Thèses sur le sujet « Matera (Italie) »

Analysés comme un des leviers du basculement dans un régime de concurrence entre les villes, les processus de labellisation s’inscrivent dans une ère définie par la compétition internationale (Winter, 2014). Dans ce contexte, les prix et labels sont devenus des outils d’action publique pour inciter les villes à innover et diffuser un certain nombre de « bonnes pratiques » (Devisme et al, 2008). Ces stratégies s’accompagnent de profondes transformations urbaines qui visent à renouveler l’image des villes afin d’attirer un nouveau public de visiteurs et d’investisseurs. Cet enjeu de visibilité est particulièrement manifeste dans le cas de villes moyennes qui cherchent à se distinguer dans la sphère globalisée et devenir attractives. Cette recherche doctorale vise à analyser les mutations du territoire urbain de Matera qui interviennent à la suite d’une double labellisation : en 1993, la ville est inscrite sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco ; en 2014, elle est choisie comme Capitale Européenne de la culture pour l’année 2019.La recherche interroge les effets des labellisations sur la production de la ville par la mise en œuvre de plusieurs ‘générations’ de politiques d’aménagement : de la même manière que les « strates de labellisation » se superposent - explique Fournier (2014) - les politiques urbaines aux objectifs différents se succèdent. S’inscrivant dans le champ des études urbaines, notre étude est orientée vers trois domaines de réflexion : les représentations, la planification urbaine et les jeux d’acteurs Sous le prisme de la labellisation, nous nous demandons comment les représentations sont construites et instrumentalisées. Plus particulièrement, nous portons notre attention sur la relecture des héritages dans la production urbaine contemporaine. De ce point de vue, Matera constitue un cas d’étude éclairant, dans la mesure où nous faisons dialoguer la récente labellisation CEC avec l’histoire longue de la ville et sa patrimonialisation UNESCO en 1993. Ville stigmatisée de « honte nationale » au symbole de Capitale culturelle, la reconversion de l’image de Matera opérée à travers les labels, nous engage à analyser la manière dont ce renversement se traduit dans la politique d’aménagement ou résulte de celle-ci.Dans cette perspective, notre objectif est d’interroger la manière dont la labellisation modifie les modes de conception et de gestion d’une ville moyenne. Pour ce faire, nous nous attachons à étudier les systèmes d’acteurs spécifiques mobilisés dans les projets relatifs au label Capitale européenne de la culture, leurs niveaux d’intervention (nationale, européenne, internationale) et les visions prospectives qui en découlent à l’échelle urbaine, architecturale et paysagère. Notre analyse porte également sur les transformations qui restent en marge de la labellisation et engagent des restructurations plus profondes sur l’ensemble de la ville. La participation habitante étant l’un des critères fondamental pour l’obtention du label CEC, nous questionnons la place des citoyens dans ce processus et le rôle qui leur est attribué : acteurs ou spectateurs.Les transformations socio-spatiales de la ville de Matera constituent ainsi, dans notre thèse, à la fois un objet d’analyse en soi – la production de la ville en contexte labellisé – et comme un analyseur des enjeux économiques et politiques associés à la labellisation
The labelling processes are part of an era defined by international competition, and are analysed as some of the levers contributing to a shift toward a regime of competition between cities, (Winter, 2014). In this context, awards and labels have become tools for public action to encourage cities to innovate and disseminate 'good practices' all over the world (Devismes and al, 2008). These strategies are associated with profound urban transformations, in order to renew the image of cities and to attract a new public of visitors and investors. This visibility issue is particularly evident in the case of medium-sized cities, which are seeking to stand out in the global arena to become more attractive. This doctoral research aims to analyse the changes related to the urban territory of Matera. These changes are taking place following a double labeling. In 1993, the city was registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List, and in 2014, it was chosen to be the European Capital of Culture for 2019.The research questions the effects of labels on the production of the city through the implementation of several 'generations' of development policies. As the 'layers of labels' are superimposed - Fournier (2014) explains - urban policies with different objectives consequently follow one another. The analysis, related to urban studies, is oriented towards three areas of consideration: representations, urban planning and stakeholders. Through the lens of labelling, the research questions how representations are constructed and instrumentalized. More specifically, it analyses the re-reading of legacies in contemporary urban production. From this point of view, Matera constitutes an enlightening case study to discuss the recent ECoC label relating to the city’s long history, and to its UNESCO heritage designation in 1993. As the city went from being stigmatised as a "national disgrace", to being the symbol of a Cultural Capital, the reconversion of Matera's image questions the way in which this reversal is reflected in the planning policy, or results from it.From this perspective, the thesis analyses the way the labelling process changes the conception and the management of a medium-sized city. In order to achieve this analysis, the dissertation analyses the systems of stakeholders involved in the projects linked to the European Capital of Culture. It analyses their levels of intervention (national, European, international) and their visions on the urban, architectural and landscape scales. The analysis also focuses on the transformations which remain at the margins of the label, and which are more profoundly restructuring the city. As the participation of the inhabitants is one of the fundamental criteria for obtaining the ECoC label, the place and the role of citizens in this process is also questioned.The socio-spatial transformations of the city of Matera thus constitute, in this thesis, both an object of analysis in itself - the production of the city in the labelled context - and an analyser of the economic and political stakes associated with the labelling

L’elaborato si articola in quattro capitoli focalizzati prioritariamente sulla CFC legislation. In dettaglio, la trattazione parte da un contesto internazionale in cui, dopo aver brevemente introdotto in termini generali le finalità delle norme CFC, si inseriscono i lavori dell’OCSE, nello specifico le raccomandazioni contenute nell’Action 3 del progetto BEPS. Questa prima parte si chiude con un approfondimento circa la compatibilità tra le CFC rules e le Convenzioni internazionali contro le doppie imposizioni. Il secondo capitolo sposta l’attenzione sulla prospettiva europea. In particolare, si approfondisce il contenuto minimale in materia CFC che la direttiva ATAD si prefigge di stabilire a livello comunitario. Dopo aver preso in esame gli articoli 7 e 8 si procede ad un’analisi riguardo la compatibilità tra la norma CFC e il diritto europeo. In primis viene fatto un discorso generale, osservando sia le ragioni che giustificano la restrizione alle libertà fondamentali sia il concetto di costruzioni di puro artificio, secondariamente ci si dedica alle questioni di compatibilità tra le disposizioni in materia CFC previste dalla direttiva antielusione e il diritto primario. La parte sulla legislazione CFC nell’ordinamento fiscale italiano costituisce indubbiamente il nucleo della tesi. Una volta ricostruita la ratio del provvedimento adottato dal legislatore, si analizzano le modifiche all’articolo 167 del Tuir apportate dal D.lgs 142 del 2018 che recepisce la direttiva ATAD. A tal proposito la novità più importante riguarda l’introduzione di un regime unico sia per le CFC “black” che per le CFC “white”. Dopo aver trattato anche i punti più tecnici riguardanti la tassazione attraverso le imprese, da un lato si effettua una valutazione critica circa la coerenza della normativa italiana rispetto alla direttiva, dall’altro si lascia spazio alle riflessioni sulla compatibilità tra la disciplina CFC interna e il diritto comunitario. Per chiudere il cerchio, viene approfondito il discorso inerente al coordinamento tra la CFC e le norme vigenti in materia di dividendi e plusvalenze provenienti da paesi “black”. In ultimo, il quarto capitolo costituisce un excursus sulla normativa CFC britannica. Dopo aver introdotto le CFC rules contenute nel TIOPA del 2010, si prendono in esame le modifiche introdotte dal Finance Bill del 2019 in recepimento alla direttiva ATAD. Dopodiché, il capitolo conclude con un approfondimento riguardo le problematiche di compatibilità tra le norme inglesi e il diritto europeo, facendo riferimento prima ai casi “Cadbury Schweppes” e “Vodafone 2”, e successivamente alla recente indagine svolta dalla Commissione europea. Alla luce di quanto descritto, l’obiettivo dell’elaborato è dunque analizzare l’impatto che la direttiva ATAD ha avuto sia nel contesto europeo che rispettivamente in Italia e nel Regno Unito, fornendo spunti originali e valutazioni critiche.

L’expression ‘le plus ancien métier du monde’ suggère l’idée d’inter-temporalité dans la prostitution. En réalité, bien que le phénomène de la prostitution ait toujours existé, le traitement juridique de cette activité est diversifié et en constante évolution. Sur le plan juridico-pénal, le panorama comparatif actuel révèle la difficulté d’identifier une discipline commune et universelle en matière de prostitution dans les différents systèmes démocratiques libéraux. Cela est dû au fait que le traitement juridique de la prostitution n’est que le résultat d’un conflit de valeurs. En d’autres termes, les différents régimes de réglementation du phénomène de la prostitution et les choix de politique criminelle différenciés résultent de la conception acceptée par chaque législateur national des notions fondamentales de vulnérabilité, de dignité et de disponibilité du corps, qui sont pertinentes dans ce contexte, et l’équilibre qui en découle. Dans ce contexte, à partir de l’étude comparée de la législation et des pratiques d’application de pays ayant adopté différents modèles de réglementation - en l’occurrence l’Italie et la France - il sera notamment tenu compte de la justification commune qui sous-tend ces différentes approches. En fait, le présent travail vise précisément à examiner la question de la criminalisation de la prostitution à partir de la racine, en concentrant l’enquête sur le rapport entre les différentes théories, les choix législatifs et les décisions jurisprudentielles adoptées dans le domaine de la prostitution, en particulier dans les systèmes juridiques italien et français. Cette étude permet tout d’abord de comprendre le sens des décisions jurisprudentielles et des réformes législatives les plus récentes en matière de lutte contre le phénomène de la prostitution. Deuxièmement, cette analyse permet de vérifier dans quelle mesure les choix de politique criminelle adoptés par les différentes autorités législatives et judiciaires sont suffisamment justifiés ou étayés par des arguments solides, tout en garantissant la protection des droits fondamentaux des personnes prostituée
The expression “the oldest job in the world” suggests the idea of inter-temporality in prostitution. In reality, although the phenomenon of prostitution has always existed, the legal treatment of this activity is diversified and constantly evolving. From a juridical point of view, the current comparative picture reveals the difficulty of identifying a common and universal discipline to deal with prostitution in the various liberal-democratic systems. This is due to the fact that the legal treatment of prostitution is nothing but the result of a conflict of values. In other words, the different regimes of regulation of prostitution and the differentiated choices of criminal policy are the result of the conception accepted by each national legislator on the fundamental notions of vulnerability, dignity and availability of the body, which are relevant in this particular context, and the consequent balance that derives from it. In this context, starting from the comparative study of legislation and tribunal practice of countries that have adopted different regulatory models - Italy and France in particular – attention will be focused on the common justification that lies behind these different approaches. In fact, the present work aims precisely to consider the question of the criminalization of prostitution from the root, focusing the investigation on the ratio of the different theories, the legislative choices and the jurisprudential decisions adopted in the field of prostitution, particularly in the Italian and French legal systems. This study will allow, first of all, the understanding of the meaning of the most recent jurisprudential decisions and legislative reforms in the field of prostitution. Secondly, it will make it possible to verify to what extent the choices of criminal policy adopted from time to time by the various legislative and judicial authorities are sufficiently justified or supported by solid arguments and, at the same time, they guarantee the protection of the fundamental rights of prostitutes

La thèse se propose d’analyser l'utilisation et les représentations de la figure maternelle dans les cultures politiques italiennes et françaises du long XIXe siècle. L’examen accorde un intérêt particulier à deux sujets : le réseau de relations de la patriote milanaise Laura Solera Mantegazza et l'Archiconfrérie des Mères Chrétiennes. Proche de la démocratie radicale, le groupe de Solera fonda, entre 1850 et 1870, trois instituts, assises fondamentales pour la philanthropie italienne : le Pieux institut de maternité pour les nourrissons et les enfants sevrés de Milan, la Société de secours mutuel des ouvrières et l’Ecole Professionnelle Féminine. Elles furent, à différents titres, destinées au secours et à l'instruction des travailleuses et furent aussi un moyen utile pour accomplir une action nationalisante sur grande échelle. L'Archiconfrérie des Mères Chrétiennes fut fondée en 1850 par Louise Josson et placée sous la direction spirituelle de l'abbé Théodore Ratisbonne, un juif converti au catholicisme. Elle se développa vite en France et se répandit particulièrement en Italie. L’association fut un espace de formation et de coordination d'une action politique féminine contre-révolutionnaire et antimoderne. Déterminées à instaurer une société "authentiquement chrétienne", les Mères agirent sur plusieurs fronts : dans la patrie, elles convertirent les pères, les fils et les maris éloignés de la foi et de l'Église; en même temps, en Italie et en France, elles défendirent les droits du pontife et du Saint-Siège, en soutenant le volontariat "blanc". En Algérie, elles appuyèrent le projet de conversion de Mgr Lavigerie, en finançant la construction d’orphelinats
My dissertation analyses how motherhood was used and represented by different political cultures in nineteenth century Italy and France. I focus on two case studies: on the one hand, the friendship and political network of the milanese patriot Laura Solera Mantegazza; on the other hand, the Archiconfrérie des Mères Chrétiennes. The first group was close to radical italian democracy; between 1850 and 1870 its members founded three important philanthropic institutions: the Pio istituto di maternità per i bambini lattanti e slattati di Milano, the Società di mutuo soccorso per le operaie di Milano and the Scuola professionale femminile. These institutions were aimed to educate and support women workers and were a useful tool of nationalization too. The Archiconfrérie des Mères Chrétiennes was founded by Louise Josson in 1850 and had its spiritual director in Théodore Ratisbonne, a Jew converted to Catholicism. Starting from France, the organization spread throughout Europe and reached Italy. The Archiconfrérie developed and coordinated female counterrevolutionary action against the modern world. Determined to establish a truly catholic society, the Mères Chrétiennes were active in many different spheres: in France they converted fathers, sons and husband that had lost their faith; in Italy and France they supported zouaves; in Algeria they were involved in Lavigerie's religious project, aimed to convert all of the African society, and gave money to build orphanages for Muslim children

Cette thèse se propose de retracer les différentes phases de l’instauration des disciplines anthropologiques en Italie à partir de la deuxième moitié du 19éme siècle. En effet, l’anthropologie naissante accompagne la construction de la nation italienne et s’y entrecroise, en jouant un rôle actif vis-à-vis des problèmes sociaux et politiques liés à la vie du jeune Royaume d’Italie né en 1861. Cette thèse est d’une part consacrée à expliciter les étapes les plus significatives du développement du secteur anthropologique, passant en revue les expériences de certains de ses protagonistes et questionnant les relations qui ont uni ces hommes d’étude. D’autre part, la thèse explore l’histoire des institutions muséales qui se sont intéressées en Italie aux disciplines anthropologiques. Cette histoire nous permet de comprendre le processus de construction et de développement des connaissances sur l’homme et sur la société, le débat théorique qui l’accompagne, les positions idéologiques impliquées, l’ouverture de nouveaux horizons et de nouveaux secteurs de recherche. Re-parcourir l'histoire des principaux musées du champ anthropologique permet, de surcroît, d'analyser l'incidence des événements plus vastes et complexes de l'Italie du moment, tels que l'irruption de l'évolutionnisme et du positivisme dans l'anthropologie italienne, le passage de l'époque du musée-laboratoire à celle du musée “démocratique” ouvert au public, les débats sur la nature des objets ethnographiques, l'avènement de la muséographie ethnographique, l'unification italienne de 1861, la brève expérience coloniale italienne, l’Esposizione Internazionale de Rome de 1911, le Primo Congresso di Etnografia Italiana et les relations entre l'anthropologie italienne et le Fascisme. La naissance des musées illustre la manière dont, dans un pays tel que l'Italie où les origines de l'anthropologie sont marquées par la prédominance des approches médicales et biologiques, l'attention portée aux caractères physiques précède et englobe l'intérêt envers les aspects culturels. Ce constat s'impose avec évidence pour les premiers musées analysés, le Museo Nazionale di Antropologia e Etnologia conçu et fondé en 1869 par Paolo Mantegazza, le Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico souhaité par le paléo-ethnologue Luigi Pigorini et créé en 1875, et le Museo di Etnografia Italiana conçu par Lamberto Loria et Aldobrandino Mochi en 1906. L'objectif que je me suis fixé est de comprendre, en différents moments historiques et politiques de l'Italie, les relations entre les lieux de muséification de la connaissance anthropologique et les sujets qui produisent et qui étudient cette même connaissance. C'est de cette interrogation que découle l'exigence de reprendre de manière précise les termes de la “question” de la nature des relations entre disciplines anthropologiques et musées. Pour étudier ces multiples dimensions j'ai reconstruit les dynamiques de la naissance et de l'évolution du Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico “Luigi Pigorini” et du Museo Nazionale delle Arti e Tradizioni Popolari “Lamberto Loria” de Rome
The purpose of this PhD research is to retrace the various phases of the introduction of anthropological disciplines in Italy since the mid-19th century, connecting them with the social and political context of the country. The nascent anthropology, in fact, goes hand in hand with the construction of the Italian nation, intertwining with it and playing an active role in the life of the young Kingdom of Italy, a State which was officially established in 1861. Firstly, the thesis analyses the most relevant developments of the anthropological studies, reviewing the experiences of some of its protagonists and investigating the relationships between them. Secondly, it focuses on the history of Italian museums which have shown interest in the ethno-anthropological disciplines. This study makes it possible to understand the process of building and developing knowledge on man and society, the theoretical debate which follows, the ideological positions involved and the rise of new horizons and fields of study. Retracing the facts of the main anthropological museums in Italy also allows to gain a deeper understanding of socio-historical events such as: the breakthrough of evolutionism and positivism in Italian anthropology, the transition from the age of the “museum-laboratory” to that of the “democratic” museum open to the public, the debates on the nature of ethnographic objects, the advent of ethnographic museography, the Italian unification of 1861, the brief experience of Italian colonialism, the Esposizione Internazionale in Rome of 1911, the Primo Congresso di Etnografia and the relationship between Italian anthropology and Fascism.The birth of anthropological museums shows how in Italy, where the origins of anthropology are strongly characterized by the medical-biological approach, the interest on physical characters precedes and contains those on cultural aspects. This is evident in the first museums analysed here, such as the Museo Nazionale di Antropologia e Etnologia founded in 1869 by Paolo Mantegazza, the Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico founded by Luigi Pigorini in 1875 and the Museo di Etnografia Italiana created by Lamberto Loria and Aldobrandino Mochi in 1906.The goal is to understand the linkage between the places where the anthropological knowledge has been exhibited and the intellectuals who have studied and produced such knowledge in different socio-historical and political eras of Italy. To study these multiple dimensions I have also reconstructed the dynamics that led to the birth and the development of the Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico “Luigi Pigorini” and the Museo Nazionale delle Arti e Tradizioni Popolari “Lamberto Loria” in Rome

Este trabalho tem como objetivo reunir uma série de entrevistas em italiano e analisar as influências locais sofridas no léxico por um grupo de imigrados italianos residentes em São Bernardo do Campo SP, que vieram para o Brasil durante o segundo fluxo emigratório italiano, entre 1948 e 1960. São indivíduos que possuem formação escolar limitada ao primário ou ao curso fundamental, pela classe social à que pertenciam e pela falta de condições econômicas na época, mas que hoje pertencem à classe média e, além de já terem retornado à Itália pelo menos uma vez, puderam oferecer cursos de nível superior aos filhos. Através da amostragem analisada, pudemos constatar que, apesar do longo período fora da Itália, esses indivíduos falam um italiano compreensível, o que os torna bilíngües, ainda que o vocabulário italiano de que dispõem seja pobre, muitas vezes inadequado e tenha sofrido interferências do portuguêsbrasileiro. As principais interferências foram classificadas em: 1- empréstimos totais, 2- empréstimos parciais, 3- comutações, 4- mudanças de significado e 5- decalques. Também foram assinaladas as principais impropriedades e, em parte, o uso mais ou menos correto das preposições, dos artigos, dos pronomes, dos advérbios e das conjunções.
This work aims at putting together a series of interviews conducted in Italian and to analyze the local influencies suffered in the lexicon in a group of Italian who emigrated to Brazil and currently reside in São Bernardo do Campo São Paulo. They came to Brazil during the second Italian migrating flux between 1948 -1960. These are individuals whose school formation is limited to the primary or the secondary school, affected by the social class to what they belonged to and by the lack of economic conditions of that period. Today, however, they belong to the middle class and have traveled to Italy at least once and were able to provide a college education for their children. Analysing some of the interviews we could verify that despite the long period away from Italy, these people still speak a comprehensible Italian which makes them bilingual even though using a poor amount of Italian vocabulary at their disposal, quite often inadequate and which had been affected by Brazilian Portuguese. The main interferences were classified as follow; 1- complete loan words, 2- partial loan words, 3- commuting, 4- changes in the meaning and 5- calque. Some other main inaccuracies were also detected and, by chance, the use of partially correct prepositions, pronouns, adverbs and conjuctions.

La tesi offre una proposta di edizione critica e un’analisi della prosa di argomento troiano trasmessa dal codice Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barberiniano latino 3953. L’opera, in latino, ma con inserti in antico-francese, viene indagata e contestualizzata sotto l’aspetto filologico e critico-letterario. Il lavoro è completato da uno studio introduttivo sulla fortuna della materia troiana in Italia tra i secoli XIII-XV, nelle sue manifestazioni letterarie (in lingua oitanica e nei volgari italo-romanzi) e artistiche. In appendice è fornita una lista provvisoria di testimoni dell’"Historia destructionis Troiae" di Guido delle Colonne.

Lo scopo dell’elaborato è quello di presentare i cambiamenti introdotti nell’ordinamento interno italiano dal recepimento dei principali strumenti europei in materia di asilo e di presentare le più significative differenze tra le misure di accoglienza garantite in alcuni Stati membri. Si è voluto quindi procedere in primo luogo con un'analisi dei più importanti strumenti internazionali, in particolare la Convenzione di Ginevra relativa allo status di rifugiato del 1951, strumento ancora oggi centrale nell’ambito del diritto al riconoscimento dello status di rifugiato. In secondo luogo sono state presentate le tappe principali che hanno portato l’Unione europea alla creazione di un sistema comune di asilo, percorso che è stato generalmente diviso in due fasi: la prima si è sviluppata dal 1999 al 2005 e la seconda è cominciata nel 2007 e si è conclusa recentemente con l’adozione degli ultimi strumenti in materia di asilo. Al fine di quantificare la portata dei cambiamenti introdotti nell'ordinamento interno sono state descritte le normative vigenti in Italia precedentemente al recepimento delle direttive europee e in seguito sono stati presentati i contenuti delle direttive tramite una analisi dei rispettivi decreti attuativi. Infine, grazie ad una comparazione tra alcuni Stati membri delle misure di accoglienza garantite ai richiedenti asilo, si è voluta restituire una constatazione delle divergenze che ancora oggi sussistono tra i Paesi europei all’interno del processo di creazione di un sistema comune.

Lo scopo di questa tesi di natura terminografica è quello di effettuare un’analisi linguistica relativa a termini tecnici legati al mondo del diritto commerciale. Nello specifico questo elaborato vuole soffermarsi sulla disciplina del fallimento di impresa attualmente vigente in Cina, facendo un breve raffronto anche con la legislazione italiana che proprio recentemente ha subito importanti modifiche in questo campo. Questa prima raccolta di vocaboli offre la possibilità agli esperti del settore di poter delineare una corrispondenza tra quelli che sono organi, procedure e istituti giuridici nei sistemi linguistici cinese e italiano.

La Campanie antique, qui intègre Étrusques, Grecs et Indigènes, offre un point d'observation privilégiée pour réfléchir aux phénomènes de contact culturel, de mobilité et d’intégration. En effet, pendant le VIIIe s. av. J.-C, l’établissement des Grecs sur les côtes tyrrhéniennes favorise le développement d’un système de relations entre les différents acteurs du peuplement et détermine, à l’intérieur du monde indigène, un processus de mobilité géographique et sociale d’envergure.L’examen archéologique des nécropoles du centre étrusque de Pontecagnano entre le VIIIe et le VIe s. av. J. –C., et des celles des sites de l’Ager Picentinus, permet d’envisager la nature de ces phénomènes de mobilité à l’échelle du centre principal, dans le cadre d’un rapport dialectique de celui-ci avec son territoire. La pluralité des comportements funéraires montre que l’intégration d’éléments exogènes dans la communauté de Pontecagnano se fait selon différentes modalités. Cette diversité permet de questionner la portée des phénomènes de mobilité et d’intégration qu’elle implique au regard du développement social et politique de la communauté.D’un point de vue méthodologique, la thèse explore les relations complexes entre mobilités et constructions identitaires et questionne le rapport problématique qu’entretiennent ethnicité et culture matérielle. C’est seulement en abordant la culture matérielle en tant que système autonome, construit et validé dans le cadre de relations contextuelles, que l'on peut mesurer la pertinence des phénomènes de mobilité dans la documentation funéraire, et éviter ainsi toute interprétation essentialiste
Ancient Campania, with its great cultural variety, is a privileged observatory for investigating the phenomena of cultural contact, mobility and integration. During the 8th c. B.C., in fact, the populations of the region - Etruscans, Greeks and Indigenous - are included in a complex system of relations that is structured on the coast of Campania with the consolidation of the Greek presence, triggering a wide phenomenon of mobility in the Italic world.The examination of the necropolis of the Etruscan site of Pontecagnano between the 8th and the 7th c. B.C. and those from the sites of Ager Picentinus plain, allows us to understand the nature of these phenomena of mobility within the framework of the dialectical relationship between the main site and its territory, in a long-term perspective. The wide range of funerary behaviours observed in the urban necropolises of Pontecagnano shows that the integration of elements that are external to the community takes place in different ways, allowing us to read the phenomenon in relation to the political and social development of the community during the phases of acquisition of its urban dimension. From a methodological point of view, the thesis aims to analyse the complex articulation existing between mobility and identity constructions. The study also emphasises the problematic relationship between ethnicity and material culture. Variations in material culture, understood as an autonomous system, built and validated within the framework of contextual relations, can be assumed as an index of mobility, while avoiding any essentialist interpretation
La Campania antica, con la sua grande varietà culturale, costituisce un osservatorio privilegiato per approfondire i fenomeni di contatto culturale, di mobilità e di integrazione ad essa connessi. Nel corso dell’VIII s. a.C., infatti, le diverse componenti del popolamento della regione – etrusca, greca e indigena - sono inserite in un complesso sistema di relazioni, favorito dal consolidamento della presenza greca sulle coste campane, che innesca un ampio fenomeno di mobilità nel mondo italico.L’esame delle necropoli del sito etrusco di Pontecagnano tra l’VIII e il VII s. a.C., e di quelle dei siti dell’Ager Picentinus, permette di comprendere la natura di tali fenomeni di mobilità nel quadro del rapporto dialettico tra il sito principale e il suo territorio, in una prospettiva di lunga durata. L’ampia gamma dei comportamenti funerari osservabili nelle necropoli urbane di Pontecagnano mostra che l’integrazione di elementi esterni alla comunità avviene secondo modalità diverse, permettendo di leggere il fenomeno in relazione allo sviluppo politico e sociale della comunità durante la fase di acquisizione della sua dimensione urbana. Dal punto di vista metodologico, la tesi vuole analizzare le complesse articolazioni esistenti tra mobilità e costruzioni identitarie. Essa solleva importanti questioni, che traspaiono dalla lettura delle necropoli, inerenti al rapporto problematico tra etnicità e cultura materiale. Le variazioni nella cultura materiale, intesa come sistema autonomo, costruito e convalidato nel quadro delle relazioni contestuali, possono essere assunte come indice di mobilità, evitando al contempo ogni interpretazione di stampo essenzialista

El Salento (SE de Italia) es un territorio rico de evidencias arqueológicas en cueva de Paleolítico medio. Los yacimientos han sido parcialmente explorados en los años 60 y 70 de 1900. Los materiales líticos han sido divulgado examinando solamente los objetos retocados. Esta tesis se centra en el estudio de los niveles mas antiquos de dos yacimientos cercanos: Grotta del Cavallo y Grotta Mario Bernardini. El obietivo es de analizar la variabilidad tecnica segundo un appoche comportamentale para valuar las estrategias economicas y las capacidades tecnicas de estos grupos humanos. Portanto se ha utilizado el principio teórico de l'análisis tecnológica y el empleo de cadenas operativas como herramienta interpretativa para leer un proceso. Igualmente se han abiertas varias líneas de investigación como el estudio geológico para el aprovisionamiento de materias primas o la anàlisis tecno-morfo-funcional de los retocados. En los últimos quince años habían visto detrás de las industrias líticas de Paleolitico medio una grande riqueza desde el punto de vista de las opciónes técnicas y económicas. Esta tesis mostra esta riqueza en los conjuntos líticos de Grotta del Cavallo, presentando un desconocido cambio técnico en la sequencia y contrinuendo a enriquecer el debate sobre la variabilidad de Paleolítico medio.
Salento region (SE Italy) is an area rich in archaeological site concerning Middle Palaeolithic. The caves have been explored during 60's and 70's and are published only partially, using a typological approach focused just on retouched tools. My research concerns the analysis of ancient layers of Grotta del Cavallo and Grotta Mario Bernardini. The goal is to analyze the economic strategies and technical abilities of Neanderthal people in this area. For this reason we use the technological analysis of the manufacturing process based on"chaîne opératoire" and we opened different research-line like geological survey for raw materials or the techno-functional analysis of retouched tools. In the last fifteen years we sow behind Middle Palaeolithic lithic industries a big richness in terms of technical and economical options. This research shows this richness in the assemblages from Grotta del Cavallo, presenting an unknown technical variability and a technical change between layer L and the lower layers. The original data that we propose enrich with our knowledge of technical variability during Middle Palaeolithic showing the existence of a structured system built from human being able to integrate different needs and to adjust to available resources.

This thesis analyses the means by which items of Italian material culture came into the possession of the Tudor monarchs. The different modes of acquisition provide the structure for an investigation into Anglo-Italian relations during the sixteenth century. Although the items that came to England took many forms a synthesising approach is made possible by the fact that the 'biographies' of the objects which have been selected all share a common element - they reached England and were owned by the Tudor monarchs as a result of direct contact with Italian individuals. As a result, disparate items such as glass, armour, books, textiles and horses can be discussed as part of a broader whole in which elements of one culture travelled to another. This is not a discussion of the developing dominance of Italian culture over Western Europe during the sixteenth century, for, although the adjective 'Italian' carried clear connotations in late sixteenth-century England it appears to have been rarely used in relation to material culture. Instead it is a study of the appreciation of technical skill and the attempts that were made to appropriate it, which in turn provides a point of access to the life histories of the Italians who came to England in the sixteenth century and the way in which their interaction with the highest levels of the court played a role in shaping the idea of Italy and the Italian in England.

La thèse porte sur les processus de subjectivation d’un groupe de femmes marocaines résidant dans la ville de Sesto San Giovanni, dans le nord de l’Italie. Je considère les habitudes alimentaires et les pratiques culinaires de ces femmes et de leurs familles, facteurs qui agissent dans la construction de soi à plusieurs niveau : celui intime, en contexte domestique ; celui partagé/contesté, en contexte publique. L’étude se situe au croisement entre l’anthropologie de l’alimentation, l’anthropologie de la culture matérielle et l’anthropologie des migrations. En fait, ces processus sont analysés en adoptant une perspective praxéologique, c’est-à-dire en portant l’attention sur la matérialité. La thèse met en évidence les « ingrédients » concrets de la définition de soi des femmes considérées, ainsi que de leurs rapports interpersonnels et « interculturels ».

El objetivo del presente trabajo es desarrollar una actividad de soporte a la traducción a través de un análisis lingüístico en clave contrastiva de los documentos comunitarios y nacionales de Italia y España en materia de biodiversidad por una parte, y la creación de un recurso de traducción que consta de una memoria de traducción y un banco de datos terminólogico para traductores y usuarios no expertos por otra parte. La idea para el desarrollo de esta tesis tiene origen en una experiencia de formación llevada a cabo en el mes de octubre de 2015 en la sede de la DGT de Luxemburgo en la que se contribuyó a la actividad terminológica del grupo de terminólogos IATE sobre todo por lo que se refiere a la Política Agrícola Común. El trabajo consta de cinco capítulos. El Capítulo I está dedicado a la normativa comunitaria y nacional en materia de biodiversidad, a la situación actual en los dos países considerados y a la presentación de los documentos analizados. El Capítulo II se centra en el régimen lingüístico de la Unión europea, en la experiencia de formación en la DGT de Luxemburgo y en la presentación de las herramientas utilizadas para la construcción del banco de datos terminológico y la memoria de traducción. En el Capítulo III se analizan las lenguas de especialidad, en particular la jurídica y la científica, y se presentan los fenómenos lingüísticos que las caracterizan con la finalidad de averiguar, mediante el análisis llevado a cabo en el siguiente Capítulo IV, en qué medida las Estrategias consideradas resultan innovadoras y qué intenciones pragmáticas tienen. El Capítulo V ilustra el trabajo de creación de los corpus de consulta con los que se ha realizado la memoria de traducción, y las fases que han llevado a la catalogación terminológica y a la elaboración del banco de datos terminológico sobre la biodiversidad. El trabajo incluye las fichas terminológicas creadas tras la sistematización conceptual.

L’elaborato di tesi intende approfondire lo sviluppo della scultura ceramica contemporanea, a partire dal secondo dopoguerra in Italia. Dalla seconda metà degli anni Trenta, varie personalità artistiche hanno scelto il materiale ceramico come medium espressivo, instillandolo di nuova energia vitale. La produzione di artisti quali Fontana, Leoncillo, Salvatore Fancello e non solo, dimostra come il modello figurativo muti fino ad essere abbandonato. Questa prodigiosa materia viene dunque plasmata secondo forme e non-forme che riflettono un'idea di ceramica oltre la figurazione; viene indagata per far emergere profondità e contenuti oltre la forma, che diventa espressione di stati psichici ed esistenziali in un processo che porta il materiale ceramico dalla bellezza alla verità. Dopo le prime sperimentazioni degli anni Cinquanta, la ricerca guarda al rinnovamento ulteriore della scultura ceramica che si fa sempre più concettuale ( a partire da Nedda Guidi, Carlo Zauli), per arrivare, infine, a sostenere la continua proliferazione di questo materiale atavico e sempre contemporaneo grazie alla sua duttilità. Così, un materiale concreto e tangibile come la terra, viene scelto per la rappresentazione di stati esistenziali, idee, concetti e si fa mezzo espressivo per rendere manifesto l'intangibile; la proliferazione del materiale ceramico diventa proliferazione dell'arte e della vita stessa, in quanto, arte e vita sono indiscutibilmente legate.

This thesis deals with the strategic management in a particular Italian industry: the mining sector. It is proposed an integrated methodology to implement a competitive analysis to explore trends in the mining sector in terms of business strategies adopted and strategic groups existent. The methodology uses secondary sources to make an environmental analysis and an accounting one. This second type makes use of key performance indicators of the sector as well as highlights the distribution of firms throughout the country. The research provides also information from a questionnaire about production, management, competitiveness, internationalization, innovation, recycling and environmental sustainability of enterprises behavior. Through PCA - Principal Component Analysis some positioning maps were created to identify strategic groups on the basis of four latent variables: competitive advantages, goals, tools and future investments. The design of research aims to bring out not only the Italian mining industry profile, but also to delineate its lineages and possible developments.

In the last 50 years, flooding has figured as the most frequent and widespread natural disaster globally. Extreme precipitation events stemming from climate change could alter the hydro-geological regime resulting in increased flood risk. Near real-time precipitation monitoring at local scale is essential for flood risk mitigation in urban and suburban areas, due to their high vulnerability. Presently, most of the rainfall data is obtained from ground‐based measurements or remote sensing that provide limited information in terms of temporal or spatial resolution. Other problems may be due to the high costs. Furthermore, rain gauges are unevenly spread and usually placed away from urban centers. In this context, a big potential is represented by the use of innovative techniques to develop low-cost monitoring systems. Despite the diversity of purposes, methods and epistemological fields, the literature on the visual effects of the rain supports the idea of camera-based rain sensors but tends to be device-specific. The present thesis aims to investigate the use of easily available photographing devices as rain detectors-gauges to develop a dense network of low-cost rainfall sensors to support the traditional methods with an expeditious solution embeddable into smart devices. As opposed to existing works, the study focuses on maximizing the number of image sources (like smartphones, general-purpose surveillance cameras, dashboard cameras, webcams, digital cameras, etc.). This encompasses cases where it is not possible to adjust the camera parameters or obtain shots in timelines or videos. Using a Deep Learning approach, the rainfall characterization can be achieved through the analysis of the perceptual aspects that determine whether and how a photograph represents a rainy condition. The first scenario of interest for the supervised learning was a binary classification; the binary output (presence or absence of rain) allows the detection of the presence of precipitation: the cameras act as rain detectors. Similarly, the second scenario of interest was a multi-class classification; the multi-class output described a range of quasi-instantaneous rainfall intensity: the cameras act as rain estimators. Using Transfer Learning with Convolutional Neural Networks, the developed models were compiled, trained, validated, and tested. The preparation of the classifiers included the preparation of a suitable dataset encompassing unconstrained verisimilar settings: open data, several data owned by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention - NIED (dashboard cameras in Japan coupled with high precision multi-parameter radar data), and experimental activities conducted in the NIED Large Scale Rainfall Simulator. The outcomes were applied to a real-world scenario, with the experimentation through a pre-existent surveillance camera using 5G connectivity provided by Telecom Italia S.p.A. in the city of Matera (Italy). Analysis unfolded on several levels providing an overview of generic issues relating to the urban flood risk paradigm and specific territorial questions inherent with the case study. These include the context aspects, the important role of rainfall from driving the millennial urban evolution to determining present criticality, and components of a Web prototype for flood risk communication at local scale. The results and the model deployment raise the possibility that low‐cost technologies and local capacities can help to retrieve rainfall information for flood early warning systems based on the identification of a significant meteorological state. The binary model reached accuracy and F1 score values of 85.28% and 0.86 for the test, and 83.35% and 0.82 for the deployment. The multi-class model reached test average accuracy and macro-averaged F1 score values of 77.71% and 0.73 for the 6-way classifier, and 78.05% and 0.81 for the 5-class. The best performances were obtained in heavy rainfall and no-rain conditions, whereas the mispredictions are related to less severe precipitation. The proposed method has limited operational requirements, can be easily and quickly implemented in real use cases, exploiting pre-existent devices with a parsimonious use of economic and computational resources. The classification can be performed on single photographs taken in disparate conditions by commonly used acquisition devices, i.e. by static or moving cameras without adjusted parameters. This approach is especially useful in urban areas where measurement methods such as rain gauges encounter installation difficulties or operational limitations or in contexts where there is no availability of remote sensing data. The system does not suit scenes that are also misleading for human visual perception. The approximations inherent in the output are acknowledged. Additional data may be gathered to address gaps that are apparent and improve the accuracy of the precipitation intensity prediction. Future research might explore the integration with further experiments and crowdsourced data, to promote communication, participation, and dialogue among stakeholders and to increase public awareness, emergency response, and civic engagement through the smart community idea.
Negli ultimi 50 anni, le alluvioni si sono confermate come il disastro naturale più frequente e diffuso a livello globale. Tra gli impatti degli eventi meteorologici estremi, conseguenti ai cambiamenti climatici, rientrano le alterazioni del regime idrogeologico con conseguente incremento del rischio alluvionale. Il monitoraggio delle precipitazioni in tempo quasi reale su scala locale è essenziale per la mitigazione del rischio di alluvione in ambito urbano e periurbano, aree connotate da un'elevata vulnerabilità. Attualmente, la maggior parte dei dati sulle precipitazioni è ottenuta da misurazioni a terra o telerilevamento che forniscono informazioni limitate in termini di risoluzione temporale o spaziale. Ulteriori problemi possono derivare dagli elevati costi. Inoltre i pluviometri sono distribuiti in modo non uniforme e spesso posizionati piuttosto lontano dai centri urbani, comportando criticità e discontinuità nel monitoraggio. In questo contesto, un grande potenziale è rappresentato dall'utilizzo di tecniche innovative per sviluppare sistemi inediti di monitoraggio a basso costo. Nonostante la diversità di scopi, metodi e campi epistemologici, la letteratura sugli effetti visivi della pioggia supporta l'idea di sensori di pioggia basati su telecamera, ma tende ad essere specifica per dispositivo scelto. La presente tesi punta a indagare l'uso di dispositivi fotografici facilmente reperibili come rilevatori-misuratori di pioggia, per sviluppare una fitta rete di sensori a basso costo a supporto dei metodi tradizionali con una soluzione rapida incorporabile in dispositivi intelligenti. A differenza dei lavori esistenti, lo studio si concentra sulla massimizzazione del numero di fonti di immagini (smartphone, telecamere di sorveglianza generiche, telecamere da cruscotto, webcam, telecamere digitali, ecc.). Ciò comprende casi in cui non sia possibile regolare i parametri fotografici o ottenere scatti in timeline o video. Utilizzando un approccio di Deep Learning, la caratterizzazione delle precipitazioni può essere ottenuta attraverso l'analisi degli aspetti percettivi che determinano se e come una fotografia rappresenti una condizione di pioggia. Il primo scenario di interesse per l'apprendimento supervisionato è una classificazione binaria; l'output binario (presenza o assenza di pioggia) consente la rilevazione della presenza di precipitazione: gli apparecchi fotografici fungono da rivelatori di pioggia. Analogamente, il secondo scenario di interesse è una classificazione multi-classe; l'output multi-classe descrive un intervallo di intensità delle precipitazioni quasi istantanee: le fotocamere fungono da misuratori di pioggia. Utilizzando tecniche di Transfer Learning con reti neurali convoluzionali, i modelli sviluppati sono stati compilati, addestrati, convalidati e testati. La preparazione dei classificatori ha incluso la preparazione di un set di dati adeguato con impostazioni verosimili e non vincolate: dati aperti, diversi dati di proprietà del National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention - NIED (telecamere dashboard in Giappone accoppiate con dati radar multiparametrici ad alta precisione) e attività sperimentali condotte nel simulatore di pioggia su larga scala del NIED. I risultati sono stati applicati a uno scenario reale, con la sperimentazione attraverso una telecamera di sorveglianza preesistente che utilizza la connettività 5G fornita da Telecom Italia S.p.A. nella città di Matera (Italia). L'analisi si è svolta su più livelli, fornendo una panoramica sulle questioni relative al paradigma del rischio di alluvione in ambito urbano e questioni territoriali specifiche inerenti al caso di studio. Queste ultime includono diversi aspetti del contesto, l'importante ruolo delle piogge dal guidare l'evoluzione millenaria della morfologia urbana alla determinazione delle criticità attuali, oltre ad alcune componenti di un prototipo Web per la comunicazione del rischio alluvionale su scala locale. I risultati ottenuti e l'implementazione del modello corroborano la possibilità che le tecnologie a basso costo e le capacità locali possano aiutare a caratterizzare la forzante pluviometrica a supporto dei sistemi di allerta precoce basati sull'identificazione di uno stato meteorologico significativo. Il modello binario ha raggiunto un'accuratezza e un F1-score di 85,28% e 0,86 per il set di test e di 83,35% e 0,82 per l'implementazione nel caso di studio. Il modello multi-classe ha raggiunto un'accuratezza media e F1-score medio (macro-average) di 77,71% e 0,73 per il classificatore a 6 vie e 78,05% e 0,81 per quello a 5 classi. Le prestazioni migliori sono state ottenute nelle classi relative a forti precipitazioni e assenza di pioggia, mentre le previsioni errate sono legate a precipitazioni meno estreme. Il metodo proposto richiede requisiti operativi limitati, può essere implementato facilmente e rapidamente in casi d'uso reali, sfruttando dispositivi preesistenti con un uso parsimonioso di risorse economiche e computazionali. La classificazione può essere eseguita su singole fotografie scattate in condizioni disparate da dispositivi di acquisizione di uso comune, ovvero da telecamere statiche o in movimento senza regolazione dei parametri. Questo approccio potrebbe essere particolarmente utile nelle aree urbane in cui i metodi di misurazione come i pluviometri incontrano difficoltà di installazione o limitazioni operative o in contesti in cui non sono disponibili dati di telerilevamento o radar. Il sistema non si adatta a scene che sono fuorvianti anche per la percezione visiva umana. I limiti attuali risiedono nelle approssimazioni intrinseche negli output. Per colmare le lacune evidenti e migliorare l'accuratezza della previsione dell'intensità di precipitazione, sarebbe possibile un'ulteriore raccolta di dati. Sviluppi futuri potrebbero riguardare l'integrazione con ulteriori esperimenti in campo e dati da crowdsourcing, per promuovere comunicazione, partecipazione e dialogo aumentando la resilienza attraverso consapevolezza pubblica e impegno civico in una concezione di comunità smart.

In the last century, from the end of the eighties, the Italian Regions began to equip themselves with a law regarding the promotion of human rights, a culture of peace and developmental cooperation. Based on new article 117, comma IX, of the Constitution, the power of the Regions to conclude understandings with territorial component units within foreign States and agreements with foreign States has been expressly considered, even only in the cases and with the disciplinary forms of the laws of the State. The Regions are not subjects of international law insofar as they are subject to a superior authority and therefore fail to meet the requirements for independence. To realize developmental cooperation initiatives in favour of emerging countries or also the protection of human rights and promotion of a culture of peace in those countries, the Regions can: turn to the contractual tool; formally conclude understandings and agreements; realize projects and initiatives directly or by delegating the execution to public and private agencies and corporations; contribute financially to projects which are to be realized completely by public and private agencies and corporations. When they are concurring to achieve acts that might create rights and obligations at an international level, the Regions always operate as organs of the State of which inseparably form part (that is the Italian Republic)

Orientador: Pedro Paulo Abreu Funari
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T11:58:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Feitosa_LourdesMadalenaGazariniConde_D.pdf: 8409679 bytes, checksum: dd02df63f4198e045360b40e7ac5f84c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002
Resumo: Até recentemente, nos trabalhos históricos, pouca atenção era destinada às minorias, classes populares e outros grupos periféricos. Este aspecto é especialmente evidenciado para períodos mais distantes, o que é ainda dificultado pelo limite e fragmentação das fontes que possibilitam algum tipo de reconstrução. Felizmente, Pompéia se coloca como um fato raro relativo ao Império Romano, e um olhar aguçado sobre os grafites, escritos por populares, pode conduzir a novas interpretações sobre conceitos que vêm sendo canonizados pelas poucas leituras sobre aqueles grupos populares e momento, usualmente, avaliados pelo crivo do conhecimento erudito e aristocrático. Assim, dados os novos ventos oriundos da antiga Pompéia Romana, este trabalho sugere algumas concepções distintas para conceitos como feminino e masculino, analisados em uma perspectiva de gênero. Emerge, dessa análise, um outro olhar sobre o papel sexo-social de populares pompeianos do I Século a. C, o que permite um confronto dessa leitura com discursos acadêmicos sobre o assunto
Abstract: Until recently, scholarly studies paid little attention to minorities, popular strata and other subordinate groups. This is particularly the case of ancient history, given our limited access to ordinary people and the scarcely of historical sources. It is thus difficult to produce interpretive frameworks to understand those strata. Fortunately Pompeii is an exception, as the city has produced popular evidence, particularly graffito inscriptions, enabling us to interpret gender relations in the Roman Empire. Several studies on the subject restricted themselves to academic and aristocratic viewpoints. In this context, considering the evidence from Pompeii, this study uses gender analysis to understand the construction of female and male roles in popular strata at the first century Ab. The results are then compared to established scholarly discourses on the subject
Doutorado
Doutor em História

La thèse étudie les modalités d’approvisionnement de la ville de Venise en produits de la mer (poissons, crustacés et coquillages) au XVIIIe siècle. Il s'agit de comprendre un système qui concerne à la fois des acteurs, des pratiques, des espaces et des modes de gouvernement. L’analyse prend comme point de départ les espèces, puis leur exploitation, faisant du poisson une ressource alimentaire pour la ville. À Venise, l’ensemble des habitants, des patriciens aux membres du popolo les plus fragiles, consomme du poisson sous toutes ces formes. Cette consommation quotidienne a entraîné chez les acteurs impliqués dans ce système, pêcheurs, marchands et gouvernants, d’intenses réflexions autour de la propriété, de la gestion, de l’exploitation et de la protection des espèces. L’étude se situe ainsi à la croisée de plusieurs champs historiques (histoire environnementale, histoire sociale et histoire des institutions) et emprunte certaines de ses approches à l’histoire économique et à l’histoire urbaine. L’enjeu est donc de comprendre comment se crée et se négocie un système de gestion et d’exploitation d’une ressource, impliquant des savoirs politiques, des savoirs techniques et des usages particuliers élaborés dans des milieux lagunaires et maritimes. Cette interaction est en pleine évolution au XVIIIe siècle, à une période où les mécanismes marchands et économiques sont soumis à des évolutions de conception profondes. Les ressources de la mer n’échappent pas à ces questionnements et la materia del pesce, expression utilisée par les magistrats vénitiens, devient un espace de négociation entre les acteurs du système et les gouvernants dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle
This study analyses how the city of Venice managed to supply its fish markets in the 18th century, an organization system that involved actors, practices, spaces, and government strategies. The analyze focuses initially on the fish, which means to start by specifying the specimens that were captured to assess the production rhythms. All the mentioned aspects defined the exploitation system of this product, which became a crucial food resource for the city. In Venice, everybody ate seafood in their everyday life, from nobles to popolani. Such a remarkable place of the fish as basic food resulted in intensive reflections by the government and by the actors involved in the markets (merchants, fishermen, or fishmongers). They were particularly concerned about the management, the exploitation, and also the protection of these resources. Therefore, this study is related to historiography in several manners: Environmental history, Social history, and the History of the institutions; and it uses some approaches from Urban history and Economical history as well.The aim of this research is to determine how a management system of a capital resource for the city could be created and negotiated, a complex plan that involved political knowledge, technical skills, and particular uses of the exploitation of the lagoon. This interaction between politics and technique evolved during the 18th century, a period in which the economic life changed deeply. The materia del pesce, an expression used by the Venetian government, became a subject of negotiation between the authorities and the fish market actors

This thesis aims to analyze the federalizing process in Italy, from its origins to the most recent developments. It is divided into six chapters and describes the implementation of the federalizing process, exploring the laws, the activity of the Constitutional Court and the main literature about this topic. Chapter one outlines the evolution of local finance in Italy, passing through Risorgimento, the process of unification, the Giolitti era, the First World War and the Fascist period. This dissertation deals also with reforms carried out during the Fifties and the Sixties and points out the relationship between central and local finance during the Seventies, the Eighties and the Nineties. Chapter two explores the constitutional basis of federalism, represented by Article 119 of the Constitution. The first topic of research is the description of fiscal autonomy, comparing the text of Article 119 with the previous formulation, and focusing the relationship between Article 119 and Article 117 of the Constitution. The second topic of research aims to describe the main case law dealing with fiscal federalism, from 2001 to 2009. Chapter three focuses on the first legislative «attempts» to realize fiscal federalism. In fact, there were some laws that tried to reform the relationship between central and local power, from the financial point of view, even before the reform of Title V of the Constitution. Other laws tried to do the same after 2001. It is necessary to wait until 2009, when it was approved Law n. 42/2009, to start to develop a complete system of fiscal federalism. Chapter four examines the main contents, the reaction of institutional system and the main literature about Law 42/2009. In particular, the dissertation deals with the thirty one principles of the new fiscal federalism, with the new structure of regional and local finance and with the equalization system. Chapter five explores the effects of the recent Legislative Decrees of implementation of fiscal federalism. Chapter six outlines the realization of federalizing process into the special regions. The analysis focuses mainly on the articles of Law 42/2009 and of the decrees which produce effects on these regions, directly and indirectly. The dissertation explores also three Acts between special regions and Government, in order to change the financial parts of their Statutes.
Il presente lavoro si propone di analizzare il processo evolutivo del federalismo fiscale in Italia. La trattazione è articolata in sei momenti, allo scopo di verificare lo stato di attuazione del federalizing process, dando conto degli interventi legislativi in materia, dell'attività interpretativa della Corte costituzionale e delle principali acquisizioni dottrinali maturate nel dibattito scientifico. Il capitolo I ripercorre l'evoluzione della finanza locale in Italia, dal Risorgimento italiano, culla delle prime teorie federaliste, alle riforme a Costituzione invariata poste in essere negli anni Novanta. All'interno di questa ampia cornice storica, si approfondiscono le declinazioni del rapporto tra finanza statale e locale, passando attraverso l'unità d'Italia, l'età giolittiana, la Grande guerra ed il ventennio fascista. Si illustrano, inoltre, i lavori dell'Assemblea costituente relativi all'art. 119 Cost., per poi analizzare gli elementi distintivi della fase di «autoderminazione tributaria» che caratterizza gli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta. Si approfondiscono, quindi, i contenuti delle riforme degli anni Settanta, dando particolare rilievo al criterio della spesa storica, nonché i principali interventi di politica fiscale degli anni Ottanta e Novanta. Il capitolo II riguarda il fondamento costituzionale del federalismo fiscale. Muovendo dalla disciplina costituzionale in materia di decentramento, ad opera della l. cost. n. 3/20001, il lavoro si concentra sul parametro di riferimento del federalismo fiscale, l'art. 119 Cost. Dopo aver descritto le principali posizioni elaborate nel panorama dottrinario italiano, si offrono riflessioni in punto di autonomia impositiva, si verificano le connessioni con l'art. 117 Cost., si analizzano le principali problematiche relative al fondo perequativo, alle risorse aggiuntive, agli interventi speciali e alla c.d. golden rule. Una parte considerevole del capitolo sviluppa inoltre i percorsi tracciati dall'attività interpretativa del Giudice delle Leggi durante il periodo di inattuazione del rinnovato dettato costituzionale. Quale criterio per la disamina, si distinguono le pronunce relative all'autonomia di entrata da quelle afferenti all'autonomia di spesa. Il capitolo III focalizza i primi tentativi legislativi di attuazione del federalismo fiscale. Metodologicamente, si sceglie di considerare gli interventi legislativi precedenti alla riforma costituzionale del 2001 (l. n. 133/1999 e d.lgs. n. 56/2000) e quelli successivi (c.d. bozza lombarda e disegno di legge Prodi del 2007). Tali provvedimenti sono esaminati tenendo in adeguata considerazione i principali contenuti, gli elementi di novità nonché i profili problematici e verificando il tutto alla luce delle diverse opinioni maturate nel dibattito scientifico. Il capitolo IV è esclusivamente dedicato alla legge 5 maggio 2009, n. 42 recante Delega al Governo in materia di federalismo fiscale, in attuazione dell'articolo 119 della Costituzione. L'incipit della disamina è costituito dai lavori preparatori alla legge, in relazione ai quali si espongono le principali reazioni del sistema istituzionale e della dottrina che ne hanno accompagnato l'iter di formazione. In prosieguo, si analizzano i contenuti della legge, muovendo dall'ambito di intervento alla portata innovativa delle finalità. Si dedica, quindi, un focus specifico ai trentuno principi e criteri direttivi in essa contenuti, nonché alle interazioni tra gli organi di governance del federalismo fiscale istituiti dalla stessa delega (la Commissione tecnica paritetica per l'attuazione del federalismo fiscale, la Commissione parlamentare per l'attuazione del federalismo fiscale e la Conferenza permanente per il coordinamento della finanza pubblica). Si descrive la struttura della nuova finanza regionale e locale e il sistema perequativo, specificando, infine, le scelte operate dalla legge in materia di interventi speciali e perequazione infrastrutturale. Il capitolo V tratta le innovazioni poste in essere ad opera degli otto decreti legislativi di attuazione. Il legislatore delegato ha elaborato, nei due anni previsti per l'esercizio della delega, otto provvedimenti di attuazione: il d.lgs. n. 85/2010, in materia di federalismo demaniale; il d.lgs. n. 156/2010 recante l'ordinamento transitorio di Roma capitale; il d.lgs. n. 216/2010 sui fabbisogni standard di Comuni, Città metropolitane e Province; il d.lgs. n. 23/2011 in materia di autonomia finanziaria dei Comuni; il d.lgs. n. 68/2011 sull'autonomia tributaria di Regioni e Province e costi standard in sanità; il d.lgs. n. 88/2011 in materia di risorse aggiuntive e interventi speciali; il d.lgs. n. 118/2011 recante armonizzazione dei sistemi contabili e dei bilanci di Regioni ed enti locali e, infine, il d.lgs. n. 149/2011 sui meccanismi sanzionatori e premiali per Regioni, Province e Comuni. Il capitolo VI approfondisce, infine, il tema dell'attuazione del federalismo fiscale nelle Regioni a statuto speciale. Si analizzano, anche alla luce dei rilievi evidenziati in ambito scientifico, le disposizioni della l. n. 42/2009 direttamente e indirettamente applicabili alle Regioni speciali, e quelle che, nei decreti legislativi di attuazione, riguardano precipuamente le autonomie speciali. Si dedica quindi un approfondimento ai protocolli d'intesa siglati da alcune Regioni speciali con il Governo, posti in essere nel 2009 e nel 2010, ai fini di modificare gli statuti speciali nella loro parte finanziaria.

While scholarship often focuses on how early modern Italians used images in their devotions, particularly in the post-Tridentine era, little attention has been placed upon how laypeople engaged with devotional text during times of prayer and in their everyday lives. Studies of early modern devotional texts have explored their literary content, investigated their censorship by the Church, or concentrated upon an elite readership. This thesis, instead, investigates how ordinary devotees interacted with holy words in their material form, which I have termed ‘material prayers’. Since this thesis developed under the aegis of the interdisciplinary research project, Domestic Devotions: The Place of Piety in the Italian Renaissance Home, 1400-1600, it focuses primarily on engagement with these material prayers in domestic spaces. Using an interdisciplinary approach drawing from material culture studies, literary history, social and cultural history, and art history, it brings together objects, images and archival sources to illuminate how devotees from across the socio-economic and literacy spectrums accessed and employed devotional text in their prayers and daily life. From holy words, Biblical excerpts, and prayers to textual symbols like the Sacred Monogram of the Name of Jesus, this thesis explores how and why these material prayers were employed for spiritual, apotropaic and intercessory purposes. It analyses material prayers not only in traditional textual formats (printed books and manuscripts), but also those that were printed on single-sheets of paper, inscribed on jewellery, or etched into the structure of the home. To convey how devotees engaged with and relied upon these material prayers, it considers a variety of inscribed objects, including those sanctioned by the Church as well as those which might be questioned or deemed ‘superstitious’ by ecclesiastical authorities. Sermons, Inquisition trial records, and other archival documents have been consulted to further illuminate the material evidence. The first part of the thesis, ‘On the Body’, considers the how devotees came into personal contact with texts by wearing prayers on their bodies. It examines a range of objects including prayers with protective properties, known as brevi, that were meant to be sealed in a pouch and worn around the neck, and more luxurious items of physical adornment inscribed with devotional and apotropaic text, such as necklaces and rings. The second part of the thesis enters the home to explore how the spaces people inhabited and the objects that populated their homes were decorated with material prayers. ‘In the Home’ begins with texts inscribed over the entryways of early modern Italian homes, and then considers how devotees decorated their walls with holy words and how the objects of devotion and household life were imbued with religious significance through the addition of pious inscriptions. By analysing these personal objects and the textual domestic sphere, this thesis argues that these material prayers cut across socio-economic classes, genders, and ages to embody quotidian moments of domestic devotion as well as moments of fear, anxiety and change.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a metodologia aplicada ao ensino do italiano em contextos específicos, mais precisamente, a linguagem técnica adotada no âmbito profissional jurídico. Para alcançar essa finalidade, primeiramente, analisamos os manuais didáticos de italiano jurídico disponíveis no Brasil e destinados a um público adulto que já tenha conhecimentos básicos do idioma e sinta a necessidade de aprofundá-los por motivos pessoais, profissionais, acadêmicos etc. Além de fazer essa análise, preparamos e ministramos cursos de italiano jurídico para três grupos: um de estudantes que têm o perfil indicado nesses livros didáticos, e dois de alunos iniciantes. Nosso intuito ao propor tais cursos consistia em tentar mostrar que, se os aprendizes fazem parte do mundo jurídico, eles conseguem desenvolver o léxico específico ao mesmo tempo em que conseguem aprender/adquirir as estruturas básicas da língua italiana. Nas aulas ministradas, utilizamos um dos manuais didáticos de italiano jurídico e, também, um livro didático voltado para o público geral, entretanto não nos restringimos ao uso desses materiais, isto é, elaboramos e propusemos novas atividades. Os cursos foram avaliados pelos alunos por meio de questionários. Com base na análise da utilização dos materiais mencionados e das atividades propostas bem como nas respostas dos discentes, chegamos a algumas conclusões quanto à abordagem de ensino do italiano jurídico.
This dissertation aims at analyzing the methodology applied to teaching Italian for specific purposes, focusing on the technical language used in the legal setting. To reach this goal, we first analyzed educational materials used to teach legal Italian in Brazil which are targeted at adults with basic language skills who want to enhance those skills due to personal, academic or professional needs. We also prepared and taught Italian classes to three distinct groups: a group of students whose profile matched the target audience for those educational materials and two groups of beginners. Our goal was to show that, if beginners have a legal background, they can develop the specific legal vocabulary at the same time as they learn/acquire the basic structures of the Italian language. In our classes, we also used one of the Legal Italian teaching manuals and a book used to teach students in general. However, we did not restrict ourselves to the use of these materials, but rather prepared and used new activities in the classes. These Italian courses were assessed by students through surveys. Based on the analysis of the materials used in classes as well as the activities proposed, we reached some conclusions as to the approach to be used in teaching legal Italian courses.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar quais contribuições o novo material de língua italiana dos Centros de Estudo de línguas CEL, que se encontra em processo de elaboração, pode oferecer. O desenvolvimento desse material é realizado por meio de uma parceria entre os professores do CEL e a Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo. O foco da análise leva em conta dois aspectos fundamentais do material didático: a abordagem teórica de ensino e o processo utilizado na construção do método. Por serem duas línguas neolatinas, o italiano e o português, é possível haver uma comparação entre os idiomas, que é reforçada também pela semelhança cultural resultante da grande imigração. De fato, a maioria dos alunos que decidem estudar o idioma italiano no CEL, o fazem para resgatar suas origens familiares. No entanto, a opção pelo curso de idiomas não é uma obrigação para o aluno, assim, a cada aula, os fatores que motivam esse aluno devem ser reforçados. A criação desse novo material didático de língua italiana exclusivo para o estudante adolescente do CEL é um grande passo para a unificação do currículo do idioma italiano na rede estadual de São Paulo e uma importante ferramenta de trabalho para o professor e para o aluno.
This work has as essential objective to verify which contributions can provide the new Italian language material of Language study center - CEL, which is being prepared in partnership with CEL teachers and São Paulo State Secretariat of Education. For this, the following material aspects will be analyzed: its teaching approach and the construction process. The Italian and Portuguese provide a comparison of two romance languages and cultures alike because of the large immigration. In fact, most students who decide to study the Italian language at CEL, dothat to rescue their family origins. However, the choice of the language course is not an obligation for the student, so each class, the factors that motivate the student must be present. The creation of this new Italian teaching educational material exclusive for the teenage student from CEL is a big step towards the unification of the Italian language curriculum at CELs in every state and an important working tool for the teacher and for the student.

A ópera lírica pode constituir um excelente material didático a ser trabalhado em todos os níveis da educação linguística, não apenas devido ao seu irrefutável valor cultural, histórico e social, mas, principalmente, por sincretizar as linguagens musical, teatral e literária, transformando-se, assim, em um fecundo instrumento de ensino da língua italiana. A partir dos preceitos semióticos de análise, sobretudo no que concerne aos estudos sobre a Semiótica das Paixões, a ópera lírica pode ser didatizada e apresentada aos alunos no seu formato autêntico, visando à formação e autonomia discente. De fato, o percurso adotado simula a passagem pelos três níveis de análise textuais, partindo dos afetos da música para chegar às ações do enredo. A parte prática deste trabalho é dedicada ao curso Rigoletto: per gli amanti della lingua e della cultura italiana, elaborado especialmente para legitimar a proposta de se trabalhar a ópera lírica nas aulas de italiano LE. Trata-se de uma unidade didática sobre Rigoletto, uma importante produção de Giuseppe Verdi e Francesco Maria Piave, de 1851. Em síntese, neste trabalho, pretendo discorrer sobre as teorias que envolvem a didatização da ópera lírica e ilustrar a sua aplicação a partir das atividades do referido curso. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos durante a fase de avaliação serão utilizados para comprovar a sua eficácia.
Lyrical opera can be an excellent teaching material for use at all levels of language education, not only because of its unquestionable cultural, historical and social value, but mainly for amalgamating musical, theatrical and literary languages, thereby forming a productive tool for teaching the Italian language. Based on the precepts of semiotic analysis, especially with regard to studies of the Semiotics of Passions, lyrical opera can be taught and presented to students in its authentic format, aimed at student training and autonomy. Indeed, the route adopted simulates the passage through the three levels of textual analysis, starting from the musical moods to arrive at the actions of the plot. The practical part of this work is dedicated to the course \"Rigoletto: per gli amanti della lingua e della cultura italiana\", especially designed to legitimize the proposal to employ lyrical opera in Italian lessons for foreign learners. This is a teaching unit about Rigoletto, an important work by Giuseppe Verdi and Francesco Maria Piave, 1851. In summary, in this work I intend to discuss theories involving the teaching use of lyrical opera and illustrate its application based on the activities of that course. Finally, the results obtained during the assessment phase will be used to prove its effectiveness.

A pesquisa aqui apresentada surgiu com o intuito de trazer para a sala de aula a realidade da língua italiana, proporcionando assim aos aprendizes brasileiros um meio para interagir através da comunicação, tanto oral como escrita. A preocupação que deu origem à reflexão proposta baseou-se em dois pontos fundamentais no âmbito do ensino/aprendizagem de língua estrangeira: o que ensinar e como ensinar. Para refletir sobre a primeira questão, foram problematizados os conceitos de material autêntico e de autenticidade, enquanto para a segunda foram tomados como referência os estudos relacionados ao ensino por tarefas. Com base nessas reflexões teóricas, foi realizado um curso experimental de italiano para principiantes, com uma duração de 45 horas, cujas unidades didáticas foram inteiramente elaboradas a partir de material autêntico e cujas atividades foram desenvolvidas tendo como apoio teórico o ensino por tarefas. Paralelamente ao citado curso experimental, aconteceu outro curso, também para principiantes e com a mesma duração, que pertencia aos cursos de extensão universitária da Universidade de São Paulo, para o qual foi utilizado o livro didático adotado. Os participantes dos dois cursos constituíram um grupo experimental e um grupo controle. O objetivo principal foi verificar, comparando os dois grupos, se a utilização de material didático e de atividades significativas produz diferenças não apenas no desempenho linguístico dos dois grupos, mas também em sua atitude em relação à aprendizagem da língua estrangeira.
This research appeared in order to bring to the classroom the \"reality\" of the Italian language, thereby providing to brazilian learners an instrument to interact through both oral and written communication. The concern that is part of the proposed reflection was based on two key points in the teaching/learning of foreign languages: what to teach and how to teach. For the first point, we started from the questioning of authentic material, authenticity and of the concept of task, and for the second one, we took as reference the studies about task based learning and teaching. Based on these theoretical reflections, it was designed an experimental italian course for beginners, with a duration of 45 hours, whose teaching units were created entirely starting from authentic materials and tasks. Together with this experimental course, an italian course level 1 was also realized. In this course the Italian language was studied with a teaching book. The participants of both courses constituted an experimental and a control group. The main objective was to investigate, comparing the two groups, if the utilization of teaching material and meaningful activities produces differences not only in the linguistic performance of the two groups, but also in their attitude related to the foreign language learning.

Durant les deux derniers siècles avant notre ère, des objets de type italique, c’est-à-dire caractérisant la culture matérielle de l’Italie tardo-républicaine apparaissent progressivement en Gaule. L’identification de ces objets du quotidien et leur analyse typologique et contextuelle permettent une approche renouvelée du phénomène de romanisation de la Gaule. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en exergue les modalités chronologiques, spatiales et culturelles de la diffusion de ce type de mobilier. La confrontation des résultats avec les données issues des études céramologiques et architecturales permet de brosser un tableau affiné du processus d’acculturation. La nature des sites, ainsi que la diversité des types d’objets considérés permettent de souligner la variété des comportements des populations locales face à la réception de ces mobiliers exogènes. Que ce soit dans le commerce ou en intégrant l’armée romaine, les élites locales ont joué un rôle majeur au sein des interactions avec l’Italie, de la diffusion de ces objets et de l’intégration des nouveaux modèles italiques
For the last two centuries before our era, italic type objects, which means objects that are characterizing the material culture of Tardo-republican Italia, are progressively appearing in Gaul. The identification of these everyday objects and their typological and contextual analysis allow a renewed approach of the Gaul romanization phenomenon. The objective of this thesis is to highlight, the chronological, spatial and cultural modalities of the diffusion of such furniture. The comparison of the results with the data provided by the ceramological and architectural studies allows to improve the description of the acculturation process. The behavioral diversity towards the reception of exogenous furniture is underlined by the nature of the sites and the diversity of the considered objects. Local elites, whether by participating in commercial exchanges or by joining the army, have played a major role in the interactions with Italia, from the diffusion of these objects to the integration of the new italic models

Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt für die Bildwissenschaften eine methodische Grundlage dar, Kleidung im Bild als Konstruktion zu begreifen und zu interpretieren. Anhand der eindrucksvollen Patronageprojekte der Familie Tornabuoni – einer gerade emporgestiegenen Kaufmannsfamilie im Umkreis der Medici – werden die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von symbolischer Kommunikation in der Florentiner Frühneuzeit untersucht. Unter anderem über Symbole wurde die Position im Gesellschaftsgefüge des unsicheren frühneuzeitlichen Regierungsklimas immer wieder neu hergestellt und von Neuem ausgehandelt. Die gewählte Bildgarderobe ist dafür ein hervorstechendes Beispiel.
The thesis presents an art historical methodology that assesses clothing and its pictorial representations in order to interpret how material culture relates to social construction. Using as an example an impressive patronage project of the Tornabuoni family – a newly rich family of merchants in the circle of the Medici – reveals the possibilities as well as the limitations of symbolic communication through dress in early modern Florence. In addition to outward style, these subtle symbols helped to establish and renegotiate their bearer’s position in the shifting hierarchy of an uncertain political climate. By closely examining Tornabuoni commissions, the thesis demonstrates how clothing is a critical means of understanding social motivations and aspirations.

The Iron Curtain was seen as the divider between East and West in Cold War Europe. The term is closely connected to the Cold War and expressions such as ‘behind the Iron Curtain’ or ‘after the fall of the Iron Curtain’ are common within historical discussions in the second half of the twentieth century. Even if the term was used regularly as a metaphor there was also a material side with a series of highly militarised borders running throughout Europe. The metaphor and the material borders developed together and individually, sometimes intertwined and sometimes separate. In my research I have carried out two fieldwork studies at sites that can be considered part of the former Iron Curtain. The first study area is located between Italy and Slovenia (formerly Yugoslavia) in which the division between the two towns of Nova Gorica on the Slovenian side and Gorizia on the Italian side was investigated. The second study area is located on the border between Austria and Czech Republic (formerly Czechoslovakia) within two national parks. A smaller study was also carried out in Berlin as the Berlin Wall is considered of major importance in the context of the Iron Curtain. This research has resulted in large quantities of sources and information and a constant need to re-evaluate the methods used within an archaeology of a more recent past. This thesis falls within what is usually referred to as contemporary archaeology, a fairly young sub-discipline of archaeology. Few large research projects have so far been published, and methods have been described as still somewhat experimental. Through my fieldwork it has been possible to acknowledge and highlight the problems and opportunities within contemporary archaeology. It has become clear how the materials stretch both through time and place demonstrating the complex process of how the material that archaeologists investigate can be created. The material of the Iron Curtain, is also well worth studying in its own right.

Nossa pesquisa teve como objetivo explorar as implicações relativas à utilização de material didático de natureza virtual livre em contexto formal de ensino-aprendizagem de italiano LE/L2. As implicações foram tratadas em forma de Problemas de Ensino e o termo utilização foi desdobrado em dois aspectos: utilização em sala de aula presencial e produção. Orientou-nos a hipótese de que o uso de materiais didáticos de natureza virtual livre, em contexto formal de ensino-aprendizagem de língua italiana como LE/L2, deflagra uma série de implicações observáveis e específicas as quais podem ser definidas em termos de Problemas de Ensino (ORTALE, 2010) , dada a sua natureza peculiar, ou seja, livre. A fim de alcançar nossos objetivos, lançamos mão de uma metodologia qualitativa de viés construtivista e interpretativista. Os Problemas de Ensino foram identificados por meio da análise de Relatos de Problemas de Ensino (ORTALE, 2010). Balizaram nossas análises a metodologia de formação de professores, alicerçada na ideia de Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP), explicitada em Ortale (2010), e as técnicas e procedimentos de desenvolvimento de teoria fundamentada, conforme Strauss e Corbin (2008). Os Problemas de Ensino relativos à utilização foram investigados em duas disciplinas de língua italiana ofertadas em nível de graduação junto à Faculdade de Letras de uma universidade pública do estado de São Paulo. Os Problemas de Ensino relativos à produção foram pesquisados nos contextos de duas edições de um curso de formação de professores de língua italiana em serviço e em pré-serviço que ministramos no âmbito de duas universidades públicas brasileiras - uma no estado de Santa Catarina e outra no estado de São Paulo. Encontramos um total de 11 (onze) Problemas de Ensino - 7 (sete) relacionados ao aspecto da produção de Material Didático Virtual Livre e 4 (quatro) relacionados ao aspecto da utilização. Notamos, por meio de nossa análise, a proeminência de dois fatores associados aos Problemas de Ensino encontrados: as crenças a respeito de materiais didáticos de natureza virtual livre e a demanda pelo desenvolvimento de competências relativas aos aspectos virtual e livre desse tipo de material didático. Concluímos que os Problemas de Ensino identificados não são específicos, mas, sim, característicos dos materiais didáticos de natureza virtual livre
The aim of our research was to explore the implications related to the use of Free Virtual Educational Materials in the context of formal teaching and learning Italian as FL/SL. The implications were dealt as Problems of Teaching (ORTALE, 2010) and the term use was considered according to two aspects: use in presential classrooms and production. The hypothesis was that the use of Free Virtual Educational Materials, in the context of formal teaching and learning Italian as FL/SL, triggers a series of observable and specific implications, which can be defined in terms of Problems of Teaching due to its peculiar nature, that is, being a free educational material. The methodology adopted here was qualitative, both constructivist and interpretativist. The Problems of Teaching were identified through the analysis of the Reports of Problems of Teaching (ORTALE, 2010). The analyses were based on the methodology of teacher education, supported by the idea of Problem-Based Learning (PBL), explained in Ortale (2010), and the techniques and procedures of the Grounded Theory, according to Strauss e Corbin (2008). The Problems of Teaching related to the use were investigated in two undergraduate subjects of Italian Language offered by the College of Arts in a public university in São Paulo state. The Problems of Teaching related to the production were researched in the context of two editions of the training course for teachers of Italian Language in-service and pre-service, taught at two Brazilian public universities one in Santa Catarina state and the other in São Paulo state. We have found the total of 11 (eleven) Problems of Teaching 7 (seven) related to the aspect of production of Free Virtual Educational Materials and 4 (four) related to the aspect of its use. We have noticed through our analysis, the prominence of two factors associated to the Problems of Teaching which were found in the research: the beliefs regarding Free Virtual Educational Materials and the demand to develop the competences related to the free and virtual aspects of this sort of material. We concluded that the Problems of Teaching identified here are not specific but are typical of educational materials that are virtual and free

Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement. In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP. However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario. In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.

Studio ed inquadramento crono-culturale delle produzioni in pietra e materia dura animale provenienti dallo scavo del sito archeologico di Monte Covolo (Villanuova sul Clisi, Brescia). Analisi e confronto dei risultati nel quadro del popolamento dell’area alpina tra IV e III millennio a.C.

Lors de la victorieuse campagne d’Italie (1796-1797), qui a lieu dans le cadre des guerres révolutionnaires françaises (1792-1802), un nombre important d’objets précieux est saisi pour être transporté à Paris, nouvel épicentre autoproclamé de la culture et du savoir européens. La liste des objets à déplacer est longue, variée et prestigieuse. Des outils d’agriculture, des minéraux, des livres rares, des traités de science, des semences, des partitions de musique, des spécimens végétaux et, surtout, des monuments de l’Antiquité et des tableaux de la Renaissance, sont appelés à garnir les institutions de la capitale française. Ce grand coup de filet est souligné par la tenue d’une fête à Paris les 9 et 10 thermidor an VI (27 et 28 juillet 1798), nommée l’Entrée triomphale des objets de sciences et d’arts recueillis en Italie. Pour atteindre leur nouvelle destination, les objets saisis sont soumis à la contingence du voyage. Ils traversent des montagnes, des routes, des ports, des mers, des fleuves, des canaux, des rues et des boulevards. Le trajet se fait sur des chariots, dans la paille ; les objets d’art sont enfouis à l’intérieur de caisses goudronnées, scellées et marquées du sceau officiel de la République. Même s’ils sont cachés et hors de lieux traditionnellement étudiés par l’histoire de l’art, les objets d’Italie jouissent, durant cet intervalle, d’une grande visibilité par le biais des journaux qui suivent avidement les aventures des convois qui traversent des lieux instables et des territoires accidentés. Qui plus est, le déplacement s’effectue sur un fond d’instabilité sociale et de crises politiques, alors que le régime du Directoire (1795-1799) peine à asseoir sa légitimité et que la Contre-Révolution se manifeste dans le résultat des élections législatives. En puisant dans un cadre théorique croisant les mobility studies, les material studies, les études sur le nationalisme et l’histoire des émotions, cette thèse démontre que le transit entre Rome et Paris devient une épopée mettant en récit les contours d’une identité française en quête d’unité. En effet, le transfert des objets d’Italie est un levier d’édification nationale qui mobilise des thèmes au fondement du sentiment patriotique, comme la supériorité civilisationnelle, le savoir-faire technique et l’ascendance morale. Trois grands moments sont à l’étude : le moment des saisies, le moment du transport et le moment de la célébration.
During the victorious Italian Campaign (1796-1797) that took place during the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802), a significant number of precious objects were seized and transported to Paris, the new self-proclaimed epicentre of European culture and knowledge. The list of objects was long, varied, and prestigious. Agricultural tools, minerals, rare books, scientific treatises, seeds, musical scores, plant specimens, and above all, monuments from antiquity and Renaissance paintings, were amassed for the purpose of gracing the institutions of the French capital. On 9 and 10 Thermidor year VI (27th and 28th of July, 1798), the convoy was paraded through the streets of Paris in a celebration titled l’Entrée triomphale des objets de sciences et d’arts recueillis en Italie (the triumphal entry of objects of the sciences and arts collected in Italy). En route to their new destination, the precious objects were subjected to the contingencies of the voyage. Buried in sealed and tarred crates marked with the official seal of the Republic and piled onto straw-filled carts, they journeyed over mountains, on roads, through ports, across seas, and down rivers, canals, streets and boulevards. Although the objects were hidden and kept far from areas traditionally studied by art history, they received wide coverage in newspapers that avidly chronicled the convoy’s adventures through volatile areas and rugged terrain. What is more, the journey took place against a backdrop of great social unrest and political crises, while the regime of the Directory (1795-1799) struggled to establish its legitimacy and the Counter-Revolution rose in the wake of the legislative elections. Drawing on a theoretical framework bridging mobility studies, material studies, nationalism studies, and the history of emotions, this dissertation demonstrates that the transit between Rome and Paris became a narrative epic that outlined a French identity in search of unity. In fact, the objects’ transit from Italy became a lever of national edification that mobilized the themes that are the basis of patriotic sentiment, such as civilizational superiority, technical knowledge, and moral ascendancy. Three major moments will be studied: the seizure of the objects, their transportation, and the moment of celebration.

This dissertation studies a local manifestation of ecclesiastical reform in the medieval county of Savoy: the twelfth-century transformation of secular canons into Augustinian regular canons at the church of Sts. Peter and Ursus in the alpine town of Aosta (now Italy). I argue that textual sources, material culture, and the practice of place together express how the newly reformed canons established their identity, shaped their material environment, and managed their relationship with the unreformed secular canons at the cathedral. The pattern of regularization in Aosta—instigated by a new bishop influenced by ideas of canonical reform—is only one among several models for implementing reform in medieval Savoy. This study asserts the importance of this medieval county as a center for reforming efforts among a regional network of churchmen, laymen, and noblemen, including the count of Savoy, Amadeus III (d. 1148). After a prologue and introduction, chapter 1 draws on traditional textual evidence to recount the history of reform in medieval Savoy. Chapters 2 through 4 focus on the twelfth-century sculpted capitals in the cloister built to accommodate the common life of the new regular canons. Several of the historiated capitals portray the biblical siblings, Martha and Mary, and Leah and Rachel, as material metaphors that reflect and reinforce the active and contemplative lives of the Augustinian canons. Other capitals represent the regular canons’ assertion of their precedence over the cathedral canons and suggest tensions between the two communities. The final chapter examines thirteenth-century conflicts over bell-ringing and ecclesiastical processions in the urban topography of Aosta to illustrate how the regular and secular canons continued to negotiate their relationship. Appendices include an English translation of a vita of St. Ursus (BHL 8453). The dissertation as a whole reconstructs the places and material culture of medieval Aosta to convey the complexities of religious and institutional life during a time of reform and beyond.
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La disciplina del danno ambientale è stata oggetto di diverse e numerose modifiche nel corso degli anni, sia a livello nazionale che europeo. Regolata in Italia, per la prima volta, dalla L. 349/1986 che, all’art. 18, prevedeva la risarcibilità del danno ambientale indipendentemente dalla violazione di altri diritti individuali come la proprietà privata o la salute. In ambito Europeo il primo intervento si è avuto con l’adozione della Direttiva 2004/35/CE sulla responsabilità ambientale in materia di prevenzione e riparazione del danno ambientale. La Direttiva è stata poi recepita in Italia con il D.Lgs. n. 152/2006, che nella Parte Sesta si occupa puntualmente di responsabilità per inquinamento ambientale. Tuttavia, le principali novità della normativa comunitaria con riferimento al regime di responsabilità per attività inquinanti nei confronti dei beni ambientali, non sono state immediatamente riprese in modo adeguato dalla normativa italiana, motivo per cui sono state emanate due procedure di infrazione nei confronti del Governo italiano che, per correre ai ripari, in un primo momento, ha approvato il D.l. 135/2009 introduttivo di nuovi criteri per il ripristino del danno ambientale e successivamente il legislatore è intervenuto con la Legge n. 97/2013 in materia di misure di risarcimento del danno e in materia di criteri di imputazione delle responsabilità. Tuttavia, l’assetto dei criteri di imputazione delle responsabilità è stato più volte oggetto degli interventi interpretativi della giurisprudenza che hanno delineato un quadro molto più rispondente alle istanze di origine comunitaria e ai principi del diritto europeo. All’interno di questo quadro più ampio si inserisce la questione della Gestione dei rifiuti, anch’essa oggetto di svariate modifiche normative volte sempre di più ad una tutela ambientale maggiore e prioritaria, attraverso metodi e tecniche in grado di ridurre la produzione dei rifiuti, l’introduzione del concetto di riduzione, prevenzione e recupero, riciclo e solo in ultimo lo smaltimento. Ruolo centrale assume in questo ambito l’attribuzione delle relative responsabilità in capo ai vari soggetti che si occupano della gestione dei rifiuti, pertanto nell’ultimo capitolo, si analizzeranno le diverse forme di responsabilità degli stessi e si darà conto dei principali interventi giurisprudenziali e della diverse interpretazioni dottrinali che hanno interessato la materia negli ultimi anni.

Dopo più di quarant’anni di tentativi tesi alla realizzazione di un titolo di protezione brevettuale “comunitario”, nel 2012 sono stati emanati due regolamenti, il n. 1257/2012 e il n. 1260/2012, attuativi di una cooperazione rafforzata tra ventisei Stati membri dell’Unione europea: essi creano un brevetto europeo con effetto unitario e ne disciplinano il regime di traduzione applicabile. L’anno successivo, venticinque Stati membri hanno firmato un accordo istitutivo del Tribunale unificato dei brevetti. I summenzionati strumenti normativi costituiscono il c.d. “pacchetto brevetti”, che entrerà in vigore una volta che almeno tredici Stati membri, tra cui Germania, Francia e Regno Unito, avranno ratificato l’Accordo. Rispetto al panorama attuale, caratterizzato da una frammentazione normativa e giurisdizionale, tale nuova architettura porterà indubbiamente notevoli vantaggi. Da un lato, infatti, i regolamenti europei introducono un “nuovo brevetto” che estende la sua efficacia oltre i confini nazionali; la portata della protezione e gli effetti saranno infatti uniformi in tutto il territorio degli Stati membri partecipanti. Dall’altro, il Tribunale unificato, competente a giudicare quasi tutte le controversie in materia brevettuale, si sostituirà ai giudici nazionali, garantendo l’uniformità della giurisdizione e delle decisioni. Tuttavia, il risultato ottenuto con il “pacchetto brevetti” non sembra essere adeguato agli obiettivi di unitarietà che le istituzioni europee e gli Stati membri si erano prefissati. Si tratta infatti di un quadro normativo complesso, che combina il diritto dell’Unione europea, il diritto internazionale (in particolare l’Accordo sul Tribunale unificato e la Convenzione sul brevetto europeo), e il diritto nazionale degli Stati membri, a cui gli atti citati rinviano in diverse occasioni, e che istituisce due strumenti, il brevetto europeo con effetto unitario e il Tribunale unificato dei brevetti, dalla natura assai controversa. Per tale ragione, la nuova normativa solleva molteplici questioni di natura costituzionale, in ordine alla compatibilità del nuovo sistema con l’ordinamento giuridico dell’Unione europea. Uno dei profili problematici di particolare interesse riguarda la cooperazione rafforzata in tema di tutela brevettuale unitaria, che sembra essere stata instaurata per eludere il dissenso di Italia e Spagna in relazione al regime linguistico applicabile. Inoltre, nei due regolamenti europei manca una vera e propria disciplina sostanziale, sollevando pertanto dei dubbi sull’effettiva “unitarietà” del nuovo brevetto. Infine, alcune caratteristiche del Tribunale unificato, quali la sua particolare struttura, il riparto interno delle competenze, il regime linguistico e la previsione di un periodo transitorio in cui è possibile ancora adire il giudice nazionale, si pongono in contrasto con il fine di unificazione giurisdizionale. A tali considerazioni si aggiunge che la decisione del Regno Unito di uscire dall’Unione europea potrebbe compromettere l’entrata in vigore del “pacchetto brevetti”. Obiettivo del presente lavoro è quello di analizzare in modo organico l’intera disciplina, nell’ottica di verificarne l’effettiva compatibilità con l’ordinamento dell’Unione europea. Solamente attraverso un approccio sistematico fondato sui principi e sugli strumenti dell’UE, si possono superare le attuali criticità che emergono dal “pacchetto brevetti”, nell’ottica di un effettivo miglioramento di tale nuova disciplina e del conseguente raggiungimento di una reale unitarietà nella tutela brevettuale.