Articles de revues : « Maritime competition »

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Kreis, Helmut W. R. « Ec Competition Law and Maritime Transport ». Antitrust Bulletin 37, n^o 2 (juin 1992) : 481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x9203700208.

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Prakash, Om. « The Indian Maritime Merchant, 1500-1800 ». Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 47, n^o 3 (2004) : 435–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520041974738.

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AbstractThe paper analyses the composition, social organization and wide range of activities of the Indian maritime merchant of the early modern period. Regional contrasts between Gujarat, the Coromandel coast and Bengal are discussed. The last section of the paper discusses the interaction between the Indian maritime merchants and the Europeans, both the corporate enterprises as well as private traders. It is argued that the Indian merchants displayed a remarkable degree of adaptiveness and resilience and refused to be overwhelmed by the competition provided by the Europeans. Cet article analyse la composition, l'organisation sociale, et les activités diverses qu'exploitent les marchands maritimes indiens du début de la période moderne. Les contrastes régionaux entre le Gujarat, la côte du Coromandel et le Bengal passeront la revue. La dernière section de l'article est consacrée à l'interaction entre les marchands maritimes indiens et les Européens, tant les grandes sociétés de négoce que la marine de commerce privée. Il est avancé que les marchands indiens se montrèrent très adaptifs et dynamiques et qu'ils refusèrent d'être subjugués par la concurrence survenue par l'arrivée des Européens.

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Agus Aji Samekto, Lilik Kustiani et Syaiful Arifin. « Innovation As The Competitiveness Of Maritime Universities In Semarang ». International Journal of Economics and Management Research 2, n^o 3 (31 décembre 2023) : 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/ijemr.v2i3.178.

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Increasingly fierce competition causes university managers, both private universities (PTS) and public universities (PTN), to maximize existing resources. Not only on resource management but also must pay attention to the ability of each unit or part of the college that has selling value to the community, has something different from competitors and also pays attention, implements regulations from the government and has differentiation. Innovation gets the attention of maritime universities in Semarang by making continuous improvements. In addition to continuous improvement, they also make overall changes. The competitive advantage of maritime universities in Semarang is able to provide the best quality by getting a quality standard assessment from IMO, ISO, and having an international standard network. Maritime Universities in Semarang are universities that have differences compared to universities in general. It is something different and has a uniqueness, but like other universities, massively also has a strategy to increase competitive advantage, so the hope of maritime college in Semarang is to have many and sustainable students.

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Ziadah, Rafeef. « Constructing a logistics space : Perspectives from the Gulf Cooperation Council ». Environment and Planning D : Society and Space 36, n^o 4 (3 décembre 2017) : 666–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775817742916.

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Development plans across the Gulf Cooperation Council emphasise logistical infrastructure as a driver of economic diversification. Investments in maritime ports, roads, rail, airports and logistics cities are transforming the economic geography of the region. This study aims to make visible this neglected aspect of the physical transformation of the Gulf Cooperation Council with a focus on the understudied maritime container ports in Oman and Qatar. Shifting the analysis to emergent maritime logistical infrastructure at a regional level gives insight into the uneven developments within the Gulf Cooperation Council’s integration project. Three key features emerge: (a) a large degree of duplication in maritime port infrastructure across Gulf Cooperation Council states; (b) a regional hierarchy among Gulf Cooperation Council states that are resource rich and those dependent on public–private partnerships and (c) increasing competition among internationally dominant port operators looking to gain access to the Gulf Cooperation Council maritime port market. These features both reflect and reinforce competitive tensions within the regional integration project.

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Kibik, Olha, Iuliia Khaiminova, Viacheslav Kotlubay, Ievgeniia Redina et Ekaterina Belous. « Development potential of Ukrainian maritime enterprises ». International Journal of Engineering & ; Technology 7, n^o 4.3 (15 septembre 2018) : 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19917.

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The object of the article is research investigation of the development potential of modern maritime industry, including the financial component as essential prerequisites for competitive advantages of modern maritime business-structures in terms of the intensity growth of competition. The components of potential development of maritime transport enterprises are determined. The principles of assessing the potential maritime business enterprise are examined, including its financial component, based on the calculation system of indicators. The financial potential of the Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority is analyzed. The influence of the quality of the pricing decisions on the level of development potential of port enterprises as an important component of the maritime industry of Ukraine is determined. The state and prospects of the development of a national system of port dues is reviewed. The measures to improve the quality of pricing decisions at the example of activities of port enterprises, particularly in the sphere of port dues forming, are proposed. The expediency of introducing incentive tariff approach, which is a prerequisite for attracting additional investments to build and modernize maritime transport infrastructure is established. The basic set of criteria for evaluating strategies of development of maritime transport enterprises is determined.

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MacCulloch, Angus. « EC Competition Rules, Collective Dominance and Maritime Transport ». World Competition 21, Issue 1 (1 septembre 1997) : 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco1997002.

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Álvarez-SanJaime, Óscar, Pedro Cantos-Sánchez, Rafael Moner-Colonques et José J. Sempere-Monerris. « Competition and horizontal integration in maritime freight transport ». Transportation Research Part E : Logistics and Transportation Review 51 (mai 2013) : 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2012.12.008.

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Johnstad, Tom. « Mutual Maritime Insurance Clubs - Co-operation and Competition ». Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 71, n^o 4 (décembre 2000) : 525–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00152.

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Mou, Naixia, Haonan Ren, Yunhao Zheng, Jinhai Chen, Jiqiang Niu, Tengfei Yang, Lingxian Zhang et Feng Liu. « Traffic Inequality and Relations in Maritime Silk Road : A Network Flow Analysis ». ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, n^o 1 (19 janvier 2021) : 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010040.

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Maritime traffic can reflect the diverse and complex relations between countries and regions, such as economic trade and geopolitics. Based on the AIS (Automatic Identification System) trajectory data of ships, this study constructs the Maritime Silk Road traffic network. In this study, we used a complex network theory along with social network analysis and network flow analysis to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of maritime traffic flow of the Maritime Silk Road; further, we empirically demonstrate the traffic inequality in the route. On this basis, we explore the role of the country in the maritime traffic system and the resulting traffic relations. There are three main results of this study. (1) The inequality in the maritime traffic of the Maritime Silk Road has led to obvious regional differences. Europe, west Asia, northeast Asia, and southeast Asia are the dominant regions of the Maritime Silk Road. (2) Different countries play different maritime traffic roles. Italy, Singapore, and China are the core countries in the maritime traffic network of the Maritime Silk Road; Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Israel have built a structure of maritime traffic flow in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and Saudi Arabia serves as a bridge for maritime trade between Asia and Europe. (3) The maritime traffic relations show the characteristics of regionalization; countries in west Asia and the European Mediterranean region are clearly polarized, and competition–synergy relations have become the main form of maritime traffic relations among the countries in the dominant regions. Our results can provide a scientific reference for the coordinated development of regional shipping, improvement of maritime competition, cooperation strategies for countries, and adjustments in the organizational structure of ports along the Maritime Silk Road.

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Kurniawan, Dwiki, et Irfa Puspitasari. « Hedging Maritim Indonesia di Tengah Persaingan Strategis India-China ». Indonesian Perspective 2, n^o 2 (10 décembre 2017) : 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ip.v2i2.18481.

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This research inisiated from the ehancement of Indonesia-India’s maritime cooperation in 2015. Indonesia and India has great role in their region. Every aspect of their policy reflecting their own national interest and strategy. These enhancement become interesting because its need to explain by geopolitic and geostrategy point of view. The author try to explain the reasons of enhancement base on maritime geopolitic and geostrategy. This research believe that theory of hedging strategy and theory of maritime sea power could be the best answer to this issue. To give the reasons of enhancement, this reaserch has time range between 2001-2005. This research argues that the enhancement is caused by Indonesia’s hedging strategy in the middle of strategic rivalry between two great powers in region.By cooperation with both India and China, Indonesia use hedging strategy to face the uncertainty condition by India and China competition in Indian Ocean. Through hedging strategy, Indonesia could also implementating his ambition of sea power and maintain his chokepoint security.Keywords: Hedging, Maritim, Indonesia, India, China, Strategic Rivalry

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E. B. Inyang, Gabriel, et Amarachukwu Onyinyechi Ijiomah. « The Emergence of Nigerian Maritime Cabotage Laws and the Future of Its Maritime Commerce ». Journal of Social Sciences Research, n^o 64 (25 avril 2020) : 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.64.476.482.

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Nigerian maritime cabotage laws evolved to add efficiency to the country’s maritime industry, especially in the area of indigenous fleet expansion, ship building and human capacity development. The aim was to curtail foreign dominance and unequal competition by non-Nigerian operators. Since the enactment of the Cabotage Act, attempt at successful and beneficial implementation could not be achieved due to regulatory inadequacies. What is obtainable now includes foreign dominance, unfair competition, policy failure, institutional ineffectiveness, absent of stable local capacity, regulatory problems, fiscal deficiencies, lack of political will by the government. In view of these inadequacies, appropriate remedial regulatory measures need be considered. These include regulatory overhaul or ample review of all extant maritime laws which are no more relevant in a cabotage regime. There is need for institutional reforms which will engender adequate and effective monitoring and enforcement. Fiscal and financial legal framework needs to be put in place to strengthen this inadequate and weak policy. This article submits that, cabotage laws which are supposed to be the framework of transformation from foreign to indigenous dominance of coastal shipping, have fallen short of the intended objectives. It therefore requires proper and adequate review to cure the obvious defects.

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Santos, Yvette. « Portuguese emigration, shipping companies and the state : The business of migrant transport after the Belle Époque ». International Journal of Maritime History 30, n^o 1 (février 2018) : 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871417745508.

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This article seeks to understand why Portugal, with its strong migration tradition and its close ties with Brazil, did not manage to assert itself in the transport of emigrants to Brazil in the face of foreign competition from the mid-nineteenth century. We identify the primary internal and external factors that led to the loss of visibility of Portuguese shipping companies on the Portugal–Brazil route, even as migration reached a peak during the Belle Époque. An assessment is made of the extent to which the retreat of the major shipping nations from the maritime routes as a result of the First World War provided Portugal with an opportunity to assert itself as an international maritime power. We also analyse the politically motivated attempt to strengthen maritime contacts with Brazil through the Transportes Marítimos do Estado, and the weaknesses of that policy, which owed much to the unstable international maritime context and foreign competition.

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Schröder, Jörg, et Klaus von Gadow. « Testing a new competition index for Maritime pine in northwestern Spain ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, n^o 2 (1 février 1999) : 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-199.

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A distance-independent competition index is derived from the basal area in larger trees (BAL) index combining individual tree's basal area percentiles with a relative-spacing stand-density measure. Empirical increment data from Maritime pine trees (Pinus pinaster Ait.) sampled from regular, naturally regenerated stands in the province of Pontevedra, northwestern Spain, are used to compare the performance of the two competition indices in the context of basal area growth modelling. The basal area increment of individual trees was first predicted exclusively as a response to competition using a two-parameter exponential function and then as a function of potential growth reduced by competition. For the criteria evaluated in this paper, the new competition index has shown superior qualities. The main improvement over BAL is the incorporation of the relative spacing measure.

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Asma Sana and Shaheen Akhtar. « India’s ‘Indo-Pacific’ Strategy : Emerging Sino-Indian Maritime Competition ». Strategic Studies 40, n^o 3 (12 octobre 2020) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.040.03.0073.

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India is rapidly modernising its naval capabilities and expanding its maritime interests in Asia-Pacific region. The recent surge in its maritime domain is associated with two factors: Firstly, the rise of China as an ‘Asian power’ with growing influence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR); secondly, India’s aspirations to become a leading player in the IOR while expanding its sway in the Pacific ocean. This paper argues that India’s increased regional engagements and its strategic partnership with the US will strengthen Indian footprints in the Indo-Pacific region which will increase security concerns for China. This paper explores the evolution of Indian strategic thinking over the years on ‘sea power,’ examines the emerging contours of India’s ‘Indo-Pacific’ strategy as well as fulfilling its aspirations of becoming a global power, and discusses the implications of ‘India’s Extended Neighbourhood’ policy for China’s economic and strategic interests in East Asia and the South China Sea.

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Otto, Lisa. « India–China maritime competition : the security dilemma at sea ». Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 16, n^o 2 (11 décembre 2019) : 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2020.1702766.

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Zondag, Barry, Pietro Bucci, Padideh Gützkow et Gerard de Jong. « Port competition modeling including maritime, port, and hinterland characteristics ». Maritime Policy & ; Management 37, n^o 3 (mai 2010) : 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088831003700579.

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Kim, Kwan-Ok. « Competition between the U.S. and China for Maritime Hegemony ». Journal of Peace Studies 16, n^o 3 (30 juin 2015) : 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14363/kaps.2015.16.3.49.

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Ntovas, Alexandros X. M. « Maritime Labour Convention ». International Legal Materials 53, n^o 5 (octobre 2014) : 933–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.53.5.0933.

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The Maritime Labour Convention (Convention) is a global legal instrument developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in Geneva. It was drafted with a view to completing the international regulatory regime for quality shipping as the “fourth pillar,” standing next to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, and the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers. Its two fundamental aims are to ensure comprehensive and worldwide protection of the rights of seafarers, and in doing so, to also allow a level playing field for states and ship owners committed to providing decent working and living conditions for seafarers by protecting them from unfair competition on the part of substandard ships. To this end, the establishment of firm rules that can be flexibly implemented by state parties, while at the same time providing rigorous compliance and enforcement procedures to safeguard their integrity and efficiency, are important aspects underlying the Convention.

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Poletan Jugović, Tanja, Dražen Žgaljić et Katarina Balić. « Market Analysis and Affirmation Factors of the Northern Sea Route ». Transactions on Maritime Science 9, n^o 1 (20 avril 2020) : 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v09.n01.006.

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Maritime transport routes, or corridors, imply specific courses of movement for people and goods (freight) on maritime routes and bring multiple benefits to the area through which they pass. The action and influence frame of a single route in the international transport flow is defined by an increasingly pronounced international competition at the regional and/or global transport market. Considering that the competitiveness of a transport route represents the fundamental factor of its valorization in the transport services market, the question of what defines and conditions the competitiveness mentioned above should be considered. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route as a shorter maritime route between Asia and Europe. Under the new climate conditions in which, over the past few years in September, the Northern Sea Route course is completely ice-free, the indicated route represents a sort of competition to the alternative route through the Suez Canal. Taking into account that the competitiveness of a transport route is conditioned by market determination as well as by the quantity of freight flow through the transport route, the main research aim of this paper is to analyze the current and potential transport supply and demand as well as the Northern Sea Route's competitive environment in order to assess, in this regard its valorization and affirmation possibilities.

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Ostapenko, Dmytro. « “Communists They May Have Been” : Australian Maritime Unionists and the National Shipping Line, c. 1950–90 ». Labour History 116, n^o 1 (1 mai 2019) : 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlh.2019.4.

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Australian maritime unions of the Cold War period are renowned for their militancy and rhetorical commitment to communist ideas. In contrast, concentrating on the policies and actions of the Seamen’s Union of Australia (SUA) and the Waterside Workers’ Federation (WWF) towards the Australian National Line (ANL), this article reveals their political and industrial pragmatism in advancing a national shipping agenda. It demonstrates that union support of the Line took two main forms. First, maritime unionists sought to protect the state-owned shipping company from unfair international competition by launching protest actions against substandard foreign carriers. Second, they willingly cooperated with Australian shipping industry stakeholders to boost seagoing labour productivity and thus the global competitiveness of the ANL. The article argues that it was the increasing integration of the Australian maritime enterprise into the highly competitive global shipping market that prompted the SUA and the WWF to take an active role in defending national shipping interests.

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Goldan, Michael. « European Maritime Research : Objectives, Organization, Content, and Parallels with the NSRP Programs ». Journal of Ship Production 17, n^o 03 (1 août 2001) : 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2001.17.3.119.

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Research and development (R&D) is a strategic issue for the European maritime industries, which at the brink of a new millennium are facing various challenges such as maintaining a competitive edge against worldwide competition, responsible exploitation and management of marine resources and combining competitiveness and profitability with care for safety and environment. Recognizing the benefits resulting from coordination of R&D efforts for both industry and European Union, the Maritime Industries Forum (MIF) established in December 1994 a R&D Co-ordination Group, which took upon itself to develop a R&D Master Plan setting thereby a reference for maritime research in the years to come. The paper addresses the various aspects of the European Maritime Research with respect to objectives, organization and content, highlighting the initiatives undertaken by the maritime industries in setting R&D objectives and programs, in particular the work of COREDES, the R&D Committee of CESA (Committee of European Shipbuilders Associations). The paper further addresses the EU Fifth Frame Programme and its references regarding Maritime R&D, in particular Key Action 3 (Land Transport and Maritime Technologies) and some of the instruments for facilitating R&D activities, and gives the main lines of R&D areas and issues. Parallels between European maritime research and the U.S. NSRP programs based on available information are drawn showing the differences and commonalities between the two programs. Finally, the paper highlights the emerging contours of the EU Sixth Frame Program and suggests possible areas for future cooperation in maritime research between U.S. and Europe.

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Margariti, Roxani Eleni. « Mercantile Networks, Port Cities, and “Pirate” States : Conflict and Competition in the Indian Ocean World of Trade before the Sixteenth Century ». Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 51, n^o 4 (2008) : 543–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852008x354634.

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AbstractThe prevailing image of the Indian Ocean world of trade before the arrival of western Europeans and Ottomans in the region in the sixteenth century is one of a generally peaceful, conflict-free realm dominated by cosmopolitan traders who moved easily across boundaries of geography, ethnicity, language, and religion. This paper modifies this picture by examining the evidence for conflict and competition between pre-modern maritime polities in the western end of the Indian Ocean. In the fifth/eleventh and sixth/twelfth centuries maritime polities on the islands of Kish in the Persian Gulf and Dahlak in the Red Sea antagonized Aden's supremacy as the region's most frequented entrepot. In the subsequent three centuries, the Ayyubids and Rasulids of Yemen also strove to control maritime routes and networks.L'historiographie en vigueur de l'Océan Indien à l'époque précédant la venue des Ottomans et des Européens au XVIème siècle, décrit une aire commerciale généralement paisible parcourue aisément par des négociants cosmopolites par-delà les obstacles géographiques, ethniques, religieux et linguistiques. Cette contribution modifie cette image par un examen des témoignages des Vème/XIème et VIème/XIIe siècles qui attestent les conflits et rivalités des cités portuaires de Kish en la Golfe de Perse, de Dahlak en la Mer Rouge contestant la suprématie d'Aden, l'entrepôt le plus fréquenté. Durant les trois siècles suivants, les Ayyûbides et Rasûlides du Yémen s'efforcèrent également de contrôler les routes et réseaux maritimes.

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Marsetio, Marsetio. « Indonesian Sea Power and Regional Maritime Security Challenges ». Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 1, n^o 1 (23 juillet 2017) : 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v1i1.1369.

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The main objective of this paper is to examine the regional maritime security challenges facing Indonesia. As it is known that entering to the 21st century has come a new term in regional architecture in the Asia-Pacific region, namely the Indo-Pacific region. This region consists of the Indian Ocean and Pacific. Both of these areas became more interconnected than in the previous period. These two regions became a single, significant system in the global order. Key players in the Indo-Pacific region are China, India and the United States. Of course, their actions have created new challenges in maritime security. These challenges include maritime disputes, pirates, and maritime power competition. The dispute in the South China Sea has spawned a security problem in the Asia Pacific region that Indonesia must face in the future.

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Feng, Fenling, Xiaojie Li, Junkai Liang, Yang Liu et Chengguang Liu. « Optimal competition strategy analysis of China Railway Express based on evolutionary game theory ». PLOS ONE 17, n^o 3 (18 mars 2022) : e0256326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256326.

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In the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, China Railway Express achieved rapid development. Determining how to achieve effective marking and determining how to adopt the optimal competitive strategy are the main challenges for CR Express operators. By choosing long-distance transportation as the research object, this research established a competitive model between CR Express and maritime transportation based on game theory. First, we determined the participants of this competition. By dividing common goods into the categories of high-value and high-time-sensitiveness, high-value and low-time-sensitiveness, low-value and high-time-sensitiveness, and low-value and low-time-sensitiveness, the model was used to simulate four situations and to obtain optimal strategies for operators. For CR Express, it was always effective to adopt a service optimizing strategy to improve the service level and earn market share. For maritime transportation, this strategy was effective only for high-value and low-time-sensitiveness goods as well as low value and low-time-sensitiveness goods. Therefore, transportation service suppliers should make competitive strategies based on different good types, and it is effective to use differentiation strategies to earn market share and improve competitiveness only for suitable types of goods.

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Park, Byungin. « Port Competition and Choice Model : A Hybrid MCDA-Game Theoretic Approach ». Korean Logistics Research Association 33, n^o 6 (31 décembre 2023) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17825/klr.2023.33.6.1.

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Port competition is a complex phenomenon that is inextricably linked to the port selection decisions of hinterland and maritime port users. To effectively analyze port competition and formulate strategies, it is essential to adopt a holistic perspective that considers the entire port system through a supply chain lens. Existing research on port competition has largely focused on constructing separate port choice models for hinterland and seaward considerations, or developing unified port choice models that do not distinguish between user groups. However, these approaches fail to account for the interdependent relationship between the port choice behaviors and port competitiveness of hinterland and seaward port users within a single port. In this study, we address this gap in the literature by proposing an integrated model that leverages port choice models of hinterland and maritime port users, along with their respective port preferences, within a multicriteria decision analysis-non-cooperative game theory framework. This integrated model enables a comprehensive examination of port selection and inter-port competition from a unified perspective. In addition, we construct a two-player, three-strategy non-cooperative game theory model in which hinterland and maritime perspectives are considered distinct game participants. Applying the proposed integrated multi-criteria decision-making port competition theory model to container ports, we find that Busan Port exhibits the highest overall competitiveness, followed closely by Yeosu Gwangyang Port and Incheon Port. The Nash equilibrium solution for all participants in both simultaneous and sequential games is confirmed to be the choice of Busan Port for both hinterland and maritime considerations. These findings suggest that Incheon Port and Yeosu Gwangyang Port, which benchmark the Nash equilibrium solution, should prioritize the enhancement of port selection factors according to their relative importance, particularly those where they fall short compared to Busan Port. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of port selection and a game theory-based port competition framework from the perspective of port users in the context of container ports. The findings of this study can support the strategy formulation of port authorities and port operators. However, future research could build more realistic models that categorize inland shippers by region and ocean carriers by route to obtain more practical outcomes

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González-Laxe, Fernando, Isabel Novo-Corti et Diana Mihaela Pociovalisteanu. « New Maritime Alliances and Competition in a New Economic Environment ». PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2016) : 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i3.1749.

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The recent creation of transport and information networks opens up two new and outstanding options: the interconnection of the economic areas and a new mediation between offer and demand in shipping. In this document the different ways of organization adopted by shipping companies were reviewed; their agreements, alliances, mergers and acquisitions, so as to determine the different levels of hierarchy among them. Secondly, a new port classification was proposed in accordance with the structure and development of shipping companies, together with the degree of port specialization within the framework of the recent spatial integration.

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Pujats, Karlis, Mihalis Golias et Dinçer Konur. « A Review of Game Theory Applications for Seaport Cooperation and Competition ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, n^o 2 (8 février 2020) : 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020100.

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In the ever-changing maritime shipping industry, ports, and more specifically, container terminals, are always on the search for better policy and operational plan developments. As the maritime shipping sector changes, new areas of research emerge. In this paper, we present a review of recent game theory applications for seaport cooperation and competition, accompanied by summary review tables stating the study, the modeling technique used, the methodology and objective, and summary of the results of each study. In total, we have reviewed 33 studies that used game theory models that investigated seaport and container terminal competition and cooperation involving various stakeholders with dating publication years from 2008 to 2019. The paper concludes with a discussion and proposed future research directions. The purpose of the paper is to serve as a reference guide to recent game theory applications on seaport cooperation and competition that would allow a quick understanding of work done in the field.

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Riofrío, José, Miren del Río, Douglas Maguire et Felipe Bravo. « Species Mixing Effects on Height–Diameter and Basal Area Increment Models for Scots Pine and Maritime Pine ». Forests 10, n^o 3 (12 mars 2019) : 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030249.

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Models that incorporate known species-mixing effects on tree growth are essential tools to properly design silvicultural guidelines for mixed-species stands. Here, we developed generalized height–diameter (h-d) and basal area growth models for mixed stands of two main forest species in Spain: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Mixed-effects models were fitted from plot measurement and tree rings data from 726 Scots pine and 693 Maritime pine trees from mixed and pure stands in the Northern Iberian Range in Spain, with the primary objective of representing interactions between the species where they are interspersed in mixtures of varying proportions. An independent dataset was used to test the performance of the h-d models against models previously fitted for monospecific stands of both species. Basal area increment models were evaluated using a 10-fold block cross-validation procedure. We found that species mixing had contrasting effects on the species in both models. In h-d models, the species-mixing proportion determined the effect of species interactions. Basal area growth models showed that interspecific competition was influential only for Maritime pine; however, these effects differed depending on the mode of competition. For Scots pine, tree growth was not restricted by interspecies competition. The combination of mixed-effect models and the inclusion of parameters expressing species-mixing enhanced estimates of tree height and basal area growth compared with the available models previously developed for pure stands. Although the species-mixing effects were successfully represented in the fitted models, additional model components for accurately simulating the stand dynamics of mixtures with Scots pine and Maritime pine and other species mixtures require similar model refinements. Upon the completion of analyses required for these model refinements, the degree of improvement in simulating growth in species mixtures, including the effects of different management options, can be evaluated.

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Olaniyi, Eunice O., Sina Atari et Gunnar Prause. « Maritime Energy Contracting for Clean Shipping ». Transport and Telecommunication Journal 19, n^o 1 (1 mars 2018) : 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2018-0004.

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Abstract To reduce the Sulphur emission from shipping and ensure clean shipping, a number of Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) were enforced in special areas around the globe. From 2015, in SECA, ship owners are not allowed to use fuel with more than 0.1% Sulphur content. One of the major concerns for the SECA regulation is that maritime stakeholders have had to take into consideration the costs as well as the tolerable risks of their compliance investment options. Besides that, low freight rates have increased the competition and had caused financial pressure on ship owners so that lower capital reserves and low credibility levels limit the manoeuvring space for investment activities. The indications from BSR after 2015 showed that the low fuel price has eased the economic effects of the SECA regulation and as a result, most ship owners have delayed their investment decisions. Even though the postponement of emission abatement techniques seems to have reduced the compliance expenses for SECA, they, however, did not improve the position of shipowners relative to their competitors. Consequently, new policy instruments to stimulate innovation, to raise competitiveness and to comply with the new environmental regulations are needed. It would have been easier to hedge fuel price volatility and offer maritime logistics services for a lower price, but to be able to ensure sustainable results in long-term, maritime stakeholders must be ready to device astute strategies that can propel them to unparalleled advantage. This research first appraised the investment risks and payback period associated with the scrubber using different capital budgeting methods. It further illustrated the Maritime Energy Contracting (MEC) model as a market mechanism for the delivery of a cost-effective emission reduction using the scrubber technology as well as an instrument to realise a competitive advantage for ship operators. The results are empirically validated by case studies from BSR.

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Ducruet, César, Sung-Woo Lee et Adolf Koi Yu Ng. « Port Competition and Network Polarization in the East Asian Maritime Corridor ». Territoire en mouvement, n^o 10 (1 avril 2011) : 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/tem.1327.

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Belyaev, Sergey G., Nikolay I. Dorogov, Ivan A. Kapitonov et Svetlana N. Asabina. « Ensuring competition in the context of globalization of maritime transport services ». Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 7, n^o 3 (30 mars 2020) : 1597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.7.3(12).

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Schröder, Jörg, et Klaus von Gadow. « Testing a new competition inde× for Maritime pine in northwestern Spain ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, n^o 2 (1999) : 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-29-2-280.

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Caverley, Jonathan D., et Peter Dombrowski. « Cruising for a Bruising : Maritime Competition in an Anti-Access Age ». Security Studies 29, n^o 4 (7 août 2020) : 671–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2020.1811460.

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Susilowati, Endang, Singgih Tri Sulistiyono et Yety Rochwulaningsih. « Coastal civilization and maritime diplomacy in premodern Southeast Asia ». International Journal of Maritime History 30, n^o 4 (novembre 2018) : 649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418804494.

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This article explores maritime diplomacy as a relatively new field of research in the maritime history of Southeast Asia. It is argued that maritime diplomacy was an important element in the history of the region, whose natural character places the sea as a key factor in its historical evolution. The significant role of the sea in the past shaped coastal civilizations, which in turn preconditioned the development of maritime diplomatic links between political centres in Southeast Asia, leading to the integration of this region. During the premodern period, coastal civilizations were the means through which diplomatic negotiations between political powers were conducted in Southeast Asia. Although coloured by conflicts and competition, such diplomatic ties did not result in colonial relationships, as which occurred during the early modern era, when Europeans succeeded in gaining control of almost all of Southeast Asia’s political and economic centres.

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Pascual, D., D. A. Maguire et F. Bravo. « Assessing the Applicability of Growth Models to New Species and Regions : An Example Comparing Mediterranean Maritime Pine in Central Spain to Ponderosa Pine in Southwestern Oregon, USA ». Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2007) : 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.4.269.

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Abstract Evaluations of response to variable silvicultural treatments play a key role in developing sustainable forest management. To evaluate silvicultural response, a growth and yield model is needed. A comparison between similar species could act as a logical first step toward building a growth and yield model and to test the efficiency of the calibration of an existing ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) growth model to a Mediterranean maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait. ssp. mesogeensis) growth model. This study aimed at (1) comparing the diameter growth pattern between ponderosa and Mediterranean maritime pine, and (2) assessing the potential of ORGANON for simulating Mediterranean maritime pine growth and yield. The first objective was addressed by fitting a diameter growth equation for Mediterranean maritime pine and comparing it with patterns in ponderosa pine growth represented by the corresponding equation in ORGANON. The second objective was addressed by growing Mediterranean maritime pine as ponderosa pine in ORGANON, conditional on observed diameter growth rates of Mediterranean maritime pine in Spain. The results emphasized the unsuitability of ORGANON for predicting diameter growth of Mediterranean maritime pine in Spain. Mediterranean maritime pine diameter growth depended on basal area in trees with a diameter larger than the subject tree, (BAL) which, in our context is a subrogate of competition from above.

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Lee, Seokwoo. « Experiences in Dealing with Maritime Disputes ». Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law 4, n^o 1 (30 mai 2016) : 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134484-12340071.

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Maritime disputes in the Northeast Asia region are nothing new. The Exclusive Economic Zone (eez) regime under the u.n. Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) spurred many coastal states, including these countries, to declare eezs. This has led Korea to conclude bilateral fishery agreements with Japan and China, with the goals of achieving sustainable fishery management in the East Sea (Sea of Japan) and the Yellow Sea, and peacefully cooperating with these countries in sharing fishery resources in the region. While not without shortcomings, the agreements provide important procedures for cooperation in fisheries management and sustaining fishery resources. In addition to competition over fishery resources, Korea and Japan agreed to establish a Joint Development Zone (jdz) in 1974. Although the Korea-Japan jdz, however, has not produced oil so far, it nevertheless serves as a model for maritime dispute resolution.

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Noussia, Kyriaki. « The EU-China Agreement on Maritime Transport ». Journal of World Trade 44, Issue 2 (1 avril 2010) : 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2010014.

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For Europe, shipping has always been a key factor for its economic growth. The EU has a longstanding commitment to open and fair competition in shipping and also to quality shipping, hence its support for specialized international organizations and its strong and growing network of bilateral maritime agreements and dialogues with key shipping and trading partners, which purport to the maturing of its comprehensive strategic partnership with third states. The maritime transport agreement of 2002 between the Commission, the Member States, and China and the various ongoing EU bilateral negotiations at regional level are good examples of such agreements, which – whether implicitly or explicitly characterized as mixed – bear features of mixity.

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Euler, Fredrik von, Philippe Baradat et Bernard Lemoine. « Effects of plantation density and spacing on competitive interactions among half-sib families of maritime pine ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, n^o 4 (1 avril 1992) : 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-063.

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The effects of competition among eight half-sib families of the Landes geographical race of maritime pine (Pinuspinaster Ait.) were studied in a field trial involving four spacings with two replications, in southwestern France. Families were picked from the open-pollinated progeny in a clonal seed orchard. Interfamily competition was controlled in 30-tree plots, with two families planted alternately in a checkerboard pattern. Each family was represented in one pure and two mixed plots, according to a balanced, incomplete, diallel design. Static competition effects from 4 to 16 years were assessed using (i) a diallel ANOVA model and (ii) a factorial ANOVA model. In the first model, genetic variance was split into a between-plot (kind of mixture) and a within-plot component. In the second model, components due to the direct effect (measured family) and the associate effect (competitor family) were separated. Genetic variance was much more significant at high density (2500 trees/ha) than at low density (1250 trees/ha). At high density, self-thinning occurred at age 16. With square spacing, a significant part of genetic variance, both between and within plots, was attributable to principal effects of families, direct as well as associate. With rectangular (1:4 ratio) spacing, genetic variance was chiefly expressed as family interaction at the plot level and reached a maximum at a more advanced age. Mixed plots averaged significantly better than pure plots for both height and girth in the rectangular spacing modality. Favourable root interaction between families is suggested as the reason for this effect.

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Surís Regueiro, Juan Carlos, Rosa Chapela Pérez, María Dolores Garza Gil, Xosé Manuel González Martínez et José Luís Santiago Castro-Rial. « Impacto económico de la ordenación espacial marina : un análisis de la literatura existente ». Studies of Applied Economics 37, n^o 3 (8 octobre 2019) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v37i3.2767.

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The need to plan the maritime space arises from the competition for the use of a scarce resource (the maritime space). It is assumed that the planning helps to resolve this type of conflicts, enabling greater economic benefits for society. In spite of this, a first review of the economic literature offers few examples of estimation of the economic impacts linked to the Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). In this paper, a systematized review of the economic literature is presented and the results obtained are analyzed according to various classification criteria.

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Anh, Ms Le Lan. « VIETNAM’S STANDPOINT ON CURRENT DISPUTES OVER MARITIME SOVEREIGNTY ISSUES IN THE EAST SEA ». American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 05, n^o 01 (1 janvier 2023) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume05issue01-01.

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The East Sea, with its characteristics and advantages, has become a place of fierce competition between large and small countries with the goal of gaining many benefits in this area. Therefore, this is considered a disputed area in both the past and present. Disputes in the East Sea are always a hot topic because they involve the interests of many involved countries. For Vietnam, a maritime country that relies heavily on resources from the sea as well as maritime trade, the East Sea has become even more important to ensure the national security of this country. This article focuses on assessing the important role of the East Sea, examining disputes between countries, and clarifying Vietnam's standpoint, as well as historical and legal evidence on maritime sovereignty disputes issues in the East Sea.

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Ross, Robert S. « China's Naval Nationalism : Sources, Prospects, and the U.S. Response ». International Security 34, n^o 2 (octobre 2009) : 46–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2009.34.2.46.

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Recent developments in Chinese politics and defense policy indicate that China will soon embark on an ambitious maritime policy that will include construction of a power-projection navy centered on an aircraft carrier. But just as nationalism and the pursuit of status encouraged past land powers to seek great power maritime capabilities, widespread nationalism, growing social instability, and the leadership's concern for its political legitimacy drive China's naval ambition. China's maritime power, however, will be limited by the constraints experienced by all land powers: enduring challenges to Chinese territorial security and a corresponding commitment to a large ground force capability will constrain China's naval capabilities and its potential challenge to U.S. maritime security. Nonetheless, China's naval nationalism will challenge U.S.-China cooperation. It will likely elicit increased U.S. naval spending and deployments, as well as politicization of China policy in the United States, challenging the United States to develop policy to manage U.S.-China naval competition to allow for continued political cooperation.

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Karahan, Cengiz Bahadir, et Levent Kirval. « Clustering potential of Istanbul maritime sector ». Maritime Business Review 3, n^o 3 (17 septembre 2018) : 314–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-03-2018-0012.

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Purpose Turkey is a maritime country with its current merchant fleet and shipyards, geographical location, young population and growth potential. Clustering, being one of the important improvement methods of global competition power, is widely used in the maritime sector. Analysing the clustering level and potential of Istanbul, which is the major city of Turkey, in regard to economic and social aspects is a basic step for increasing global competitiveness in this sector. This study aims to measure the clustering level of Istanbul’s maritime sector and also define the effect of clustering level on firm performance. Design/methodology/approach The clustering levels of Istanbul’s maritime transportation and supporting firms, shipyards and maritime equipment manufacturers are measured by means of a survey based on Porter’s diamond theory in this paper. The relationship between clustering level and firm performance is defined by using simple linear regression and fuzzy linear regression methods. The weights of the criteria are calculated by means of entropy method. Findings It is concluded that despite its deficits, Istanbul’s maritime sector has significant potential to become a major maritime cluster not only in its region but also worldwide. The effect of clustering level on firm performance was observed to be statistically significant, but not high. The results of the simple linear regression and fuzzy linear regression methods are compared. Originality/value According to the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first study using fuzzy linear regression and entropy methods to analyse maritime clusters. It evaluates the effect of clustering level on firm performance in the case of Istanbul maritime sector.

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Karim, Asia, Manzoor Ahmad Naazer, Amna Mahmood et Saiqa Bukhari. « Maritime dimension of Modi’s foreign policy : Indo-Gulf maritime cooperation and its implications for Pakistan ». Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 7, n^o 1 (30 juin 2023) : 202–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.12.

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Owing to its geostrategic significance, the Indian Ocean is central to global maritime competition. Aimed at establishing its dominance over the Indian Ocean, India is an important player in this global power struggle. The current paper focuses on a crucial sub-region of the Indian Ocean, i.e., the Persian Gulf. Indian maritime security strategy (2015) mentioned the region as central to its interests. The study aims to uncover the maritime dimension of PM Modi’s foreign policy, the strategic significance of the Persian Gulf region for India, and the enhanced maritime Indo-Gulf interaction since Modi took office in 2014. A significant focus of the research is to analyse the possible implications of enriched Indo-Gulf maritime cooperation for Pakistan's foreign and defence policies. For probing the issue, a qualitative research method has been utilised. Primary sources included official documents and reports by the Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Defence of the Indian government. Books, newspapers, and research articles were consulted as secondary data. The Paper concludes that the gradual increase in the maritime interaction between India and Gulf states is seriously challenging Pakistan’s historical standing in the area. Pakistan needs to pursue a proactive strategy for securing its interests.

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Muhammad Abbas Hassan. « Growing China-India Competition in the Indian Ocean : Implications for Pakistan ». Strategic Studies 39, n^o 1 (24 avril 2019) : 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.039.01.00125.

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The Indian Ocean is the world’s third-largest body of water and has become an area of growing competition between China and India. As the economy, power and interests of both the countries increase, this competition endanger the stability of the region, which is significant for global maritime trade flows. This paper aims to give an overview of India’s ambitions as well as China’s growing strategic interests in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Based on their growing interests, the study will highlight the implications of this competition for Pakistan. It will also try to present a way forward, which Pakistan must adopt to avoid its interests being compromised.

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Midoro, R., E. Musso et F. Parola *. « Maritime liner shipping and the stevedoring industry : market structure and competition strategies ». Maritime Policy & ; Management 32, n^o 2 (avril 2005) : 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088830500083521.

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Pomeroy, Robert, John Parks, Karina Lorenz Mrakovcich et Christopher LaMonica. « Drivers and impacts of fisheries scarcity, competition, and conflict on maritime security ». Marine Policy 67 (mai 2016) : 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.01.005.

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Yu, Mingzhu, Xinni Tan et Jihong Chen. « Pricing competition in maritime transportation with blockchain technology and empty container repositioning ». Advanced Engineering Informatics 59 (janvier 2024) : 102318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2023.102318.

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Hamzin, I. R. « RUSSIAN-CHINESE MARITIME TRANSIT SYSTEM IN THE 1880s AND 1890s ». Вестник Пермского университета. История, n^o 2 (2022) : 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2022-2-154-165.

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Maritime trade was an important part of the Russian-Chinese trade in the second half of the 19th century. During this period, the Voluntary fleet began transporting cargo between Russian and Chinese ports and the maritime transit system was created. Using the system analysis, the article analyzes the structure of maritime trade and demonstrates the model of the sea transit system of Russian-Chinese trade in the 1880s and 1890s. The main structural elements of maritime trade were the direction in which goods were transited, the conditions for cargo transportation, the interaction of the Voluntary fleet and Russian trading houses in China, competition for freight rates in Chinese ports, organizational issues, and the content of trade. The correlation of these features shows the construction of the maritime transit system. In conclusion, the author demonstrates the main advantages of sea transit over land and the main disadvantages of this direction. The maritime transit system was more effective than the transcontinental Russian-Chinese trade. By the sea, Chinese tea was delivered to the Russian market quickly and cheaply. At the same time, Russia did not have a product that could be sent to China by sea. This was the main problem of the Russia-Chinese maritime trade in the second half of 19th century. Thus, the study demonstrates a combination of levels of a new methodological approach to the history of trade in Russia and China, thereby enriching the historiography of the theme.

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Mishra, Vivek, et Sayantan Haldar. « Emerging Contours of Contemporary Asian Maritime Connectivity : Economic and Strategic Objectives ». India Quarterly : A Journal of International Affairs 76, n^o 3 (24 juillet 2020) : 461–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928420936136.

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This article intends to look at how contemporary and future Asian connectivity linkages are likely to impact Asian geopolitics and geo-strategy. While China has dominated the contemporary connectivity discourse with its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), other players such as Australia, India, Japan and the USA are engaged in their own connectivity bids which often converge and intersect in the region. As a result, the countries involved in the Indo-Pacific cross-linkages are tacitly entering a game of one-upmanship. Influence through connectivity linkages has also shifted the discourse around balance of power for countries to balance of influence. It is in this context that initiatives such as the Mausam find centrality in the country’s changing outlook. This article attempts to look at Asian connectivity from a dual perspective of economic competition, on one hand, and strategic calculations, on the other hand. The scope of the article is limited to analysing China, India and Japan as leading Asian countries in the emerging connectivity competition, besides the USA as the most important external players in Asian connectivity geopolitics and geo-strategy.

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Paszak, Paweł. « The Malacca Strait, the South China Sea and the Sino-American Competition in the Indo-Pacific ». Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 8, n^o 2 (2 juin 2021) : 174–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23477970211017494.

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This article aims to highlight security dynamics of the US–China competition in the Indo-Pacific associated with the Malacca Strait and the South China Sea through the prism of Balance of Threat Theory. It is argued that the control over strategic lines of communication is a significant factor in the process of constructing threat perception of East and Southeast Asian states as they remain heavily reliant on maritime transportation of commodities and energy resources. The US navy is the major security provider in the maritime domain which makes China vulnerable to a potential naval blockade. China faces a double dilemma as the status quo is interpreted as potentially detrimental to its interests, but any attempts to undermine it are likely to prompt Asian states to join US balancing efforts. China’s geographical proximity, its rising military power and revisionist tendencies make the US the more desirable security partner to the region.

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