Thèses sur le sujet « Maternità in adolescenza »

La maternità in adolescenza è considerata un fattore di rischio per la qualità della relazione madre-bambino, per lo sviluppo socio-emotivo del bambino e per la salute e le opportunità di vita della madre (Aiello & Lancaster, 2007). Il primo studio è volto a individuare delle differenze tra 50 diadi madri adolescenti-bambini e 50 diadi madri adulte-bambini negli stili di interazione e di disponibilità emotiva diadica a livello macroanalitico e nella regolazione emotiva a livello microanalitico a 3 mesi di vita del bambino, considerando anche il modello di attaccamento materno e la funzione riflessiva della madre. I risultati indicano che le madri adolescenti rispetto alle madri adulte hanno più modelli di attaccamento insicuro e più bassi punteggi di funzione riflessiva. Inoltre le madri adolescenti rispetto alle madri adulte sono meno sensibili, più intrusive e ostili, strutturano meno l’attività di gioco del bambino ed esprimono più emozioni negative e meno positive verso i figli e i loro bambini sono meno cooperativi e responsivi ed esprimono più affetti negativi e meno positivi rispetto ai bambini di madri adulte. A livello diadico, le diadi con madri adolescenti rispetto alle diadi con madri adulte trascorrono meno tempo in stati di coordinazione affettiva positiva e più tempo in stati di coordinazione affettiva negativa. Il secondo studio è volto a valutare l’efficacia del programma di intervento PRERAYMI (Promoting responsiveness, emotion regulation and attachment in young mothers and infants), caratterizzato dall’uso della tecnica del video-feedback, dalla consultazione psicologica e dal monitoraggio psicomotorio, effettuato a partire dai primi mesi di vita del bambino, nel migliorare gli stili di interazione e di regolazione emotiva sia dopo 3 mesi sia dopo 6 mesi di intervento e nel favorire un legame di attaccamento sicuro del bambino alla madre a 14 mesi. 29 diadi madri adolescenti-bambini che hanno ricevuto l’intervento sono state confrontate con 16 diadi madri adolescenti-bambini del gruppo di controllo. I risultati mostrano che le madri del gruppo di intervento rispetto alle madri del gruppo di controllo aumentano la sensibilità e l’espressione di emozioni positive e diminuiscono i comportamenti controllanti e l’emozionalità negativa e i loro bambini aumentano i comportamenti cooperativi e diminuiscono i comportamenti passivi dopo 3 e 6 mesi di intervento. Le diadi del gruppo con intervento rispetto al gruppo di controllo trascorrono più tempo nella coordinazione affettiva positiva e nella coordinazione affettiva totale, meno tempo in stati di non coordinazione affettiva e incrementano la capacità di riparazione dell’errore di comunicazione dai 3 ai 9 mesi. Inoltre le diadi con intervento rispetto alle diadi di controllo aumentano il coinvolgimento reciproco del gioco con gli oggetti. A 14 mesi, il 66% dei bambini che ha completato l’intervento ha un attaccamento sicuro alla madre, al contrario tutti i bambini del gruppo di controllo hanno un attaccamento insicuro. Infine è presentato un caso clinico per illustrare le modalità dell’intervento PRERAYMI.

Many studies show that motherhood in adolescence constitutes a risk factor for the establishment of an appropriate relationship between mother and child (Aiello e Lancaster, 2008; Osofsky, Hann e Peebles, 1993; Reid e Meadows-Oliver, 2007; Secco, Profit, Kennedy, Walsh, Letourneau e Stewart, 2007) and for a positive development of socio-emotional communication and attachment during infancy (Osofsky, 1992; Broussard, 1995; Frodi, Grolnick, Bridges e Berko, 1990; Ward e Carlson, 1995; Moran, Forbes, Evans, Tarabulsy e Madigan, 2008). However, the styles of emotional regulation adopted by adolescent mothers and their children during the first year of life are few investigated. In this perspective, the thesis presents an intervention project with young mothers and their children, in collaboration with the San Paolo Hospital and coordinated by Prof. Riva Crugnola. We present two different studies using data collected during treatment with observed mothers. In the first study we compare the styles of interaction and emotion regulation of adolescent and adult mothers at 3 months of life of their children. Dyads with teen mothers are less responsive than those with adult mothers and less able to share positive emotions: showing less positive states (mothers and children) and more negative states (mothers). In the second study we evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention with adolescent mothers, noting a decrease of maternal intrusiveness. Finally, two cases are illustrated to highlight the treatment technique.

Aux Antilles françaises les maternités précoces se produisent dans des proportions significatives, comparées statistiquement aux autres départements de France métropolitaine. Ces naissances ont lieu principalement dans les milieux modestes de la société et leur nombre présente une grande stabilité au fil du temps.En société créole certains éléments culturels encouragent la survenue de grossesses précoces. Aussi cette recherche explore les relations entre les habitus culturels et la survenue des maternités précoces dans l'une des organisations familiales présente aux Antilles, qualifiée de matrifocale. Dans cette famille à centration maternelle la fonction de mère se trouve au principe de l'identité féminine. La maternité précoce est alors un processus acceptable d'entrée dans la vie adulte qui maintient le système matrifocal en homéostasie.Pour le comprendre, la recherche a eu recours à la sociologie de la famille et aux concepts de culture, d'adolescence, d'adultéité, de sexualité adolescente, ou encore d'éducation.La recherche s'est déroulée dans le département de la Guadeloupe. Après avoir rappelé le rôle, le statut et la fonction de la maternité en société Guadeloupéenne, les résultats de la recherche sont présentés à partir de la méthodologie suivante mise en œuvre : Le recueil de données concernant les jeunes filles mères, ou en voie de le devenir, s'est fait à partir de la méthode des récits de vie traités par l'analyse structurale, complétée par la réalisation de schémas actanciels. En collèges et en lycées des jeunes ont été interviewés, d'autres ont été sondés par questionnaire, afin de connaître leurs représentations de l'accès à l'âge adulte, et leur opinion concernant les maternités précoces. Des entretiens ont eu lieu avec les familles et les professionnels afin de saisir leurs approches.L'analyse des données révèle que certaines jeunes filles ont désiré avoir un enfant, et ont fait le nécessaire pour réaliser ce désir. D'autres jeunes filles ont rencontré la grossesse au cours de leur parcours personnel et ont décidé de la mener à terme, même si d'autres choix pouvaient être envisagés. Les entretiens avec les familles et les professionnels montrent que les résistances familiales exprimées à l'annonce de la grossesse de la jeune fille cèdent progressivement en raison de la place accordée à l'enfant en société guadeloupéenne. Par ailleurs les solidarités familiales contribuent à alléger le poids de son éducation
In the French West Indies, early pregnancies occur in significant proportions, statistically compared to other areas in mainland France. These births mainly take place in low-income families and their number has been steady over time.In the Creole society, some cultural elements lead to teen pregnancies. Therefore, this research delves into the relationship between cultural habits and the appearance of early pregnancies in one of the mother-centered family structures in the Caribbean society, named matrifocal. In that kind of family structure focused on motherhood, the mother's function is the female identity.Early motherhood is then an acceptable process of entering adulthood and to keep the homeostasis of the matrifocal system.In order to understand the process, the research has used the sociology of the family and the concepts of culture, teenage, adulthood, teenage sexuality or education.The study was conducted in the French department of Guadeloupe.After reviewing the role, status and function of motherhood in the Guadeloupean society, the results of this research are presented from the following methodology implementation: the data collection as regards young mothers, or about to become mothers, was made thanks to the life history method receiving structural analysis, completed with actancial diagrams.In middle and high schools, young people were interviewed; some were probed by questionnaire, in order to know their representation of the access to adulthood and their opinions on early pregnancy.Interviews were held with families and professionals in order to comprehend their approach.The data analysis revealed that some girls wanted to have a child and have taken steps to fulfil this desire.Other girls got pregnant during their personal history and decided to carry it out to term, even if other options could have been considered.Interviews with the families and professionals revealed that the resistance expressed by the families when they were announced the pregnancy, gradually gave way because of the importance given to children in the Guadeloupean society.Moreover, family solidarity contributes to relieving the burden of education

Cette étude s'intéresse à l'adaptabilité de l'entretien prénatal du 4e mois, mesure phare du plan périnatalité (2005-2007), auprès d'une population de mères adolescentes. Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective (2007-2011) et comparative de 303 accouchements de femmes mineures dans les maternités hospitalières de Saint-Denis et Nantes. Le suivi de grossesse chez ces adolescentes reste globalement inférieur en qualité aux moyennes nationales françaises, mais des différences significatives sont observées lorsque l'on prend en compte des éléments sociodémographiques. Trois profils différenciés vont apparaître et permettre d'identifier les raisons sociales, familiales, environnementales et professionnelles qui peuvent expliquer des disparités significatives dans le suivi de grossesse. Tenir compte du profil sociodémographique de ces adolescentes est essentiel pour étudier les maternités précoces et pallier les vulnérabilités propres à cette population fragile. Un repérage des facteurs favorisant une surveillance de grossesse optimale chez ces jeunes femmes est mis en parallèle avec une réduction des risques obstétricaux et sociaux
This study concerns prenatal fourth month interviews, key measure of the perinatal plan (2005-2007), as being adapted to a population of adolescent mothers. It is a retrospective (2007-2011) and comparative study of 303 births by underage women in the maternity hospitals of Saint-Denis and Nantes. The quality of medical care during pregnancy of these adolescents is generally inferior to national French averages, but significant differences are observed when sociodemographic elements are taken into account. Three different profiles appear and identify the social, family, environmental and professional reasons which explain these significant disparities during medical pregnancy care. Taking into account the sociodemographic profiles of these adolescents is essential to the study of early pregnancies and to mitigate the vulnerability specific to this fragile population. Finding the factors which further optimize medical pregnancy care for these young women is parallel to a reduction of obstetrical and social risks

L’adolescente-mère est fragilisée par la précocité de sa grossesse et le regard intolérant de sa communauté. Pourtant elle est appelée à devenir un véritable sujet, responsable de son destin et de celui de son enfant. C’est un défi qui consiste à dire « un grand "oui" à la vie humaine ». La maternité adolescente au Togo est alors une interpellation pour l'Église et la société. Comment la question de maternité adolescente est / était-elle perçue dans la tradition nawda ? Quel rôle jouait la femme face à ce problème ? L’Église, en raison de sa vocation de protéger et de donner la vie à chaque personne humaine, est tenue de donner une réponse éthique au questionnement du phénomène de la maternité adolescente. Elle peut : intégrer les éléments positifs de la pédagogie nawda et africaine en général ; renforcer la pratique de la justice miséricordieuse, en recourant, le cas échéant, au mécanisme de la palabre africaine ; accompagner les adolescentes-mères en les considérant comme des actrices responsables de leur vie et non comme des victimes que l’on assiste ; encourager la femme africaine à se former pour pouvoir former à son tour ; créer des structures d’accueil et d'encadrement à l’instar du Préau du Grand Arbre (qui est une école de la petite enfance où l'on part des réalités socioculturelles de chaque milieu pour apprendre aux enfants le sens du respect de soi) et de la Résidence Universitaire la Providence (qui se veut une arme contre ceux pour qui l’enfant est un obstacle). La société togolaise devrait concevoir une politique de sécurité sociale en faveur des adolescentes-mères en situation de précarité. Il s’agit d’une question de justice et d’équité fondée sur le respect de la dignité humaine auquel a droit toute personne, fût-elle adolescente-mère
The teenage mother is weakened by her early pregnancy and the intolerant view of her community. Yet she is destined to become a real subject, responsible for her destiny and of her child’s. It is a challenge to say "a great " yes " to human life". The adolescent motherhood in Togo is thus an interpellation toward the Church and the society. How the issue of adolescent motherhood is / was seen in the Nawda tradition ? What was the role of women to deal with this problem ? The Church, because of its vocation to protect and give life to every human person, is required to give an ethical response to the issue of the phenomenon of teen motherhood. It can : integrate the positive elements of the Nawda and African pedagogy in general ; strengthen the practice of the merciful justice, by using, when appropriate, the mechanism of the African palaver ; support teenage mothers by considering them as actresses responsible for their life and not as victims that we are witnessing ; encourage the African woman to train to be able to train in her turn ; provide care and support facilities like the Préau du Grand Arbre (which is a school of early childhood based on the sociocultural realities of each environment in order to teach children the sense of self-respect) and University Residence Providence (wishing to fight against those considering the child as an obstacle). The Togolese society should develop a social security policy to support teenage mothers in precarious situations. It is a matter of justice and equity based on respect of the human dignity to which everyone is entitled, albeit teenage mother

La maternité à un très jeune âge est susceptible d’entraîner la survenue de conséquences importantes pour la mère et l’enfant. Ces conséquences pourraient être d’autant plus considérables si elles s’inscrivent à la suite d’une histoire de vie difficile. De nature exploratoire, la présente étude examine le vécu de jeunes femmes qui souhaitent revivre une expérience de maternité en bas âge, malgré un parcours de vie difficile. Visant à explorer l’expérience vécue et rapportée par de jeunes mères, cette étude qualitative s’inscrit dans une approche dite phénoménologique. Ainsi, le projet vise d’abord à mieux comprendre l’expérience entourant le désir des jeunes mères à avoir un deuxième ou un troisième enfant, et ce, tel que perçu et rapporté par celles-ci. Ensuite, la perception des jeunes mères en ce qui a trait à l’impact possible des évènements difficiles vécus au cours de leur vie sur ce désir est explorée. Les résultats permettent de mettre en lumière certaines caractéristiques des jeunes mères désirant avoir d’autres enfants dans un futur proche. Toutes les participantes rapportent avoir vécu une enfance et une adolescence teintées de grandes difficultés (abus physique, abus sexuel, négligence, rejet parental, relations familiales distantes et conflictuelles). De plus, toutes les mères rencontrées s’entendent pour dire que l’arrivée du premier enfant a eu impact considérable sur leur vie, que celui-ci soit positif ou négatif. L’analyse des récits révèle la présence de certains éléments pouvant exercer une influence positive sur le désir de maternité répétée à un jeune âge. Trois concepts centraux ressortent des récits : 1. la présence d’une perception positive de la maternité (amour donné et reçu, sentiment d’importance aux yeux de quelqu’un d’autre, fierté, motivation pour aller plus loin dans la vie) ; 2. la présence de motivations à vouloir des enfants et de besoins internes à combler par la présence des enfants (désir d’indépendance et d’émancipation, besoin d’amour, désir de s’occuper des autres) ; et 3. la présence d’une idéalisation du futur (désir de famille unie et désir de stabilité). Qui plus est, l’analyse des données permet de révéler certaines différences entre ce qui est présentement rapporté dans la documentation scientifique et le vécu des jeunes mères qui désirent avoir un autre enfant.

There is a paucity of research about the uptake and utilisation of antenatal care by pregnant adolescents in New Zealand. Media coverage, public perceptions and societal values often presume that adolescents when compared to other women, generally initiate antenatal care if at all and have adverse outcomes related to pregnancy, such as low birth weight and preterm deliveries compared to other woman. This research aims to assess the variations that may exist in the utilisation of and outcomes from antenatal care maternity services for adolescents compared to the pregnant adult population in Christchurch, between 1st July 2004 and the 30th June 2005.

A partir de rencontres-entretien avec trente neuf jeunes filles enceintes dont l'age varie entre 12 et 18 ans, l'auteur a etudie la facon dont ces adolescentes de milieu defavorise vivent leur maternite dans le but de voir si l'adolescence donne a la maternite une structure particuliere. L'etude a ete realise dans un hopital public de rio de janeiro (bresil) et la methode de recueil des donnees a ete l'entretien clinique. A partir du discours que les adolescentes tiennent sur leur vie relationnelle, leurs projets, on a essaye de deceler la valeur de la maternite pour ces filles. Les cas etudies permettent d'exemplifier que l'age au moment de la grossesse ne joue qu'un role secondaire dans l'integration de la maternite dans un processus de vie; que toute maternite a une signification particuliere qui prend sa specificite dans l'histoire et dans la structure de l'adolescente
This study was carried out in rio de janeiro (brazil, from 1987 to 1989. Thrirty nine economically disadvantaged teenagers between twelve and eighteen years old were interviewed at a public hospital during their pregnancy with the objectif of knowing wether the period of adolescence gives any particular structure to the motherhood. The teenagers' speech was used to identify the meaning of motherhood for these girls. The main conclusion for this sample was that adolescence has little relevance for the meaning of motherhood in this group

xvi, 243 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Human birth represents a complex interplay between our evolved biology and the cultural norms and expectations surrounding birth. This project considers both the evolutionary and cultural factors that impact the birth outcomes of teen mothers that received support from a trained labor support person, or doula. Doula support has repeatedly been found to decrease the length of labor, the use of pain medication, the rates of caesarian section, and instrumental births and to increase rates of breastfeeding and bonding. However, virtually no studies evaluate why these positive outcomes occur. Current life history models suggest that traits such as short inter-birth intervals, early weaning, extended dependency, and simultaneously raising multiple dependent offspring co-evolved with child-rearing support from multiple caregivers. These models suggest that mothers should be particularly sensitive to perceived cues of social and material support for childrearing; doulas might provide such cues. The goal of this project was to explore how doula support impacted teen mothers' perceptions of their birth experience and outcomes. Data for the project were drawn from three sources: a 15-month participant observation at a non-profit organization providing doula support to teen mothers, 20 semi-structured interviews with mothers who received doula support for the birth of their babies, and by my attendance as a doula at over 50 births. Results suggest that teen mothers experience upheavals in social relationships with their friends, families, and partners following the discovery of their pregnancy. Participants indicated that doula support increased their knowledge of the birth process, provided unbiased and non judgmental support and information, gave them confidence in their ability to give birth, and encouraged mothers to be proactive in communicating with their care providers. Teens used friendship and kinship terms when describing their doula, suggesting that doula support provides cues of kinship that women have used throughout evolutionary history to assess the availability of alloparental care. While doulas themselves provide salient cues of social support, participants also indicated that doulas increased support from fathers and families, thus mobilizing support from existing social networks. Cues of adequate support may lead to increased maternal investment, thereby improving both maternal and fetal outcomes.
Committee in charge: Lawrence Sugiyama, Chairperson, Anthropology Frances White, Member, Anthropology; James Snodgrass, Member, Anthropology; Melissa Cheyney, Member, Not from U of O; John Orbell, Outside Member, Political Science

Introdução O Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas COMEC é uma Organização Não-Governamental, que mantém um programa, cujo objetivo é capacitar adolescentes de 15 a 18 anos, desfavorecidos economicamente, estudantes, residentes em Campinas e região, para a entrada no mercado de trabalho. Durante esse acompanhamento, algumas adolescentes engravidaram e tornaram-se mães. Objetivos O objetivo geral foi compreender projetos de vida de adolescentes, que engravidaram e se tornaram mães, enquanto participavam do programa do COMEC, no período de 2003 a 2008, buscando desvelar o lugar da maternidade e da vida profissional na trajetória de vida, antes e depois da maternidade. Método Utilizada metodologia quantitativa, para construção do perfil dos adolescentes acompanhados entre 1992 a 2009, a partir do banco de dados da instituição. Para o período de 2003 a 2008, 17 adolescentes tornaram-se mães. Oito foram entrevistadas, após orientação e assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, sendo aplicada metodologia qualitativa para a análise das entrevistas. Resultados A maioria dos 1.601 adolescentes cadastrados nasceu e mora em Campinas, e cursa o segundo grau. As oito jovens mães entrevistadas relataram conhecimento a respeito de métodos contraceptivos e prevenção de DSTs, no entanto, todas relataram gravidez não planejada. As trajetórias de estudo e trabalho foram descontinuadas, ou sofreram adaptações, com a maternidade. Quatro jovens finalizaram o segundo grau e nenhuma havia ingressado na faculdade. Três não voltaram a trabalhar e as demais tiveram experiências diversificadas de trabalho. As dificuldades relatadas para a inserção no mercado de trabalho foram: insuficiência de instrumentos de apoio no cuidado das crianças, baixo ganho salarial, falta de experiência de trabalho, filhos pequenos e pouca formação educacional. A dependência financeira e a perda da liberdade são fatores de frustração e a experiência do amor materno aparece como experiência positiva. Considerações finais Os programas de educação sexual e reprodutiva voltados para adolescentes devem contemplar não somente a informação técnica, mas também outros aspectos relacionados a essa fase da vida. A maternidade na adolescência não indicou a exclusão dos projetos de formação educacional ou de trabalho, mas adaptações nesses projetos e necessidade de uma rede de apoio familiar e social. Constatou-se a necessidade de políticas públicas para a inserção do jovem no mercado de trabalho, para o atendimento de saúde reprodutiva de adolescentes e para serviços de apoio, como creches para filhos de mães trabalhadoras. Demonstra-se a necessidade de uma mudança nas relações de gênero, com maior igualdade de direitos, como pré-condição necessária à inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho, em especial, daquelas que são mães
Introduction Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas- COMEC is a nongovernmental organization that maintain a program whose goal is to capability adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, economically disadvantaged, students, residents in Campinas and region for entering the labor market . During this period, some adolescents became pregnant and became mothers. Objectives - The general objective is to understand life projects of adolescents who became pregnant and became mothers while participating in the COMEC´s program, in the period of 2003 to 2008, seeking to find the position of motherhood and professional life in the life trajectory before and with motherhood. Method - Quantitative methodology was used to construct the followed adolescents profile from 1992 to 2009, from the database of the institution. For the period 2003 to 2008, 17 teenagers became mothers. Eight were interviewed after orientation and after signing an informed consent, and qualitative methodology was applied for the interviews analysis. Results - The majority of the 1601 registered adolescents were born and lived in Campinas and were studying the second grade school. The eight young mothers interviewed reported knowledge about contraceptive methods and STD prevention, however, all reported unplanned pregnancies. The trajectories of study and work have been discontinued or have been adapted with motherhood. Four young people have completed high school and none had entered university. Three did not return to work and the rest had diverse experiences of work. The related difficulties to the integration into the labor market were inadequate instruments to support the children´s care, low income, lack of work experience, presence of small children and little education background. The financial dependency and loss of freedom are factors of frustration and the experience of maternal love appears as a positive experience. Final Considerations - The programs of sexual and reproductive education targeted at adolescents should consider not only technical information but also other aspects related to this phase of life. The teenage motherhood has not indicated the exclusion of educational or work projects but indicates adjustments to these projects and the need for a family network and social support. It was noted the need for public policies for the inclusion of youth in the labor market, to care for adolescent reproductive health and support services such as nurseries for working mothers. Also, it demonstrates the need for a change in gender relations, with greater equality of rights as necessary precondition for the inclusion of women and especially those who are mothers in the labor market

Le Royaume-Uni détient le taux le plus élevé de grossesses adolescentes de l'Europe de l'Ouest et ceci est considéré comme un problème social ou de santé publique. Le stéréotype selon lequel les mères adolescentes sont un groupe homogène est erroné. Ce n'est pas un groupe uniforme et l'enquête qualitative constituée d'un échantillon de soixante-dix-huit entretiens semi-directifs de jeunes mères ou de futures mères adolescentes en Angleterre et en Écosse montre cette hétérogénéité, qui se traduit, pour partie, par des variations géographiques. L'objectif premier de ce travail de recherche est de donner la parole aux jeunes mères. Puis, en comparant le point de vue des protagonistes avec les écrits scientifiques, grâce à une analyse de contenu systématique, l'étude démontre, qu'en dépit des discours positifs sur la maternité, ce dont elles manquent le plus est d'un soutien adéquat, d'encouragements, d'argent et d'un réseau social, pour ne citer que quelques exemples. De nombreux pans de la grossesse et de la maternité sont étudiés dans la thèse, certains étaient inexplorés ou passés sous silence jusqu'à présent, en raison de la sensibilité du thème de recherche. Les mythes et les méprises sur la grossesse adolescente et les mères adolescentes sont déconstruits et la réalité des faits est exposée dans l'espoir de changer le regard négatif sur le phénomène et les mères adolescentes

Ce travail de doctorat en démographie met l'accent sur l'entrée très précoce dans la maternité dans une perspective comparative entre deux pays proches sur le plan socioéconomique, mais qui se distinguent sur le plan de la fécondité, surtout pendant la période de l'adolescence – la France et l'Angleterre-Galles. Il explore les maternités adolescentes en tant que comportement reproductif « hors norme » et tente de placer ces maternités « non désirées » dans le contexte de la transition vers l’âge adulte. Nous offrons une vue longitudinale de cette problématique en décrivant « trois temps » de la vie d’une mère adolescente :- Le temps d’« avant maternité » où le fait de devenir mère adolescente est fonction de trois probabilités : celle d’avoir des rapports sexuels, celle de recourir à un (des) moyen(s) contraceptif(s) et celle de recourir à l’IVG en cas de grossesse ;- Le temps de la maternité. Quelles sont les situations de vie de ces mères adolescentes au moment de la naissance de leurs enfants ? - Le temps d’« après-maternité ». Comment varient les parcours génésiques, conjugaux, professionnels et résidentiels des femmes en fonction de leur âge à l’entrée dans la maternité ?
This thesis in demography focuses upon very early entries into motherhood in a comparative perspective between two countries similar in socioeconomic terms but differing vastly in terms of fertility, especially during adolescence - France and England and Wales. It explores adolescent maternities as an “uncommon” reproductive behaviour and aims to place these un-“unintended” births in the context of the transition to adulthood. We offer a longitudinal view of this phenomenon by describing three “periods” in the life of an adolescent mother:- The period “before maternity” where becoming an adolescent mother is a function of three probabilities: of having sexual intercourse, of using contraception and of having an abortion in case of a pregnancy;- The period of the maternity. What are the characteristics and life conditions of adolescent mothers at the time of birth ?- The period “after maternity”. How do the reproductive, conjugal, professional and residential trajectories of mothers vary in function of their age at first birth ?

The issue of adolescent health has steadily grown momentum with people realizing the vulnerability ofthis sector ofthe world's population. Within the South African context, the tide had also turned. However, most initiatives aimed at the prevention of problems, one of which was adolescent pregnancy. Extant literature revealed that despite efforts to reduce adolescent pregnancy, adolescent fertility rate in SubSaharan Africa remained on the rise. As such, the need for appropriate maternity services for this group became a concern, as extant literature also revealed the costly long term effects to pregnant and parenting adolescents, as well as society as a whole. Within KwaZulu-Natal pregnant and parenting adolescents use the same maternity services as their adult counterparts. It was not clear if these services were appropriate to the needs of these clients. As such, a Glaser Grounded Theory approach was used to explore the maternity services from the points of view of the various stakeholder groups. Data was collected, using theoretical sampling, by means of semi-structured interviews and focus group interviews. Constructs of adolescent-friendly maternity care were identified from the findings. The components of the constructs included aspects of (1) Structures and Resources, (2) Attitudes to AMCs, and (3) Services. The resources or structures that either need to exist and/or be improved included policies, the quality and quantity of HCps, formalized support for AMCs, a sensitized administration, community involvement and the educational preparation of HCps. The attitudes that service providers were expected to demonstrate in their interaction with AMCs included those of equality, empathy and respect. They were also expected to show understanding towards AMCs and provide them with reassurance and support. The third component identified specific services to be provided to AMCs during the antenatal, labour and delivery, and postnatal period. These constructs can be used by health care planners and providers to strengthen and improve service provision to and utilization by pregnant and parenting adolescents and form the foundation on which a theory of adolescent-friendly maternity care can be based. Recommendations were made with regards to future service and research endeavours.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Sociais, 16 de Setembro de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.
Diversos estudos indicam que a gravidez precoce continua a ser uma problemática social de relevo na Região Autónoma dos Açores. Apesar de uma tendência para a diminuição progressiva do registo de nascimentos ocorridos, na faixa etária entre os 11-19 anos de idade, para o período entre 2001 e 2014, a região continua a apresentar um número elevado de nascimentos em mães nessa faixa etária. Desse modo, os Açores são uma das regiões europeias com mais casos de gravidez na adolescência. O propósito central deste trabalho é descrever o apoio social de jovens institucionalizadas ou previamente institucionalizadas em risco de gravidez precoce ou com uma gravidez precoce consumada. Participaram no estudo 14 jovens com idades compreendidas entre os 11 e os 19 anos. Foi desenvolvido um estudo qualitativo, de caráter exploratório e descritivo. O estudo baseou-se numa entrevista semiestruturada, aplicada de acordo com um guião previamente preparado. A entrevista foi adaptada em função do tipo de participantes, visto que as adolescentes foram distribuídas por três condições: adolescentes não grávidas institucionalizadas, mas com elevado risco de gravidez precoce; adolescentes grávidas ou mães adolescentes institucionalizadas; e, finalmente, mães adolescentes não institucionalizadas. Este estudo permitiu concluir que, em geral, as relações das participantes com as famílias de origem são marcadas por riscos cumulativos, por um aparente conhecimento dos métodos anticoncecionais, que não foi condição suficiente para prevenir uma gravidez precoce de algumas delas, e que o apoio social está muito dependente das famílias de origem, não obstante o respetivo historial multiproblemático.
ABSTRACT: Several studies indicate that early pregnancy remains a social issue of importance in the Azores. Despite a trend towards gradual reduction of registration of births occurred in the age group between 11-19 years of age for the period between 2001 and 2014, the region continues to show a high number of births in mothers in this age group. Thus, the Azores are one of the European regions with more cases of teenage pregnancy. The central purpose of this paper is to describe the social support institutionalized or previously institutionalized young people at risk of early pregnancy or a finished early pregnancy. Participated in the study 14 young people aged between 11 and 19 years old. A qualitative study of exploratory and descriptive character was developed. The study was based on a semi-structured interview, applied according to a prepared script. The interview was adapted according to the type of participants, since the adolescents were distributed by three conditions: not pregnant adolescents institutionalized, but at high risk of early pregnancy; pregnant teenagers or teenage mothers institutionalized; and finally, teenage mothers not institutionalized. This study found that, in general, the relationship of the participants with the families of origin are marked by cumulative risks by an apparent knowledge of contraceptive methods, which was not enough to prevent early pregnancy some of them, and that the support social is very dependent on the families of origin, despite the respective multi –problematic history.

This thesis explores the relationships between self-esteem and socio-economic factors and characteristics of maternity group home program participation. Self-esteem is used sometimes as the independent variable and sometimes as the dependent variable in this study. A sample of 268 women was used representing the data available in an administrative database on women admitted to the Villa Rosa program for the period from May 1998 to February 2009, after removing cases with too much of the self-esteem measure missing. Methods of analysis included; paired samples t-tests, independent samples t-tests, analysis of variance, repeated measures analysis of variance, standard multiple regression, sequential multiple regression, and multinomial logistic regression. Attempts were made to control for the influence of the several factors. The main findings of the research included: 1) Ethnicity was not found to be significantly related to discharge self-esteem. 2) Self-esteem of residents was found to be significantly healthier at discharge from the program than at intake to the program. 3) Self-esteem was not found to be significantly different between women who participated in a post-natal semi-independent living component of the program and those who did not when controlling for control variables. When the control variable of length of time in the program was removed self-esteem was found to be significantly healthier for women who participated in the post-natal semi-independent living component of the program than those who did not. 4) A significant difference was not found between the discharge self-esteem of women who reported as living with a disability at intake, and women who did not. 5) Self-esteem at discharge was found to be healthier with an increased number of days spent at Villa Rosa. 6) Less healthy intake self-esteem was associated with plans not to breastfeed. 7) More supportive attitudes of social support network as measured at intake were shown to be linked to healthier self-esteem at discharge. 8) Experiences of abuse were not shown to be significantly related to discharge self-esteem. Both support received from the significant findings, and a lack of support from insignificant findings, were found for several self-esteem theories.

Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário
Este estudo, de natureza exploratória e comparativa, pretende contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da representação interna da mãe, no contexto da pré-adolescência e da adolescência, de modo a diminuir algumas lacunas existentes na literatura. Assim, este trabalho pretende: a) compreender como se desenvolvem os processos de transformação na imago materna e b) compreender como se desenvolvem os processos de identificação à imago materna, durante a pré-adolescência e a adolescência. Constituiu-se uma amostra de 42 raparigas, as quais foram divididas em três grupos consoante a idade, i.e., 12 anos (n=14), 13 anos (n=14) e 14 anos (n=14). Foi aplicado o Teste de Apercepção Temática (T.A.T), especificamente o cartão 7GF. Como principais resultados refere-se a existência de diferenças entre pré-adolescentes e adolescentes, relativamente às transformações na imago materna e à identificação a esta. Nomeadamente a hesitação entre a dependência e a autonomia aos doze anos, a ambivalência na relação com a mãe aos treze anos, e a identificação antagónica face à mãe aos catorze anos.
ABSTRACT------This exploratory and comparative study intends to contribute to a better comprehension of the internal representation of the mother, in the context of early adolescence and adolescence, in a way to decrease some of the existing gap on the literature. Thus, the goals of the study are: a) understand how the transformation process develops in maternal imago and b) understand how the identification process develops during early adolescence and adolescence. For that it was formed a sample with 42 adolescents, which were divided in three groups according to the age, i.e., 12 years old (n=14), 13 years old (n=14) and 14 years old (n=14). It was applied the Thematic Apperception Test (T.A.T.) specifically the 7GF card. As main results of the present study we can say that there were differences between early adolescents and adolescents, relatively to the transformations in the maternal imago and in the identification to her. Namely the hesitation between dependency and autonomy at the age of twelve, the ambivalence in the relationship with the mother at the age of thirteen, and the antagonistic identification to the mother at the age of fourteen.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Ciências da Educação apresentado à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
O presente relatório insere-se no âmbito do Estágio Curricular do Mestrado em Ciências da Educação e aborda o fenómeno da Gravidez na Adolescência, que constitui uma experiência diferenciada na fase da vida de muitas jovens. Muitas vezes este fenómeno é associado a riscos diversos, outras é visto como um fator de amadurecimento para a criação de um projeto de vida individual. No entanto, são poucos os casos de sucesso, tornando-se urgente a prestação de um apoio específico a mães adolescentes e aos seus filhos. É neste contexto que surge a instituição onde decorreu o estágio curricular, a Casa da Mãe. Esta instituição é uma comunidade de inserção para jovens adolescentes grávidas ou com filhos.Como projeto de intervenção neste estágio curricular, destacamos o Programa de Treino Parental, intitulado por Super Mom, construído em colaboração com a psicóloga da instituição. Os programas de educação parental surgem como uma medida de prevenção para que seja possível um apoio específico, de modo a minimizar os fatores de risco inerentes a esta problemática. Posto isto, tornou-se essencial realizar um projeto de intervenção que abordasse temáticas fundamentais ao exercício da maternidade na adolescência. O Programa de Treino Parental – Super Mom – dividiu-se em treze sessões semanais, com a duração de 1h, abordando temáticas como a promoção da autoestima, o desenvolvimento da criança, imposição de limites, práticas parentais, expressão emocional, comunicação, etc.Além deste projeto de intervenção fomos realizando diversas atividades que fomentaram o espírito criativo das jovens mães e dos seus filhos, mostrando que a institucionalização pode ser vivida de uma forma mais tranquila e ativa.
This report is part of the Curricular Internship of the Master in Educational Sciences and addresses the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy, which is a differentiated experience in the life stage of many young women. Often this phenomenon is associated with diverse risks, others are seen as a maturing factor for the creation of an individual life project. However, there are few cases of success, and it is urgent to provide specific support to adolescent mothers and their children. It is in this context that the institution where the curricular internship takes place, Casa da Mãe. This institution is an insertion community for young adolescents pregnant or with children.As an intervention project in this curricular stage, we highlight the Parental Training Program, titled by Super Mom, building in collaboration with the institution's psychologist. Parental education programs emerge as a preventive measure so that specific support is possible in order to minimize the risk factors inherent to this problem. Having said this, it became essential to carry out an intervention project that addressed fundamental themes for the practice of motherhood in adolescence.The Parental Training Program - Super Mom - was divided into thirteen weekly sessions, lasting 1 hour, addressing themes such as promoting self-esteem, child development, limitation, parental practices, emotional expression, communication, etc.In addition to this intervention project we have been carrying out several activities that have fostered the creative spirit of young mothers and their children, showing that institutionalization can be lived in a more relaxed and active way.

Despite all the legislative efforts regarding child protection and campaigns to prevent and combat early marriage and maternity, Mozambique was ranked 9th globally in terms of the prevalence of early marriage, with 48% of girls aged 20-24 marrying before the age of 18 years. The aim of this study was to develop a strategic alignment framework for the prevention and combat of early marriage and maternity in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. This study used a two-stage equal-status concurrent sequential mixed-method design. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey, administered to 383 early married, maternity and pregnant girls; life story interviews with early married, maternity and pregnant girls (25) aged 10-19 years; semi-structured interviews with professionals from the education and health sectors, local authorities, families of the early married, maternity and pregnant girls (37), and group discussions with members of a child committee (16). The results indicated that the majority of early married, maternity and pregnant girls only completed primary education (55.9%), followed by secondary education (39.9%), and higher education (2.9%). About 65% of adolescent girls became pregnant at the age of 15-17. Among adolescent girls, 18.8% had their first baby before the age of 15 years and 99.2% had their first baby before they were 18 years old. Among the early maternity girls (362), 24.3% responded “yes” to the questions about health complications during their first baby’s birth and 75.7% of the respondents said “no”. Socio-cultural meanings, such as socialisation into roles, legitimising having children, the value and benefits of the bridewealth, the role of initiation, the social meaning of the first menstruation, geographical and transport issues were the main drivers for school dropout, forcing adolescent girls to marry. Engaging in sexual practices was found to provide the girls a sense of meaning and purpose, or as a result of poverty. Physical aspects, interpersonal relations, education, work, and emotional distress were some of the negative consequences of early marriage and maternity. There were some relevant interventions and efforts to prevent and combat early marriage and maternity in Maganja da Costa and Morrumbala districts in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. However, the alignment of the activities implemented by different NGOs and CBOs to MNSPCM (2016-2019) was still a challenge. Only World Vision was implementing programmes aligned to the National Strategy. Based on the results, I developed a strategic alignment framework for the prevention and combat of early marriage and maternity in Zambézia Province, Mozambique.
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Este estudo tem como objectivo conhecer e interpretar a dimensão feminina e masculina da parentalidade na adolescência e os seus impactos a médio prazo. Especificamente, pretende-se com esta investigação captar a pluralidade de situações escondidas sob uma mesma designação, contrariando a tendência de grande parte dos estudos que abordam a parentalidade na adolescência como um percurso de vida (feminino) idêntico para todos os que o experimentam: necessariamente problemático e negativo, um “acidente” indesejado. Assim sendo, a pesquisa pretende desconstruir ideias feitas sobre a linearidade da parentalidade na adolescência, evidenciando a diversidade de percursos que podem ser experimentados. Para cumprir os objectivos mencionados, recorre-se a uma metodologia qualitativa de tipo intensivo. O corpo empírico deste trabalho é constituído por 20 entrevistas semi- -directivas aplicadas a mães e pais adolescentes que tiveram um primeiro filho até aos 19 anos. Para a constituição da amostra usou-se a técnica “bola de neve”. Na análise das entrevistas usou-se o método proposto por Marc-Henry Soulet (in Monteiro, 2005), que se baseia, entre outros aspectos, em não ter categorias a priori mas construí-las de forma indutiva. Através da análise do material empírico, chegou-se à construção de cinco ideais-tipo de parentalidade na adolescência: cooperante, desprotegida, autónoma, frágil e demitida. O olhar a médio prazo que atravessa o estudo, a visibilidade dada aos pais adolescentes e a identificação de ideais-tipo que configuram a diversidade de experiências de parentalidade na adolescência resultam nas principais inovações deste trabalho, permitindo antever linhas de pesquisa para o futuro.
The present study aims at knowing and interpreting both the feminine and masculine dimension of adolescent parenting and its medium term impacts. We intend to show the plurality of situations that may lie under a single designation therefore contradicting the generalized tendency to treat adolescent parenting as an essentially feminine and negative experience, similar to all of those who experience it. Therefore this research tries to deconstruct preconceived ideas about a supposed linearity in adolescent parenting by showing the diversity of experiences. In order to do so we used a qualitative and inductive methodology. The empirical body of this work consists in 20 semi-directive interviews to adolescent mothers and fathers that had their first child before turning 19. The sample was drawn by using the snowball technique. When analysing the interviews we used the Marc-Henry Soulet (in Monteiro, 2005) method, based on the absence of preconceived categories and in using an inductive categorization procedure. Through the empirical material analysis we came up with five ideal-types of adolescent parenting: cooperative, unprotected, autonomous, fragile and non-committed. The main innovations of this study consist in its approach on medium term impacts, in the visibility given to adolescent fathers and in the identification of ideal-types that demonstrate the diversity of experiences and provide clues to future investigations.

Ce travail de recherche s’est intéressé aux mères adolescentes du Gabon, pays d’Afrique Centrale. S’inscrivant en faux contre l’idée préconçue selon laquelle les grossesses à l’adolescence conduisent inéluctablement au décrochage scolaire, les résultats de recherche présentés dans ce document rendent plutôt compte d’expériences inverses, à savoir celles des mères adolescentes qui parviennent à persévérer dans leurs études. Le présent mémoire vise à comprendre et à analyser le vécu des jeunes filles mères scolarisées. Il questionne le parcours de vie de ces « mamans ados » et conséquemment les mécanismes qui leur permettent de concilier études et maternité. La démarche repose sur une méthode qualitative. Des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 18 jeunes filles mères scolarisées ont été conduits à Libreville, capitale gabonaise. Les jeunes filles rencontrées étaient âgées de 15 à 19 ans. Les entrevues ont été enregistrées et retranscrites. Quels sont les facteurs favorisant la conciliation études/maternité chez les jeunes filles ? Nos données ont permis de mettre en évidence quatre facteurs cruciaux à cet égard. Ces facteurs sont premièrement, une capacité d’organisation et un degré d’auto-responsabilisation très poussés chez ces jeunes filles ; deuxièmement, l’activation d’un soutien important de la part du réseau familial ; troisièmement, une implication et des aides importantes apportées par le père de l’enfant ; enfin, une valorisation affirmée de l’éducation de la part des parents de la jeune mère. Il ressort aussi de nos analyses que moyennant au moins l’un, sinon plusieurs, de ces facteurs, les jeunes mères adolescentes à Libreville parviennent à mener de front études et maternité. Cela veut dire que le décrochage scolaire chez les mères adolescentes n’est pas une fatalité si des formes d’accompagnement et de soutien existent.
This research focuses on teenage mothers in Gabon, a Central African country. It was completed against the preconceived idea that pregnancy results in the end of schooling for teenage mothers. In fact, the findings in this study demonstrate experiences in which teenage mothers are able to pursuit and complete their schooling. The purpose of the study aimed to analyse and assess the stories of these young mothers. We tried to understand the experiences of these “teen moms” and consequently, which mechanisms they used to reconcile maternity and schooling. Semi-directed interviews were conducted with 18 young mothers in Libreville, the capital of Gabon. At the time of the data collection, the mothers were between 15 to 19 years old. All of interviews were recorded and transcribed for data analysis. What are the factors that help to reconcile early parenting with schooling? The data collected show evidence of four main factors. These factors are primarily linked to the young woman’s capacity to organize and to take individual responsibility. Other factors are related to familial support, the level of commitment and implication of the baby’s father, and finally the value the young woman’s parents place on education. It appears that with at least one of these factors, young mothers in Libreville, Gabon are able to handle parenting with schooling. The results from this study demonstrate that when accompanying measures are available, early parenting does not necessarily lead to dropping out of the school system.

Introdução: Embora a maternidade na adolescência constitua um fenómeno onde se constata uma diminuição, continua a verificar-se que as repercussões, quer para a mãe, quer para o bebé têm tendência a ser agravadas, considerando que maioritariamente vêm de conjunturas de risco social, associada a situações de pobreza, baixa escolaridade e com contextos familiares frágeis, carecendo deste modo de um apoio maior e mais específico. Com este estudo, pretendemos contribuir para o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre as necessidades das mães adolescentes, identificando os conhecimentos que mais valorizam para o desempenho do papel parental e cooperar na obtenção de ganhos em saúde. Definimos como objetivos: Identificar quais as necessidades de aprendizagem prioritárias no pós-parto na perspetiva das mães adolescentes; descrever a associação entre as necessidades de aprendizagem no pós-parto, as caraterísticas sociodemográficas e as caraterísticas obstétricas das mães; aumentar o conhecimento em enfermagem relativamente às necessidades de conhecimentos das mães adolescentes, no seu autocuidado e nos cuidados ao seu filho; apresentar um modelo prescritivo para as práticas de cuidar na maternidade na adolescência. Materiais e Métodos: O estudo desenvolveu-se em cinco fases distintas. Primeiro começámos por perceber através da revisão sistemática da literatura, qual o estado da arte e do objeto de estudo; seguiu-se a tradução para o português europeu e a validação cultural para a população portuguesa do instrumento Postpartum Learning Needs (PLN), segundo as linhas orientadoras de Beaton et al., bem como a validação psicométrica do instrumento; sucedeu-se a elaboração de um estudo exploratório e descritivo de natureza quantitativa, recorrendo a 251 mães adolescentes, que foram entrevistados para o preenchimento de um questionário (subescalas), com uma escala de Likert de quatro pontos, referente às necessidades de conhecimentos para o auto cuidado e para cuidarem dos seus bebés; efetuámos, simultaneamente, um estudo exploratório e descritivo de natureza quantitativa, aplicado a 165 enfermeiros de forma a perceber quais as áreas que estas mães mais valorizavam, quanto ao conhecimento para cuidar de si e dos seus bebés; No final procedeu-se a um estudo correlacional de modo a conhecer qual o comportamento das variáveis de caracterização socioeconómica e demográfica, como a estrutura familiar e o relacionamento do casal e as variáveis de vigilância e de promoção da maternidade, como o acompanhamento, informação e vigilância pré-natal. Resultados: Apesar da evidente satisfação com as informações e com os cuidados recebidos, as mães referiram que relativamente às necessidades de conhecimentos no autocuidado, os mais valorizados estão relacionados com questões fisiológicas como o cuidado com os lóquios, por outro referem aspetos psicológicos como o relacionamento do casal. Já referentes aos conhecimentos com os cuidados ao bebé, as diferenças estatisticamente encontradas estavam relacionadas com o aprender sobre segurança da criança, desenvolvimento infantil, diagnóstico precoce, doenças da infância e medicação, sendo que 99,4% referiram que a sua maior necessidade estava relacionada com o cuidado com a pele. Conclusão: A PLN revelou ser um instrumento preditivo na avaliação da priorização de conhecimentos. Podemos, referir que mães adolescentes e enfermeiros não apresentam o mesmo grau de prioridade dos conhecimentos. De facto percebemos que relativamente ao autocuidado, os enfermeiros apresentam uma diferença na perceção dos conhecimentos que são mais valorizados pelas mães. Os resultados encontrados e a pesquisa bibliográfica permitiram delinear um modelo preditivo, com o objetivo de facilitar o desenvolvimento de um conjunto de ações, que se transformem em ganhos de saúde para as mães adolescentes e seus filhos.
Introduction: Although teenage motherhood is a phenomenon where there is a decrease, it continues to be seen that the repercussions for both mother and baby tend to be aggravated, considering that they mostly come from social risk situations, Associated with situations of poverty, low levels of schooling and with fragile family situations, thus requiring a greater and more specific support. With this study, we intend to contribute to the deepening of the knowledge about the needs of adolescent mothers, identifying the knowledge that most value for the performance of the parental role and to cooperate in the achievement of health gains. We defined as objectives: Identify the priority learning needs in postpartum from the perspective of adolescent mothers; To describe the association between the postpartum learning needs, the sociodemographic characteristics and the obstetric characteristics of the mothers; To increase nursing knowledge regarding adolescent mothers' knowledge needs, their self-care and care of their child; Present a prescriptive model for caring practices in adolescence. Materials and Methods: The study was developed in five distinct phases. First we begin by perceiving through the systematic review of the literature, which state of art and the object of study; Followed by the translation into European Portuguese and the cultural validation for the Portuguese population of the instrument Postpartum Learning Needs according to the guidelines of Beaton et al., As well as the psychometric validation of the instrument; An exploratory and descriptive quantitative study was carried out, using 251 adolescent mothers, who were interviewed to complete a questionnaire with a four-point Likert scale, referring to the knowledge needs for self-care and To care for their babies; We carried out an exploratory and descriptive study of a quantitative nature applied to 165 nurses in order to perceive which areas they valued most, as to the knowledge that these mothers should have to care for themselves and their babies; In the end, a correlational study was carried out in order to know the behavior of variables of socioeconomic and demographic characterization, such as the family structure and the relationship of the couple and the variables of surveillance and promotion of maternity, such as monitoring, information and surveillance prenatal. Results: In spite of the evident satisfaction with the information and care received, the mothers reported that in relation to knowledge needs in self-care, the most valued are related to physiological issues such as caring for lochia, on the other they refer psychological aspects such as relationship of the couple. Regarding the knowledge about baby care, the statistically significant differences were related to learning about child safety, child development, early diagnosis, childhood illness and medication, and 99.4% reported that their greatest need was related with skin care. Conclusion: PLN has proved to be a predictive tool in the evaluation of prioritization of knowledge. We can say that adolescent mothers and nurses do not have the same priority of knowledge. In fact, we perceive that with respect to self-care nurses present a difference in the perception of the knowledge that is most valued by the mothers. The results found and the bibliographic research allowed the delineation of a predictive model, with the objective of facilitating the development of a set of actions, which become health gains for adolescent mothers and their children.

Este estudo tem por objectivo analisar/caracterizar, as circunstâncias em que decorre a maternidade na adolescência da comunidade cabo-verdiana residente no Bairro da Cova da Moura. Para tal, foram considerados aspetos de ordem cultural, económica e social destas mães adolescentes. Pretende-se estabelecer a comparação entre duas gerações de mulheres cabo-verdianas, cuja gravidez tenha ocorrido durante a sua fase adolescente. Para tal, foram considerados os mesmos indicadores – ideológicos e comportamentais – em ambos os grupos de mulheres, na tentativa de identificar os principais fatores que influenciam e contribuem para este fenómeno continuado, sobretudo no que respeita à transmissão geracional de valores da maternidade. Para a recolha de dados, foram usados métodos como aplicação de questionários e a realização de entrevistas. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar as diferenças existentes entre as mães adolescentes e as mães agora em idade adulta, relativamente aos meios a que recorrem para ter acesso a informação sobre a maternidade. O abandono escolar verificou-se ser um aspeto importante para esta análise.
This present study aims to analyze / describe the circumstances under which runs a maternity in adolescence of the Cape Verdean community residing in the Cova da Moura. In order to achieve that goal, it was taken into account aspects of cultural, economic and social these teenage mothers. It is intended to establish a comparison between two generations of Cape Verdean women whose pregnancy occurred during their adolescent stage. So, it was also taken into account the same indicators - ideological and behavioral - in both groups of women, in an attempt to identify the main factors that influence and contribute to this phenomenon continued, particularly with regard to the generational transmission motherhood values. For data collection, we used methods such as questionnaires and conducting interviews. The results have identified the differences between teenage mothers and mothers now in adulthood, regarding the means used to access information about motherhood. The dropout was found to be an important aspect for this analysis.

Malgré la diversité des recherches sur la parentalité adolescente, l'analyse des trajectoires parentales et des facteurs qui peuvent moduler l'effet de cet événement sur la scolarité demeure peu documentée. C'est précisément sur cet aspect que se penche la présente étude. L'objectif général de ce mémoire est de voir dans quelle mesure les différentes trajectoires adoptées par les jeunes parents sont associées à l’obtention des diplômes scolaires. Évidemment, les parents adolescents forment un groupe qui est plus à risque de ne pas avoir obtenu de diplôme secondaire vers 20 ans. Cependant, nous soutenons que la trajectoire parentale est différente pour chaque individu et qu'elle peut modifier la probabilité d’obtention des diplômes secondaire et postsecondaire. Les résultats des analyses de régression sur les données de l'Enquête auprès des jeunes en transition nous montrent que ce n’est pas le simple fait d’être parent qui influe sur la scolarité des jeunes, mais plutôt le type de trajectoires scolaires empruntées par ces derniers. Ainsi, certaines trajectoires parentales moins stables et plus précoces ont plus d’impact sur la non obtention d’un diplôme d’études secondaire, que les trajectoires parentales stables, qu’il s’agisse de monoparentalité ou de famille cohabitante. La précocité est donc un facteur d’influence différencié selon le type de parcours conjugal. De plus, nous observons que cette association entre certaines trajectoires parentales et l’obtention d’un diplôme s’observe également chez les hommes même si le type de trajectoire parentale est globalement moins explicatif que pour les femmes. Finalement, les variables reliées à la performance scolaire à 15 ans médiatisent en partie l’impact des trajectoires parentales sur le statut scolaire à 23 ans, ce qui suggère que l’association peut s’interpréter aussi comme un effet de la scolarité sur la parentalité.
Although many studies on teenage parenthood have been realized, little research examined the effect of parental trajectories on school graduation. The aim of this study is to better understand how teen parents' life trajectories influenced the probability of getting a diploma. Obviously, young parents have higher risk of not being graduated of high school before their 20 years old. However, we support that teen parents' life trajectories are different for each. In consequence the probability of getting a diploma can be modified. Based on data from the Youth in Transition Survey collected between 2000 and 2007, our results from regression analyses suggest that the simple fact of being a teenage parent does not explain all consequences on school graduation. The probability of getting a diploma would rather be influenced by teen parents' life trajectories. Additionally, results suggest that instable and early parenthood contribute to the likelihood of not being graduated at 23 years old. Our result shows that early parenthood has to be analyzed differently and a combination between precocity and instability help to better understand the effects of adolescent parenthood on diplomation. An association between academic performances at 15 years old and the level of education at 23 years old was also found, which may explain why this association may influences the probability of getting a diploma.

Objectif: Explorer l’association entre différentes expériences de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance chez un groupe de mères adolescentes québécoises et les conditions observables chez ces dernières qui sont reconnues comme pouvant mener à l’Adoption de pratiques parentales maltraitantes (APPM) envers leur enfant, en cohérence avec les repères mis de l’avant par la théorie axée sur le traumatisme. Devis: Analyses secondaires de données quantitatives tirées d’une étude évaluative portant sur le Programme de Soutien aux Jeunes Parents (PSJP) des Services intégrés en périnatalité et pour la petite enfance à l’intention des familles vivant en contexte de vulnérabilité (SIPPE). Échantillon: 288 mères adolescentes québécoises, âgées en moyenne de 18 ans, recevant ou ayant reçu des services par le biais du PSJP. Méthodologie: Les données ont été recueillies en quatre temps de mesure, soit à deux reprises durant la grossesse, ainsi qu’à 5 et 17 mois postpartum, sur une période d’environ deux ans. L’expérience de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance a été mesurée à l’aide de la version abrégée de l’échelle Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Une analyse de partitionnement des données a été menée en utilisant les variables relatives à l’expérience de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance (cinq formes de maltraitance et leur classification d’intensité). Dans un deuxième temps, des analyses de variance, par tableaux de contingence et de régression logistique binaire ont été menées afin d’évaluer l’association entre les différentes expériences de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance et les variables identifiées comme étant des conditions associées à l’APPM chez les mères adolescentes. Résultats: Nos résultats mettent de l’avant la fréquence élevée de l’expérience de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance et font ressortir trois types distincts d’expérience. Un premier type est caractérisé par une expérience de négligence émotionnelle sans cooccurrence; un deuxième par une expérience d’abus sexuel et de négligence émotionnelle; et un troisième par une expérience composée de toutes les formes de maltraitance en cooccurrence mais avec une plus faible intensité de négligence émotionnelle. En général, malgré certaines distinctions, ce seraient les mères s’inscrivant dans les deuxième et troisième types qui présenteraient significativement plus de conditions associées à l’APPM pour ce qui est de la pauvreté matérielle, de la fragilisation de la santé mentale, du fonctionnement parental et de la précarité du réseau de soutien. Constats: Ces résultats suggèrent l’importance d’arriver à une compréhension exhaustive de l’expérience de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance chez les mères adolescentes puisque, selon sa nature et sa cooccurrence, ses conséquences peuvent varier. Ces conséquences peuvent être persistantes et placer les mères à risque de transmission intergénérationnelle de la maltraitance envers leur enfant. Dans une optique de prévention de l’APPM, ceci met de l’avant la pertinence d’étudier la problématique de la maltraitance chez les mères adolescentes non pas seulement en fonction du risque de perpétration mais également en fonction de la maltraitance qu’elles ont elles-mêmes subie. Les implications pour l’intervention en travail social et dans le domaine psychosocial sont également discutées.
Objective: To explore the association between histories of childhood maltreatment types among a group of adolescent mothers and recognized variables linked to the Adoption of maltreating parental behavior (AMPB) towards their child in accordance with Trauma-focused theory landmarks. Design: Secondary analysis of quantitative data from an evaluative study of the Programme de Soutien aux Jeunes Parents (PSJP) des Services intégrés en périnatalité et pour la petite enfance à l’intention des familles vivant en contexte de vulnérabilité (SIPPE). Sample: 288 adolescent mothers from Québec, Canada, 18 years old on average, receiving or having received services through the PSJP. Method: Data was collected four times (twice during pregnancy, as well as at 5 and 17 months postpartum) over an average period of two years. Childhood maltreatment history was measured by using the short version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Cluster analysis was performed using variables related to childhood trauma history (forms of maltreatment experience and severity classification). Analyses of variance, cross tables and binary logistic regression were then conducted to assess the association between the different types of childhood maltreatment and recognized variables linked to AMPB in adolescent mothers. Results: Results show a high occurrence of childhood maltreatment experience among the adolescent mothers that took part in our study. Further, they highlight three distinct types of childhood maltreatment. The first type is characterized by emotional neglect without cooccurrence; the second one, by sexual abuse and emotional neglect; and the third one, by a cooccurrence of all forms of abuse but with a lower intensity of emotional neglect. Overall, despite certain distinctions, mothers from the second and third types present significantly more risk factors for AMPB than mothers from the first type (i.e. higher levels of poverty, fragile mental health, parental difficulties, and lower satisfaction of social network). Conclusion: From a prevention perspective of AMPB, our results put forward the importance of focusing on and understanding adolescent mothers’ diversity of childhood maltreatment experiences. Difficulties related to a history of childhood maltreatment vary according to its nature and the co-occurrence of forms of maltreatment. These consequences can be persistent and put mothers at risk of intergenerational transmission of maltreatment towards their children. This puts forth the relevance of studying maltreatment among adolescent mothers not only according to the risk of perpetration but also according to the abuse they have themselves suffered in their childhood. The implications for social work and psychosocial intervention are also discussed.

O presente trabalho aborda o fenómeno da maternidade precoce, experiência diferenciada numa fase da vida dos jovens. Diversas investigações em torno desta temática apresentam o fenómeno como não normalizado e associado a riscos diversos, outras referem que a maternidade na adolescência poderá ser um fator de amadurecimento com a criação de um projeto de vida individual. São, no entanto, poucos os casos de sucesso, tornando-se prioritário um apoio específico a estas mães e seus filhos. Os programas de educação parental surgem como uma medida preventiva que poderá minimizar os fatores de risco e as vulnerabilidades que estas jovens mães apresentam, sendo o modelo centrado na família muito valorizado atualmente, com base nas perspetivas ecossistémicas que põem em foco a ideia do trabalho com toda a família e não apenas com a criança em risco. Com base no pressuposto que programas de educação parental implementados junto de jovens mães podem contribuir como mecanismo de proteção e reestruturação, implementou-se, junto de um grupo de mães adolescentes e jovens institucionalizadas, um programa de capacitação familiar, Programa A PAR, aplicado a diferentes grupos de famílias, com crianças dos 0 aos 6 anos, em diversos contextos de risco. O presente trabalho é constituído por dois artigos em que o primeiro enquadrada o fenómeno da maternidade na adolescência, com base nas estatísticas, fatores de risco, situações vivenciadas com a descoberta da gravidez, bem como intervenções realizadas junto deste grupo; e o segundo estuda a maternidade adolescente em instituição e, como medida de apoio a este grupo, a aplicação do Programa A PAR – Aprender em Parceria, permitindo a construção de uma relação mais positiva com a maternidade e com o seu filho. É apresentada a aplicação do Programa, a um grupo de 7 jovens mães institucionalizadas, desenvolvido em 26 sessões grupais em que mães e filhos usufruíram conjuntamente de um momento lúdico em família. O estudo pretendia estudar efeitos do programa em diversas dimensões como: stress parental, sentido de competência parental, conhecimento do desenvolvimento infantil e a rede de apoio social. Apesar dos resultados não mostrarem diferenças significativas entre o pré e pós-teste, nas dimensões referidas, verificou-se um elevado nível de satisfação das participantes no decorrer do programa evidenciado através dos seus próprios testemunhos e de observação por parte dos Líderes do programa. O Programa A PAR poderá ser importante para mães adolescentes, no entanto os resultados sugerem uma análise da estrutura e conteúdos do mesmo.
This paper discusses the phenomenon of early motherhood, a differentiated experience on the life of young people. Several investigations have considered the phenomenon as something unnatural and associated with many risks, others indicate that motherhood in this age group can be a maturity factor with the creation of an individual life project. They are, however, few cases of success and, becoming a priority, the need for support for these mothers and their children. Parental education programs emerge as a preventive measure which can minimize the risk factors and vulnerabilities of these young mothers. Family centered intervention is the current tendency based on ecosystemic perspectives that highlight the idea of working with the whole family and not just with the child at risk. Based on the assumption that parental education programs implemented can function as a protection and restructuring mechanism, a family training program, Program A PAR, was implemented, in a group of institutionalized young mothers. A PAR has been previously applied to different groups of families with children aged 0 to 6 years in diverse risk contexts. The paper is organized into two articles, the first one analyze the phenomenon of adolescent maternity, based on statistics, risk factors, situations experienced as well the interventions with this group. In a second article we studied a group of institutionalized adolescent mothers and, as a measure of support for these young people, the implementation of the Programme A PAR – Aprender em Parceria, promoting a more positive relationship with motherhood and their son. The program was develop with a group of 7 institutionalized young mothers that participated in 26 group sessions where mothers and children together enjoyed a moment experienced family through playful dynamics. The objective of the study held with the perception that the program could help in skills such as sense of parental competence, parental stress, knowledge of infant development and social support network. Although the results didn't show significant differences between the pre- and post-test, in the referred dimensions, there was a high level of satisfaction of participants during the program evidenced through their own testimonies and observation by the program Leaders. The A PAR Programme may be important for adolescent mothers, however the results suggest an analysis of the structure and contents.