Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Mangas – France – 2000- »

RESUMENLa historiografía sobre la muerte, desarrollada entre finales de los años setenta y noventa de la pasada centuria, tuvo especial interés y proyección a partir de las investigaciones trazadas por la tercera generación de Annales. Los planteamientos de esta corriente, en sintonía con los modelos de dicha escuela y avalados por la renovación del objeto histórico tras el estructuralismo, giraron alrededor del estudio de las condiciones materiales, actitudes, imágenes y gestualidad del hombre medieval ante la muerte. El cuerpo de esta fructífera reflexión, como parcela de la “historia de las mentalidades”, albergó novedades metodológicas, facilitando una visión y proyección heurística, debido al impacto que tuvo dentro del diálogo de la historia con las ciencias sociales y otras disciplinas del quehacer humanístico. A finales del siglo xx y comienzo del presente, el giro producido en el quehacer histórico ha otorgado un mayor protagonismo a lo social y cultural, colocando en el lugar protagonista ocupado durante décadas por la “historia de la muerte” otros intereses. Compete, por tanto, plantearse qué horizontes cabría dibujar, dentro de las coordenadas historiográficas de la actualidad, para las investigaciones sobre la muerte, cuyas paradojas siguen vigentes como recurso para conocer los fenómenos y manifestaciones propias de la civilización medieval.Palabras clave: Muerte medieval, historiografía de la muerte ABSTRACTThe historiography of death developed between the late 1970s and the 1990s was of special interest and projection. It was based on research carried out by the third generation of the Annales. The approaches developed in line with the models of this school of thought and underpinned by the renewal of the historical object following structuralism, revolved around the study of material conditions, attitudes, images and gestures of the medieval man in the face of death. The core of this prolific reflection as part of the “history of mentalities” contained methodological novelties facilitating a heuristic vision and projection due to the impact it had on the dialogue between History and Social Sciences and other humanistic disciplines. At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the current the shift in historical endeavour has given greater prominence to what is social and cultural, placing other interests in the key role for decades occupied by the “history of death”. For researching into death, it is necessary therefore to consider what perceptions can be drawn within the historiographical coordinates of the present day whose paradoxes are still valid as a resource to understand the phenomena and manifestations of medieval civilisation.Keywords: mediaeval death, historiography of death REFERENCIASActas de las I Jornadas de Metodología Aplicada de las Ciencias Históricas. V. Paleografía y archivística, Santiago de Compostela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones, 1975.Alexandre-Bidon, D., La mort au Moyen Âge: xiiie-xvie, París, Editorial Hachette, 1998.Alexandre-Bidon, D. y Treffort, C. (dirs.), A reveiller les morts. La mort au quotidien dans l’Occident médieval, Lyon, Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1993.Ariès, P., Essais sur l’histoire de la mort en Occident du Moyen Âge á nous jours, París, Éditions du Seuil, 1975 (trad. Historia de la muerte en Occidente. 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Evolución historiográfica de un concepto complejo y polémico”, Obradoiro de Historia Moderna, 11 (2002), pp. 135-190.Guiance, A., Muertes medievales, mentalidades medievales: un estado de la cuestión sobre la historia de la muerte en la Edad Media, Buenos Aires, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1989.—Los discursos sobre la muerte en la Castilla medieval (siglos vii-xv), Valladolid, Consejería de Educación y Cultura de la Junta de Castilla y León, 1998.—“Introducción. Veinte años de historiografía sobre la muerte: un balance y un nuevo comienzo”, en F. Miranda García y M.ª T. López de Guereño Sanz (dir.), La muerte de los príncipes en la Edad Media, Madrid, Casa de Velázquez, 2020, pp. 1-16.Hadley, D. M., Death in Medieval England, Stroud, Tempus, 2001.Hernández Sandoica, E., Los caminos de la historia. Cuestiones de historiografía y método, Madrid, Síntesis, 1994.Huizinga, J., El otoño de la Edad Media. Estudios sobre las formas de vida y el espíritu durante los siglos xiv y xv en Francia y los Países Bajos, Madrid-Buenos Aires, Alianza Editorial-Revista de Occidente Argentina, 1930 y reeds. de 1947 y 1985.Joyce, P., “The return of history: postmodernism and the politics of academic history in Britain”, Past and Present, 158 (1998), pp. 207-235.Ladero Quesada, M. A., “Trayectorias y generaciones. Un balance crítico: la Edad Media”, en Pellistrandi, B. (ed..), La historiografía francesa del siglo xx y su acogida en España, Madrid, Casa de Velázquez, 2002, pp. 311-335.Lapesa, R., “El tema de la muerte en el Libro de Buen Amor”, en R. Lapesa, De la Edad Media a nuestros días, Madrid, Editorial Gredos, 1967, pp. 53-75.Lauwers, M., “Le sépulcre des pères et les ancêtres. Notes sur le culte des défunts à l’âge seigneurial”, Medievales. Langue. Textes. Histoire. La mort des grandes. Hommage à Jean Devisse, 31 (1996), pp. 67-78.—La Mémoire des ancêtres, le souci des morts. 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T., Vivre et mourir en Lyonnais à la fin du Moyen Âge, Paris, CNRS, 1981.Mâle, E., L´art religieux du xiiie siècle en France, París, Colin, 1898.—L´art religieux de la fin du Moyen Âge en France. Étude sur l´iconographie du Moyen Âge et sur ses sources d´inspiration, París, Librairie Armand Colin, 1908.Marandet, M. C., Le souci de l´au-delà: la pratique testamentaire dans la région toulosaine (1300-1450), Perpignan, Presses Universitaires, 1998.Mattoso, J., “O culto dos mortos na Península Ibérica (seculos vii a xi)”, Lusitania Sacra, 4 (1992), 2ª serie, pp. 13-37.—“A morte dos reis na Cronistica Pré-Alfonsina”, Estudos Medievais, 10 (1993), pp. 79-95.—“O poder e a morte”, Anuario de Estudios Medievales, 25/2 (1995), pp. 395-427.—(dir.), O Reino dos mortos na Idade Média peninsular, Lisboa, Edições João Sá da Costa, 1996.McManners, J., “Death and the French Historians”, en Whaley, J. (ed.), Mirrors of Mortality: Studies in the Social History of Death, London, Routledge, 1981, pp. 106-130.Miranda García, F. y López de Guereño Sanz, M.ª T., La muerte de los príncipes en la Edad Media: balance y perspectivas historiográficas, Madrid, Casa de Velázquez, 2020.Mitre Fernández, E., “El sentido medieval de la muerte. Reflexiones desde el prisma del siglo xx”, Anuario de Estudios Medievales, 16 (1986), pp. 621-639.—La muerte vencida. Imágenes e historia en el Occidente medieval (1200-1348), Madrid: Ediciones Encuentro, 1988.—“La muerte del rey: La historiografía hispánica (1200-1348) y la muerte entre las élites”, En la España Medieval, 11 (1988), pp. 167-183.—“Muerte y memoria del rey en la Castilla bajomedieval”, en G. Duby, G. (et al.), La idea y el sentimiento de la muerte en la historia y en el arte de la Edad Media (II), Santiago de Compostela, Secretariado de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 1992, pp. 17-26.—“Actitudes del hombre ante la muerte”, en González Mínguez, C. (ed.), La otra historia: Sociedad, cultura y mentalidades, Bilbao, Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, 1993, pp. 25-36.—“La muerte y sus discursos dominantes entre los siglos xiii y xv (reflexiones sobre recientes aportes historiográficos)”, en Serrano Martín, E. (coord.), Muerte, religiosidad y cultura popular, Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico, 1994, pp. 15-34.Morin, E., L’Homme et la Mort. 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Notre objet d'étude protéiforme demande une vision pluridisciplinaire pour en aborder tous les aspects, dans notre pays qui montre une spécificité remarquable en étant le second marché mondial de manga. Cette complexité sera étudiée en plusieurs temps, en commençant par une approche historique et panoramique du phénomène, qui permet de prendre acte de la diversité du manga qui s'étoile en une multitude de genres. Une description minutieuse de la matérialité du manga permettra de cerner ensuite sa poétique propre, en analysant les spécificités narratives, stylistiques et économiques assujetties à l'aspect sériel. Les relations qu'entretient le manga avec les autres medias seront alors interrogées, ce qui entraînera une redéfinition élargie du genre : la notion de récit circulant nous amènera notamment à poser la question de la réception. Le lecteur-spectateur sera enfin au coeur de la dernière partie. Notre propos s'appuiera tout d'abord sur la définition d'un lecteur-type, en créant un avatar de lecteur moyen virtuel qui servira à distinguer les habitus et les postures du lecteur puis du fan. Ce dernier sera l'objet de l'analyse suivante, où nous nous attarderons sur les différentes manifestations de sa passion. Le fan apparaîtra bien comme la clef du phénomène manga et nous terminerons par l'étude du fandom comme écosystème en analysant ses productions et ses sous-groupes. Cette dernière partie montrera que le manga est réellement un révélateur éclairant des changements culturels observables chez les jeunes générations en ce début de XXIè siècle
Our subject requires a multidisciplinary vision to tackle all its aspects in a country -France- that shows a remarkable specificity by being the second worls market. This complexity will be studied in several phases starting with a historical approach of the phenomenon tin order to emphasize the diversity of a multitude of genres. A minute description of the materiality will allow to define its own poetic expression by analyzing narrative as well as stylistics or economic specificity subject to the serial aspects. The manga's relationship with other media will be questioned, resulting in a wider redefinition of the genre : the notion of circulating narrative in particular leads up to ask the question of its reception. The reader-viewer will be the core of the last part. First, our subject will be based on a definition of a typical reader, creating a virtual avatar of the average reader which will be used to distinguish habitus and posture between the reader and the fan. The latter will be the subject of the following analysis where we will focus on the various expressions of his passion. The fan will appear as though the key to the problem and we will complete the study of fandom as an ecosystem by analyzing its productions and its subgroups. This last part will show that manga is really a revelation illuminating cultural changes observed among the younger generations at the very beginning of the 21st century

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The Brazilian politics of opening to the exterior, implemented for the government in 90´s decade, placed the production of the Manaus Industrial Pole in great competition with imported similars, competitive prices and quality, generating a crisis in the region.The effect of the crisis had been felt in such a way by the commerce, that have not attracted tourist of other regions of the country, as for the industry that observed a great fall in the global invoicing. To surpass the crisis, the government took a series of measures that they had aimed at to guarantee the permanence of the Manaus Free Trade Zone model, with prominence for the substitution of the minimum indices of nationalization for basic the productive process, creation of the EIZOF - International Warehouse of Manaus Free Trade Zone and the PEXPAM - Exportation for the Amazon Program. These measures, besides increasing the number of workers of the Manaus Industrial Pole, contained, in its bulge, incentives to extend the exportations of the companies installed in the city. The present work presents exportations evolution of the companies installed in Manaus, with prominence for the eletronic pole and two wheels, responsible the PIM great part of the production. The period of analysis goes from 1990 up to 2004, decade marked for great transformations in the region. The effect of these transformations will be analyzed by means of economic and social pointers. It is observed, to the long one of the period of analysis, an increment in the exportations of the companies of the PIM. However, the participation of the exportations in the invoicing of the companies still is very small, keeping the initial characteristic of the Manaus Free Trade Zone model to take care of, basically, the Brazilian domestic market.
A política brasileira de abertura ao exterior, implementada pelo governo na década de 1990, colocou a produção do Pólo Industrial de Manaus em grande concorrência com similares importados, de preços competitivos e qualidade, gerando assim uma crise na região. Os efeitos da crise foram sentidos tanto pelo comércio, que deixou de atrair turistas de outras regiões do país, como pela indústria que observou uma grande queda no faturamento global. Para superar a crise, o governo tomou uma série de medidas que visaram garantir a permanência do modelo Zona Franca de Manaus, com destaque para a substituição dos índices mínimos de nacionalização pelo processo produtivo básico, criação do EIZOF - Entreposto Internacional da Zona Franca de Manaus e do PEXPAM - Programa de Exportação para a Amazônia. Essas medidas, além de aumentarem o número de trabalhadores do Pólo Industrial de Manaus, continham, no seu bojo, incentivos para ampliar as exportações das empresas instaladas na cidade. Este trabalho apresenta a evolução das exportações das empresas instaladas em Manaus, com destaque para os pólos eletroeletrônico e de duas rodas, responsáveis por grande parte da produção do PIM. O período de análise vai de 1990 até 2004, década marcada por grandes transformações na região. Os efeitos dessas transformações serão analisados por meio de indicadores econômicos e sociais. Observa-se, ao longo do período de análise, um incremento nas exportações das empresas do PIM. Entretanto, a participação das exportações no faturamento das empresas ainda é muito pequena, mantendo a característica inicial do modelo Zona Franca de Manaus de atender, fundamentalmente, o mercado interno brasileiro.

During the past 30 years the Catholic bishops of the United States have captured the national headlines with their statements on nuclear disarmament and economic justice, their struggles to address sexual abuse by clergy, their concerns about abortion and religious freedom, and their defense of refugees and immigrants. The nearly 200 bishops leading local dioceses, though, are a varied mix of Church leaders. In 2016 all of the bishops were surveyed with an eye to better understanding who are the bishops as individuals (their background, education, and experiences), what are their day-to-day activities, their challenges and satisfactions as Church leaders, how they manage their dioceses, and how they speak out on public issues. The data are enriched by frequent quotes and anecdotes from the interviewed bishops. During the past 25 years the Church has gone from Pope John Paul II to Benedict XVI to Pope Francis, and the Catholic Church in the United States, along with its bishops, are dramatically different. The bishops of the United States have had their leadership tested by the sex abuse scandals, the movement of Catholics from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and West, and the arrival of more Catholic immigrants than they have seen in a century along with the ongoing decline in the number of priests and sisters serving the Catholic community. This book provides a unique and comprehensive view of who the bishops are, where they are from, and how they are leading the Church in the United States in the era of Pope Francis.

AbstractFrance is one of the forerunners in advancing towards implementation of a high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository. The state agency responsible for radioactive management, Andra, plans to start the construction of the “Cigéo” deep geological disposal facility in 2022, a pilot testing phase in 2025, and operation in 2040–2050. Although supported by most parliamentarians and key stakeholders in the region, the project continues to generate controversy and recurrent clashes between opponents and the police. The French nuclear sector has been among the pioneers in developing and institutionalising “counter-expertise”, the relations between civil society and project promoters have been tense, and the media have played a vigilant watchdog role, especially since the Chernobyl accident in 1986. In consequence, the authorities and industry have designed a range of response mechanisms, including the requirement for the project to remain reversible, the establishment of permanent and ad hoc multi-stakeholder bodies, and experiments at “co-creation of knowledge” by experts and citizens holding distinct types of expertise. The long and conflict-ridden history of the project provides numerous useful lessons on the multiple functions of mistrust as both a driver and a mechanism of articulation across domains of governance, the role of reversibility as a key notion helping to manage mistrust and cross-domain interaction, and the impact of the nuclear-sector legacies and path dependencies in shaping high-level radioactive waste governance.

Abstract“That they all may be one” (Jn 17:21) … Does, after more than 2000 years of church history full of conflict and contestation, this famous prayer of Jesus not rather seem like a pipe dream that further broadens the gap between aspirations and reality? Is ecumenism just a utopian attempt to ‘uncrack’ the egg that has got broken more and more by each new church division? Or is there more to dissent, to conflict and contestation from a theological angle than just the alarmed hushing up of dissenting voices by streamlined, objection-shunning ecclesial authorities? Given the controversy stories of Jesus in the gospels, is contestation indeed an ‘extraordinary’ phenomenon not befitting a church that professes to be ‘one, holy, catholic, and apostolic’? Is it possible to make conflict and disagreement the point of departure for creative theological reflection and sturdy ecumenical progress? What are the fruits that might be harvested from acknowledging and creatively engaging with the Christian legacy of conflict?This presentation takes as its point of departure the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century, when conflict was blazing up on different levels in theology, church, and state governance as well as society at large, at times resulting in physical aggression and religiously instigated violence and warfare. It cannot be denied that at the time conflict was playing a prominent role in the theological realm. Which are the theological lessons to be learnt today from this time of fierce conflict? As a result, the period of confessionalisation followed which led to clearly distinct ecclesial identities developing into the Lutheran Church, the Reformed Church, and the Roman Catholic Church. Each of them had become a new delimited community. Although there were attempts at reconciliation at the time, the differences and contradictions prevailed and ecclesial unity in the West was lost.If we understand ecumenism as an attempt of the different churches involved to overcome the contradiction of their opposed communal identities, this helps with assessing the role of conflict and dissent among those churches. On the one hand, this interpretation explains why only the modern ecumenical movement as a broad attempt at ‘concerted action’ yielded some success, although it never achieved the goal of “visible unity”—as the Constitution of the World Council of Churches (WCC) actually formulates the primary purpose of the WCC as an ecumenical institution. On the other hand, this interpretation clarifies why the modern ecumenical movement can function as a laboratory for devising innovative hermeneutical instruments. These instruments are designed for coping with controversy and conflict as well as for enhancing unity. Particularly the ‘differentiated’ or ‘differentiating consensus’, a hermeneutical tool developed in the International Lutheran–Roman Catholic Dialogue (since 1967) and for the first time fully fleshed out in the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (1999) merits closer analysis as an instrument to manage conflict and to harvest from dissent, but also as a tool to foster mutual understanding and enable encounter and cooperation between the two Christian World Communions involved.On the basis of the insights gained, the theological role of conflict and dissent becomes more clearly perceivable and it can be asked: how can conflicts become loci theologici, hallmarks of theological differentiation and discernment; how can they, by taking the shape of various forms of prophetic resistance, function as catalysts; and how can they have formative effects teaching to take seriously the differences of the other, but also to appreciate all the more the commonalities. If these points can be clarified sufficiently, conflict can enable true encounter, while an attitude is adopted that Pope Francis once labelled “the third way” to deal with conflict (EG 227).

At the Pine Ridge winery in Napa Valley, California, a sign lists six essential steps in wine production. The first step reads . . . Determine the site—prepare the land, terrace the slopes for erosion control, provide drainage and manage soil biodiversity. . . . Determining the site means gathering comprehensive data on the local cli­mate, topography, and geology, as well as the main soil types and their distribu­tion. Traditionally, site determination was done using the knowledge and experi­ence of individuals. Now it is possible to combine an expert’s knowledge with digital data on climate, parent material, topography, and soils in a GIS format to assess the biophysical suitability of land for wine grapes. Viticultural and soil ex­perts together identify the key properties and assign weightings to these proper­ties. An example of an Analytical Hierarchy Process is shown in figure 8.1. In this approach, both objective and subjective data were pooled and evaluated to decide the suitability of land for viticulture in West Gippsland, Victoria. In this region with a relatively uniform, mild climate, soil was given a 70% weighting, and the important soil properties were identified as depth, drainage, sodicity, texture, and pH. But in other areas, with another group of experts, a different set of key prop­erties and weightings may well be identified. For example, a similar approach used in Virginia, in the United States, gave only a 25% weighting to soil and 30% to elevation (which affected temperature, a critical factor governing growth rate and ripening) (Boyer and Wolf 2000). This kind of approach can be refined to indicate site suitability for a partic­ular variety within a region of given macroclimate. For example, Barbeau et al. (1998) assessed the suitability of sites in the Loire Valley, France, for the cultivar Cabernet Franc, using an index of “precocity.” Such an index is related to the ability of the fruit to accumulate sugar and anthocyanins and to attain a favorable acidity.

Abstract The development of treatment models that have empirically based protocols has coincided with the emphasis on evidence-based practice in professional counseling and social work. One such model is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which was developed in 1987 by Francine Shapiro to relieve posttraumatic stress symptoms. This therapy approach uses bilateral eye movement to desensitize the distressing memories, feelings, and cognitions associated with the traumatic incident(s) and to enhance the reprocessing and replacement of negative cognitions with more positive ones (Rubin, 2002). Using EMDR with a woman who has been sexually assaulted, the therapist would target any PTSD symptoms, as well as any negative cognitions, such as blaming herself for the rape or believing that she could have prevented the assault in some way.

The rapid expansion and integration of international trade, increased tourism, and changes in methods of production in recent decades have increased the likelihood of the introduction of invasive species to U.S. agriculture. Invasive species can have adverse environmental and/or economic impacts when introduced to a region. Economic impacts include marketing, production, and trade implications. One such invasive species imposing adverse economic impacts to the Florida citrus industry is a bacterial disease known as citrus canker (Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. citri). Citrus canker causes lesions on the leaves, stems, and fruit of citrus trees. The disease adversely affects the proportion of fruit intended for the fresh market, serves to weaken citrus trees, leads to a reduction in yields, and leads to higher costs of production. Florida’s Citrus Canker Eradication Program (CCEP) was implemented in the mid-1990s in an attempt to establish the guidelines for averting the spread of the disease. Currently there is no available biological or chemical cure for citrus canker. The CCEP instituted a policy of immediate eradication of any tree infected with citrus canker. Based upon the research by Gottwald et al., 2002, the CCEP also stipulated that all trees within a radius of 1900 feet of any infected trees be eradicated. Eradication is mandatory in such situations even if the trees within this radius do not yet show signs of infection. In addition to eradication, the CCEP defined additional regulations such as the decontamination of grove workers, field equipment, and packinghouses with approved chemicals (Chung et al., 2002). In 2004, an economic/benefit-cost analysis of the CCEP was conducted using the predicted values of the benefits and the costs associated with the policy. The actual expenditures of implementation through 2004 were weighed against the projected loss of revenue and the cost savings associated with an industry with pervasive citrus canker in an attempt to assess the net benefits of the policy. In this paper, a summary of the CCEP cost benefit analysis will be discussed. Three segments of Florida’s citrus industry were analyzed separately: 1) processed oranges; 2) fresh and processed grapefruit; and 3) specialty citrus fruit. An example will also be discussed which estimates the cumulative 15-year net grower returns for processed Hamlin and Valencia oranges which compares a no citrus canker situation with four possible endemic citrus canker fruit loss situations that include the additional grower costs to manage citrus canker. Note: The summary discussion presented in this paper on the economic impact of Florida’s citrus canker eradication program (CCEP) was completed in June–July 2004 prior to hurricanes Charley, Frances, and Jeanne, and in 2005 hurricane Wilma spreading citrus canker across Florida’s commercial citrus acreage. Updating economic impact of the CCEP to reflect the impact of the hurricanes is currently being planned. Paper published with permission.

The long term management of a production asset raises several major issues, among which rank the technical management of the plant, its economics and the fleet level perspective one has to adopt. Decision makers are therefore faced with the need to define long term policies (until the end of the life of the asset) which take into account multiple criteria including safety (which is paramount) and performance. In this paper we describe the French context where EDF (Electricite´ de France) is both Plant Owner and Operator of a fleet of 58 PWRs. We introduce a three-level methodology for asset management: the component / technical level (how to safely operate daily and invest for the future), the plant level (how to translate technical decisions into plant-wide consequences including economic performance) and the fleet level (how to manage a large number of similar assets). We then focus on the theoretical and practical links one can draw between the component level and the plant level. We describe several plant-wide indicators that are used to assess the value of the asset and we show how they can be inferred from the component-level technical and economic assessment (long-term equipment reliability, maintenance strategies, ...) by « rolling up » component level plans into a plant-wide decision process while taking into account the various sources of uncertainty associated with this assessment. We finally exemplify how this process could be applied to the life management of nuclear assets. To conclude, it appears asset management can be a major means for assessing and enhancing the long term value of a production unit while meeting everyday constraints.

La transformación urbana producida en España en las últimas décadas va siendo una cuestión más central en los trabajos de investigación sobre las dinámicas de evolución del territorio, debido a la progresiva extensión de las manchas urbanas a través de fenómenos cada vez más complejos. Uno de dichos trabajos realizado por el Centro de Política de Suelo y Valoraciones (CPSV) de la Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (UPC), en su proyecto de investigación “20 paisajes x 50 años”1 analiza el crecimiento en la tasa de consumo de suelo de 20 paisajes urbanos en España, en tres etapas temporales entre los años de 1956 y el 2006. Entre los objetivos del proyecto se generó una base de datos actualizada al año 2006 de las áreas urbanizadas objeto del estudio, desarrollada a través de la foto interpretación en Google Earth con el soporte de la clasificación realizada en el marco del proyecto europeo corine land cover (CLC). Un aspecto central en este trabajo es el planteamiento de una metodología para la delimitación “crítica” de áreas urbanizadas en cuanto a la demarcación de “confines” entre zonas rurales en procesos de urbanización y zonas urbanas consolidadas, ocupando también nuevas herramientas de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y teledetección para disminuir el tiempo del análisis interpretativo gracias a procesos semi-automáticos. Se abre una discusión, a través de una muestra de casos objeto del análisis a diferentes escalas, a cerca de las bases de datos manejadas, la precisión de los datos obtenidos y su integración con otras bases de datos en SIG para la obtención de diversos indicadores. La aplicación de la metodología se desarrolla en la costa Alicantina, aprovechando la variedad y complejidad de sus tejidos urbanos, así como la variedad del uso de suelo, con particular atención a las urbanizaciones en la franja costera.

The contribution aims to investigate integrated supply chain models in Italy. Through the analysis of some case studies, it aims to provide an initial mapping of territories where the involvement of communities in the production chains of local companies has generated sustainable circular supply chain models. In addition to the need to take action on carbon emissions (Coccia, 2022), there is a clear need to focus attention on a local dimension of textile and fashion production, capable of conceiving its own doing as part of a totality in which all the living beings that belong to a specific territorial ecosystem move, understood as a set of relations between an environmental system and a human society, which, organised also with evolved urban structures, find in that environmental system most of the fundamental resources for life, developing culturally and producing a system of relations, symbols, knowledge. The concept of the territorial ecosystem becomes fundamental for practicing the concept of sustainability of human settlements (Saragosa, 2001). By shifting the focus to the creation of a virtuous system capable of including and revitalizing local realities (Vaccari, 2021) by building a new system (Fletcher, 2013), new value can be generated and overcome not only the climate crisis but also the cultural crisis in which contemporary society finds itself. The research aims to build the foundations for starting a mapping exercise of those Italian territories, with a focus on central regions such as Tuscany and Marche, where a strategic scenario emerges made up of entrepreneurial realities in which the chain of processes and operations is collectively distributed among the various players. Starting with the raw material and ending with the finished product, the territorial manufacturing assets are distributed among the various actors who manage the various stages of the chain independently.Among these, a virtuous example is Re.Verso, a collaborative circular economy programme in Tuscany, focused on the reuse, recycling, and reduction of textile waste through the construction of a participative community. The programme aims to build an integrated, transparent, traceable, and certified supply chain divided into three phases: sourcing and selection of post-consumer materials, mechanical transformation of these raw materials, and development of a new product through the production of yarn, fabric, and finished accessories. The research aims to investigate a model of innovative practices, which are expressed in participative design dynamics, relations with the territory, new narratives, and synergies between people and communities (Franzo, 2020). To investigate these realities, located in a varied geographical context, which have chosen to work together, to make and create a new system, aimed at the survival and recovery of their economy, to bring the places back to life by preserving skills and knowledge. It is a pervasive revolution that is changing the whole of society, not just industry, so much so that people started talking first about enterprise 4.0 and then about supply chain 4.0 up to ecosystem 4.0 (Idevaia, Resce, 2019).

Following the successful series of the Jason satellites family, the French-US SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) satellite was launched at the end of 2022. Thanks to its wide-swath Ka-band radar interferometer, KaRin, developed by the NASA-JPL, it will offer a new opportunity for measuring the surface water height of lakes, river and flood zones, and for seeing mesoscale and sub-mesoscale circulation patterns of oceans. The platform, developed by Thales Alenia Space for CNES, is dimensioned for a satellite mass near 2 tons and a large power supply near 6.6 kWs in order to satisfy the mission needs on a drifting low earth orbit (altitude near 900 km, inclination of 78 degrees) with a local nadir and track compensation guidance. This platform uses the generic Step2 avionics developed by Thales Alenia Space. Its AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control System) is based for the mission on a gyroless estimation and a 4-RWs control. The first challenge of the SWOT life was the deployment of the KaRin payload constituted of two radar antennas perched at the end of two 5-meter booms. A dedicated AOCS strategy has been implemented, in order to guarantee the robustness of this critical phase at both payload and platform level. As soon as the payload has been deployed, it requires a high dynamical stability in order to achieve the foreseen precision. This stability is defined by a criterion based on displacements of several points on the payload and a threshold expressed in terms of PSD (Power Spectral Density). It induces a specific approach in terms of AOCS tunings, in order to limit the excitation of given payload flexible modes for a wide range of frequencies. The last dimensioning point in terms of AOCS is the end of life strategy. The French Space Operation Act was adopted by the French Senate in 2008 in order to assure the protection of people, goods and the environment with respect to space activities. As SWOT launch has taken place after the year 2020 and the control operations will be done at CNES in France, the satellite shall respect the requirements existing in the FSOA in terms of end of life. One of the major constraints is the casualty risk limitation and due to the payload constitution there is only one solution: to guarantee a controlled re-entry of the satellite after the end of the mission. This implies a dedicated AOCS architecture, especially in terms of propulsion capacity and of guidance at low altitudes. The strategy adopted in order to be compliant to the FSOA consists in aiming an impact of the satellite debris inside the South Pacific Ocean Uninhabited Area (SPOUA). For doing this, a first phase consists on descending the perigee to achieve an elliptic orbit from the mission circular orbit. The objective of this phase is to decrease the perigee until the minimum altitude to ensure attitude control. This attitude has been determined with an iterative process to optimize the solar arrays position, leading to a glider approach. Then a second phase contains a last single thrust at the apogee for the final re-entry over SPOUA. The casualty risk has been computed taking into account the equipment reliability, which has led to a design with 8 thrusters for the reentry instead of one unique apogee engine. The objective of this paper is to explain how the SWOT payload has impacted the AOCS architecture. The main specificity of SWOT is the fact that the payload has to be taken into account before the mission, during the mission and after the mission. In the end, the AOCS has to manage a large satellite, a variable geometry (due to the payload deployment in flight) and a variable orbital domain (due to the controlled re-entry after the mission). The paper describes the mission context in the first part. Then it focuses on the payload deployment strategy in the second part. In the third part, the performance during the mission phase is presented. The last part of the paper is dedicated to the controlled re-entry description. The paper will present for each subject the developed concepts and the strategy used for their validation, and will illustrate them with the behavior observed in flight.

Background: Complex nonunions are difcult to manage due to the presence of infection, deformities, shortening, and multiple surgeries in the past. Ilizarov xation has traditionally been used to manage complex nonunions. The disadvantages of Ilizarov include poor patient compliance, frame inconvenience, and difcult frame construction. We studied ten long bone infective nonunions treated with the limb reconstruction system (LRS). Materials and methods : Between September 2020 and December 2022, we treated 10 cases of infective nonunion of long bone with the LRS. Patients were routinely followed up for 12 to 18 months and assessed both clinically and radiologically. Out of 10 cases we were able to achieve Results : : union in all cases. And eradication of infection in 90% of cases with no limb length discrepancy in any case. Bone results are excellent in 80% of cases and good in 20% of cases. Functional results are excellent in 80% of cases and good in 10% of cases, fair in 10% of cases. LRS is an alternati Conclusion : ve to the Ilizarov xation in their management of complex nonunion of long bones. It is less cumbersome to the patient and more surgeon and patient friendly.