Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Marguerite de Provence »

Marguerite de Provence (1221-1295) fut l'épouse du roi capétien, Louis IX, seul roi de France à avoir été canonisé. Fille aînée de Béatrice de Savoie et du comte de Provence Raymond Bérenger V, elle est aussi l'héritière d'une dynastie illustre de Catalogne et de Provence mais au regard du faible nombre de publications et de travaux sur sa personne, force est de constater qu'elle n'est pas considérée comme une des grandes figures féminines de la monarchie française. Ce sujet tend donc à s'insérer dans l'articulation privilégiée d'un thème en plein développement qu'est l'histoire des femmes et du genre, mais il veut aussi s'inscrire dans les perspectives actuelles d'anthropologie médiévale sur les fonctions des grandes dynasties princières. À partir de la diversité des sources recensées (diplomatique, épistolaire, iconographique, narrative et littéraire), trois axes de recherches se sont imposés. Le premier vise à retravailler la relation territoriale entre la Provence, terre d'Empire, le royaume de France et le comté de Savoie. En effet, les historiens ont abordé ces alliances essentiellement sous le prisme capétien, or des éclairages nouveaux peuvent être apportés lorsqu'on y incorpore l'influence catalano-provençale. Le deuxième axe est fondé sur les relations sororales qui seront un aspect important de cette thèse ; les liens de fraternité ont été jusqu'alors bien étudiés mais nous constatons peu de travaux sur la sororité. Or, les quatre filles de Raymond Bérenger V ont marqué l'histoire pour avoir épousé chacune un roi : Marguerite de Provence épousa Louis IX , Éléonore le roi d'Angleterre Henri III, Sanchie devint la femme de Richard, comte de Cornouailles proclamé par la suite roi des Romains ; enfin Béatrice fut mariée à Charles d'Anjou, frère de Louis IX qui devint roi de Naples et de Sicile. Marguerite de Provence se trouva donc à l'intersection de puissantes parentèles et de leur entourage dont elle pouvait se servir pour asseoir ses desseins politiques. Aussi la notion de réseau constituera une approche féconde. Enfin, dernier aspect envisagé le regard nouveau que peut offrir la personnalité de Marguerite de Provence sur l'étude de la fonction d'une reine de France au Moyen Âge. En effet, le silence de certaines sources contemporaines semble pesant, en particulier on peut se demander pourquoi l'action éclatante de la reine en Égypte lors de la croisade ne lui a pas valu une meilleure reconnaissance. Ainsi, sa personnalité a pu déranger et elle est à reconsidérer et à recontextualiser au prisme de la conception et de la coutume catalane. Dans ce contexte, l'absence et la rareté des informations sur sa personne peuvent refléter une volonté d'effacer son empreinte pour ne pas faire d'ombre à son royal et saint mari
Marguerite of Provence (1221-1295) was the wife of the capétien King, Louis IX, the only French king to have been canonized. Eldest daughter of Béatrice of Savoie and the Count of Provence Raimond Bérenger V, she is also the heiress of the illustrious dynasty of Catalonia and Provence but in view of the few publications and works on her person, it is clear that she is not considered as one of the great female figures of the French monarchy. This subject tends to fit into the privileged articulation of a theme in full development of what is women's history and of the kind but it could also fit into the current perspectives of medieval anthropology on the functions of the great princely dynasties. From the diversity of identified sources (diplomatic, epistolary, narrative and literary), three lines of research impose. The first aims to study the territorial relationship between the Provence, land of the Empire, the Kingdom of France and the County of Savoy. Indeed historians have addressed these alliances essentially under the capétien prism whereas new light can be thrown on the subject if we include the catalonien-provencale influence. The second is founded on the sororales relations which will be an important aspect of this thesis; the links of fraternity have been well studied up to now but we find little research on the sorority. It is to be noted that the four daughters of Raimond Bérenger V have marked history by the fact that they all married a king : Marguerite of Provence married Louis IX, Eléonore the English King Henry III, Sanchie became the wife of Richard, the Count of Cornwall , later named King of the Romans, lastly Béatrice was married to Charles d'Anjou, the brother of Louis IX who became the King of Naples and the two Siciles. Marguerite of Provence was therefore at the intersection of powerful parenteles and their entourage which she could use for her political ambitions. The notion of a network is also a fecund approach. Thirdly, the last aspect to be considered is the personality of Marguerite of Provence which casts a new look on the study of the functions of a Queen in the Middle Ages. Indeed, the silence of certain contemporary sources seems heavy, in particular we may wonder why the eclatant action of the Queen of Egypt during the crusade did not get better recognition. So her character may have disturbed and she should be reconsidered and recontextualised in view of the catalan conception and customs. In this context the absence and the scarcity of information on her character may reflect a will to destroy her influence and not to cast a shadow over her royal and saint husband

Rhetorical theorist Sonja Foss introduced a theory of visual rhetoric in 1971 (Foss,2004). Aligning Applied Human Factors Engineering (AHFE) with visual rhetoric can provide the field of UX with a deeper understanding of how a design can impact the effective performance and usability of products. According to Foss, visual objects are not inherently rhetorical, but when they are organized to express symbolic action, allow for human intervention, and target a specific audience, these visual systems gain rhetorical significance (Foss, 2004). All the various user interfaces (UI) that humans interact with day to day include attempts by a user experience (UX) designer to "guide" the user to the proven, most effective, lowest-risk means of accomplishing a specific goal. Aligning user experience (UX) with the principles of rhetorical theory establishes an important facet through which the designer can understand why a UI design fails or succeeds. Aristotle taught that the speaker accomplishes persuasion accomplished by appealing to the three pillars of rhetoric: logos (appealing to logic), pathos (appealing to emotions), and ethos (appealing from authority).Similarly, Don Norman stated (2013), "Cognition provides understanding, and emotion provides value judgement." Norman also discussed (2003) that trust in the UI is damaged when UI doesn't meet these cognitive and emotional expectations. Consider an experience many Americans have in common, staying overnight in a hotel. Every hotel works similarly, understood through the hotel business's well-established practices and expectations built on previous experiences. But imagine what transpires when the experience breaks convention and the unexpected happens. Incorporating rhetorical principles in design considers how users identify and communicate to others in their user group. Appealing to the users through logos, pathos, and ethos helps the designer communicate more effectively, meeting the user's needs. When these pillars work together to communicate with the user more accurately, it improves a user’s discoverability of product features, and system affordances become a pleasant, straightforward experience to enhance the usability of products. High-usability products correlate to reduced cognitive load, task time reduction, and reduced fatigue time. Foss et., Helmers, Marguerite H., and Charles A. Hill. Defining Visual Rhetorics. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004. Web.Norman, Donald A. The Design of Everyday Things. Revised and expanded edition. New York, New York: Basic Books, 2013. Print.