Articles de revues : « Married women – China – Fiction »

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Irmadani, Azara Nafia, Supiastutik Supiastutik et Irana Astutiningsih. « THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMAN’S OPPRESSION IN LISA SEE’S SNOW FLOWER AND THE SECRET FAN ». SEMIOTIKA : Jurnal Ilmu Sastra dan Linguistik 20, n^o 1 (27 février 2019) : 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/semiotika.v20i1.12832.

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Snow Flower and The Secret Fan is one type of fiction novel written by Lisa See in 2005. Snow Flower and The Secret Fan tells about the lives of Chinese women in the nineteenth century where women's position was lower than men. In that era, there was a tradition that required women to tie their legs when they were young then caused them to endure unbearable pain because of a leg tie. By tying their legs, they can get married and improve their social status and bring them to a better life. Legs bound are to be sexually pleasure for men to achieve sexual satisfaction. In addition, in that era women were not permitted to get education like men. This problem was the impact of the Patriarchal culture. In the Patriarchal culture, there is a Confucian teaching that is used as a way of life for Chinese people. The teaching requires women to obey men: Father, husband, and later their sons. Therefore, Chinese women live as a second-class. In conducting this research, the author uses Representation Theory by Stuart Hall. Research shows that female oppression is clearly illustrated in the novel through a leg tie. Lisa See realistically describes the real conditions of women's oppression in China in the Snow Flower novel and The Secret Fan.

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Li, Qin, Rui Yang, Zehong Zhou, Weiping Qian, Jian Zhang, Ze Wu, Lei Jin et al. « Fertility history and intentions of married women, China ». Bulletin of the World Health Organization 102, n^o 04 (1 avril 2024) : 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.23.289736.

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Parish, William L., Ye Luo, Edward O. Laumann, Melissa Kew et Zhiyuan Yu. « Unwanted Sexual Activity among Married Women in Urban China ». Journal of Sex Research 44, n^o 2 (11 avril 2007) : 158–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224490701263751.

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Liou, Liang-Ya. « Taiwanese Postcolonial Fiction ». PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 126, n^o 3 (mai 2011) : 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2011.126.3.678.

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When the Japanese Nobel Laureate in literature KenzaburŌ Ōe visited Taiwan for a symposium held in his honor in December 2009, he hardly anticipated the political controversies into which he was thrown. Even before the conference, politicians accused the Academia Sinica, the organizing institution, of kowtowing to China by reducing a trilateral symposium involving Japan, Taiwan, and China to a “cross-strait event” and by replacing the Taiwanese novelist who was to act as Ōe's interlocutor with one more acceptable to China. Aside from the China factor, the underhanded politics tapped into ethnic tensions in Taiwan and the problematic national identity of Taiwan. While the original interlocutor, Li Ang, and her substitute, Zhu Tienwen, are critically acclaimed women novelists just a few years apart in age, Li is of Minnan ancestry and Zhu a second-generation Chinese mainlander whose father fled with the Chinese Nationalist or Kuomintang (KMT) government to Taiwan in 1949 after losing China to the communists. More important, Li is a postcolonial writer, whereas Zhu deploys postmodernism to resist decolonization.

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Anderson, Siwan, et Debraj Ray. « Missing Unmarried Women ». Journal of the European Economic Association 17, n^o 5 (6 juillet 2018) : 1585–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvy027.

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Abstract That unmarried individuals die at a faster rate than married individuals at all ages is well documented. Unmarried women in developing countries face particularly severe vulnerabilities, so that excess mortality faced by the unmarried is more extreme for women in these regions compared to developed countries. We provide systematic estimates of the excess female mortality faced by older unmarried women in developing regions. We place these estimates in the context of the missing women phenomenon. There are approximately 1.5 million missing women between the ages of 30 and 60 years old each year. We find that 35% of these missing women of adult age can be attributed to not being married. These estimates vary by region. India has the largest proportion of missing adult women who are without a husband, followed by the countries in East Africa. By contrast, China has almost no missing unmarried women. We show that 70% of missing unmarried women are of reproductive age and that it is the relatively high mortality rates of these young unmarried women (compared to their married counterparts) that drive this phenomenon.

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Kamitewoko, Edwige, et Xiang-rong Jin. « Labour force participation of married women in China and Congo ». Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE 6A, n^o 4 (avril 2005) : 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2005.a0350.

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Edwige, Kamitewoko, et Jin Xiang-rong. « Labour force participation of married women in China and Congo ». Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 6, n^o 4 (avril 2005) : 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/bf02842067.

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Shuhua, Ye. « Status of Women Astronomers in China ». Highlights of Astronomy 10 (1995) : 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600010418.

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The percentages of women working in Astronomy including research and technical positions are as follows:If we look at the percentages of female students:It is easy to see, that since fewer women have the chance of higher education, it is not a surprise that fewer women can reach to the higher level in astronomy.Social discrimination and prejudice have been the obstacles for women to get higher education and choose a career in astronomy. For example: —1. Home influence. A girl from her early childhood is educated to play with dolls and help in the kitchen.—2. Marriage. In the view of public, a man should not choose a wife with higher education nor in a higher position as compared to him. And thus, well educated women have less chance to get married.

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Nida Ansari. « Predicament of a Woman in Manju Kapur’s Home ». Creative Launcher 4, n^o 6 (29 février 2020) : 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2020.4.6.02.

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Manju Kapur is an Indian novelist. She was born on 25th October 1948. She is an archetypal representative of the postcolonial women novelists. She was a professor of English Literature at her alma mater at Miranda House College, Delhi. But she is retired from there. She joined the growing number of Indian women novelists, who have contributed to the progression of Indian fiction i.e. Shashi Deshpande, Arundhati Roy, Kamla Das, Geetha Hariharan, Anita Nair, Shobha De. Her novels reflect the position of women in the patriarchal society and the problems of women for their longing struggle in establishing their identity as an autonomous being. Her works not only gives voice to the society’s effort to improve its women population but it is for every woman’s self–consciousness in order to improve the society. She has written five novels, Difficult Daughters (1998), A Married Woman (2002), Home (2006), The Immigrant (2008), and Custody (2011). Kapur’s most memorable female characters are Virmati, Astha, Nisha, Nina, Shagun and so many others. All of them strive to assert themselves. These characters give us a rare glimpse of modernized Indian women who are in their aggression may enter into a scandalous relationship with her married neighbor, the professor or develop lesbian relationship as Virmati does in Difficult Daughters and Astha in A Married Woman. But Nisha in Home is different from her predecessors.

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Thavaseelan, Dr B. « HOPEFULNESS AND FRUSTRATION IN DOMESTIC LIFE IN MANJU KAPUR’S A MARRIED WOMEN ». International Journal of Language, Linguistics, Literature and Culture 02, n^o 05 (2023) : 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.59009/ijlllc.2023.0034.

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This paper attempts to bring new women in Manju Kapur’s A Married Woman taking into account the hopefulness and frustration in domestic life. With diverse cultures, histories, and distinct forms of ethics and values, the women’s question, despite essential solidarity, needs to be tackled about the socio-cultural circumstances. The lives of women who survived and struggled under the suppressive mechanism of a restricted society can be manifested in the novels of Kapur. She has written fiction focusing on the predicament of contemporary women particularly in their struggle for empowerment and independence from the male- chauvinistic social structure. Now “Woman Question” is no longer a problem limited to the condition of women within the family or their rights to equality with men in different facets of social life. It is part of the total, far broader question considering the direction of change that Indian society is making - social, political, economic, and the intellectual viewpoint and examination of that process.

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Zhou, Dong, Yi Xu et Qixuan He. « New Media Use and Mental Health of Married Women : Mediating Effects of Marital Quality ». Healthcare 11, n^o 21 (6 novembre 2023) : 2909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212909.

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While previous studies have investigated the influence of new media on mental health, little is known about its effects on the mental health of married women. This is a crucial research area, given that married women commonly encounter distinct mental health difficulties. Also, current research fails to provide comprehensive, population-based studies, with most relying on cross-sectional designs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between new media use and mental health among married women in China, utilizing a nationally representative longitudinal dataset. We utilized a balanced panel dataset from 2016 to 2020 to establish a causal connection between internet use and the mental health of these women. Our findings indicate that internet use has a positive impact on the mental health of married women in China. Additionally, a structural estimation model (SEM) with 2020 wave data was utilized to investigate various new media use effects and explore mediating pathways of marital satisfaction. Consistently, there were negative findings between new media use, marital satisfaction, and depression. Furthermore, it was determined that new media usage had a significant negative impact on married women’s overall satisfaction with their spouses’ housework contribution, which, in turn, negatively affected marital satisfaction as a whole. The pathways that mediate the effect of marital satisfaction on depression differ across general internet use, streaming media use, and WeChat use. Examining various theoretical perspectives, we interpreted the indirect impact of new media use on mental health through marital satisfaction as passive mediation.

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Brown, Melissa J., Laurel Bossen, Hill Gates et Damian Satterthwaite-Phillips. « Marriage Mobility and Footbinding in Pre-1949 Rural China : A Reconsideration of Gender, Economics, and Meaning in Social Causation ». Journal of Asian Studies 71, n^o 4 (novembre 2012) : 1035–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911812001271.

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We provide evidence contrary to long-standing general expectations that before 1949 most Chinese women married up the social hierarchy and that footbinding facilitated this hypergamy. In our sample of 7,314 rural women living in Sichuan, Northern, Central, and Southwestern China in the first half of the twentieth century, two-thirds of women did not marry up. In fact, 22 percent of all women, across regions, married down. In most regions, more women married up than down, but in all regions, the majority did not marry hypergamously. Moreover, for most regions, we found no statistically significant difference between the chances of a footbound girl versus a not-bound girl in marrying into a wealthier household, despite a common cultural belief that footbinding would improve girls' marital prospects. We do find regional variation: Sichuan showed a significant relation between footbinding and marital mobility. Nevertheless, our evidence of the basic economic circumstances of rural women's marriages from several of China's regions, including Sichuan, supports a different cultural belief as relevant to the lives of most women: marriage among equals. These results have implications for understanding pre-1949 Chinese gender relations and rural life as well as for theorizing social causation.

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Lin, Kai, Ivan Y. Sun, Jianhong Liu et Xuan Chen. « Chinese Women’s Experience of Intimate Partner Violence : Exploring Factors Affecting Various Types of IPV ». Violence Against Women 24, n^o 1 (26 octobre 2016) : 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216671221.

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Using a sample of 553 married and divorced women in a large city in southern China, this study tested the effects of demographic characteristics, risk behaviors, patriarchal ideology, and personal mentality and skills on women’s experience of physical violence, psychological violence, controlling behavior, and sexual abuse. Divorced women were more likely than married women to experience all types of IPV. Risk behaviors were consistently related to IPV incidents, whereas the impact of patriarchal ideology and personal mentality and skills was equivocal. Limitations of the study and implications for future research and policy are discussed.

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Ling, Li, Kenji Hayashi et Ling Wang. « Attitudes Towards Abortion Among Married Women in Shanghai ». Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 10, n^o 2 (avril 1998) : 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959801000203.

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The current study sheds light on factors affecting women's attitudes towards abortion in Shanghai, China. A sample of 1,000 women aged from 20 through 49 years were interviewed. The samples were obtained from the outpatients in visiting order in five clinics including that of Shanghai University of Medical Sciences and interviews were conducted concurrently in the clinics until the required numbers were obtained. Analysis revealed permissive attitudes towards abortion related not only to their demographic and socioeconomic background such as women's age, educational attainment, monthly income, residence during childhood days, but also to their husband's attitudes towards contraception. The results suggested that “contraception care free” husband would expose his spouse to risk of an abortion and the episode of abortion would subsequently shape the women's attitudes towards abortion reflecting their negative psychological response. The 1995 official statistics for Shanghai showed that 92% of married women had practised contraception. Taking the contraceptive prevalence rate into account, the current study seems to suggest that abortion control in Shanghai is greatly dependent on the educational level of the husband.

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Song, Yanjiao, et Ruojing Wang. « Child Gender and Married Women’s Overwork : Evidence from Rural–Urban Migrants in China ». Healthcare 10, n^o 6 (16 juin 2022) : 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061126.

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Overwork is one of the risk factors for the work-related burden of disease. In China, nearly a quarter of migrant women are overworked. Working long hours can significantly increase the possibility of migrant women suffering from hypertension and hyperglycemia. The phenomenon of overtime work of migrant women and their health conditions deserves attention. Based on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2016, this study indicates that giving birth to a boy may exacerbate overtime work among migrant women and having more boys in a family increases the probability of women’s overwork. Empirical results confirmed the existence of son preferences in China. Compared with women who gave birth to boys, women who gave birth to girls have a lower probability of being a workaholic due to a future fertility plan. Furthermore, the overwork of women is also due to the great economic burden on families to buy a wedding house, brought on by the birth of boys. To overcome the endogenous problem caused by this omitted explanatory variable, this study uses each province’s relative sex ratio at birth in 2010 as the instrumental variable of the firstborn’s gender. The IV results illustrate that the birth of boys still significantly exacerbates women’s overwork. Furthermore, considering age heterogeneity, the influence of son preference on women’s overtime work exists throughout their labor life cycle. This paper provides a new perspective for understanding migrant women’s overtime work and their health issues in urban China.

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Wei, Zhixin, Dian Yu et Hongyan Liu. « Induced abortion among married women in China : a study based on the 1997–2017 China Fertility Surveys ». China Population and Development Studies 5, n^o 1 (mars 2021) : 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42379-021-00079-5.

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AbstractThis study uses four sets of data from China Fertility Surveys completed during the years 1997–2017 to analyze the trend of induced abortion, with a focus on the twenty-first century. Married women of reproductive age who had a history of pregnancy during the 5 years prior to participating in a survey were the research object. The study also examines the variation of abortion proportions among different subgroups during different time periods, including an examination of the number and gender of children, place of residence, and contraceptive use of women who had induced abortions. The results show that the occurrence of induced abortion has decreased gradually, and that the risk of induced abortion was higher for those who had given birth to fewer children. However, induced abortion among women with two children has increased in recent years. It is noteworthy that induced abortions among childless premarital women have continued to increase in recent years, and that the sexual and reproductive health problems of adolescents remain of great concern. The occurrence of induced abortions after childbirth increased for those with one or two children, showing that the unmet need for contraception after childbirth should receive more attention. In addition, sex-selective abortion has been decreasing gradually, but still exists today.

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Zong, Zhanhong, Xiaoming Sun, Jingshu Mao et Xingyu Shu. « Maternal healthcare and associated factors among married migrant women in Changzhou, China ». China Population and Development Studies 5, n^o 1 (mars 2021) : 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42379-021-00077-7.

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Liu, Yuzhen, et Lorna Erwin. « Divided Motherhood : Rural-To-Urban Migration of Married Women in Contemporary China ». Journal of Comparative Family Studies 46, n^o 2 (mai 2015) : 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.46.2.241.

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Gang, Moonhee, Jong Im Kim, Kyong Ok Oh, Chun Yu Li et Youngshin Song. « Factors Associated with Mammography Adherence among Married Chinese Women in Yanbian, China ». Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 14, n^o 12 (31 décembre 2013) : 7207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7207.

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Yoon, Soon Jung, et Hee Kyung Kim. « Influencing factors of marital satisfaction in the married migrant women from china ». Indian Journal of Public Health Research & ; Development 9, n^o 8 (2018) : 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00743.x.

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Qin, Qirong, Guoping Ji et Dongqing Ye. « Condom use and knowledge among married women in rural areas of China ». International Journal of Gynecology & ; Obstetrics 105, n^o 2 (7 février 2009) : 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.12.011.

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Zheng, Xiaoying, Lihua Pang, Siri Tellier, Lingfang Tan, Lei Zhang, Yukun Hu et Jihong Wei. « The changing patterns of abortion among married women in China, 1984–2005 ». European Journal of Obstetrics & ; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 166, n^o 1 (janvier 2013) : 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.09.016.

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Wang, Yan, Stan Becker, LP Chow et Shao-xian Wang. « Induced Abortion in Eight Provinces of China ». Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 5, n^o 1 (janvier 1991) : 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959100500109.

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A survey of 12, 000 women in eight provinces of China was carried out in 1988. One urban and one rural area were selected purposively in each province; data on lifetime and recent pregnancies were collected from married women aged 20-44. Data on abortions included reasons, gestational age, and complications. During the five years before the survey, the number of abortions per 100 live births was 102 in urban areas and 62 in rural areas. For those with one or more previous live births in urban areas, nearly all subsequent pregnancies ended in abortion. Also in urban areas, 31% of women with a recent abortion reported the reason was contraceptive failure. Over 80% of women are contraceptive users; the high abortion rates then reflect relatively low use-effectiveness of contraception and that most unplanned pregnancies are aborted.

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Tian, Xi. « Homosexualizing “Boys Love” in China ». Prism 17, n^o 1 (1 mars 2020) : 104–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/25783491-8163817.

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Abstract Originating in Japan, “boys love” (BL) manga and fiction that focus on romantic or homoerotic male-male relationships are considered by most of their writers, readers, and scholars to be primarily by women and for women and are purposely differentiated from gay fiction and manga by both commentators and practitioners. However, BL's increasing interweaving with homosexuality and sexual minorities in China requires scholars to reread and redefine BL practice in its Chinese context. This article discusses some of the recent transformations of the BL genre in China, examines the significant role female practitioners have played in indigenizing BL, and ultimately points to the trend of consciously writing and reading BL through a homosexual lens. By reflexively constructing “gayness” in BL works, these practices have also created a peer-led educational space on nonnormative sexuality and gender identity. The author also examines how BL “poaches” official and mainstream cultures, resulting in their considering BL the primary fictional vehicle of homosexuality. She therefore suggests that the trend of conflating BL with homosexuality and the deliberate homosexualization of BL in both texts and real life have ultimately extended the cultural identity of BL, as well as its political meaning, and in practice have created a porous culture that welcomes gender diversity and helps increase the visibility of the gay community, revealing a significant social and cultural shift that cannot be ignored or reversed.

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Dr. Gajendra Dutt Sharma. « Delineation of Male Characters and Sensibilities in the Novels of Manju Kapur : A Critical Analysis ». Creative Launcher 7, n^o 1 (28 février 2022) : 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2022.7.1.09.

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The research article aims to analyse the delineation of male characters in the novels of Manju Kapur. It tries to highlight the image of male characters from the perspective of a woman writer, who happens to be a feminist. In contemporary Indian English fiction dominated by women writers the primary focus is on the representation of women characters and addressing their sensibilities, their plight and place in patriarchal setting. As such, the male characters have been presented either with less vigour or as typical chauvinistic individual, responsible for the ordeals of women in society. In very few novels by women novelists in modern scenario do we find the sympathetic treatment given to the male characters. Considering this aspect of modern Indo-Anglian fiction, the article endeavours to examine the portrayal of male characters in women centric novels, by a woman writer. The qualitative method has been used to deduce how much and how sympathetic treatment has been given to the male characters by the novelist. In order to analyse the representation of men, Manju Kapoor's Difficult Daughters (1998), A Married Woman (2003), Home (2006), and The Immigrant (2008) have been brought under study. A comparison between the representation of men in the novels by men writers and that in the novels by women writers has been taken into consideration in order to draw an objective and unbiased conclusion.

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Starr, Chloë. « The Beauty and the Book : Women and Fiction in Nineteenth-Century China ». NAN NÜ 9, n^o 2 (2007) : 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138768007x244424.

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QIN, ZHENG. « A Qualitative Case Study on Choosing Elementary Schools for the Children of Highly Educated Married Immigrant Women from China ». Human Ecology Research 62, n^o 1 (21 février 2024) : 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.6115/her.2024.010.

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This study aims to understand the experiences of highly educated married immigrant women from China, who hold a master's degree or higher, when selecting an elementary school for their children and to explore the significance of that experience. This study included eight participants, all of whom were married immigrant women who had resided in Korea for a minimum of five years. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, which were conducted over approximately one year, from June 2022 to August 2023. The study was approached as a case study. As a result of this study, the similarities between the cases were “choices based on charactercentered education and cultural convergence”, “choices for the child's future and career”, and “choices influenced by the primary caregiver's use of bilingualism”. The differences observed in the cases appeared in “choices based on the balance between global education ideals and economic realities”, “choices based on specialized curriculum content”, and “choices based on connections to higher-level schools”. This study is important, as it underscores the need to conduct various research initiatives on multinational immigrant women and their children. These findings suggest that the study can contribute to the development of multicultural policies that are grounded in the actual experiences and critical awareness of married Chinese immigrant women, who constitute a substantial part of Korean society.

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POSTON JR, DUDLEY L. « SON PREFERENCE AND FERTILITY IN CHINA ». Journal of Biosocial Science 34, n^o 3 (juillet 2002) : 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932002003334.

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This paper examines the effect of son preference on the hazards of having a second and a third birth. With data from the Two-per-thousand National Sample Survey on Fertility and Contraception conducted in 1988 by the State Family Planning Commission of China, the hazard of having a second birth among 62+ thousand married women who have had a first birth, and the hazard of having a third birth among 43+ thousand married women who have had two births was examined. These two hazards (i.e. the hazard of moving from the first to the second birth, and the hazard of moving from the second to the third birth) were analysed by estimating Cox proportional hazard models. The major covariate in the first analysis is whether or not the first-born was a daughter. In the second analysis the main covariate is whether both of the first two children were girls. In both models seven covariates known to have independent effects on the transition to a second (or third) birth are controlled for, namely, whether the woman is a Han, whether she is a farmer, her age at the birth of the first (or second) child, whether she had her first (or second) birth prior to the initiation in 1979 of the one-child policy, and three dummy variables reflecting her level of education. The results show the important influence of son preference on the hazard of having another birth.

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Cao, Yani, et Chanyoung Lee. « The Effect of Family Structure on Labor Supply of Married Women in China ». Journal of China Studies 22, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2019) : 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.20288/jcs.2019.22.3.93.

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Wang, Cuntong. « Induced abortion patterns and determinants among married women in China : 1979 to 2010 ». Reproductive Health Matters 22, n^o 43 (janvier 2014) : 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-8080(14)43753-4.

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Wang, Danyu. « Stepping on Two Boats : Urban Strategies of Chinese Peasants and Their Children ». International Review of Social History 45, S8 (décembre 2000) : 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000115342.

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During the 1990s, over seventy per cent of the married men and adult children of Stone Mill village in northeastern China have been employed i n wage labor each year. Because a vast number of household laborers (i.e. husbands, sons, and daughters) have nonagricultural jobs outside the village, daily agricultural tasks are performed by married women and elderly men, who are fondly described by the villagers of Stone Mill as “Troop Number 3860” (3860 budut). The number 38 refers to International Women's Day, March 8, representing the women in the village's agricultural labor force, while the number 60 represents the minimum age of the elderly agricultural workers.

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Adebayo, Kudus Oluwatoyin. « ‘I don’t want to have a separated home’ : Reckoning family and return migration among married Nigerians in China ». Migration Studies 8, n^o 2 (17 décembre 2019) : 250–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnz052.

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Abstract The growing ‘Africans in China’ literature has documented the extent and extensiveness of flows from Africa to Chinese cities. However, return migration has not received much attention, and even less is known about the role of the family in return consideration. The article focuses on how married Nigerians reckon return and family in Guangzhou city using data from ethnographic observations and interviews with 25 participants. While the family is central to how married migrants think about return, the dynamics vary among the participants. Migrants whose spouses/children reside in Nigeria complain about being distant from their families and the challenge of unification and ‘absentee fatherhood’. Nigerian couples that live in Guangzhou as a family consider the high cost of raising children and the future competitiveness of their children as ‘China-educated’ as factors in return calculations. Moreover, despite living with their husbands in China, some Nigerian women desire to return to Nigeria to improve their lives, but they did not embark on a return journey to avoid family separation. Among Nigerians in an interracial relationship with Chinese women, the feeling of (un)belongingness resonates in their return consideration owing to poor experiences with access to residence permit and social welfare. While integration issues impact on return migration of married Nigerians in Guangzhou, the transnational practices of the men suggest that a return behaviour would probably accompany return consideration.

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Zhou, Xudong, et Therese Hesketh. « High sex ratios in rural China : declining well-being with age in never-married men ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 372, n^o 1729 (31 juillet 2017) : 20160324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0324.

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In parts of rural China male-biased sex ratios at birth, combined with out-migration of women, have led to highly male-biased adult sex ratios, resulting in large numbers of men being unable to marry, in a culture where marriage and reproduction are an expectation. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that older unmarried men are more predisposed to depression, low self-esteem and aggression than both those who are married, and those who are younger and unmarried. Self-completion questionnaires were administered among men aged 20–40 in 48 villages in rural Guizhou province, southwestern China. Tools used included the Beck Depression Inventory, the Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale and the Bryant-Smith Aggression Questionnaire. Regression models assessed psychological wellbeing while adjusting for socio-demographic variables. Completed questionnaires were obtained from 957 never-married men, 535 married men aged 30–40, 394 partnered men and 382 unpartnered men aged 20–29. After adjusting for socio-demographic variables, never-married men were more predisposed to depression ( p < 0.05), aggression ( p < 0.01), low self-esteem ( p < 0.05) and suicidal tendencies ( p < 0.001). All the psychological measures deteriorated with age in never-married men. In contrast, married men remained stable on these dimensions with age. Never-married men are a psychologically highly vulnerable group in a society where marriage is an expectation. Since the highest birth sex–ratio cohorts have not yet reached reproductive age, the social tragedy of these men will last for at least another generation. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.

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ZHENZHEN, ZHENG. « SOCIAL–DEMOGRAPHIC INFLUENCE ON FIRST BIRTH INTERVAL IN CHINA, 1980–1992 ». Journal of Biosocial Science 32, n^o 3 (juillet 2000) : 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000003151.

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This study examines the delay between first marriage and first live birth in China among a sample of women who married between 1980 and 1992. Most couples in China only use contraception after the first child is born. Most sample women had their first child within 2 years of marriage. However, there are significant rural–urban differences in the first birth interval, indicating that there was most probably deliberate fertility regulation after marriage among many urban couples. Survival analysis shows that place of residence, level of education, age at first marriage and marriage cohort affect the first birth interval.

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Lee, Trevor Tsz-lok, et Xing Luo. « Women’s perceived support of parents and parents-in-law in China : Socioeconomic resources, reciprocity, and family context ». Chinese Journal of Sociology 7, n^o 2 (avril 2021) : 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x211007225.

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Filial support has been recognized as a main source of social support for China’s aging population. While traditional Chinese families generally adhere to patrilineal, patriarchal, and patrilocal principles, there have been signs of an emerging trend of a complex, bilateral family system that has influenced the ways in which married women support elderly family members, both natal kin and in-laws, in contemporary China. However, little research exists focusing on the perspectives of married women in China on intergenerational support. Drawing on nationally representative data from the Chinese General Social Survey, this study investigates the patterns and determinants of women’s financial and instrumental support of their parents and parents-in-law in China. The main results show that, while education and income separately affect women’s support patterns, their husband’s income level is the crucial factor determining women’s financial support for parents and parents-in-law. In terms of instrumental support, norms of reciprocity are evident between women and parents/parents-in-law. Despite a positive association between financial support that women give to parents-in-law and that which they receive from parents-in-law, women’s financial support tends to be less frequent when their own parents have financially supported them. The implications of these findings for our understanding of intergenerational support mechanisms and for future research are discussed.

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Xue, Jia, Kai Lin, Ivan Y. Sun et Jianhong Liu. « Information Communication Technologies and Intimate Partner Violence in China ». International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, n^o 16 (21 septembre 2018) : 4904–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18801500.

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Although a substantial number of studies have investigated factors that influenced intimate partner violence (IPV), very few have assessed the connection between the use of information and communication technology (ICT) and such violence. Using survey data collected from over 400 women in a large Chinese city, this study explored how the involvement of various ICT-related activities affects Chinese women’s experiences with psychological, physical, and sexual abuse. We found that some forms of media usage and online activities, such as times spent on paper books and Internet and browsing entertainment and sports news as well as watching movies and TVs online, were linked to a higher or lower likelihood of being a victim of IPV. Feelings of loneliness and helplessness were associated with more IPV victimization experiences. Married women were less likely to experience IPV, whereas working women were subject to greater IPV.

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Cavallin, Anna. « Författarens välklädda lik ». Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap 43, n^o 3-4 (1 janvier 2013) : 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54797/tfl.v43i3-4.10816.

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The Well-Dressed Corpse of the Author. The Death of a Family-Provider on the Frontlines of the Sex-War in August Strindberg’s Giftas (Getting Married) This text examines how the short story, ”Familjeförsörjaren” (”The Family Provider”) – part of the 1886 collection, Giftas II – represents and problematises masculinity and the role of the author as a professional in the late 19th century. Strindberg wrote his two Giftas-collections at a time in which masculinities and femininities where vividly debated in Sweden in journals, newspapers and in fiction – when the roles and functions of men and women in society, in marriage and the home, and traditional gender-based tasks for men and women were questioned. With the emergence of the ”New Woman”, both as a reality, in the shape of independent women, and as a literary figure, the function of the bread-winning husband, the pater familias, was questioned. Moreover, with the emergence of a great number of women as authors in the 1880’s, the art and profession of fiction-writing came to be perceived as feminine. The late 1880’s witnessed the emergence of a movement on behalf of male authors who wished to reclaim fiction-writing as a male-coded profession. In Giftas, and in ”Familjeförsörjaren” specifically, this act of reclaiming is made visible through Strindberg’s representation of male authors in contrast with women who write. These women are depicted as imitating others, copying for example Sappho and Mme de Staël, while the writing bread-winner in ”Familjeförsörjaren” is the original, male genius, creating under great strains. On the other hand, the masculinity of this bread-winning male author is ambivalent: he is both hyper-sensitive (a characteristic which likens him to the androgynous figure of the dandy), and creates an orderly, well-written text. The story ends in the death of the author and the bread-winner but nothing has actually changed in the battle between men and women – rather the seriousness of the struggle is accentuated now that there are dead bodies to count.

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Chen, Zhi, Xiao Ou Shu, Gong Yang, Honglan Li, Qi Li, Yu-Tang Gao et Wei Zheng. « Nutrient intake among Chinese women living in Shanghai, China ». British Journal of Nutrition 96, n^o 2 (août 2006) : 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20061829.

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It has been increasingly recognized that dietary factors play a major role in the development of chronic diseases, including cancers and CVD. The identification of patterns of nutrient intake in populations with different disease incidence will be helpful in understanding the diet and disease association. The present report describes nutrient intake in 74810 Chinese women, aged between 40 and 70 years, who participated in a population-based cohort study in Shanghai from 1997 to 2000. A food frequency questionnaire was used to derive estimates of nutrient intakes. The average daily energy intake was 7027·8kJ in the study population, with protein, fat and carbohydrates contributing 15·9%, 15·6% and 68·5%, respectively. Factors, including younger age, higher income, attainment of education at the college level or above, being married or holding a professional job, were related to higher intake levels of most nutrients. The present results highlight the need for continuing to promote public health strategies aimed at improving the diets of women from both older and lower socio-demographic backgrounds, and in the meantime, continuing to help address the current dearth of data on nutrient intakes for middle-aged and elderly urban Chinese women.

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Liu, Jinlin, Shangchun Wu, Jialin Xu, Marleen Temmerman et Wei-Hong Zhang. « Is Repeat Abortion a Public Health Problem among Chinese Adolescents ? A Cross-Sectional Survey in 30 Provinces ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 5 (5 mars 2019) : 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050794.

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The Chinese Family Planning (FP) programme mainly focuses on married couples, and young unmarried women have limited access. This cross-sectional study aims to identify risk factors related to repeat abortions in Chinese adolescents receiving abortions. Data were collected using a questionnaire for all women seeking abortions within 12 weeks of pregnancy during a period of 2 months in 297 participating hospitals randomly selected across 30 provinces of China in 2013. Only the adolescents (younger than the minimum legal married age of 20 years) were included in this study. Of the 2370 adolescents who were receiving abortions, 927 (39%) were undergoing repeat abortions. The primary reason for the current unintended pregnancies was non-use of contraception (68%). Adolescents receiving abortions who had an increased risk of repeat abortions were those who had children (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.80–3.67), those who resided in a middle-developed region (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.30–2.50), those who resided in a relatively poor region (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.78–3.23), and those who had used contraception during the 6 months preceding the survey (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.12–1.71 for condom use). The occupation as a student was a protective factor for adolescents (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.50–0.83). Adolescents should be offered equal access to FP to that of married women in China to reduce unintended pregnancies and repeat abortions. Correct and consistent contraception practice should be promoted.

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Yang, Yi. « China’s Youth in NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) : Evidence from a National Survey ». ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688, n^o 1 (mars 2020) : 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220909807.

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This study aims to understand the prevalence and characteristics of individuals aged 16 to 35 who are not in education, employment, or training (NEET) and the risk factors associated with being in NEET in China. The analysis uses the 2012 China Labor-Force Dynamics Survey to show that the NEET rate was 8 percent during the study period. Multilevel logistic regression indicates that women were more likely to be in NEET. Married women and female migrants had significantly higher risks of being in NEET, with migration having opposite effects for men and women. Education had protective effects against being in NEET, especially for women. Age had a nonlinear effect, with individuals aged 22 to 25 at the highest risk of being in NEET. I discuss implications for public policy and directions for future studies on NEET in China.

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Zainab, Noreen. « Repression, Isolation, and Paranoia : A Psychoanalytic Feminist Study of ‘The Nightmare’ by Rukhsana Ahmad ». University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature 1, n^o 1 (3 mars 2018) : 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33195/uochjll/1/1/05/2017.

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Generally, literature written by Pakistani women writers in English depicts women as victims of patriarchy, social and cultural oppression. Meanwhile, in recent times the short fiction is exploring new paradigms related to the psychological oppression of married women in Pakistan. The following paper selects the short story, ‘The Nightmare’ by Pakistani writer, Rukhsana Ahmad, where a housewife suffers from paranoia because of disconsolate marriage. Therefore, this research aims to study the causes of psychological disorders specifically paranoia among apparently happy housewives. Moreover, the causes and effects of repression and isolation on personality of women would be discussed from the psychoanalytic feminist perspective using the framework of Sigmund Freud (1973- 86) through the character of Fariha. Through the method of character analysis (Dobie, 2011) this paper concludes that the childhood experiences of repression are the reason for victim’s passiveness towards psychological oppression during adult life. This paper would also help in establishing the conclusion that women who suffer abuse in their childhood are more likely to face abuse in their adult lives, which becomes the cause of their psychological instability.

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Maurer-Fazio, Margaret, Rachel Connelly, Lan Chen et Lixin Tang. « Childcare, Eldercare, and Labor Force Participation of Married Women in Urban China, 1982–2000 ». Journal of Human Resources 46, n^o 2 (2011) : 261–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.46.2.261.

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Connelly, Rachel, Kenneth Roberts et Zhenzhen Zheng. « The Impact of Circular Migration on the Position of Married Women in Rural China ». Feminist Economics 16, n^o 1 (janvier 2010) : 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700903382752.

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Maurer-Fazio, Margaret, Rachel Connelly, Lan Chen et Lixin Tang. « Childcare, Eldercare, and Labor Force Participation of Married Women in Urban China, 1982-2000 ». Journal of Human Resources 46, n^o 2 (2011) : 261–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2011.0011.

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Zhang, X.-J., G.-Y. Wang, Q. Shen, Y.-L. Yu, Y.-H. Sun, G.-B. Yu, D. Zhao et D.-Q. Ye. « Current status of contraceptive use among rural married women in Anhui Province of China ». BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics & ; Gynaecology 116, n^o 12 (1 septembre 2009) : 1640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02320.x.

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He, Dian, Ying Zhang, Ning Ji, You Zhou, Qunxia Mao et Yimin Cheng. « A cross-sectional study of contraceptive use among married women living in rural China ». International Journal of Gynecology & ; Obstetrics 118, n^o 2 (12 juin 2012) : 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.03.037.

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Yang, Li Rong, Hong Zhao, He Ping Wang, Yai Li, Jing Ping Niu, Ke Jian Su, Hui Qing Mao, Hua Yang, Chang Nian Wei et Atsushi Ueda. « Improving ability of married women to prevent reproductive tract infections in rural western China ». Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 11, n^o 5 (septembre 2006) : 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02898012.

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Xue, Jiang, Yongyong Jiao, Jiayu Wang et Shulin Chen. « The Incidence and Burden of Risk Factors for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Rural Chinese Persons ». Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 8 (avril 2022) : 233372142211145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23337214221114559.

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Objective: The study investigated the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a common cognitive disorder in late life, among rural older residents in China. The associated risk factors were also analyzed. Methods: Two thousand one hundred forty-six older adults aged 60 or more in a rural town of Zhejiang Province, China, were recruited and analyzed. Demographic characteristics were collected by a self-designed questionnaire. Diagnosis of MCI was made by well-trained primary care physicians according to the Petersen criteria. Results: 23.16% of the analyzed sample were diagnosed with MCI, while the prevalence was significantly higher in women, those never married, not employed, and with older age, lower education, diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke. Stepwise logistic regression indicated that age, education, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke were significant predictive factors of MCI. Conclusion: The prevalence of MCI in rural older residents in China is high, and those with specific demographic characteristics like women, never married, not employed, and with older age, lower education and chronic physical conditions should be more concerned in primary care management. Integrated care approaches managing MCI and comorbid chronic conditions are recommended in future management practices.

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Zhong, Juan, et Jeffrey J. Arnett. « Conceptions of adulthood among migrant women workers in China ». International Journal of Behavioral Development 38, n^o 3 (12 février 2014) : 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413515133.

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The experiences of emerging adulthood may vary in different historical and cultural contexts. Little research has been dedicated to how non college students view adulthood in developing countries. Currently, millions of young people are migrating from rural villages to industrial cities in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate conceptions of adulthood among Chinese migrant women workers, using mixed methods. One hundred and nineteen women workers (aged 18–29 years) from a factory in Guangdong, China, completed a questionnaire of markers for adulthood. Then, 15 of them were interviewed regarding their understanding of the transition to adulthood. The results showed that the majority of the young Chinese migrant women workers believed they had reached adulthood in some ways but not others. Married women and women with children were more likely to perceive themselves as adults, even controlling for age. Learn to care for parents, settled into a long-term career and become capable of caring for children were ranked as the most important markers for adulthood. Participants were least likely to feel adult when they were with their parents. The migrant women workers’ conceptions of adulthood reflected the traditional Chinese emphasis on family obligations, social relations and role transitions.

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Wang, Cuntong, et Min Li. « Gender Differences in Employment Among People With Disabilities in China ». Journal of Disability Policy Studies 29, n^o 1 (24 avril 2018) : 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044207317745667.

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The gender-specific pattern in employment among people with disabilities in China is unclear. This study examines gender differences among people with disabilities in China’s job market using multilevel models. The findings suggest that there are statistically significant gender differences in employment among people with disabilities. It is more likely for men with disabilities to be employed than for women with disabilities. Other individual- and household-level factors including disability type, severity of disability, and household income are also significantly related to the employment of people with disabilities. Effects of these factors on employment are similar among men and women with disabilities, except that household income and being married show stronger relationships with employment among men with disabilities than women. Policy effort should be made not only to advance the employment opportunities of people with disabilities but also to promote gender equality in employment.

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