Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Marginality, Social – Europe »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Marginality, Social – Europe"
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Martiniello, Marco. « Bestaat er een stedelijke onderklasse in België ? » Res Publica 37, no 2 (30 juin 1995) : 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v37i2.18679.
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This article makes first a critical review of the different definitions in the scientific literature of the 'underclass' concept. It is argued that the American and British concept of underclass is not necessarily transportable to Europe. The next part adresses the question of a possible emerging urban underclass in Belgium.It is concluded that although Belgium has to fight against social problems associated with underclass formation in the US and Britain, it has until now no clearcut underclass. The main reasons for this are that economic marginality is not permanent and stable, and that economic marginality, deviant values and criminal behaviour are not systematically coinciding.
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Natili, Marcello. « Worlds of last-resort safety nets ? A proposed typology of minimum income schemes in Europe ». Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 36, no 1 (mars 2020) : 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2019.1641134.
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ABSTRACTOver the past twenty years, minimum income schemes (MIS) have undergone major transformations in their functions and role. From mainly residual instruments that aimed to guarantee minimum income support and to prevent extreme marginality, in most countries they now have an ambiguous function of providing income support and favouring social and labour market inclusion. Against this background, this article provides an analytical grid that allows describing the different features of last-resort safety nets across Europe, building on the definition of key main dimensions of variation of MISs in Europe – generosity, eligibility and conditionality requirements, institutional configuration, active inclusion profiles. Then, it introduces a new typology of MIS in Europe, building on a new dataset with data on expenditures and coverage collected from National Statistical Offices.
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Balampanidis, Ioannis, Ioannis Vlastaris, George Xezonakis et Magdalini Karagkiozoglou. « ‘Bridges Over Troubled Waters’ ? The Competitive Symbiosis of Social Democracy and Radical Left in Crisis-Ridden Southern Europe ». Government and Opposition 56, no 1 (2 avril 2019) : 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2019.8.
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AbstractDuring the economic crisis, the radical left, especially in countries of the European South, continued its course from marginality to mainstream while social democracy found itself trapped in its previous strategic orientations. This article examines the two political families in a relational and comparative perspective, focusing on the interaction of social democratic and radical left parties that evolved in a series of national cases (Greece, Portugal, Spain and France) and in particular within the political and electoral cycle of 2015–17. The ideological, programmatic and strategic responses of these parties to the critical juncture of the crisis, which mark a convergence or deviation in the paths of the two ‘enemy brothers', shed light on their political and ideological mutations, transformations and/or adaptations.
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Cârstocea, Raul. « War against the Poor : Social Violence Against Roma in Eastern Europe During COVID-19 at the Intersection of Class and Race ». Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 21, no 2 (14 décembre 2022) : 81–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/qplk4474.
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This article positions the social violence against Roma in Eastern Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic in historical perspective. It is based on primary data derived from the project Marginality on the Margins of Europe – The Impact of COVID-19 on Roma Communities in Non-EU Countries in Eastern Europe, collected in 2020 by researchers in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Ukraine. This data is contextualised with the help of secondary literature on historical epidemics and pandemics, as well as societal responses to them, with a particular focus on the ensuing scapegoating of minorities in certain cases. The article first makes the case for the importance of historicising such responses to pandemics in different contexts as a safeguard against ‘exceptionalising’ either the ongoing pandemic or the Roma minority. Further, it argues against a reductionist perspective that treats the Roma primarily – or even exclusively – along the lines of their representing a ‘national minority’, a concept that is heavily tilted toward a cultural-linguistic definition of the group. In contrast, it posits that hate speech and racist incidents against the Roma in the context of the pandemic (and more generally) are better understood by factoring in the intersection of race and class, where the long-standing racialization of the Roma in Eastern Europe is inflected by the latter as much as the former. Finally, zooming out from the case study under consideration to consider other instances of ‘Othering’ encountered during the COVID-19 pandemic, it draws attention to the different scales at which exclusion operates, and to the advantages provided by an awareness of the multiple spatial and temporal layers constitutive of such a scalar approach.
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Todeschini, Giacomo. « Servitude and Work at the Dawn of the Early Modern Era The Devaluation of Salaried Workers and the “Undeserving Poor” ». Annales (English ed.) 70, no 01 (mars 2015) : 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000972.
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Abstract Thomas Piketty’s analysis of the way that neoliberal economists use false meritocracy to justify growing economic inequality invites historians to reconsider the representation of workers in the economic thought and administrative politics of preindustrial Western Europe. This renewed focus on those termed mercenarii in theological, economic, and legal texts, namely salaried workers, shows that since the thirteenth century the literate elites of Christian Europe have interpreted manual labor as the sign of a competence that was useful but also socially and politically devalorizing. The ancient Roman conception of wages as auctoramentum servitutis, or evidence of servitude, reemerges at the end of Middle Ages in the guise of a complex theological, legal, and governmental discourse about the intellectual incompetence and necessary political marginality of salaried workers as manual laborers. At the dawn of the early modern era, the representation of salaried labor as a social condition corresponding to a state of servitude and lack of intellect characterizes both literary works and the economic rationality embodied by the first “scientific” economists.
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Pikov, Gennady. « Formation of a New Person as a Formational Meaning. The Era of Transformation in the History of Europe ». Ideas and Ideals 13, no 4-2 (27 décembre 2021) : 366–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2021-13.4.2-366-383.
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The article draws attention to the fact that the phenomenon of marginality is the formation of one's own environment, although not completely dissolving into it. Traditional culture goes into the "basements" of society or manifests itself in the life and mentality of marginals. In a society affected by crisis, several cultural trajectories collide: descending, ascending and, for the marginalized, breaking traditional ties and creating their own, completely different world. In fact, marginality is the third culture, a special socio-cultural state. The article discusses its corresponding components. The prerequisites of global transformation are considered. The situation in Europe begins to change fundamentally at the turn of the I-II millennia. The formation of the era of European Transformation can begin with the XI-XIII centuries, when "Catholic" Europe appears. Phenomenal in its results was the "Renaissance of the XII century", the first truly pan-European Revival at the origins of the era of Transformation. With this, the movement towards a High Renaissance began. The Crusades (XI-XIII centuries) are particularly highlighted. After the Crusades, two variants of capitalism become promising and predominant in Europe and North America, and then their slow convergence continues. The XIII century became a milestone for contemporaries. On the one hand, Europe, it would seem, reached the end of history by creating some kind of optimal model. On the other hand, the reverse side of the idea of the "end of history" became clearly visible. The Mongols, having captured most of Eurasia, reformatted the ethno-political space. In this century, capitalist Europe is born, in fact, as a special development option. Highlighting the era of transformation does not mean that we should abandon the usual division of European history into known periods: antiquity, the Middle Ages, modern times. This periodization successfully emphasizes social and economic aspects and provides a chronological understanding of transitional processes. The era of Transformation is more voluminous, since we are talking about the transition from a centuries-old traditional society to a new stage of human development. Neither the Renaissance nor the Reformation created a new culture, the so-called bourgeois culture will have many faces, both international and national. The main thing is seen in the liberation of man from the former powerful civilizational model, Latin-Christian, i.e. Imperial-ecclesiastical, and ultimately - in the formation of a new type of man.
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Campbell, Luke, Nicola Hay, Marta Kowalewska, Colin Clark, Lynne Tammi et Brigitta Balogh. « A Hidden Community : Justifying the Inclusion of Roma As an Ethnic Identity in the 2021 Scottish Census ». Critical Romani Studies 3, no 1 (11 décembre 2020) : 46–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29098/crs.v3i1.62.
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This article investigates the invisibility of Roma communities within Scottish census ethnic monitoring categories and broader empirical data. Consistent negative stereotyping as well as systematic oppression within social policy, dominant discourses, and data collection processes excludes Roma from participatorycitizenship. This article identifies precise forms of marginality and invisibility within official government data – permeated through social and education policy – that thereby limit the effective targeting of resources to marginalized communities. Specifically, the article argues that omitting Roma as an ethnic category from past data gathering processes limits understanding of the commonalities and differences within and amongScottish communities, rendering entire populations invisible within broader empirical data and therefore restricting both identification of needs and effective resource allocation. Thus, the article presents a timely argument for the inclusion of Roma as an ethnic category in the 2021 Scottish census, while addressingissues within the census approach to data collection – including the impending digitization of the process. Through discussing and advancing the case for the inclusion of Romani communities in the 2021 Scottish Census, the paper also seeks to establish the current social context by chronicling the history of Romanimigration and marginalization within Europe.
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Sheikholharam, Ehsan. « Borders within Borders : Superkilen as the Site of Assimilation ». International Journal of Religion 3, no 2 (22 décembre 2022) : 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ijor.v3i2.2290.
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Cultural assimilation of “Muslim” immigrants in Europe poses a foundational question to political philosophy: is assimilation a prerequisite for socio-economic integration? What is often interpreted as the symptom of failed integration is the proliferation of ethnic enclaves in European metropolises. Non-white immigrants who experience discrimination and marginalization withdraw into isolated zones, creating internal borders within cities. These spaces are susceptible to a host of social problems and often become a fertile ground for radicalization. The State turns to design techniques to break open these ghettoized zones. This paper analyzes an urban renewal project that was conceived to address marginality in one such neighborhood in Copenhagen. Despite the façade of inclusivity and democratic participation, the design creates a parody of Muslim cultures by remixing culturally-significant symbols. In representing immigrants’ cultures as “Other,” the ideology of design mirrors the exclusionary preferences of the politics of the border.
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Tsoni, Ioanna. « ‘They Won't Let us Come, They Won't Let us Stay, They Won't Let us Leave’. Liminality in the Aegean Borderscape : The Case of Irregular Migrants, Volunteers and Locals on Lesvos ». Human Geography 9, no 2 (juillet 2016) : 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861600900204.
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This paper draws on ethnographic observations along the south-eastern Mediterranean informal migration route through the Aegean Sea. I focus on the Greek border island of Lesvos as the central stage where the European crisis of asylum has been recently unfolding. In the absence of coherent national and European asylum policies, newly arrived migrants, refugees, and receiving communities (comprised mainly of local residents and volunteers from mainland Greece and Europe) are left to cope with and against each other, leading to multiple personal and collective passages. In this interstitial transit space, subjectivities are made and remade through their participation and resistance to the ongoing production of EU borders. I suggest that liminality provides a useful lens through which to understand the perplexing ‘time-spaces’ and interactions between multiple actors involved in the teetering asylum system on the margins of Europe. I argue that, through various actors’ experiences on Lesvos as a complex social site, liminality emerges as a form of sustained social marginality and exclusion that extends beyond Lesvos itself. The protracted and broadened crisis context in which asylum-seekers and receiving communities of locals and volunteers on Lesvos find themselves provides a salient example of the gradual socio-spatial and temporal ‘stretching’ of liminality from a transitional phase towards a condition of permanent and portable liminality experienced at both the individual and the collective level, and both at and away from borders.
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Von Cossel, Moritz, Iris Lewandowski, Berien Elbersen, Igor Staritsky, Michiel Van Eupen, Yasir Iqbal, Stefan Mantel et al. « Marginal Agricultural Land Low-Input Systems for Biomass Production ». Energies 12, no 16 (14 août 2019) : 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163123.
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This study deals with approaches for a social-ecological friendly European bioeconomy based on biomass from industrial crops cultivated on marginal agricultural land. The selected crops to be investigated are: Biomass sorghum, camelina, cardoon, castor, crambe, Ethiopian mustard, giant reed, hemp, lupin, miscanthus, pennycress, poplar, reed canary grass, safflower, Siberian elm, switchgrass, tall wheatgrass, wild sugarcane, and willow. The research question focused on the overall crop growth suitability under low-input management. The study assessed: (i) How the growth suitability of industrial crops can be defined under the given natural constraints of European marginal agricultural lands; and (ii) which agricultural practices are required for marginal agricultural land low-input systems (MALLIS). For the growth-suitability analysis, available thresholds and growth requirements of the selected industrial crops were defined. The marginal agricultural land was categorized according to the agro-ecological zone (AEZ) concept in combination with the marginality constraints, so-called ‘marginal agro-ecological zones’ (M-AEZ). It was found that both large marginal agricultural areas and numerous agricultural practices are available for industrial crop cultivation on European marginal agricultural lands. These results help to further describe the suitability of industrial crops for the development of social-ecologically friendly MALLIS in Europe.
Thèses sur le sujet "Marginality, Social – Europe"
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Ma, Sai. « A good start in life revisiting racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes at and after birth / ». Santa Monica, CA : RAND, 2007. http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD220/.
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TOMASZEWSKI, Wojciech. « Multidimensional poverty and social exclusion in Europe : a cross-national perspective ». Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13299.
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Defence Date: 2 October 2009Examining Board: Jaap Dronkers (EUI) (Supervisor); Martin Kohli (EUI); Christopher Whealan (University College Dublin); Krzysztof Zagorski (Kozminski University)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The main scope of this dissertation is the analysis of multidimensional poverty and social exclusion in Europe from a cross-national perspective. The multidimensional approach means that in addition to income, other more direct indicators of livingstandard deprivation are taken into account. Using empirical data from the European Community Household Panel and European Social Survey, the thesis explores crosscountry differences in the patterns of poverty and social exclusion and explains them in terms of the characteristics of societies and welfare systems. The research also explores the interrelations between various aspects of disadvantage and identifies its most severe forms. A number of more specific research questions are also addressed in three empirical chapters of the dissertation. The first of these chapters investigates the cross-national differences in the risk of multidimensional poverty among low skilled workers and the unemployed, as well as the level of protection against poverty offered by different patterns of labour participation within households (dual earner, single earner, and so-called one-and-a half-earner models). It finds that more redistributive countries, and those spending more on social protection, perform better in terms of lowering the risk of poverty among people with relatively vulnerable positions in the labour market, even when controlling for the size of economy. The second investigates the cross-national differences in the circumstances of certain groups particularly at risk of poverty: older people, single parents, large families and people with poor health. The evidence suggests that welfare regimes differ in their ability to protect these risk groups from multidimensional poverty, and that their performance depends on the type of risk represented by specific category. Countries of social-democratic and conservative regime types are found to offer good protection for those affected by labour market-related risks, but they perform relatively poorly in the case of more individualized, biography-related risks. The last empirical chapter shifts the focus from poverty to social exclusion by investigating the relationships between lack of resources, poor social participation and dissatisfaction with life, the focus again being on cross-national differences in the revealed patterns. The results demonstrate that the poor are relatively more likely to be socially detached and dissatisfied with life in more affluent societies. Also, lack of social participation is found to have an effect on dissatisfaction with life independent from poverty, and the effect is found to be stronger in more prosperous countries. Overall, the research demonstrates a substantial variation in the prevalence and the patterns of multidimensional poverty across Europe, with Southern-European countries having the highest rates and the Nordic countries and The Netherlands performing best. However, the research also provides evidence for a greater polarization between the poor and the non-poor in the countries where the incidence of poverty is less frequent. It is suggested that these greater contrasts may stem from different patterns of selection into the category of poor operating in those more affluent countries.
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RYZNER, Janusz. « Legacies and incentives : a comparative analysis of post-communist minority policy in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary ». Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13300.
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Defence Date: 24/11/2009Examining Board: Rainer Bauböck (EUI); Michael Keating (EUI) (Supervisor); Gwendolyn Sasse (University of Oxford); Mitja Zagar (University of Ljubljana)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The study attempts to fill a gap in the research on the legacies and incentives of minority policies in four Central Eastern European countries by comprehensively examining post-communist minority policy developments from the perspective of internal factors as well as external impacts. The main objective of the study, which encompasses four countries - the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia - is to identify policy incentives and historical legacies that influenced the current minority policies. In addition, it also aspires to adjust existing typological theories which aim to explain the development of minority policies in the four countries after 1989. By comparing minority policies in the light of three hypotheses on their main factors, namely the historical, international and domestic, it is argued that in spite of different initial policy directions, the minority policies in the four countries gradually converged. The early post-1989 minority polices were shaped primarily by historical legacies and domestically conceptualised strategies, which reflected the importance of both domestic minority issues and kin nationals in neighbouring states. Together with the appearance of stronger international incentives (particularly the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) and the European Union assessment during the accession processes), the countries gradually modified their positions, framing their policies around the norms provided by the FCNM. In the conclusion, the thesis argues that existing theories on the development of minority policies in CEE could partially explain the preference for particular policy directions in the four countries. However, in order to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the contemporary shape of the minority policies, any further explanatory attempts should also carefully address the legacies of previous policy choices and the role of international norms on minority protection.
Livres sur le sujet "Marginality, Social – Europe"
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Costis, Hadjimichalis, Sadler David 1960- et European Science Foundation, dir. Europe at the margins : New mosaics of inequality. Chichester : J. Wiley, 1995.
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Social exclusion and inner city Europe : Regulating urban regeneration. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
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Poverty and deviance in early modern Europe. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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Emile, Malet, et Simon Patrick, dir. Les banlieues : Europe, quartiers et migrants. Paris : Passages, 1996.
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Roger, Spear, dir. Tackling social exclusion in Europe : The contribution of the social economy. Aldershot, Hants, England : Ashgate, 2001.
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Abdul, Khakee, Somma Paola et Thomas Huw 1954-, dir. Urban renewal, ethnicity, and social exclusion in Europe. Aldershot, Hants, England : Ashgate, 1999.
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Stoer, Stephen R. Theories of social exclusion = : Teorias de exclusão social. Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang, 2003.
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1959-, Gordon David, et Townsend Peter 1928-, dir. Breadline Europe : The measurement of poverty. Bristol : Policy Press, 2000.
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Matt, Barnes, dir. Poverty and social exclusion in Europe. Cheltenham : Edward Elgar, 2002.
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Income and living conditions in Europe. Luxembourg : Publications Office of the European Union, 2010.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Marginality, Social – Europe"
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Coenen, Harry. « Social Security Claimants and Europe ». Dans Beyond Marginality ?, 1–20. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429464843-1.
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Dominelli, Lena. « Reconceptualising poverty in Europe : exclusion, marginality and absolute poverty reframed through participatory relational space ». Dans Absolute Poverty in Europe, 17–38. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447341284.003.0002.
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This chapter argues that monetarised conceptualisations of poverty cannot address the multiple complexities of poverty because these focus on individual behaviour, and ignore its multiple aspects including its relationality, emotionality, social exclusion, and structural forms of inequality. By exploring the conceptual limitations of absolute and relative poverty, this chapter reconceptualises poverty holistically within participatory relational space, uncovering its relational dimensions involving self-fulfilment, agency, and realisation of welfare entitlements rooted in universal human rights not nation-state-based citizenship. It situates poverty within participatory relational space which combines action within domestic relational space and public relational space to transcend concepts that portray poor people as passive objects of policymakers. This chapter also contends that the nation-state has ‘a duty of care’ towards those residing within its borders that requires tackling structural inequalities and 21st century realities on the European continent. Addressing the structural welfare needs of both citizens and non-citizens will strengthen social solidarity and endorse new policies and practices to eradicate poverty in Europe.
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« SOCIAL DISCIPLINE AND MARGINALITY ». Dans Early Modern European Society, 181–208. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203983591-13.
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« SOCIAL DISCIPLINE AND MARGINALITY ». Dans Early Modern European Society, Third Edition, 239–76. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1q8tffm.14.
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« 8 Social Discipline and Marginality ». Dans Early Modern European Society, Third Edition, 239–76. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300262506-011.
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Robson, Jenny van Krieken. « Responses to the marginalisation of Roma young people in education in an age of austerity in the United Kingdom ». Dans Youth Marginality in Britain. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447330523.003.0010.
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This chpater discusses team support for Roma young people who arrived in the United Kingdom as European Union migrants. Using participants’ voices reveals a negative discourse on Roma. Reflecting on the way frequent media representations of English Gypsies as the ‘other’ are experienced as discrimination, racism and are also circulated through social media. She argues dominant discourses establish, consolidate and implement power relationships in education settings, which constrain participation and responses to injustice. She focuses on the marginalisation of Roma young people positioning as ‘other’ or the ‘stranger’ or ‘vagabond’ where they are both unwelcome and feared.
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Land, Martin. « Against the “Attack on Linking” : Rearticulating the “Jewish Intellectual” for Today ». Dans Jews and the Ends of Theory, 263–92. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823282005.003.0011.
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This chapter begins by tracing the assertions that link the predominance of Jews in critical discourses to Jewish marginality to a 1919 essay by Thorstein Veblen. Veblen does not argue that creativity and innovation thrive on the margins but, rather, that marginal groups like the Jews are better able than their European contemporaries to hold to a position of detachment and alienation from tradition and received wisdom, transforming their marginality into a critical perspective from which they are able to question, as it were, both themselves and the European social and economic systems. Recent critics of Veblen have pointed at his blindness toward the cultural and economic characteristics of Jewish communal life. In their critique, however, they take the disproportionate success of American Jews as their prime measure, supplanting Veblen's intellectual value with monetary value. From this perspective, Jews are no longer marginal but, on the contrary, central to the ever-expanding social order of capital.
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Stanley, Brian. « Making War on the Saints ». Dans Christianity in the Twentieth Century, 79–101. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196848.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on France and the Soviet Union. France and the Soviet Union constitute the two most prominent European examples of a concerted campaign by twentieth-century states to reduce or even eliminate the social influence and political role of Christianity, especially as represented by the national church. In the further reaches of the Soviet Empire in Eastern and central Europe, Communist Party aims were similar, though in some countries—such as Poland—their implementation was highly problematic. Although obviously differing in the extent of their antagonism to religion itself, the two case studies reveal the capacity of the modern state, if it so chooses, to marginalize Christianity from the mainstream of public life and destroy much of the institutional and economic infrastructure of historic national churches. Yet both examples equally suggest that such measures of “official” secularization turned out to be comparatively impotent in subverting popular Christian belief and practice.
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Niederer, Sabine, et Maarten Groen. « The circulation of political news on Twitter during the Dutch elections ». Dans The Politics of Social Media Manipulation. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland : Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724838_ch04.
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This chapter enquires into the resonance of junk news on Twitter during the campaign periods prior to the 2019 Dutch Provincial elections and European Parliamentary elections. Querying Twitter for political topics related to the two elections, and various divisive social issues such as Zwarte Piet and MH17, we analyse the spread and prominence of problematic sources. We also examined the claim that Twitter is susceptible to abuse by bot and troll-like users, and found that troll-like users were active across all political and issue spaces during the Dutch Provincial elections of 2019. Divisive issues remain steadily (even if marginally) active in junk and tendentious news throughout the tested time frames, suggesting these issues are year-round rather than event-based or seasonal, as they are in mainstream media.
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Brekhus, Wayne H. « Markedness and Unmarkedness in Identities and Social Interaction ». Dans The Oxford Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism, C16.P1—C16.S5. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190082161.013.16.
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Abstract This chapter explores how the semiotic processes of cultural markedness and unmarkedness influence perception, drive social attention, and shape identities and interactional constructions of meaning. Markedness and unmarkedness are advanced as central sensitizing concepts for an expansive symbolic interactionism focused on power and complex inequalities. Symbolic interactionism (SI), like many longstanding theoretical traditions, developed in a historical context where sociologists gave greater epistemological weight to the ideas of scholars who represented unmarked, privileged social standpoints (e.g., white, Anglo-European/colonizer, male) rather than to those who represented marked positions of marginality. This has unnecessarily narrowed SI’s analytic foci and limited our full potential to address issues of structural inequality related to the most significant social problems of the twenty-first century. We can correct this problem by broadening our guiding canonical concerns to focus on the interactional and discursive dynamics of markedness and unmarkedness in the construction of meaning and the production of social power and knowledge. Scholars taking on the challenge of developing a critical symbolic interactionism focused on how social inequalities are produced and reproduced in everyday life are highlighted as exemplars for advancing SI research that analytically emphasizes the complex interplay of the marked and the unmarked.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Marginality, Social – Europe"
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Gutiérrez Palomero, Aaron. « La perspectiva integrada com a nou paradigma del desenvolupament urbà sostenible : una aproximació a partir de la iniciativa comunitària URBAN ». Dans International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona : Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7589.
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Un dels efectes més notables de la reestructuració econòmica viscuda a Europa durant les darreres
dècades ha estat la intensificació dels processos de pobresa urbana i exclusió social. El que ha comportat
el reforçament i agudització de les desigualtats socials i la segregació espacial, consolidant-se així una
realitat urbana dualitzada. Les situacions d’exclusió social han tendit a concentrar-se en aquelles àrees
urbanes que pateixen majors processos de degradació, amb una qualitat de vida i unes oportunitats
econòmiques sensiblement inferiors a la del conjunt urbà més proper.
Per treballar en favor d’un model de desenvolupament urbà sostenible i socialment més just, així com per
donar resposta als reptes i necessitats especials dels barris amb dificultats, s’estan implementant, en
diferents ciutats europees, respostes conegudes com programes d’intervenció integral. Aquests
programes recullen de forma explícita la voluntat d’actuar sobre les múltiples variables que configuren i
expliquen les situacions de marginalitat urbana. No plantegen actuacions focalitzades en la transformació
de l’espai físic, sinó que també atorguen una atenció especial als diferents factors que interaccionen en la
configuració social i econòmica de l’espai urbà.
La perspectiva integrada implica la superació del model clàssic de compartimentació sectorial. L’element
que canalitza l’actuació pública no són les responsabilitats i fronteres competencials, sinó els dèficits i les
oportunitats que manifesta una determinada àrea urbana.
Aquest model d’intervenció ha assolit un creixent protagonisme, tant en l’agenda política de diferents
Estats i regions europees, com en la pròpia UE. L’any 1994, la UE creà la Iniciativa Comunitària URBAN.
El programa recollia com a objectius generals la necessitat de fer front a la degradació de la qualitat de
vida en determinats espais de les ciutats i actuar en favor de la redinamització socioeconòmica i ambiental
de les àrees urbanes amb dificultats. A través de dues edicions (1994-1999 i 2000-2006), URBAN ha
permès cofinançar 188 programes en 15 Estats Membres.
En aquesta comunicació es presentarà els resultats d’una recerca sobre la IC URBAN, tot centrant
l’atenció de l’anàlisi en el model d’aproximació a la realitat urbana que planteja. Aquest model es
caracteritza per la perspectiva integrada de les qüestions socials, econòmiques i medi ambientals com a mecanisme per donar una millor resposta als problemes locals. Finalment, s’interpretarà l’impacte assolit
per URBAN, emprant com a indicador l’anàlisi de diferents casos d’estudi de ciutats angleses, espanyoles,
franceses i italianes One of the most notable effects of the economic restructuring undertaken in Europe during recent decades
has been the intensification of processes that give rise to urban poverty and social exclusion. This has led
to the reinforcing and sharpening of social inequalities and spatial segregation and to the consolidation of
a dichotomous urban reality. Situations of social exclusion have tended to concentrate in urban areas that
have suffered major processes of degradation and which have levels of quality of life and economic
opportunity that are appreciably inferior to those of their nearest urban neighbours.
Several European cities are currently working towards the creation of a model of sustainable and more
socially just urban development and towards providing responses to the challenges and special needs of
neighbourhoods with difficulties. This initiative forms part of what are known as integrated intervention
programmes. These programmes explicitly share the will to take appropriate action to influence the many
variables that configure and explain situations of urban marginality. They do not only propose interventions
aimed at physically transforming space, but also dedicate special attention to the different factors that
interact to determine the social and economic configuration of urban space.
The integrated approach implies improving on the classical model of sectorial division. The elements that
channel public responses are not responsibility and competence frontiers, but rather the deficits and
opportunities manifested by a given urban area.
This new model for intervention has gained increasing protagonism, both in the political agendas of
various European states and regions and in the European Union itself. In 1994, the EU established the
URBAN Community Initiative. The general objectives of this programme were related to the need to take
measures against the loss of quality of life in certain parts of cities and to take action to promote the
socioeconomic and environmental revitalisation of urban areas with difficulties. To date, two editions of
URBAN (1994-1999 and 2000-2006) have permitted the co-financing of 188 programmes in 15 EU
member states.
In this communication, we will present the results of research relating to the URBAN Community Initiative,
specifically focusing our attention and analysis on the model for urban reality that it proposes. This model
is characterised by the way in which social, economic and environmental questions are addressed from an
integrated approach, which serves as a mechanism for providing better responses to local problems.
Finally, we will analyse the impact that the URBAN has achieved, using case studies based on British,
Spanish, French and Italian cities as indicators in this analysis.