harms (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, and cognitive effects) were not reported. Conclusions. Low to moderate strength evidence suggests small to moderate improvements in pain (mostly neuropathic), and moderate to large increases in common adverse events (dizziness, sedation, nausea) with high- and comparable THC to CBD ratio extracted cannabinoids and synthetic products during short-term treatment (1 to 6 months); high-THC to CBD ratio products were also associated with increased risk of withdrawal due to adverse events. Evidence for whole-plant cannabis and other comparisons, outcomes, and plant-based compounds was unavailable or insufficient to draw conclusions. Small sample sizes, lack of evidence for moderate and long-term use and other key outcomes, such as other adverse events and impact on use of opioids during treatment, indicate that more research is needed.
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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson et Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus : immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.

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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.
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