Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Material culture – Europe – History »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Material culture – Europe – History"
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Cruz, Laura, et Raffaella Sarti. « Europe at Home : Family and Material Culture ». Sixteenth Century Journal 34, no 4 (1 décembre 2003) : 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20061754.
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Garver, Valerie L. « Material Culture and Social History in Early Medieval Western Europe ». History Compass 12, no 10 (octobre 2014) : 784–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12193.
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Thirsk, Joan. « Review : Europe at Home : Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800 ». English Historical Review 120, no 486 (1 avril 2005) : 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei151.
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Soergel, Philip, Anne L. McClanan et Karen Rosoff Ancarnacion. « The Material Culture of Sex, Procreation, and Marriage in Premodern Europe ». Sixteenth Century Journal 34, no 4 (1 décembre 2003) : 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20061718.
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Kuz’mina, Ol’ga V. « The Abashevo Culture ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no 4 (2021) : 1206–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.411.
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The article is devoted to a brief description of the Abashevo culture. This culture emerged in forest areas of Eastern Europe at the end of the Middle Bronze Age. Abashevo monuments date back to the 22nd–19th centuries BC. It was the culture of cattle herders and metallurgists. The Abashevo culture is represented by barrow cemeteries, settlements, hoards and random finds. This article analyzes the funeral rites of the Abashevo culture. Several types of vessels are distinguished in the ceramic material, and their ornamentation is described (elements, motifs, composition, style). The article presents a typology of metal, bone and stone artifacts (weapons, tools, adornments, symbols of power). The Abashevo culture is represented by two local variants — in the Middle Volga (two territorial groups are known here — on the right and on the left banks of the Volga) and and in the South Ural. The origin of the Abashevo culture, most likely, had the character of transformation. It was based on cultures with Central European roots and local, Eastern European cultures. The end of the Abashevo culture is associated with the emergence of the Seyma-Turbino cultural group in Eastern Europe. The confrontation between the Abashevo and Seyma-Turbino military units led to the withdrawal of the Abashevo culture from traditional territory. In the new cultural environment, under the influence of the southern Ural variant of the Abashevo culture, Sintashta culture was formed. Pokrovka culture was formed under the influence of the Middle Volga variant of the Abashevo culture. Therefore, a significant role of the Abashevo culture in the formation of the Volga-Ural cultural genesis centre is evident.
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Calaresu, Melissa. « Introduction : The Material Worlds of Food in Early Modern Europe ». Journal of Early Modern History 24, no 1 (20 février 2020) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342665.
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Abstract All of the articles in this special issue show the necessity of having to combine different kinds of sources—texts with images, images with objects, and objects with absences—to build an integrated history of the material worlds of food in the early modern period. They also reflect newer approaches to materiality which are sensitive to the relationship between matter and the senses and consider the haptic, visual, olfactory, and even aural aspects of cooking and eating alongside taste. In turn, the tastes of collectors and the fragility and absence of source material also need to be taken into consideration in order to write a meaningful cultural and social history of food. Despite the ephemeral nature of eating and cooking, this special issue shows that the sources studied by historians of material culture of the early modern period are remarkably rich, and their analysis fruitful.
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Wasiucionek, Michał. « Introduction : Objects, Circuits, and Southeastern Europe ». Journal of Early Modern History 24, no 4-5 (21 septembre 2020) : 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342658.
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Abstract The scope of the paper is to provide the overview of the methodological developments that contributed to the growing interest in the nexus of material culture, circulation, and social networks, as well as the place of early modern Southeastern Europe, within the wider historiographical trends. To this end, it examines the very notion of Southeastern Europe and its impact on historical research in the region, while also providing a short discussion of the studies included in the issue.
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De Munck, B. « Artisans, Products and Gifts : Rethinking the History of Material Culture in Early Modern Europe ». Past & ; Present 224, no 1 (24 juillet 2014) : 39–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtu012.
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Houston, Robert A. « Material Culture and Social Practice : Archaeology and History in Understanding Europe’s ‘Celtic Fringe’ ». European Review 28, no 3 (23 mars 2020) : 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798719000565.
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In recent years there has been a rapprochement between history and archaeology in Britain and Ireland. Two formerly quite distinct disciplines have learned to appreciate how documents and artefacts together can enrich our understanding of everyday life. Always important to understandings of classical, Dark Age, and medieval society, archaeology has also opened up new horizons for appreciating domestic and industrial buildings, burial patterns, urban morphology, land use and environment, and the consumption of both food and objects in the early modern period. I look at some recent research that has enhanced our knowledge of local, regional, national and transnational identities in a sometimes poorly understood ‘fringe’ area of Europe.
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Gerritsen, Anne. « From Long-Distance Trade to the Global Lives of Things : Writing the History of Early Modern Trade and Material Culture ». Journal of Early Modern History 20, no 6 (25 novembre 2016) : 526–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342521.
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Until quite recently, the field of early modern history largely focused on Europe. The overarching narrative of the early modern world began with the European “discoveries,” proceeded to European expansion overseas, and ended with an exploration of the factors that led to the “triumph of Europe.” When the Journal of Early Modern History was established in 1997, the centrality of Europe in the emergence of early modern forms of capitalism continued to be a widely held assumption. Much has changed in the last twenty years, including the recognition of the significance of consumption in different parts of the early modern world, the spatial turn, the emergence of global history, and the shift from the study of trade to the commodities themselves.
Thèses sur le sujet "Material culture – Europe – History"
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Rosario, Deborah Hope. « Milton and material culture ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:45542c8d-0049-49cf-8d19-6d206195d9a7.
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In contradistinction to critical trends which have rendered Milton’s thought disembodied, this thesis studies how seventeenth-century material culture informed Milton’s poetry and prose at the epistemic level and by suggesting a palette of forms for literary play. The first chapter explores the early modern culture of fruit. At the epistemic level, practices of fruit cultivation and consumption inform Milton’s imagination and his vocabulary, thereby connecting their historic-material lives with their symbolic ones. Milton further turns commonplace gestures of fruit consumption into narrative devices that frame discussions of agency, aspiration, sinful and right practice. The second chapter examines two floral catalogues to discover how they find shape through the epistemologies of flowers, ceremony, and decorative arts. Here material culture shapes literary convention, as one catalogue is found to secret ceremonial consolation in its natural ingenuousness, while the other’s delight in human physicality upsets the distinctions between inner virtue and outer ornament, faith and rite. In the third chapter, urban epistemologies of light, darkness, movement, and space are examined through urban phenomena: skyline, suburbs, highways, theft, and waterways. By interpellating contemporary debates, these categories anatomise fallen character, intent, action, and their consequences. Milton’s instinctive distaste for urban nuisances is interesting in this Republican figure and is subversive of some ideologies of the text. Discursive and material aspects meet again in the fourth chapter in a discussion of his graphic presentations of geography on the page. Usually prone to analyses of textual knowledge, they are also informed by the embodiment of knowledge as material object. Milton’s search for a fitting cartographic aesthetic for the Biblical narrative and for the rhetoric of his characters leads him to an increasing consciousness of the ideologies energising these material forms. The fifth chapter explores Milton’s engagement with forms of armour and weapons. Military preferences for speed and mobility over armour help Milton explore the difference between unfallen and fallen being. Milton also uses his inescapably proleptic knowledge of arms and armour as a field of imaginative play for representations that are both anachronistic and typological. These lead to a discussion of imitation in the mythic imagination. In each of these studies, we witness Milton’s consciousness of his temporal and proleptic location, and his attempts to marry the temporal and the pan- or atemporal. In the conclusion I suggest that Milton’s simultaneous courting of the atemporal while he is drawn to or draws on temporal material culture imply an incarnational aesthetic.
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Geurts, Anna Paulina Helena. « Makeshift freedom seekers : Dutch travellers in Europe, 1815-1914 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2cfa072e-a9c4-42c9-a6b0-1e815d93b05c.
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This thesis questions a series of assumptions concerning the nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century modernization of European spaces. Current scholarship tends to concur with essayistic texts and images by contemporary intellectuals that technological and organizational developments increased the freedom of movement of those living in western-European societies, while at the same time alienating them from each other and from their environment. I assess this claim with the help of Dutch travel egodocuments such as travel diaries and letters. After a prosopographical investigation of all available northern-Netherlandish travel egodocuments created between 1500 and 1915, a selection of these documents is examined in greater detail. In these documents, travellers regarded the possession of identity documents, a correct appearance, and a fitting social identity along with their personal contacts, physical capabilities, and the weather as the most important factors influencing whether they managed to gain access to places. A discussion of these factors demonstrates that no linear increase, nor a decrease, occurred in the spatial power felt by travellers. The exclusion many travellers continued to experience was often overdetermined. The largest groups affected by this were women and less educated families. Yet travellers could also play out different access factors against each other. By paying attention to how practices matched hopes and expectations, it is possible to discover how gravely social inequities were really felt by travellers. Perhaps surprisingly, all social groups desired to visit the same types of places. Their main difference concerned the atmosphere of the places where the different groups felt at home. To a large degree this matched travellers' unequal opportunities. Therefore, although opportunities remained strongly unequal throughout the period, this was not always experienced as a problem. Also, in cases where it was, many travellers knew strategies to work around the obstacles created for them.
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Hague, Stephen G. « A modern-built house ... fit for a gentleman : elites, material culture and social strategy in Britain, 1680-1770 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2fc553a3-8922-4793-b893-e6686518e61e.
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A 1755 advert in the Gloucester Journal listed for sale, 'A MODERN-BUILT HOUSE, with four rooms on a floor, fit for a gentleman'. In the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 'gentlemen's houses' like the one described evolved as a cultural norm. This thesis offers a social and cultural reading of an under-studied group of small free-standing classical houses built in the west of England between 1680 and 1770. By developing a profile of eighty-one gentlemen's houses and one hundred and thirty-four builders and owners, this study unites subjects such as the history of architecture, landscapes, domestic interiors, objects and social development that are often treated separately. The design, spatial arrangement, and furnishings of gentlemen's houses precisely defined the position of their builders and owners in the social hierarchy. The 1720s marked an important shift in the location and meaning of building that corresponded to an alteration in the background of builders. Small classical houses moved from a relatively novel form of building for the gentry to a conventional choice made by newcomers often from commercial and professional backgrounds. Gentlemen's houses projected status in a range of settings for both landed and non-landed elites, highlighting the house as a form of status-enhancing property rather than land. Moreover, gentlemen's houses had adaptable interior spaces and were furnished with an array of objects that differed in number and quality from those lower and higher in society. The connections between gentlemen's houses and important processes of social change in Britain are striking. House-building and furnishing were measured strategic activities that calibrated social status and illustrated mobility. This thesis demonstrates that gentlemen's houses are one key to understanding the permeability of the English elite as well as the combination of dynamism and stability that characterized eighteenth-century English society.
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Hagglund, Sarah. « The Myth of Bologna ? Women's Cultural Production during the Seventeenth Century ». Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1620502410389001.
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Le, Guennec Aude. « Le vêtement d’enfant ou l’entrée dans l’histoire. Enquête du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours dans les collections publiques et privées occidentales ». Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040205.
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Dans l’ensemble des recherches consacrées au vêtement, la mode enfantine française reste peu étudiée. Pourtant le vestiaire enfantin occidental du 18e siècle à nos jours, est abondamment présent dans les collections des musées de mode, d’ethnologie ou d’arts décoratifs. En partant de l’étude de ces fonds majoritairement inexploités et en les croisant avec des archives de la confection et des témoignages d’usagers, notre thèse analyse la relation de l’enfant à son vêtement. S’il possède des capacités à parler, à manipuler et à vouloir, l’enfant quand il nait n’est pas imprégné des usages qui fondent nos vies en société. L’éducation de l’enfant consiste, dans un rapport de dépendance constant à l’adulte, à socialiser le petit d’homme pour le faire entrer dans l’histoire. En prenant en compte la capacité du vêtement à habiller les identités et à investir le porteur d’un statut particulier, notre étude l’envisage comme un outil essentiel d’imprégnation dans les mains de l’adulte. Parallèlement, système technique manipulable, ensemble de sensations, objet d’envies et de fantasmes, le vêtement est utilisé par l’enfant à sa manière. Afin de sortir d’un regard purement adulte, nous avons cherché à déconstruire ce processus de socialisation en analysant l’appropriation du vêtement par l’enfant. Ainsi, croisée avec des données historiques, sociologiques ou ethnologiques, l’étude des vêtements d’enfant issus des collections muséales française apporte un autre éclairage à l’histoire de l’enfant et montre l’apport de la cultureDespite the abundance of children’s clothes in the collections of French Fashion, Applied Arts and Folk Museums, Children’s Fashion is not a major topic in Fashion History. Crossing a corpus of artefacts with ethnographical, historical and sociological testimonies and archives from the Fashion Industry, this research intends to analyse the relationship between the child and its clothing. Despite its abilities to talk, manipulate and desire, the child is not imbued by the habits defining social beings. Therefore, in a constant interdependence with the adult, the child’s education consists in its socialisation to bring him into history. Through the analysis of the capacity of Fashion to dress the identities, this research approaches clothing as an education tool in the hands of the adults. In parallel, as a technical handling kit, a set of sensations and an object of desire, clothing is an adoptable system by the child who dresses up itself as it wants. In order to avoid an adult focus, this study looks also at the deconstruction of this socialisation process by analysing the appropriation of fashion by children. Finally, this study of children’s clothing provides another approach to Childhood History and shows the essential contribution of the study of the Material Culture to a Childhood Sociology, source of knowledge of the mechanisms of our society
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Roeder, Tobias Uwe. « Professional identity of army officers in Britain and the Habsburg Monarchy, 1740-1790 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277825.
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This thesis explores the existence and outlook of a European officer class in the mid- to later 18th century by studying the army officers of Britain and the Habsburg Monarchy from the War of the Austrian Succession to the eve of the French Revolutionary Wars. It illuminates the character of such an officer class of ‘Military Europe’ with its own cultural customs and practices. Furthermore, it details similarities, differences and peculiarities of both officer corps. This is achieved by analysing the social and national composition of both armies, with a focus here on the Habsburg Army due to the fact that it took in great numbers of foreigners and that the muster lists give an indication of how great the proportion of nobility was. A comparison with the British case shows striking similarities but also obvious differences. In a further step the ability of individuals for social advancement and national mobility is scrutinised on both sides. In this context, the state’s care for its officers and their social security is also taken into account. One possibility to acknowledge the officers’ service was to raise their status, either by ennoblement or through increasing the prestige of the uniform in court and society, its transformation into an ‘Ehrenkleid’ (garment of honour). As officers increasingly became servants to the state, rather than noble retainers and military enterprisers, they were also subject to professionalization efforts by the sovereigns. What becomes apparent, however, is that the officers did not only react to such measures but that at least a significant part of them actively worked on improving the service, thereby exhibiting a growing professionalism. In order to explore the coherence of the officer corps in those armies, with officers all following the same codes and accepting each other as equals, the thesis looks into core values (including honour, duty, courage and loyalty) binding them together and separating them from the enlisted men. The thesis will also offer a glimpse of their engagement with civilian society and culture as well as their role as ‘foot soldiers of Enlightenment’. On a European level, interaction between these officers proves their general acceptance of and respect for each other, while at the same time acting as state representatives in wartimes. Their interaction with non-European and non-state military forces and their leadership marks out the fluid boundaries of military Europe, but also exhibits the pervasiveness of European military culture.
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Dirks-Schuster, Whitney Marie. « Monsters, News, and Knowledge Transfer in Early Modern England ». The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1377008746.
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Nordqvist, K. (Kerkko). « The Stone Age of north-eastern Europe 5500–1800 calBC:bridging the gap between the East and the West ». Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526218731.
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Abstract This work focuses on the Stone Age of north-eastern Europe between 5500 and 1800 calBC. Called the Neolithic in Finland and the Neolithic and Eneolithic in north-western Russia, the period and its research are characterized both by the encounters and separations between ‘the East’ and ‘the West’. Still, despite more than 100 years of archaeological research, few inter-regional studies exist. This dissertation aims to provide an overview of the basic concepts of the terminology and periodization and outline a general (absolute) chronological framework of the area. In addition, a historical research review of the present state of affairs is provided. Four case studies aspire to illustrate the varying (east–west-directed) contact networks that existed in the area during the Neolithic. The second central topic of this work is the Neolithic itself. The research area is located on the border of two major traditions defining the period either based on the appearance of productive livelihoods (west) or pottery technology (east). However, the purely Eurocentric and techno-economical views of the Neolithic have been recently challenged. An evaluation of the used terms and criteria are presented here in the context of north-eastern Europe. The Finnish-Russian border and national prehistories have affected and still affect the study of prehistory in north-eastern Europe. They have prevented studying many prehistoric phenomena to their full extent and have restricted the understanding of inter-regional interaction — during much of the Neolithic, the research area was not the last outpost of the western world but rather the north-western part of a vast Eurasian contact zone. The traditional definitions of the Neolithic have placed north-eastern Europe in an anomalous and peripheral position, but understanding the development as genuinely varying and multipolar would facilitate a more holistic and value-free examination of the periodTiivistelmä Koillis-Euroopan kivikautta aikavälillä 5500–1800 eKr. kutsutaan Suomessa neoliittiseksi, mutta Luoteis-Venäjällä se jaetaan neoliittiseen ja eneoliittiseen kauteen. Ajanjaksoa ja sen tutkimusta luonnehtivatkin ‘idän’ ja ‘lännen’ kohtaamiset ja erot. Huolimatta yli sadan vuoden tutkimushistoriasta on molempien alueiden aineistoja yhdisteleviä esityksiä olemassa vain niukasti. Tämän väitöskirjatyön tavoitteena on tarjota katsaus terminologian ja periodisaation keskeisiin käsitteisiin sekä hahmotella yleistä (absoluuttista) kronologiaa tutkimusalueella. Lisäksi työ esittelee nykytilanteen tutkimushistoriallisen taustan. Työhön kuuluu neljä tapaustutkimusta, joissa käsitellään Koillis-Euroopassa neoliittisella kivikaudella esiintyneitä (itä–länsi-suuntaisia) yhteysverkostoja. Työn toinen keskeinen teema on neoliittisen kivikauden käsite. Tutkimusalue sijaitsee kahden tutkimustradition rajalla, joista läntinen määrittelee aikakauden tuottavien elinkeinojen, itäinen keramiikan käyttöönoton perusteella. Puhtaasti Eurooppa-keskeinen ja teknologis-taloudellinen kuva neoliittisesta kivikaudesta on kuitenkin äskettäin kyseenalaistettu. Työssä esitellään yleistä terminologiaa ja pohditaan määritelmien käyttökelpoisuutta Koillis-Euroopassa. Suomen ja Venäjän välinen raja ja kansallinen esihistoriankirjoitus ovat vaikuttaneet merkittävästi kuvaan menneisyydestä. Ne ovat rajoittaneet ilmiöiden tutkimista niiden koko laajuudessa ja hämärtäneet alueiden välisiä yhteyksiä — suuren osan kivikautta tutkimusalue oli pohjoisella havumetsävyöhykkeellä vallinneiden verkostojen luoteisin osa, ei niinkään lännen viimeinen etuvartioasema. Perinteiset neoliittisen kivikauden määrittelykriteerit ovat asettaneet Koillis-Euroopan poikkeavaan ja perifeeriseen asemaan, mutta kehityksen ymmärtäminen aidosti varioivana ja moninapaisena mahdollistaisi periodin kokonaisvaltaisen ja ennakkoasenteista vapaan käsittelyn myös tällä alueella
Аннотация Работа посвящена каменному веку северо-восточной Европы от 5500 до 1800 лет до н.э. Этот временной промежуток соответствует периоду неолита по финской периодизации, или периодам неолита и энеолита для древностей Северо-Запада России. Для рассматриваемого периода характерны как сходства, так и различия в археологическом материале между западной и восточной частями региона, и, так же, наличие и сходств, и различий между «западной» и «восточной» научными школами в понимании этого периода и в подходах к его исследованию. Несмотря на более чем 100-летнюю историю археологических исследований, лишь в нескольких работах данная проблематика рассматривается на межрегиональном уровне. В диссертации представлен обзор основных существующих понятий и хронологических схем, очерчены общие (абсолютные) хронологические рамки периода неолита рассматриваемой территории. Кроме того, рассмотрена история формирования современного состояния изучаемого вопроса. На примере четырёх конкретных исследований проиллюстрированы варианты систем коммуникаций (между востоком и западом), существовавших на рассматриваемой территории в неолите. Другая основная тема исследования — неолит как таковой. Изучаемая территория является пограничной для двух основных научных традиций определения неолита, использующих в качестве главного критерия либо появление производящего хозяйства («западная школа»), либо распространение технологии изготовления глиняной посуды («восточная школа»). Однако в последнее время наметилась ревизия евроцентричных и исключительно технологических и экономических подходов к пониманию неолита. В работе приведён критический анализ понятий и терминов, используемых в исследованиях по северо-востоку Европы. Финляндско-российская граница и различия между национальными концепциями доистории оказывали и продолжают оказывать влияние на изучение доистории северо-восточной Европы. Они ограничивают исследование многих явлений доисторического прошлого во всей их полноте, в том числе процессы межрегионального взаимодействия. Ведь в действительности на протяжении большей части периода неолита рассматриваемая территория являлась не крайним аванпостом западного мира, а, скорее, северо-западной частью обширной зоны евразийских контактов. При традиционном понимании неолитической эпохи северо-восток Европы оказывается периферийной территорией с отличным от «нормального» ходом культурного развития. Однако понимание развития как действительно вариативного и полицентричного процесса способствует более целостному и непредвзятому изучению рассматриваемого периода. (Translation: D.V. Gerasimov)
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Gullason, Lynda. « Engendering interaction : Inuit-European contact in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island ». Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35893.
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This thesis seeks to identify the mosaic, rather than the monolithic, nature of culture contact by integrating historical and archaeological sources relating to the concept of gender roles, as they influence response within a contact situation. Specifically, I examine how the Inuit gender system structured artifact patterning in Inuit-European contact situations through the investigation of three Inuit sites in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island. These date from the 16th, 19th and early 20th centuries and represent a variety of seasonal occupations and dwelling forms.The ethnographic data suggest that Inuit gender relations were egalitarian and complementary. On this basis I hypothesize that European goods and materials were used equally by men and women. Within each gendered set of tasks, European goods and materials were differently used, according to empirically functional criteria such as the nature of the tasks.
Opportunities for and responses to European contact differed depending on the types of tasks in which Inuit women and men engaged and the social roles they played. Seasonality of occupation bears upon the archaeological visibility of gender activities.
Sixteenth-century Elizabethan contact did not alter Nugumiut gender roles, tasks, authority or status but served primarily as a source of raw material, namely wood and iron. Based on the analysis of slotted tools I suggest a refinement to take account of the overlap in blade thickness that occurs for metal and slate, and which depends on the function of the tool. I conclude that there was much more metal use by Thule Inuit than previously believed. However, during Elizabethan contact and shortly afterwards there was actually less metal use by the Nugumiut than in the prehistoric era.
Little archaeological evidence was recovered for 19th-century commercial whaling contact, (suggesting geographic marginality to European influence), or for 19th century Inuit occupation in the area. This is partly because of immigration to Cumberland Sound and because of subsequent structural remodelling of the dwellings by later occupants.
By the early 20th century, the archaeological record showed not only equal use of European material across gender but a near-ubiquitous distribution across most activity classes, even though commercial trapping never replaced traditional subsistence pursuits but only supplemented them.
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Tycz, Katherine Marie. « Material prayers : the use of text in early modern Italian domestic devotions ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/276240.
Texte intégralRésumé :
While scholarship often focuses on how early modern Italians used images in their devotions, particularly in the post-Tridentine era, little attention has been placed upon how laypeople engaged with devotional text during times of prayer and in their everyday lives. Studies of early modern devotional texts have explored their literary content, investigated their censorship by the Church, or concentrated upon an elite readership. This thesis, instead, investigates how ordinary devotees interacted with holy words in their material form, which I have termed ‘material prayers’. Since this thesis developed under the aegis of the interdisciplinary research project, Domestic Devotions: The Place of Piety in the Italian Renaissance Home, 1400-1600, it focuses primarily on engagement with these material prayers in domestic spaces. Using an interdisciplinary approach drawing from material culture studies, literary history, social and cultural history, and art history, it brings together objects, images and archival sources to illuminate how devotees from across the socio-economic and literacy spectrums accessed and employed devotional text in their prayers and daily life. From holy words, Biblical excerpts, and prayers to textual symbols like the Sacred Monogram of the Name of Jesus, this thesis explores how and why these material prayers were employed for spiritual, apotropaic and intercessory purposes. It analyses material prayers not only in traditional textual formats (printed books and manuscripts), but also those that were printed on single-sheets of paper, inscribed on jewellery, or etched into the structure of the home. To convey how devotees engaged with and relied upon these material prayers, it considers a variety of inscribed objects, including those sanctioned by the Church as well as those which might be questioned or deemed ‘superstitious’ by ecclesiastical authorities. Sermons, Inquisition trial records, and other archival documents have been consulted to further illuminate the material evidence. The first part of the thesis, ‘On the Body’, considers the how devotees came into personal contact with texts by wearing prayers on their bodies. It examines a range of objects including prayers with protective properties, known as brevi, that were meant to be sealed in a pouch and worn around the neck, and more luxurious items of physical adornment inscribed with devotional and apotropaic text, such as necklaces and rings. The second part of the thesis enters the home to explore how the spaces people inhabited and the objects that populated their homes were decorated with material prayers. ‘In the Home’ begins with texts inscribed over the entryways of early modern Italian homes, and then considers how devotees decorated their walls with holy words and how the objects of devotion and household life were imbued with religious significance through the addition of pious inscriptions. By analysing these personal objects and the textual domestic sphere, this thesis argues that these material prayers cut across socio-economic classes, genders, and ages to embody quotidian moments of domestic devotion as well as moments of fear, anxiety and change.
Livres sur le sujet "Material culture – Europe – History"
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Europe at home : Family and material culture, 1500-1800. New Haven, Conn : Yale University Press, 2002.
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Hearth & home : A history of material culture. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1989.
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1966-, McClanan Anne L., et Encarnación Karen Rosoff, dir. The material culture of sex, procreation, and marriage in premodern Europe. Basingstoke : Palgrave, 2001.
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1966-, McClanan Anne L., et Encarnación Karen Rosoff, dir. The material culture of sex, procreation, and marriage in premodern Europe. New York, N.Y : Palgrave, 2002.
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Emily, Reid Susan, et Crowley David 1966-, dir. Style and socialism : Modernity and material culture in post-war Eastern Europe. Oxford : Berg, 2000.
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Else, Roesdahl, Wilson David M. 1931-, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais (France), Altes Museum (Berlin Germany) et Nationalmuseet (Denmark), dir. From Viking to crusader : The Scandinavians and Europe, 800-1200. New York : Rizzoli, 1992.
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Material culture in Europe and China, 1400-1800 : The rise of consumerism. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1997.
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Folk songs and material culture in medieval Central Europe : Old stones and new music. Turnhout : Brepols, 2019.
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Conneller, Chantal. An archaeology of materials : Substantial transformations in early prehistoric Europe. New York : Routledge, 2011.
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At the dawn of modernity : Biology, culture, and material life in Europe after the year 1000. Berkeley : University of California Press, 2001.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Material culture – Europe – History"
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Harley, Joseph. « Consumption and material culture of poverty in early-modern Europe, c1450–1800 ». Dans The Routledge History of Poverty, c.1450–1800, 185–205. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. : Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315149271-10.
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Saelens, Wout. « Comforts of Difference : Social Inequality and the Material Culture of Energy in Eighteenth-Century Ghent ». Dans Studies in European Urban History (1100-1800), 309–27. Turnhout, Belgium : Brepols Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.seuh-eb.5.120452.
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Hård, Mikael. « Introduction : Honing Local Techniques in a Globalized World ». Dans Microhistories of Technology, 1–11. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22813-1_1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIn their daily lives, people around the world use tools and material objects, also known as technologies. Despite the notion that high-tech equipment now rule the world, local tools and techniques endure. Global histories of technology must reflect this reality—and historians must resist reproducing grandiose, one-sided narratives of globalization and modernization. By presenting microhistories from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, this book sheds light on the rich and varied technological history of these regions. In Chap. 1, the author argues that we better understand “technology” by redefining it in terms of “material culture,” a concept applicable to every region of the world, including Europe and North America. For the historian of technology, the material-culture approach entails treating heavily industrialized as well as less industrialized regions equally.
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Leone, Giovanna, Laurent Licata, Alessia Mastropietro, Stefano Migliorisi et Isora Sessa. « Material Traces of a Cumbersome Past : The Case of Italian Colonial History ». Dans Frontiers in Sociology and Social Research, 205–20. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11756-5_13.
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AbstractPhysical daily contexts are replete with traces of the past. A statue in a park, the name of a street, or an old advertisement can all remind people of specific historical moments or periods. Often, they recall glorious episodes, but traces of less glorious pasts also persist. Among them, the most self-censored ones refer to past immoral actions that tarnish the overly idealized moral standard attributed to the group. As a case in point, material traces of the colonial past became the focus of controversies within formerly colonizing countries during the last decade. European anti-racist movements questioned the colonial heritage of European societies in an unprecedented manner and active social minorities also brought to the fore some traces still in the background of physical environments. Part of public opinion reacted by denouncing the “cancel culture” or the danger of “erasing” history. This chapter outlines a social psychological approach about contemporary perceptions and interpretations of still self-censored material traces of Italian colonialism. Results of a qualitative survey on Italian participants’ representations and attitudes toward a candy with a colonial wrapping will illustrate how Italian participants of different generations question this ephemeral trace and take on the challenge of a cumbersome past.
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Russell, Andrew. « ‘Eloquence and Oracle’ : Tobacco in Eighteenth-Century Life and Literature ». Dans The Life of Breath in Literature, Culture and Medicine, 261–81. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74443-4_13.
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AbstractIn a seventeenth-century play, tobacco argues for the superiority of its ‘divine breath’ in distilling eloquence and oracle upon the tongue. This essay argues that tobacco’s arrival on European shores is reflected in two distinctive eighteenth-century literary genres, namely ‘object’- or ‘it’-narratives and the ‘poetry of attention’. Such literary works reflect eighteenth-century interest in questions of ‘sentient matter’ and ‘material agency’ and the increasingly detailed examination of nature demanded by empirical science. Using concepts derived from material culture studies and Actor-Network Theory, and examples from the deep history and current landscapes of tobacco in lowland South America, this essay argues that tobacco’s transit from ‘New’ to ‘Old’ World brought with it some cognitive changes that may have had a hitherto unrecognized influence on Enlightenment life and literature.
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Adshead, S. A. M. « Material Culture ». Dans Material Culture in Europe and China, 1400–1800, 1–30. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25762-1_1.
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Leibman, Laura. « Material culture ». Dans The Routledge Companion to Jewish History and Historiography, 343–59. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2019] : Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429458927-25.
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Winter, Tim. « Material Culture as History ». Dans A Companion to Public History, 289–300. Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118508930.ch20.
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Nicholas, David. « Material Culture and Cultural Environment ». Dans Urban Europe, 1100–1700, 154–88. London : Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11185-2_6.
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Smith, Maureen. « Sport and Material Culture ». Dans Routledge Handbook of Sport History, 65–73. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429318306-10.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Material culture – Europe – History"
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Hawryszkow, P., K. Galik et M. Bocian. « Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – Project "Bridge Builders" Organised by Wroclaw European Capital of Culture ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020 : Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0364.
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<p>Wrocław in Poland and San Sebastian in Spain were awarded the title “European Capital of Culture 2016”. The project “Bridge Builders” was one of many events organised within the cultural programme organised under this patronage taking place in Wrocław in 2015. For one day 27 bridges were converted into theatre scenes, concert spaces and art studios. Visitors had an opportunity to experience cinematography, dance, theatre, literature, and spatial installations. The project “Bridge Builders” is presented in this paper in many of its offerings. A particular attention is given to the project “Zwierzyniecki Bridge Copy – Paste”. Within this project, a 1:4 scaled model of a steel arch bridge – Zwierzyniecki Bridge, was designed, constructed and taken on a journey around the city. The whole process of realization of this undertaking is presented, starting from the design specifications, through concept design, detail design and construction, to transport of the bridge model to its final destination. Selected technical challenges and their solutions are discussed, pertaining to material selection, load effects and construction.</p>
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Siviero, E., et V. Martini. « Bridges in the World Heritage List Between Culture and Technical Development ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020 : Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0153.
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<p>The aim of this paper is to present some bridges inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List and their Outstanding Universal Values, which explain the importance of these works of art in terms of engineering, technology, culture and technical development. The Iron Bridge, the first metal bridge in the history of construction, is of considerable importance, not only in historic, technological and constructive terms: here, architecture and engineering are revealed to the full, making the bridge into a place. The Forth Bridge is a globally-important triumph of engineering, representing the pinnacle of 19th century bridge construction and is without doubt the world’s greatest trussed bridge. The Vizcaya Bridge, completed in 1893, was the first bridge in the world to carry people and traffic on a high suspended gondola and was used as a model for many similar bridges in Europe, Africa and America, only a few of which survive. The Mostar Bridge is an exceptional and universal symbol of coexistence of communities from diverse cultural, ethnic and religious backgrounds. The Oporto bridges, interpreted in Vitruvian terms, represent a heritage, a “set of spiritual, cultural, social or material values that belong, through inheritance or tradition, to a group of people…”, a complex grouping that marks and symbolises an era, the Eiffel's masterpiece. Because the bridge is not only a work of art, but also a thought.</p>
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Oliveira, D. V., R. Allahvirdizadeh, A. Sánchez, B. Riveiro, N. Mendes, R. A. Silva et F. Fernandes. « Structural Performance of a Medieval Stone Masonry Arch Bridge ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020 : Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0901.
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<p>Many masonry historical bridges are still under service, particularly in Europe. Their significant cultural value, key role in transportation network systems and deterioration condition requires assessing their safety with respect to different scenarios, particularly earthquakes, which masonry structures are inherently vulnerable. This assessment requires collecting detailed information such as geometry, material properties, boundary conditions and existing damages to construct reliable numerical models. However, their significant cultural value prevents conducting destructive and even minor-destructive tests. The structural assessment of Barcelos Bridge, a medieval stone masonry arch bridge in northern Portugal, by means of a numerical approach is discussed in the current article. In this regard, a 3D advanced finite element model was prepared, in which the external geometry and internal morphology were extracted from laser scanning and ground penetrating radar survey, respectively. Then, outcomes of indirect sonic tests were adopted to characterize material characteristics and dynamic properties (i.e. frequencies and mode shapes) obtained from ambient dynamic identification were employed to update the FE model. Two load scenarios including gravity and lateral transversal loadings were taken into account to assess the performance of the bridge. Thus, incremental nonlinear pushdown and pushover analyses were performed, which resulted in evaluating current safety level of the bridges and possible failure modes.</p>
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Matusewicz, T. « The Culture-Forming Effect of a Bridge as a Spatial-temporal Cultural Code ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020 : Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0276.
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<p>The aim of this article is to find a common platform between builders/designers of bridges and creators/consumers of culture, in order to present this very important industry and its influence on nature and society, considering the meeting in mental and sensual space, which has a visual message similar in structure to the bridge. For a modern man, surrounded by dynamic and multifaceted visual environment, living between digital information overload and material messages without narrative translation is a significant perceptual challenge. To face this challenge, it would be helpful to analyse the structure of surrounding iconography. Our cognitive imperative defines the level of our awareness and responsibility for the place we live in. We must co-create it. This requires us to recognise the expectations of recipients. The ability to recognise is an inexhaustible depository of knowledge about the cultural and national identity, about the entire European civilization and world heritage, as well as about mechanisms of aggregation and connecting different values: results of activities arising from the culture-rooted need to seek the truth, the meaning of our deeds and civilizational discourses that mix together in the public space. We are dealing with an inexhaustible collection of information - cultural codes, important in cognitive, interpretation processes and in developing new meanings. [2] Cultural codes in the construction industry are assigned with an equivalent of complementary values, such as: wisdom, operational logic, durability, wealth. They are carriers of positive action and a constructive visual communication in terms of form and function, resulting in a clear concise message with a wide range of references to the bridge: connecting river banks, people, creating communication across boundaries. The presence of the code is common on multiple levels of social interaction</p>
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de Boon, J., D. Schaafsma et J. van der Heide. « Possible Application of FRP Bridges in Renovation and Replacement Task of Rijkswaterstaat ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020 : Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.1000.
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<p>An increasing number of existing bridges no longer comply to current standards or have become functionally obsolete. Complete renovation is costly, time-consuming, results in disruption of traffic and is not sustainable. Current repair alternatives are often time-consuming and heavy in weight. In addition to existing methods, fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) could provide a repair alternative whereby applying a FRP deck will relieve the main girders and can mean that the greater part of the existing bridge can remain. The lifespan of existing structures can be longer extended. This offers new technical and strategic possibilities for the major renovation and replacement task of bridge structures of Rijkswaterstaat, explained in this paper. An updated version of the Dutch CUR-96 recommendation on the design of FRP structures was published in 2018 and an English translation in 2019. This document offers an improved framework and guidelines and is comparable to the Eurocodes regarding concrete and steel structures at material level. The recommendation may therefore be regarded as a desirable basis for the development of a Eurocode for FRP composite structures. Like other road authorities, Rijkswaterstaat is looking into the possibility of replacing current bridge deck structures of highway structures with FRP decks, mainly due to the favorable weight and durability performance. Various already applied FRP structures in Europe demonstrate the possibilities and value of its application.</p>
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Hrasnica, M., et S. Medić. « Structural Versus Aesthetical Concerns in Reconstruction of Historical Masonry Buildings ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020 : Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0569.
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<p>Assessment of historical buildings presents specific engineering task, considering the ways they were built and the materials, which were used. Many of them belong to cultural heritage and merit special care and protection. This concerns also the historical buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The country is situated in seismic active region of South-East Europe and the majority of the historical buildings were made of stone-masonry. In the case of stronger earthquake motion such buildings could suffer heavy damages. The damages are sometimes cumulated through many years and many causes. Substantial damages were caused by recent war disaster, as well. The aim is to preserve and reveal their aesthetic and historical values and to use original materials and original way of construction, if possible. In most cases seismic assessment procedures result in the requirements for the strengthening or retrofit of the old masonry building structures. Design and construction procedures of repair and strengthening of two medieval stone masonry buildings are presented. Equilibrium between aesthetical and structural demands is discussed.</p>
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Martakis, P., Y. Reuland, V. Dertimanis et E. Chatzi. « Vibration Monitoring of an Existing Masonry Building Under Demolition ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020 : Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0585.
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<p>The loss potential of earthquakes is substantial even for sites of moderate seismicity, due to the disastrous consequences of rare events. Large parts of the existing European building stock, mainly masonry structures, do not fulfil the current seismic standards, while many buildings have long exceeded their design lifespan. Given the inherent uncertainties of masonry as a composite material, unknown effects of ageing, and the corresponding difficulty to estimate the nonlinear response of such structures, data-driven health monitoring provides an efficient way to reduce epistemic uncertainty and to derive damage-sensitive features for structural assessment after strong ground motions. In this study, vibrational recordings during the demolition of a real masonry building have been analyzed. The accumulating damage during demolition provides a valuable insight into the correlation between dynamic response and structural health. The findings shed light on the performance of a typical masonry structure, built in the 19th century, under non-conventional loading and form a step towards the definition of damage-sensitive features based on real data.</p>
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Gromyko, Alexey Anatolievich. « Cooperation between Russia and Belarus : The time of strategic decisions ». Dans 5th International Conference “Futurity designing. Digital reality problems”. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/future-2022-6.
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In 2021-2022 a team of well-known Russian and Belorussian specialists conducted a major work on assessment of the current conditions and prospects of relations between Russia and Belorussia and the Union State. The project was organized by the Institute of Europe (RAS) and Andrei Gromyko Association of Foreign Policy Studies with the support of Belorussian State University’s Faculty of International Relations and other partners. The present material highlights key results of the research, which have been reflected in several recent publications. Conceptually members of the project share the view that Russia and Belorussia belong to a common civilization with a joint history, culture, the Russian language, economy and geopolitics.
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Facchi, Emanuele, Alberto Grimoldi et Angelo Giuseppe Landi. « Vernacular architecture and written sources : the case study of the Tronto Valley ». Dans HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage : Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.14321.
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Medieval archaeology has developed very effective instruments for investigating the smaller rural settlements and local production and construction techniques, on which the documentary sources are scarcely fluent. However, documents assure precise hints or general references to which archaeologists do not give up. In the same way, the most abundant, although indirect institutional sources, and the technical literature, from the Modern Age to the nineteenth century, are very useful to understand this kind of construction, with local materials and according to local models and practices – widespread in rural Europe until the early twentieth century. The historic villages of the upper Tronto Valley, near Ascoli Piceno, can offer a good example in a territory devastated by the 2016 earthquake in which material sources have been heavily depleted. The documents - although discontinuous - often explain constructive choices. The nineteenth-century literature describes the territory in a transformation phase, still based on the scarce local resources, and returns the mentality and the expectations of the contemporaries. Literature and documents contribute to consolidating the role of the built heritage as a historical source, highlighting both the cultural depth and the nature of housing resources that characterize the individual buildings and villages.
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Wang, Jianran, Xiaofang Liu, Haifeng Zhang, Qi Luo, Shihong Jiang et Haifeng Hong. « Study of Carbody Structure Design Under Different Standards ». Dans ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-67822.
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Abstract Under the background of economic globalization, more and more car-builders not only supply railway vehicles to domestic market, but also actively bidding international projects and deliver products all over the world. The railway vehicle design standards are significantly different throughout the world. Using carbody system as example, the popular standards include European standard system (EN), British standard GM/RT 2100, International Union of Railways (UIC) standard system, US standard system (AAR/APTA/ASME) and Japanese standard system (JIS). In addition, some country’s standard might have special requirement based on local conditions and culture. These various standards will inevitably present different carbody design requirements. Among the above standards, EN and US standards are applicable to Europe, China, and America, which are largest railway vehicle markets in the world. This paper will introduce the history and characteristics of the mainstream rail vehicle standards worldwide and analyze the relationship between standard and vehicle design. Light Rail Vehicle (LRV), subway and commuter rail vehicle (multi-level vehicle) are selected as typical examples for the interpretation and application of US standard and EN standard separately. The 3 major requirements of carbody design, including static strength, fatigue strength and crashworthiness, are compared between US and EN standards to specify the general difference as well as the influence on the carbody design, such as material distribution, structure development, which could provide valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the rail vehicle industry to define and design new products more efficiently across different country’s rail standards.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Material culture – Europe – History"
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Pfluger, Rainer, Alexander Rieser et Daniel Herrera, dir. Conservation compatible energy retrofit technologies : Part I : Introduction to the integrated approach for the identification of conservation compatible retrofit materials and solutions in historic buildings. IEA SHC Task 59, octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task59-2021-0004.
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According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), existing European buildings consume about 40% of the total energy consumption in Europe. For this reason, in the last decades, several energy policies have been directed to deep renovation of the existing stock (as last 2018/844). Considering that more than one quarter of all European buildings were constructed before the 1950s, we can assume that many of them are of cultural, architectural, social and heritage values, hence in need of special attention for conservation purposes.
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Pryt, Karina. Polish-German film relations in the process of building German cultural hegemony in Europe 1933-1939. Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.70888.
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The article presents Polish-German film relations in the framework of Nazis cultural diplomacy between 1933 and 1939. The Nazi effort to create a cultural hegemony through the unification of the European film market under German leadership serves as an important point of reference. On the example of the Polish-German relationship, the article analyses the Nazi “soft power” in terms of both its strength and limits. Describing the broader geopolitical context, the article proposes a new trail in the research on both the film milieus and the cinema culture in Poland in the 1930s. In mythological terms, it belongs to cultural diplomacy and adds simultaneously to film history and New Cinema History.
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Saville, Alan, et Caroline Wickham-Jones, dir. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, juin 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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Downes, Jane, dir. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland : ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, septembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research. Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices. Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed. Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data. Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.