Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Marriage – Majorca (Spain) – History »

Abstract The origins of the illustrated press on the island of Majorca (Spain) date to the last two decades of the 19th century when visual records received a major push thanks to the consolidation of new graphic printing techniques, favouring more illustration and photography in the local press - an aspect that further strengthened in the early 20th century in news magazines. Subsequently, and running parallel to the development of international print media, photography was introduced into different media publications in Majorca, often adopting the term 'illustrated magazine'. And the news reports in these general or specialised illustrated publications are precisely where we come across different photographic and/or photojournalism reports on schools and education in general in Majorca, as well as illustrated advertising for education establishments. This article will offer an approach and analysis of the photographic resources contained in the different illustrated magazines on the island from the first three decades of the 20th century. We will also look at the image of schools from the period and the out-of-school education they provided, as well as the possible potential and uses the images represent for didactics in the history of education field.

AbstractAlthough scholarship on the early modern syphilis epidemic has greatly increased our understanding of the medical, institutional, and individual responses to this illness, little is known about patients’ familial and personal lives beyond the hospital walls. Examining patients treated at Toledo’s Hospital de Santiago in the mid-seventeenth century, this article analyzes their attitudes towards sexuality and marriage as they lived with chronic venereal disease. Produced in a post-Tridentine context that ideally emphasized individual control of sexual sin, the hospital and notarial records patients left behind reveal ambivalence towards sexuality and marriage. Not only did competing messages on sexuality affect patients who displayed expressive sexual lives under specific circumstances, but only those who engaged communal networks, socioeconomic position, and medical assumptions on sexuality and disease successfully managed to marry.

Abstract This article focuses on a group of conversos families from Spain, who established themselves in Palermo after the Expulsion of the Jews in 1492. There they supported financial activities of the Nazione Catalana and established strong relationships with the local aristocracy. Thanks to this alliance, they managed to avoid persecution by the Spanish Inquisition, “cleanse” their “impure” blood and reach high positions within politics and society: feudal titles, political and financial offices, habits of military orders, ecclesiastical appointments and sometimes even sainthood. Firstly, the paper will give a brief sketch of the phenomenon of conversos in Sicily as well as the activities of the Spanish Inquisition before and after the expulsion of 1492. A significant case study will then be presented, focusing on the Torongi family (New Christians from Majorca settled in Palermo) and its network of relationships in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

The study of the institution of marriage in the foreign legal order makes it possible not only to see the identity and historical succession, but also to find out whether the provisions on marriage have common features that characterize it as the highest value, and how permissible foreign borrowing in the formation of its own legal system without prejudice to its uniqueness and individuality. The use of foreign experience reveals a lot of issues and conflicts that need to be resolved in relation to national law. An obligatory component is the study of the heritage of the past, the so-called legislative retrospective, which contributes to the knowledge of legal culture. For the first time in domestic science there is an attempt to periodize the institution of marriage in Spain, depending on the type of social regulator: customs, canonical rules, rules of law (own and borrowed). The periodization of the Spanish marriage law is presented and the main features of its formation are shown: the application of the customs of the peoples inhabiting the territory of Spain; the reception of Roman private law; the influence of Canon law; the appearance of foreign influence. The whole history of marriage law is divided into 5 periods: customary law (the first period), the rule of canon law (second period), systematic legislation on marriage (the third period), harmonization of secular marriage legislation with the provisions of canon law (the fourth period), contemporary law (fifth period). Separately, in the settlement of relations between the sexes, a pre-legal period is allocated. Of course, each period is characterized by a variety of rules of marriage law, which is explained by the evolution of social relations and the development of the legal institution of marriage. The consistent influence of universal values on the formation of legal provisions of marriage is shown. As the marriage law is formed, rules are formed that determine the conditions and order of its conclusion. The enduring value of the family organization of the way of life of people and the family form of management determines the preservation of this social institution throughout the period of human history, although in a constantly changing form.

Marriage has changed profoundly during years. The current definition of marriage in Spanish law has abandoned the pattern of a stable union of a man and a woman aimed to raise the next generation. Several problems arise from this departure; the most important ones are figuring out which are the constitutive elements of marriage according to the laws in force, and trying to build a consistent regulation of this relationship. The article includes a general overview of the history and the current regulation of marriage, and subsequently explores the main challenges to the regulation of marriage in the near future.

Never before the nineteenth century had Europeans, especially in the south, adopted cordons sanitaires in such great numbers or at such a fast rate. This article aims to analyse the process of the rationalisation and militarisation of the cordons sanitaires imposed in the fight against epidemics during the nineteenth century on the Mediterranean island of Majorca (Spain). These cordons should be understood as a declaration of war by the authorities on emerging epidemics. Epidemics could generate sudden and intolerably high rises in mortality that the new liberal citizenship found unacceptable. Toleration of this type of measure was the result of a general consensus, with hardly any opposition, which not only obtained the support of scientists (especially in the field of medicine) but also of most of the local and provincial political elite, and even of the population at large.

Even a brief look into the historiography on Indian marriage in New Spain will reveal how infrequently scholars have devoted themselves to this topic. On the one hand, there are texts written from the perspective of canon law, such as those by Federico Aznar Gil, Paulino Castañeda, Daisy Rípodas Ardanaz, and Guillermo Floris Margadant, but these authors address canonical development in Spain as well as Spanish America and use mainly references from councils and synods, especially pastoral sources. On the other hand, there are anthropological studies, such as those of David Robichaux, Danièle Dehouve, Pierre Ragon, and Serge Gruzinski that compare pre-Hispanic marriage to Christian marriage.

This paper addresses the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and first union formation in Spain by analyzing the influence of educational attainment and employment history on the transition to non-marital cohabitation and direct marriage, highlighting inter-generational and gender-specific trends over time. To this end, this contribution approaches a longitudinal gender perspective which applies an event-history-analysis competing-risk setting to data of the last available Fertility Survey (FS) conducted by the Spanish National Institute of Statistics in 2018. Results show that, among women, the positive educational gradient of first cohabitation reversed, while the negative educational gradient for marriage intensified across generations. Regarding the economic gradient remained stable across generations for marriage entries and is still central for entering cohabitation, even if is less relevant for women in the youngest birth cohorts. For men, the influence of having achieved tertiary education lose its strength over time with each successive generation, while the effect of employment history on both cohabitation and marriage has diminished for successive birth cohorts.

In the early 1970s, when the Franco dictatorship (1939–75) was coming to an end, some Catholic intellectuals began to defend people's right to end their failed marriages and seek happiness with a new partner. In so doing, they recognised that love was the primary purpose of marriage; if it was absent the union ceased to be valid. These intellectuals thus broke with a discourse that had until then been deep-seated in both Catholic theology and Francoist morals and laws. According to these, love was only a secondary end of marriage and the conjugal union was indissoluble, leaving people no choice but to tolerate it if it was an unhappy one.

La tesis doctoral titulada «La enseñanza primaria en Mallorca (1939-1949). Cultura y prácticas escolares» se basa en el estudio de la práctica escolar desarrollada por los maestros al finalizar la Guerra Civil en España. En general, se tiene una visión muy homogénea y estereotipada de la escuela franquista, por eso esta tesis es un ejercicio para analizar en qué medida la práctica escolar de esos años rompió con el conjunto de prácticas y estrategias de enseñanza y aprendizaje propias de algunas de las corrientes de renovación pedagógica instauradas en España desde finales del siglo XIX. Para la confección de la tesis se ha delimitado el estudio a un territorio concreto, la isla de Mallorca, y a un período cronológico, los años cuarenta del siglo XX. Las cuestiones a las que se ha querido dar respuesta han sido dos. En primer lugar, se ha analizado si la práctica escolar de esos años cambió de manera radical, o si por el contrario, esas prácticas renovadoras tuvieron continuidad. En segundo lugar, también se ha puesto la atención en la posible influencia de las prácticas escolares en la construcción de la cultura escolar que quiso imponer el Franquismo. Es un momento en el que se pretende uniformizar todos los ámbitos de la vida pública, entre ellos el de la enseñanza primaria. A través del estudio presentado vemos si esas directrices y ordenanzas aprobadas a nivel político tuvieron una traducción inmediata o, por el contrario, si la escuela tiene todo un conjunto de prácticas y hábitos que orientan su funcionamiento independientemente de las disposiciones aprobadas legislativamente. La metodología utilizada en la tesis es la propia del método histórico adaptado al campo de la historia de la educación, junto con aportaciones de otras ciencias sociales como la etnografía, la sociología, etc., que permiten observar con más detenimiento algunas de las prácticas que caracterizaron la escuela del momento. Con el fin de conocer esta práctica se han utilizado diferentes fuentes, como memorias de prácticas de estudiantes de Magisterio, memorias de oposición del magisterio, fotografías, testimonios orales, cuadernos, etc., que, unidas a otras más clásicas en la investigación histórico-educativa (prensa, documentación burocrática, legislación, etc.), han permitido avanzar en el conocimiento de aquellas prácticas que se llevaron a cabo en la cotidianidad del aula. Como principales resultados de la tesis, se apunta a que mientras que en el ámbito político se quiere romper drásticamente con el legado pedagógico renovador, la práctica de esos primeros años nos muestra más continuidades que rupturas. Si bien teóricamente se defienden el tradicionalismo y el catolicismo como ejes que deben orientar toda práctica escolar, lo cierto es que cuando nos detenemos a estudiar cómo enseñaban los maestros, vemos que una parte de ellos siguieron aplicando metodologías de enseñanza propias de las corrientes de renovación pedagógica. No hay que olvidar que muchos de los maestros que ejercieron en los años cuarenta eran los mismos de antes de la guerra. Unos maestros que habían sido depurados, sí, pero que también eran herederos de una cultura escolar anterior y, sobre todo, depositarios de toda una serie de conocimientos y recursos metodológicos que hicieron que en un contexto de transformación política su práctica escolar reflejase más continuidades que rupturas.
La tesi doctoral titulada «La enseñanza primaria en Mallorca (1939-1949). Cultura y prácticas escolares» es basa en l’estudi de la pràctica escolar desenvolupada pels mestres una vegada acabada la Guerra Civil a Espanya. En general, es té una visió molt homogènia i estereotipada de l’escola franquista, per això aquesta tesi és un exercici per analitzar en quina mesura la pràctica escolar d’aquells anys va erradicar les pràctiques i estratègies d’ensenyança i aprenentatge pròpies d’alguns dels corrents de renovació pedagògica instaurats a Espanya d’ençà de final del segle XIX. Per a l’elaboració de la tesi s’ha delimitat l’estudi a un territori concret, l’illa de Mallorca, i a un període cronològic, els anys quaranta del segle XX. Les qüestions a què s’ha volgut donar resposta són dues. En primer lloc, s’ha analitzat si la pràctica escolar d’aquells anys canvià de manera radical o si, al contrari, aquestes pràctiques renovadores tingueren continuïtat. En segon lloc, també s’ha posat l’atenció en la possible influència de les pràctiques escolars en la construcció de la cultura escolar que volgué imposar el Franquisme. És un moment en què es volen uniformitzar tots els àmbits de la vida pública, entre els quals figura el de l’ensenyament primari. A través d’aquest estudi veiem si aquestes directrius i ordenances aprovades en l’àmbit polític tingueren una traducció immediata o, al contrari, si l’escola tingué un conjunt de pràctiques i hàbits que n’orientaren el funcionament independentment de les disposicions aprovades legislativament. La metodologia utilitzada en la tesi és la pròpia del mètode històric adaptat al camp de la història de l’educació, juntament amb aportacions d’altres ciències socials com l’etnografia, la sociologia, etc., que permeten observar amb més deteniment algunes de les pràctiques que caracteritzaren l’escola del moment. Amb la finalitat de conèixer aquesta pràctica s’han utilitzat diferents fonts, com ara memòries de pràctiques d’estudiants de Magisteri, memòries d’oposició del magisteri, fotografies, testimonis orals, quaderns, etc., que, juntament amb altres de més clàssiques en la investigació historicoeducativa (premsa, documentació burocràtica, legislació, etc.), han permès avançar en el coneixement d’aquelles pràctiques que es portaren a terme en la quotidianitat de l’aula.Com a principals resultats de la tesi s’indica que, mentre que en l’àmbit polític es vol rompre dràsticament el llegat pedagògic renovador, la pràctica d’aquests primers anys el que ens demostra són més continuïtats que ruptures. Si bé teòricament es defensen el tradicionalisme i el catolicisme com a eixos que han d’orientar tota pràctica escolar, quan ens aturem a estudiar com ensenyaven els mestres, veiem que una part d’ells segueixen aplicant metodologies d’ensenyament pròpies dels corrents de renovació pedagògica. No s’ha d’oblidar que molts dels mestres que exerciren en els anys quaranta eren els mateixos que abans de la guerra. Mestres que havien estat depurats, això sí, però que també eren hereus d’una cultura escolar anterior i, sobretot, eren dipositaris de tota una sèrie de coneixements i recursos metodològics que feren que en un context de transformació política la seva pràctica escolar reflectís més continuïtats que ruptures.
The doctoral dissertation titled «Primary Education in Majorca (1939-1949). School culture and practices» focuses on studying school practices carried out by teachers after the end of the Spanish Civil War. In general, the view on schools under the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco tends to be overly homogenous and stereotypical. For that reason, this doctoral dissertation aims to analyse the extent to which school practices in those years broke away from the set of teaching-learning practices and strategies belonging to some of the movements for pedagogical renewal in Spain since the late 19th century. The dissertation limits itself to the study of a specific territory, the island of Majorca, and to a specific time period, the decade of the 1940s. Two main questions form the basis for this dissertation. First was to find out whether school practices in those years changed radically, or to the contrary, whether there were any continuities of those practices for renewal. Secondly, it was of interest to know the extent to which school practices influenced the construction of the school culture Franco’s regime hoped to impose. At that time the aim was to make all realms of public life as uniform as possible, including primary education. The study herein investigates whether those politically approved guidelines and ordinances took immediate effect or, to the contrary, if schools kept an entire set of practices and habits that guided their operation regardless of the legislative orders. The methodology used in the dissertation is the historical method adapted to the field of the history of education, along with borrowings from other social sciences such as ethnography, sociology, etc. that allow closer scrutiny of some of the practices that characterised schools at that time. To find out more about this practice, different sources were used, such as practicum journals kept by Education student teachers, journals kept by applicants for teaching posts, photographs, oral histories, notebooks, etc. These and other, more classical sources in education history research (the press, bureaucratic documentation, legislation, etc.) have proved useful in furthering knowledge of day-to-day classroom practices. The main findings of the dissertation indicate that while on the political level the aim was to break cleanly from the reformist pedagogic legacy, the practices in those early years show more continuities than breaks. On the theoretical level, traditionalism and Catholicism were upheld as bastions to guide school practices, but a closer look at how teachers taught reveals that some of them continued to apply teaching methods that were characteristic of the pedagogical renewal movements. This may be due in part to the fact that many of the teachers who were teaching in the 1940s had been teachers before the war as well. Teachers had been purged, but they were also heirs to an earlier school culture, and most of all, custodians of an entire set of knowledge and methodological resources that, amidst a context of political transformation, their school practices showed more continuities than breaks.

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les mouvements LGBT en Belgique, en France et en Espagne à travers une double comparaison (entre les cas et à travers le temps) qui intègre également les échanges et influences transnationaux et internationaux. Elle examine l’émergence et le développement de la revendication d’ouverture du mariage civil aux couples de même sexe dans ces pays, analysant les convergences en termes de contenu des demandes et de timing des mobilisations. Par conséquent, elle porte sur des convergences au niveau des mouvements sociaux, à l’inverse de la majeure partie de la littérature, qui se concentre sur les convergences de politiques publiques. Cette situation impose de construire une grille d’analyse basée sur la littérature sur les mouvements sociaux, les politiques publiques et les relations internationales (influence des normes internationales). Le développement des revendications relatives au droit au mariage a été retracé de manière généalogique depuis la fin des années 1980. La comparaison repose sur la méthode du most different systems design et un travail empirique important combinant analyse documentaire et entretiens a été réalisé. Cette thèse confirme l’importance de l’étude des échanges et des influences internationaux et transnationaux pour comprendre la politique domestique et insiste sur l’influence cruciale du réseautage transnational sur les revendications des mouvements sociaux. Elle révèle aussi quelques cas de diffusion entre mouvements sociaux et montre comment des caractéristiques et des contraintes communes peuvent inciter les mouvements sociaux à formuler des revendications similaires. Par ailleurs, les discours en faveur du droit au mariage ont été analysés avec soin. L’émergence de cette revendication a aussi été mise en perspective sur le plan historique, ce qui implique de réfléchir aux modalités de transformation des mouvements LGBT au cours des trente dernières années. Pour terminer, la notion de citoyenneté sexuelle a été interrogée et la manière dont l’accès à la citoyenneté a été posé a été examinée à partir du concept de resignification proposé par Judith Butler.

This dissertation looks at LGBT movements in Belgium, France and Spain through a double comparison (between cases and through time), which also takes into account transnational and international exchanges and influences. It investigates the simultaneous emergence and development of same-sex marriage claims in these countries, examining convergences in the content of the claims and the timing of protest. Therefore, it looks at convergences at the level of social movements, unlike most of the literature, which focuses on convergences in public policies. This specific research interests implies building an analytical model based on the literature on social movements, public policies and international relations (influence of international norms). It has also required a genealogical account of the development of same-sex marriage claims in each country from the end of the eighties until now. The comparison is based on the most different systems design method, and an extensive field work combining archives analysis and interviews has been carried out. This dissertation confirms the importance of taking into account international and transnational exchanges and influences to understand domestic politics, and insists on the crucial influence of transnational networking on social movements claims. It also discloses some cases of diffusion between social movements and shows how common characteristics and constraints may induce social movements to make similar but independent decisions. Discourses in favour of same-sex marriage have been carefully analysed, and the emergence of this claim has been put into a historical perspective. This implies a reflection on the transformations of the LGBT movement over the last thirty years. Finally, this dissertation interrogates the notion of sexual citizenship and examines the specific mechanisms through which access to citizenship has been proposed, discussing Judith Butler’s concept of resignification.

Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Defence date: 21 March 1994
Examining board: Prof. Bartolomé Bennassar ; Prof. Joan Bestard ; Prof. Gérard Delille ; Prof. Françoise Héritier (co-directeur externe) ; dr. Pedro de Montaner ; Prof. Robert Rowland (directeur)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 21 January 2000
Examining board: Jean-Pierre Amalric (supervisor) ; Gérard Delille ; Roebrt Rowland ; Bernard Vincent
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

In the summer of 1391 anti-Jewish violence spread across the kingdom of Castile and the Crown of Aragon. Unprecedented numbers of Jews were murdered and even more were forcibly converted. These converts, known as conversos, formed a new, self-perpetuating social group, which, together with the rest of Spanish society, remained deeply conscious of its distinct ethnicity and culture. A century later, testimonies to the Spanish Inquisition depict a converso community with a continued, if varied, affiliation to Judaism. This dissertation investigates the economic, social and political factors that promoted Jewish identification among the first two generations of conversos in Majorca following their baptism in 1391. It employs previously unexamined and unpublished archival sources to argue that corporate fiscal obligations had a major impact in shaping the converso community in Majorca, just as they shaped Jewish social and communal life prior to 1391. Conversos organized collectively in order to meet royal fiscal demands, settle their corporate debt and fund social welfare following the disruptions of 1391, adopting administrative models of the former aljama. The monarchy continued to relate to the conversos as a distinct corporate entity in the same ways it had dealt with them as Jews. Royal efforts to prevent converso emigration to the Maghreb, where many fled to renege on Catholicism, carried overtones of the same proto-mercantilist policies that motivated its failed attempts to revivify the island’s Jewish aljama. Publicized restrictions against conversos, many of whom continued to cultivate prior commercial and family relationships with Maghrebi Jews, contributed to popular assumptions that Majorcan conversos at sea were Judaizers, spurring targeted anti-converso and anti-Jewish piracy. Conversos thus remained entrenched in the same socioeconomic structures, and employed the same licit and illicit strategies to cope with royal exploitation, as when they were Jews. This perpetuated a group identity that was unmistakeably anchored in their Jewish past, and which could promote other aspects of Jewish affiliation. In 1404 the conversos established a formal confraternity which replicated the social welfare programs and administrative techniques of the former aljama within the framework of a Catholic pious society, representing one of the first necessary adaptations to Christian life.