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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Maps, World, 1507"
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Unger, Richard W. « Seeing the World Anew : The radical vision of Martin Waldseemuller's 1507 & ; 1516 world maps ». Mariner's Mirror 99, no 4 (novembre 2013) : 477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2013.848557.
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Peerlings, R. H. J., F. Laurentius et J. van den Bovenkamp. « New Findings and Discoveries in the 1507/8 Rome Edition of Ptolemy’s Cosmography ». Quaerendo 48, no 2 (21 juin 2018) : 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700690-12341408.
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Abstract In a previous article the watermarks in the text and map pages of the Rome editions of Ptolemy’s Cosmography were described. This article shows how they can be used to reveal hidden knowledge about the development and chronology of the 1507/8 Rome edition of Ptolemy’s Cosmography. It also discusses the discovery of new states of three maps and the appearance of the Ruysch world map in these editions. Atlases in several institutes and libraries in Europe were studied firsthand, whereas information and photographs of atlases in libraries in the United States were collected by e-mail correspondence and internet downloads.
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Schwartz, Seymour I. « Seeing the World Anew : The Radical Vision of Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 & ; 1516 World Maps. By John W. Hessler and Chet Van Duzer ». Imago Mundi 65, no 2 (juin 2013) : 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2013.784625.
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Kontev, Arkadii V. « The First Images of the Ob River on Western European Maps ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no 3 (2021) : 971–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.316.
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Martin Waldseemüller’s maps, published in 1507 and 1513 in Strasbourg, are the first maps to bear the name of the new continent, America. They reveal the discovery of the New World by Spanish and Portuguese navigators. None of the researchers, however, have noticed that the same maps of North Asia (the area of present-day Western Siberia) for the first time show a river flowing into the Arctic Ocean. The peculiarity of Western European cartographic sources at the turn of the 15th–16th centuries lies in the fact that the reflection of the world picture was based on the tradition of the geographer Claudius Ptolemy. The desire to publish the “New Ptolemy” prompted the members of the Vosges Gymnasium, where Waldseemüller worked, to combine traditional knowledge of the world with the latest geographical discoveries. The article analyzes the content of Waldseemüller’s maps, provides a comparative analysis of the maps that formed the basis for the creation of these images, and traces the borrowings of data from the German cartographer by subsequent authors of the 16th century. As a result of careful study of inscriptions and legends, the author concludes that the depiction of areas of North Asia on the maps of the German cartographer dates back to the maps of Henry Martell of 1489–1491. A large map of the world by this author is kept at Yale University, but many of its inscriptions have faded or disappeared. The painstaking work of the American researcher Chet van Duzer, who published a monograph on the map in 2019, gave researchers the opportunity to examine the source carefully. The comparison between this map and an earlier round map of Fra Mauro of 1459 suggested that Martell, in his turn, borrowed the image of the North Asian river from this Venetian monk. Thus, the process of borrowing and clarifying the information about the previously unknown river is traced. At the end of the article, the author proves that European cartographers displayed the latest information about the Ob river, which came from Russia.
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Brotton, Jerry. « John W. Hessler and Chet A. Van Duzer. Seeing the World Anew : The Radical Vision of Martin Waldseemüller’s 1507 and 1516 World Maps. Delray Beach : Levenger Press in association with the Library of Congress, 2012. 112 pp. + 2 maps. $85. ISBN : 978–1–929154–47–0. » Renaissance Quarterly 66, no 2 (2013) : 703–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/671664.
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Taborska, Małgorzata. « Złoty Globus Jagielloński ze zbiorów Muzeum Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego – niezwykły obiekt z fascynującą historią ». Opuscula Musealia 27 (2021) : 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843852.om.20.003.13742.
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The Golden Jagiellonian Globe from the Jagiellonian University Museum Collection – an unusual object with a fascinating history “The Golden Jagiellonian Globe” (early 16th century; in the collection of the Jagiellonian University Museum) is the earliest globe of the Earth in the Polish collections and one of the oldest in the world. The oldest known globe of the Earth was made by Martin Behaim in 1492. The second in order are two globes from the same period: the Hunt-Lenox Globe (c. 1510, now in the New York Public Library) and the Jagiellonian Globe. Despite its name, the Jagiellonian Globe is an astronomical instrument – a mechanical armillary sphere. On the orb hiding the mechanism there is a map of the Earth, dated 1510–1511. This object has been sparsely analysed, especially in the last decades. Those analysis that were performed have until now mainly focused on the depicted map and the typology of particular details, though there are also studies on its operation and provenance. Research performed in the 21st century focused on WWII history of the globe.A preliminary analysis of the sphere and the clock mechanism allows a connection with French products from Blois near Paris. The map of the globe, associated with the Italian centre, presents information on geographical discoveries of the time, based on maps by Martin Waldseemüller and letters by Amerigo Vespucci, published in the edition of Ptolemy’s Geography (Saint-Dié, 1507). The map is a twin to the layout of the lands and seas depicted on Hunt-Lenox’s Globe. It is distinguished by a mysterious continent-island, noted on the Kraków globe as “America Noviter Reperta.” The provenance of the globe is known since the 17th century, when the Kraków professor, Jan Brożek, donated it to the Collegium Maius library of the Jagiellonian University. Its fate during World War II, when it was hidden from the Nazis by docent Jadwiga Schoen, is extraordinary. After the war, the globe found its way to the Jagiellonian University Museum, where it has been exhibited ever since.
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Lewis, Thomas. « Woodruff, A Concise History Of The Modern World - 1500 To The Present ». Teaching History : A Journal of Methods 25, no 1 (1 avril 2000) : 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.25.1.38-40.
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It would be difficult to imagine how anyone could write a better overview of the last five hundred years of world history. William Woodruffs book is filled with relevant facts, appropriate questions, interesting anecdotes, and insightful interpretations. Regrettably, the book contains no illustrations, but there are twenty-five useful maps.
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Sánchez, Antonio. « An Official Image of the World for the Hispanic Monarchy ». Nuncius 29, no 2 (2014) : 389–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-02902002.
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This paper discusses the Padrón Real (Royal Pattern Chart or master sea chart), an official class of maps of the world instituted by the Spanish monarchy and produced by Seville’s Casa de la Contratación (House of Trade) from 1508 onwards, in a political context dominated by the dispute between the two largest expansionist empires in Europe – Portugal and Castile – which was heightened following the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. The Padrón Real became a model for European cartographers and its history sheds light on the development of map-making practices at the Casa in the Crown’s attempt to regulate cosmography for its own political ends. The Padrón Real was unprecedented for its time and, together with the question of how to determine longitude, reflected what were the most important cartographic challenges facing the early modern world: how to represent a three-dimensional body – the globe – on a flat surface and how to provide reliable geographic maps when they were subject to constant revision.
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Massing, Andreas. « Valentim Fernandes' Five Maps and the Early History and Geography of São Tomé ». History in Africa 36 (2009) : 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0013.
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Maps may be important historical documents, reflecting the situation of a given place at a given time, and comparing several maps from different periods of the same area can inform us of changes in social and human geography. For some distant parts of the world they may be the only sources for a past that provides us with few if any sources. Thus Valentim Fernandes' five maps of São Tomé are a unique source for the slow and gradual growth of the first settlements. The maps are complemented by Fernandes' 1506 description of the island.Valentim Fernandes, a German printer who worked in Lisbon from 1495 to 1513, compiled several works on Africa and published them in 1506. Apparently he sent a copy to his friend Conrad Peutinger in Augsburg, whose book collection came into possession of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, where they survive in the Codex Hispanicus 27 (now available online. The compilation contains several texts and a map collection with description of the Atlantic islands. While Fernandes' description of Africa, as the sole copy of Diogo Gomes' account, has received wide attention as an important source for early African history, the five maps of São Tomé inserted at various places in the Codex have hardly received any attention at all.
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Bockelman, Brian. « Maps and Mapmaking Techniques - Mapping an Atlantic World, Circa 1500. By Alida C. Metcalf. Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press, 2020. Pp. 256. $54.95 cloth. » Americas 78, no 3 (28 juin 2021) : 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2021.58.
Texte intégralThèses sur le sujet "Maps, World, 1507"
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Bahar, Mchmet. « Investigation of biology students' cognitive structure through word association tests, mind maps and structural communication grids ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/39028/.
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The primary aim of this research study was to investigate the cognitive structure (i.e. the relationship between concepts in mind) of biology students/pupils. Three techniques, namely Word Association Tests (in the topic "Genetics"), Mind Maps (in the topic "Seed Structure") and Structural Communication Grids (in the topics "Food Digestion, Chemistry of Respiration and Haemophilia") were used for this purpose. Furthermore, it was also planned to investigate the effect of some psychological factors (i.e. Field Dependence/Field Independence, Convergence/Divergence and Working Memory Capacity) on the relationship between concepts in students' long term memory as well as to reveal the relationship between these three psychological factors. 101 pupils at Higher Grade Biology (age 16-17) from four different secondary schools in the Central Belt of Scotland and around 400 first year biology students in Glasgow University have participated in this research. The results of the word association test (WAT) showed that students generated many ideas related to given key words. However, the results of both maps (in order to map the structures, relatedness coefficient values and response frequencies were used) clearly revealed that the ideas about genetics clustered as only a few isolated islands in students' cognitive structure and they did not appear to see the overall picture as a network of related ideas. In terms of the relationship between psychological factors and the WAT, only the Convergence/Divergence thinking style showed a significant relationship with the WAT. That is, students who had divergent thinking style gave a larger total number of responses and a wider range of responses to the key words in the WAT than the students who had convergent thinking style. Mind maps were used in this research study as an alternative to a linear way of planning essay writing and also to gain an insight into students' ideas lodged in cognitive structure. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference (in favour of mind mappers) between essay (on Seed Germination) marks of mind mappers and non-mind mappers. A statistically significant correlation between mind map scores and essay scores also appeared, indicating that students who drew better mind maps, had higher scores in essays. The examination of mind maps and the essays of the students also revealed that some students did not mention the same major ideas in their maps and in their essays. In addition, some misconceptions appeared in the students' mind maps as well as in their essays. In terms of the effect of psychological factors on mind mapping (only Convergence/Divergence thinking styles were examined), the mind maps of divergent students were more complex and branched than those of convergent students. For the secondary schools, the results of Structural Communication Grids (SCG) showed that pupils had misconceptions about the topics of "Food Digestion and the Chemistry of Respiration." SCG were also used as an evaluation tool for the first year biology students on the topic "Haemophilia." The effect of some psychological factors (i.e. Field Dependence/Field Independence and Convergence/Divergence) were also examined. The results revealed that overall performance of the field independent pupils in the grids was better than field dependent pupils. Pupils/students who had a divergent thinking style had higher scores than the pupils/students who had a convergent thinking style on grid questions. All results of these three techniques (i.e. word association tests, mind maps and structural communication grids) showed that they are very effective as diagnostic tools to illuminate the relationship between ideas in the long term memory of the students/pupils. Structural communication grids are also effective assessment tools. Implications for using these three techniques in the classroom as well as a self instructional method for students and as a supplement to the exams are also discussed.
Livres sur le sujet "Maps, World, 1507"
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Hessler, John W. Seeing the world anew : The radical vision of Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 & 1516 world maps. Delray Beach, Fla : Published by Levenger Press in association with the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 2012.
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Waldseemüller, Martin. The naming of America : Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 world map and the Cosmographiae introductio. London, UK : GILES, 2007.
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Waldseemüller, Martin. The naming of America : Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 world map and the Cosmographiae introductio. Washington, DC : Library of Congress, 2008.
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W, Hessler John, et Library of Congress, dir. The naming of America : Martin Waldseemuller's 1507 world map and the Cosmographiae introductio. London, UK : GILES, 2007.
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Dickson, Peter W. The Magellan myth : Reflections on Columbus, Vespucci, and the Waldseemueller map of 1507. Mount Vernon, Ohio : Printing Arts Press, 2007.
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Robinson, Francis. Islamic world since 1500. Alexandria, VA : Stonehenge, 1992.
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Robinson, Francis. Atlas of the Islamic World since 1500. New York : Facts On File, 1989.
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Corradino, Astengo, dir. Il planisfero di Vesconte Maggiolo di Fano (1504). Ancona : Collezione in folio, 2004.
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Astengo, Corradino. Il planisfero di Vesconte Maggiolo di Fano (1504). Ancona : Collezione inFolio, 2004.
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Manners, Ian. European cartographers and the Ottoman world, 1500-1750 : Maps from the collection of O.J. Sopranos. Chicago, Ill : Oriental Institute Museum of the University of Chicago, 2007.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Maps, World, 1507"
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Varotto, Serena. « Current Status and Future Prospective of Genome Editing Application in Maize ». Dans A Roadmap for Plant Genome Editing, 165–82. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46150-7_11.
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AbstractMaize (Zea mays ssp. mays) is the most world-widely cultivated agricultural crop and over the past century, its yield per unit land area has increased consistently due to both breeding efforts and improvement in management. Cross breeding, mutation breeding, and transgenic breeding are the main methodologies adopted for maize improvement. The first maize transgenic hybrids were commercialized more than 20 years ago, and till now more than 150 different events of transgenic maize have been approved for commercial cultivation. The sequencing of the maize genome and the development of advanced genomic tools provided the biologists with the theoretical information necessary to attempt the genome modification at the pre-intended genomic loci. The tremendous advances brought about by CRISPR/Cas systems from first applications to nowadays has made genome editing a powerful tool for precise maize improvement. Although many CRISPR-Cas-edited genes have been documented to improve maize traits of agronomic interest, only a few lines have been tested in field trials; additional work for determining potential breeding values of edited maize lines must be done in terms of field tests. The integration of CRISPR-Cas technology in the breeding of new maize varieties also depends on existing and future regulatory policies that will be adopted worldwide.
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« Maps ». Dans The European World 1500-1800, 385–90. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315863115-41.
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Housley, Norman. « The Anti-Turkish Crusade and European Politics, 1502–1580 ». Dans The Later Crusades, 1274—1580, 118–50. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198221371.003.0005.
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Abstract Until a few years ago most historians would have said that the inclusion of a chapter on events in the sixteenth century in a book about the later crusades was at best superfluous, and at worst misguided. They would have argued that popular and governmental commitment to a crusade against the Turks was negligible by 1500; that calls for a crusade, no matter how frequently or forcefully made by individual enthusiasts or the papal Curia, were therefore anachronistic, meriting serious study only by antiquarians; and, most importantly, that narrating the great conflicts which occurred in the sixteenth century between the Ottomans and their western enemies, especially the Habsburgs, in terms of a religious war is as misleading as applying that description to, say, the Allied campaigns against the Turkish armies in the First World War. It is the achievement of Professor K. M. Setton to have shown how inaccurate this view was. In two massive volumes, a total of 1,179 double-columned pages, he recently surveyed Turkish relations with the West between 1502 and 1571 in exhaustive detail. By simply describing what took place, Professor Setton demonstrated that, while these relations accommodated many new features characteristic of an age of profound change, they also formed a continuation of crusading history, in terms of basic ideas and institutions as well as terminology. No great chasm separated the world of King Philip II of Spain and Pope Pius V from that of Philip the Good of Burgundy and Pius II; the one evolved from the other and shared many of its features. Lepanto (1571) was a great crusading victory, Alcazar (1578) a terrible crusading defeat, and some account of at least this first phase of the long Habsburg-Ottoman struggle must now feature in any history of the later crusades which claims to be comprehensive (see maps 3, 4, and 5).
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Basosi, Duccio. « Ca’ Foscari e il mondo, 1868-1968 ». Dans I rapporti internazionali nei 150 anni di storia di Ca’ Foscari. Venice : Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-265-9/005.
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Since its creation in 1868, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice has always entertained relations with the world located outside Italy’s borders, either through the physical exchanges of teachers and students, or through more abstract connections involving the production and circulation of ideas. This essay maps Ca’ Foscari’s ‘international relations’ throughout its first one-hundred years (1868-1968) and links the various distinct phases in the development of the University’s cross-border connections with the coterminous foreign policies of the Italian state and national narratives about Italy’s place and destiny in the world.
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Dodgshon, R. A. « The Socio-Political Map of Europe, 400—1500 ». Dans An Historical Geography of Europe, 54–72. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198741794.003.0003.
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Abstract The political map of Europe was repeatedly redrawn over the period AD 400—1500. The divide between Roman and Barbarian Europe began to dissolve into a more complex political geography from the fourth century onwards as large areas, including most of the western empire, were overwhelmed by the migration of Germanic tribes like the Goths, Sueves, Vandals, and Saxons. Out of these dislocations emerged the outlines of a new ordering of political space, one whose formative concepts and institutional forms are fundamental to any definition of the medieval world. In trying to understand this new ordering, and the processes which shaped its development over the medieval period, we need to look closely at four aspects of the problem. First, we need to grasp the nature and extent of the migrations which redrew the tribal and ethnic map of early medieval Europe; secondly, we need to consider how political space was redefined over the medieval period, notably through the institution of the state; thirdly, we need to review the actual pattern of European states as it unfolded over the medieval period; and, fourthly, we need to consider whether political space was structured in ways other than through the state system.
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Heffernan, M. « The Changing Political Map : Geography, Geopolitics, and the Idea of Europe since 1500* ». Dans An Historical Geography of Europe, 140–80. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198741794.003.0007.
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Abstract The political geography of Europe has been in a constant state of flux over the past 500 years. The continent’s borders and frontiers have changed so frequently that a substantial (and probably rather tedious) volume would be required to provide even a crude outline of the major events. Conceptually, such a project would be extremely challenging, for the idea of ‘Europe’ and the broader notion of ‘political space’ are not universal, transcendent concepts; rather, they are complex ideas whose meanings have changed enormously over the past half-millennium. The assumption that the political map of Europe in 1500 can be regarded simply as a different version of the comparable map today is thus ilieoretically and historically absurd.
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« “Transitional” or “Transcultural” Maps ? The Function and Impact of Arabic-Islamic Elements in Latin Christian Cartography of the Early Fourteenth Century ». Dans Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500, 137–59. BRILL, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004446038_007.
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Benedict, Philip, et Virginia Reinburg. « Religion and the sacred ». Dans Renaissance and Reformation France 1500-1648, 119–46. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198731665.003.0006.
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Abstract Amid the patchwork of provinces that made up France in 1500, in a world where country folk were very different from town dwellers, the learned from the unlettered, and nobles from commoners, Christianity defined the country’s common culture like nothing else. For much of the Middle Ages the French kings had tolerated a small minority of Jews, but they had been definitively expelled in 1394. Small pockets of Waldensians (vaudois) lived in the hills of Dauphine and Provence. These dogged descendants of a heretical movement of the twelfth century remained loyal to their barbes (lay preachers). Their refusal to pray to saints, honour images, or submit to priests they considered immoral brought them intermittently afoul of the law. Still, they conformed to most features of the established religious order, regularly attending mass and receiving the sacraments.
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Housley, Norman. « The End of the Baltic Crusade 1382–1562 ». Dans The Later Crusades, 1274—1580, 351–75. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198221371.003.0013.
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Abstract In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Iberia and the Baltic present, from the point of view of the crusades, an interesting study in contrasts. As we have seen, Spanish crusading enthusiasm attained new heights in the conquest of Granada, and went on to find novel channels of expression in both the Old and the New Worlds. By contrast, the Baltic region experienced what one historian has aptly termed ‘the withering of the crusade’. By 1500 crusades had all but ceased to be preached, the Ordensstaat was in the last stages of decay, and the Teutonic Order itself faced a grave crisis. Few would have predicted such developments in 1382, when the Christian states of Iberia were enmeshed in internecine disputes, while the Teutonic Order was flourishing, and its war against Lithuania was regarded by almost all of Catholic Europe as a praiseworthy endeavour. Unlike the other fronts examined in this book, the Baltic crusade had no discernible life after about 1520. In this chapter we shall therefore be looking at the effective demise of a crusading tradition (see maps 13 and 14).
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Ogden, P. E. « Changes in Population and Society, 1500 to the Present* ». Dans An Historical Geography of Europe, 181–206. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198741794.003.0008.
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Abstract Corpses posed terrible problems, as churchyards overflowed and the air reeked of death. The authorities ordered mass graves, lined with quicklime. It was impossible to bury all immediately, and bodies piled up in the streets. Pepys came across a body in an open yard, with nobody to bury it, ‘the plague making us as cruel as dogs one to another’. (Porter, 1994: 83, on the plague in London in 1665) ‘Every man desires to live long,’ Swift observed, ‘but no man would be old.’ If current trends continue, many of us may live well past 80. How many of us will live past 100 and how well we will live at advanced ages are two much more uncertain questions.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Maps, World, 1507"
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Wagner, David, Daniel Mainz, Thomas Gerhards et Xiaoming Chen. « Carbon Fiber Composite Chassis Components, Opportunities and Challenges ». Dans FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-mml-059.
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Using lightweight components to reduce vehicle mass is one of the tactics available to vehicle manufacturers to reduce CO2 emissions. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite with its high strength to density ratio is one of the potential materials to reduce component mass. The lessons learned from three research and development projects on automotive chassis structural components designed, manufactured and tested using carbon fibre composites provides insights into the opportunities for mass reduction and the cost, manufacturing and analysis challenges that combine to limit the applicability of carbon fibre composites in high volume automotive use. Projects investigated three structural cassis components, the Focus rear suspension tie blade knuckle, the F-150 front suspension lower control arm, and the Fusion (Mondeo) front subframe. All the projects developed, analysed, manufactured and tested carbon fibre composite replacement components that fit the package and met equivalent performance requirements to the production parts. Then the designs and manufacturing plans informed the cost estimates for these components at high automotive volumes. The tie blade knuckle chose thermoplastic resin while the front lower control arm and subframe investigated thermoset resin carbon fibre composites. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites offer the opportunity of approximately a 30% mass reduction compared to a steel component. This mass savings is less than anticipated. Due to the high constituent material costs of both the carbon fibre and the high performance resin, the complex manufacturing processes, and the final assembly processes the resultant "weight buy" exceeds an additional $35 USD of variable cost per kilogram of mass saved compared to the production steel component. All three of the components investigated require multi material solutions that include both random chopped and oriented continuous carbon fibre composites plus steel reinforcements at high point load areas such as the bolted connections. Also, the predictive CAE tools are not yet fully mature for carbon fibre composites leading to lower confidence initial designs.
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Evangelista, Betânia, et Gilda Guimarães. « Learning scales represented in graphics : an intervention study ». Dans Advances in Statistics Education : Developments, Experiences, and Assessments. International Association for Statistical Education, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.15207.
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This research aimed to investigate the influence of an educational intervention with scales represented in bar charts and lines, with 69 primary school 5th grade students (10 years old) with three types of activities that explored the scale concept : length measures (MC), number of lines (RN) and maps (MP). During the intervention, we sought to generate discussion about the unity of the scale and the existing proportionality within. The results revealed that after only two intervention sessions, the students in all groups had a significant advancement. Although the activities required different contexts, a particular type of solution strategy for each one was not found. Thus, it would be safe to affirm that if students are to become critical readers and producers of information in graphics, they will need to be given a systematic work in schools.
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Craig, Angus, Jason Warkins, Bassel Wassouf, Douglas Beall, Vonda Banker et Dominick Madaffari Jr. « Evaluation of Uncoated Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance for US EPA MY27+ Particulate Mass Emissions Regulation ». Dans WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2383.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) represents a practical solution for particulate emissions control in light-duty gasoline-fueled vehicles. It is also seen as an essential technology in North America to meet the upcoming US EPA tailpipe emission regulation, as proposed in the “Multi-pollutant Rule for Model Year 2027”.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The goal of this study was to introduce advanced, uncoated GPF products and measure their particulate mass (PM) reduction performance within the existing US EPA FTP vehicle testing procedures, as detailed in Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 1066.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Various state-of-the-art GPF products were characterized for their microstructure properties with lab-bench checks for pressure drop and filtration efficiency, then pre-conditioned with an EPA-recommended 1500 mile on-road break-in, and finally were tested on an AWD vehicle chassis-dyno emissions test cell at both 25°C and -7°C ambient conditions. A modern, T3B70, GTDI light-duty truck served as the test vehicle platform for this study.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This report will show that advanced uncoated GPFs can repeatedly demonstrate high PM filtration efficiency, positioning them well as one solution to meet the US EPA proposed 0.5 mg/mile PM limit. </div></div>
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Stoll, Tobias, Andre Kulzer et Hans-Juergen Berner. « A Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Concept with Fuel Cell Range Extender for Urban Delivery Transport – Vehicle Application ». Dans WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0491.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The electrification of vehicle fleets for urban delivery transport is becoming increasingly important due to ever stricter legal requirements and the high public pressure on companies. In this paper, a converted 3.5 t light-duty vehicle with a maximum gross weight of 7.5 t is presented. The vehicle has a serial hybrid electric powertrain with a maximum electric traction power of 150 kW and a 60 kW fuel cell range extender, and uses a 46 kWh battery with 400 V mean voltage level, resulting in a full electric range of 120 km. The electric drive is realized with an induction motor and a lithium-manganese-iron-phosphate (LMFP)-battery as well as a 2-speed gearbox. The fuel cell system has a fuel tank with 100 l volume and 700 bar pressure level, resulting in a total mass of around 4.2 kg of hydrogen. This enables an overall vehicle range of 400 km. For the fuel cell system, a newly developed concept with a rated power of 1.0 W/cm<sup>2</sup> and an electrically assisted turbocharger is introduced [<span class="xref">1</span>]. To reach optimal results for the electric and the hydrogen energy consumption, the vehicle applies an operating strategy based on the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). This operating strategy uses a global optimization algorithm in combination with the local optimized hydrogen consumption provided by the ECMS, to calculate the minimum possible energy consumption for the vehicle. This is achieved by using a reference drive cycle in charge sustaining mode. The vehicle is afterwards simulated with two additional drive cycles. The first drive cycle is a low load urban driving scenario with an overall range 7.85 km, the second a medium load urban delivery scenario simulating a vehicle day tour of 150 km and an overall duration of around 6 h and 45 min. Both drive cycles are simulated in charge-depleting mode. Finally, the operation of the different powertrain components as well as the electric energy and hydrogen consumption is presented.</div></div>
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Yang, Lijun, Wenan Li, Xiaoze Du et Yongping Yang. « Effect of Hydrophobicity in Cathode Porous Media on PEM Fuel Cell Performance ». Dans ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18438.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The water management is a key issue for the performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Materials of the fuel cell would affect the water transportation in the flow field thus influence the overall performance of a fuel cell. Three dimensional single-channel, counter-flow model was built to analyze the performance of PEM fuel cell. Different surface contact angles were set to the liquid water droplets in the catalyst layers (CL) and gas diffusion layers (GDL) to present the different wetting property characterizations of the materials. Assuming that the contact angles range from 75° to 150°, the liquid water content and distribution in the cathode GDL were investigated in details. Numerical analysis showed that the hydrophobicity of the structure affects water transportation in the fuel cell significantly. Hydrophobic materials could lower the rate of water saturation in the flow field thus prevent the water flooding in the cathode side. When the surface contact angel of cathode CL and GDL was set to 135°, the liquid water content is least in the GDL. I-V polarization curves of the fuel cell with different materials were also developed to analyze the overall performance. As a result, proper hydrophobic material would lower the rate of cathode water flooding in PEM and benefit the performance of PEM fuel cell.
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Siguenza, Diego, Dawei Wu et Guillermo Soriano. « Coaxial Borehole Heat Exchanger Simulation With Power Generation Potential for Chachimbiro, Ecuador ». Dans ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65862.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This work presents a virtual coaxial Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE) energy balance simulation in Chachimbiro, Ecuador. The purpose of this study was to estimate the power generation and optimize the engineering parameters from a virtual coaxial BHE of 1500 meters depth on the mentioned site. The methodology used was the modeling simulation based on mass and energy balance through AMEsim software, and the parameters employed in the model considered the previous location surveys besides a sensitivity analysis of geometry, pipe materials, and BHE insulation depth. The results showed that a single coaxial BHE on Chachimbiro would have a thermal power potential between 3–4 MW, and its efficiency would mainly depend on the thermal conductivity of the pipes plus the insulation casing depth.
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Mancaruso, Ezio, Salvatore Rossetti et Bianca Maria Vaglieco. « Analysis of Dual Fuel Hydrogen/Diesel Combustion Varying Diesel and Hydrogen Injection Parameters in a Single Cylinder Research Engine ». Dans WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2363.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the perspective of a reduction of emissions and a rapid decarbonisation, especially for compression ignition engines, hydrogen plays a decisive role. The dual fuel technology is perfectly suited to the use of hydrogen, a fuel characterized by great energy potential. In fact, replacing, at the same energy content, the fossil fuel with a totally carbon free one, a significant reduction of the greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and total hydrocarbon, as well as of the particulate matter can be obtained. The dual fuel with indirect injection of gaseous fuel in the intake manifold, involves the problem of hydrogen autoignition. In order to avoid this difficulty, the optimal conditions for the injection of the incoming mixture into the cylinder were experimentally investigated. All combustion processes are carried out on a research engine with optical access. The engine speed has is set at 1500 rpm, while the EGR valve is deactivated. The purpose of this work is to research the minimum amount of diesel fuel, which allows efficient and controlled hydrogen ignition. Starting from the dual fuel conditions investigated in previous works with two injections per cycle, one of the diesel injections was removed. Subsequently, the shift of the start of injection and the reduction of the energizing time of the diesel injection as well as the increase in the delivered mass of hydrogen are analysed. The final aim is to obtain an indicated mean effective pressure equal to the one previously analysed avoiding backfiring phenomena in the manifolds or abnormal engine operation. All the analysed tests are in ultra lean combustion conditions with premixed ratio higher than 95% and equivalence ratio higher than 0.32. From the investigated cases, it can be found that the best combustion efficiency is determined with a diesel start of injection around 10 before top dead centre, while the lowest amount of diesel corresponds to an energizing time of the injector equal to 209μs. Regarding the hydrogen injection in the intake manifold, a dependency on the intake valve timing is highlighted. Hydrogen was prevented from being thrown into the exhaust by starting its supply after the valve crossing; on the other hand, to avoid backfiring phenomena, it is noted that the hydrogen injection has to end prior to the compression phase commences. This information is of particular interest to fulfil engine decarbonisation optimizing the use of hydrogen in compression ignition engines and facilitating CFD analysis of hydrogen combustion in ultra lean conditions.</div></div>
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Petermann, Felix-marcel, Ole Andreas Alsos et Eleftherios Papachristou. « Interaction between humans and autonomous systems : Human facing explanatory interface for an urban autonomous passenger ferry ». Dans Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2023) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002821.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Problem statement During a public trial, over 150 passengers were interviewed about their thoughts and experiences using an autonomous ferry, among over 1500 passengers taking a trip on the world's first autonomous urban passenger ferry in Trondheim. One of the main issues expressed by passengers was a lack of information about the state of the unmanned ferry service. A safety attendant was aboard for the three-week public testing to take over control in the unlikely case of a hazardous event. Observations of passengers revealed a desire for information regarding the functionality of the ferry, the current state of the boat, and the progress of the current journey. Passengers interviewed stated that, especially if no safety personnel are on board, the demand for information is higher because no one can be queried. The absence of information increased the sense of insecurity. Since the space aboard the autonomous passenger ferry is limited, the used option cannot be too spacious; nonetheless, the information must be easily available to users. Research Question What information do passengers require on a self-driving urban passenger ferry? Does the type of information displayed affect passengers' perceptions of safety? Method Two 10-inch high-luminance (1000 nits) screens have been installed on the mast of the autonomous passenger ferry, allowing the user to see information on both sides when embarking, disembarking, and traveling. Two distinct information screen concepts have been visualized for use in a semi-structured interview. First, the passengers were asked what they could see on each of the concepts and what information they thought would be most useful. They should also explain how the information they view influences their sense of safety and trust. In an AB-test, passengers were asked to select a preferred concept for the information screen and describe why they chose that concept in detail. One of the concepts (A) was straightforward and depicted the journey's progress as a linear bar. Furthermore, the traveler could observe the ferry's status with a large illustration, along with the status in one word and a brief description. The second concept (B) should attract those passengers who are interested in details and technical elements. Concept B contained an environment map with the ferry's intended path and present position and heading, details for each single thruster, the speed in kn, system health status, battery levels, compass, object detection, and the ferry's current operation status. All used and previously stated characteristics on both presented screens have been used in a semi-open card sort to determine which information is most valuable to the passengers. The passengers were instructed to prioritize the offered information and fill in blank cards with missing information. Each of the placed cards was awarded points based on their location in the assortation; the further left the things were placed, the more points were awarded; the further right, the fewer points were awarded. Results 15 of the 1500 passengers who participated in the public trial of the urban autonomous passenger ferry were specifically asked about their preference for data visualization and the demand for information on such a ferry. The majority of the passengers (n = 12) indicated that they would prefer the simpler version of the information concept (A), whereas the remainder of the interviewed passengers would prefer the more technical interface because they are more concerned with the ferry's functionality and the reliability of the components. All of the users stated that they would feel less safe if there was no safety attendant or information screens on board. The cart sort analysis reveals that the more technical components have been ranked as less relevant, with the ferry's state, system health, and continuous travel progress being more important than detected objects, thruster details, LiDAR, and radar visualization. Conclusion Both the interview data and the card sort revealed that passengers on autonomous passenger ferries have a higher demand for straightforward and immediately available information. If they cannot obtain it from a human safety attendant on board, they require additional information that is not overly technical in order to maintain a high degree of safety perception.
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Tanimura, Satoshi, Shinji Akamatsu, Kenji Sato et Carlos Koeneke. « New Dry Low NOx Combustor for Mitsubishi M501/701G ». Dans ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22057.
Texte intégralRésumé :
MHI G class gas turbine was designed to operate with a Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT) of 1500 °C. This elevated temperature results in high thermal efficiency but also can induce relatively high emissions. MHI has developed a new Dry Low NOx (DLN) combustor that improves this class turbine compliance with stringent environmental regulations imposed around world. In addition to targeting an environmentally friendly combustor with lower emissions, the redesigned DLN combustor also improves the stability margin. Verification tests of the new DLN combustor were conducted in a M501G1 gas turbine at MHI’s T-Point Combined Cycle Power Plant from May, 2005 to March, 2007. In addition to verifying lower emission levels, these tests confirmed a wide stable operation margin as well as the reliability and durability of the components. The new design is optimized to be retrofitted into existing G class engines. The combustor is now in mass production as a MHI’s standard combustor. This paper describes the design process applied for the new combustor, including the Computational fluid Dynamics’ (CFD) and other analytical tools used.
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Schatzel, Donald V., et Andrew A. Shapiro. « Characterization of Electrical Failure Modes in Chip-on-Board Assemblies for Extreme Temperature Environments ». Dans ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73036.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Future space missions to Mars and the outer planets will have to operate on the planet surface in temperatures that range from −200°C to 40°C. These missions will require sensors, instruments and motors to operate for extended periods that exceed the duration of any planetary surface mission to date. Currently the Mars Science Laboratory rovers planned for 2009 will be required to survive a mission life of about 500 Martian sols. The Martian solar day is called a sol and is equal to 24 hours and 39 minutes of an Earth day. This extended mission requirement is beyond the reliability threshold of present electronic materials and interfaces such as those used on the Mars Exploration Rovers. The combination of correct materials, electrical interconnection and packaging design are critical to ensuring long life when the range between minimum and maximum temperatures approach or exceed 200°C. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory as part of the Mars Technology program is performing a series of designed experiments to determine the best electronic packaging materials that would survive 500 Martian sols in the temperature range of −120°C to 85°C. This technology development is part of the preparation effort to design and build survivable electronics for the Mars Science Laboratory rovers and related future outer planet missions. This technology development program is called Temperature Cycle Resistant Electronics (TCRE) and is a 3 year design for electrical interface reliability activity. The experiment team assembled 27 different types of test vehicles which are the result of a full factorial designed experiment. There were 10 samples of each type assembled for statistical confidence to yield a total of 270 test vehicles. The basic test vehicle design consists of silicon die mounted to a substrate with gold wire bond electrical interconnects. Continuous electrical paths were designed into the substrate and the dice. The basic experiment consists of assembling three different types of substrates, three different types of die attach materials and three different types of over coat material. The test vehicles were subjected to 1500 thermal cycles (three times required mission life) from −120°C to 85°C over nine months. Open electrical circuits were observed over time due to material interactions over this temperature range that created electrical failures. This paper summarizes the failure results and identifies the material sets that survived this phase of the experiment for 1500 extreme temperature cycles.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Maps, World, 1507"
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Zhang, Hongbin B., David J. Bonfil et Shahal Abbo. Genomics Tools for Legume Agronomic Gene Mapping and Cloning, and Genome Analysis : Chickpea as a Model. United States Department of Agriculture, mars 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586464.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The goals of this project were to develop essential genomic tools for modern chickpea genetics and genomics research, map the genes and quantitative traits of importance to chickpea production and generate DNA markers that are well-suited for enhanced chickpea germplasm analysis and breeding. To achieve these research goals, we proposed the following research objectives in this period of the project: 1) Develop an ordered BAC library with an average insert size of 150 - 200 kb (USA); 2) Develop 300 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with an aid of the BAC library (USA); 3) Develop SSR marker tags for Ascochyta response, flowering date and grain weight (USA); 4) Develop a molecular genetic map consisting of at least 200 SSR markers (Israel and USA); 5) Map genes and QTLs most important to chickpea production in the U.S. and Israel: Ascochyta response, flowering and seed set date, grain weight, and grain yield under extreme dryland conditions (Israel); and 6) Determine the genetic correlation between the above four traits (Israel). Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks the first in the Middle East. Chickpea seeds are a good source of plant protein (12.4-31.5%) and carbohydrates (52.4-70.9%). Although it has been demonstrated in other major crops that the modern genetics and genomics research is essential to enhance our capacity for crop genetic improvement and breeding, little work was pursued in these research areas for chickpea. It was absent in resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. For instance, there were no large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, no sufficient and user- friendly DNA markers, and no intraspecific genetic map. Grain sizes, flowering time and Ascochyta response are three main constraints to chickpea production in drylands. Combination of large seeds, early flowering time and Ascochyta blight resistance is desirable and of significance for further genetic improvement of chickpea. However, it was unknown how many genes and/or loci contribute to each of the traits and what correlations occur among them, making breeders difficult to combine these desirable traits. In this period of the project, we developed the resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. In particular, we constructed the proposed large-insert BAC library and an additional plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library from an Israeli advanced chickpea cultivar, Hadas. The BAC library contains 30,720 clones and has an average insert size of 151 kb, equivalent to 6.3 x chickpea haploid genomes. The BIBAC library contains 18,432 clones and has an average insert size of 135 kb, equivalent to 3.4 x chickpea haploid genomes. The combined libraries contain 49,152 clones, equivalent to 10.7 x chickpea haploid genomes. We identified all SSR loci-containing clones from the chickpea BAC library, generated sequences for 536 SSR loci from a part of the SSR-containing BACs and developed 310 new SSR markers. From the new SSR markers and selected existing SSR markers, we developed a SSR marker-based molecular genetic map of the chickpea genome. The BAC and BIBAC libraries, SSR markers and the molecular genetic map have provided essential resources and tools for modern genetic and genomic analyses of the chickpea genome. Using the SSR markers and genetic map, we mapped the genes and loci for flowering time and Ascochyta responses; one major QTL and a few minor QTLs have been identified for Ascochyta response and one major QTL has been identified for flowering time. The genetic correlations between flowering time, grain weight and Ascochyta response have been established. These results have provided essential tools and knowledge for effective manipulation and enhanced breeding of the traits in chickpea.
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Keshav, Dr Geetha, Dr Suwaibah Fatima Samer, Dr Salman Haroon et Dr Mohammed Abrar Hassan. TO STUDY THE CORRELATION OF BMI WITH ABO BLOOD GROUP AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS. World Wide Journals, février 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/2405523.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introduction: Advancements and increase in access to healthcare have increased the life expectancy in India from 32 years in 1947 to almost 70 years currently. Due to robust vaccination and basic health programs, most of the communicable diseases are kept under control. The disease burden is now skewed towards non-communicable diseases. It is an established fact that body mass index (BMI) is a reliable predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Early prediction can decrease the disease load and enable early preventative measures. A more novel approach of connecting it with blood groups would yield profound results in predictability and subsequent management. This study was done to see correlation between BMI and known blood groups in order to predict the potential incidence of CVDs in medical students. Material and Method - A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Bhaskar Medical College from September 2022 - November 2022. The sample population included 150- 1st year medical students chosen by Randomized sampling method. BMI was calculated based as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). Discussion - Many studies conducted on the association of Blood groups with BMI yielded mixed and inconclusive results. On analysis of the data obtained from this study, O- positive blood group showed the highest inclination towards obesity i.e. 30 of the total participants. A-positive and B- positive blood groups were shown to have a lesser association with obesity i.e. 11 participants of the 150. These results were in accordance with a study done among female students by Shireen Javad et.al, nding blood group O to be the most prone to obesity.8 Incompatible to our results, a study conducted by Samuel Smith Isaac Okai et.al. found no signicant association between blood groups and BMI.10 Another study conducted by Christina Ravillo et.al. found that blood group O had the highest and blood group AB with lowest prevalence of obesity9. These ndings were similar to the results obtained in our study. To study the correlation of BMI with ABO blood group and Cardiovascula AIMS and OBJECTIVES Aim: - r risk among medical students. 1. Calculate and segregate the participants according to BM Objectives: - I using the standard formula provided by the WHO. 1. Determine Blood group using antisera 2. Evaluation of Lipid prole in obese individuals
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov et Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.
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Epiphan, Jean, et Steven Handel. Trajectory of forest vegetation under contrasting stressors over a 26-year period, at Morristown National Historical Park : Focused condition assessment report. National Park Service, mars 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2297281.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Jockey Hollow section and the New Jersey Brigade Area of Morristown National Historical Park (MORR) are predominantly comprised of upland oak-hickory forests that have regrown over the past 200 years from previous land uses. The forest is being damaged by two major stressors, a large population of white-tailed deer and an abundance of non-native, invasive shrubs and herbaceous species. This study explores changes to the forest over 26 years and suggests management techniques to avoid future degradation. The forest is typical of many upland stands in the region, and studies here would be applicable to many lands controlled by the National Park Service and to many public and private land owners. In 1995, 18 vegetation experimental plots were established in the forest, each 20 x 20 m. Ten plots were in areas that had no non-native, invasive plants. The other eight plots had invasive species. All trees, shrubs and a sampling of herbs were recorded in each of the 18 plots. At that time, no GPS technology was available and handwritten maps were used to record locations. The plots were revisited and resurveyed in 2001; however, only 13 plots were found. This 2021 study is a new survey of the plot conditions. The investigators were able to relocate 17 of the original plots. New GPS locations were recorded for these 17 plots to facilitate future studies. The goal of the study was to test if changes over 26 years in forest conditions differed between the original invaded plots as compared to the uninvaded plots. Also, these data will allow us to measure the progress of invasion into previously uninvaded areas. Together, these results will allow the forest managers to focus attention on the most aggressive plant invaders and to understand the fate of this forest type that is being challenged by deer and non-native plants. Over the last 26 years there has been no hunting for deer here. Also, the plots were not within the few deer exclosures at MORR; deer were able to enter the landscape from surrounding heavily wooded areas. Data were collected in four layers of vegetation – mature trees, saplings, shrubs, and herbaceous groundcovers. The mature trees in the invaded forest plots demonstrated declining trends. The species richness declined by 6%, the average number of trees declined by 30%, white ash and flowering dogwood had the most losses, and basal area did not increase over time because very few new saplings grew into mature tree sizes. The uninvaded plots’ mature trees also revealed a 20% declined in richness, number of trees declined by 18%, the greatest losses occurred for red maple and black birch, but basal area increased slightly due to growth of large persisting trees. Saplings in the invaded forest experienced declines over the 26 years. Species richness declined by 38%, number of native saplings decreased by 44%, and number of invasive saplings increased by 600%. In the uninvaded forest, the conditions and trends were variable. Richness decreased by 21%, no invasive saplings found, number of native saplings increased by 37% (due to increases in American beech). With American beech excluded, the number of native saplings decreased by 60%. In both forest types, the declining number of native saplings was primarily caused by excessive deer damage. For the shrub layer in invaded plots, Japanese barberry stems increased by 122% by 2001 and 276% by 2021. Barberry became the dominant species. Similarly, wineberry stands increased 486% in 2001 and 157% for 2021. It is now the second most common species. However, in the uninvaded plots there was no significant increase in the number of barberry stems and wineberry was not present in 1995 or 2001, and only averaged 1.5 stems per plot in 2021. Neither species has a significant presence now and eradication is possible. A major finding is that the process of invasion of these shrubs over 26 years is very slow. For the herbaceous plants, in the invaded plots there was a sharp decrease in cover by 2021 due to the competitive impact by the abundant invasive shrubs. The invasive Japanese stiltgrass declined 86% in cover and native Carex (sedge) species declined by 78%. In the uninvaded forest plots, stiltgrass was present in very low amounts and did not increase significantly over 26 years. The number of quadrats with any stiltgrass only increased from 3 to 5 over the 26 years. These data show that stiltgrass invades slowly in the uninvaded plots, but in the invaded plots it was greatly replaced by invasive shrubs. Overall, the rate of change of the native herb cover was slow. Together, these data suggest that currently uninvaded forest areas can be protected by monitoring and rigorously eliminating any initial invasions by non-native shrubs and herbs. Once these species reach a significant presence in number of stems or cover in a plot they explode in number. Early intervention when invasive plants first appear is the most practical management tool. Reduction of deer density will also increase the reproductive potential and sustainability of our main forest tree species. Planting of new young canopy tree species, with protection from deer, can retard the ability of invasive plants to begin new populations.