Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Mandato post mortem »

The paper focuses on the post mortem mandate, an agreement used to protect some interests arising after the mandator’s death, both in Italian legal system and in Roman Law. Given that the latest doctrine has considered invalid a post mortem mandate where the nature of the mandatory’s tasks is economic, as it does not comply with art. 458 Cod. Civ., this article explores the issues suggesting that the recent introduction of the ‘reverse mortgage’ within the Italian legal system could be considered as a new step towards overcoming the prohibition of agreements as to succession. After analysing the current legislation, also within the framework of European private law, the research dwells on post mortem mandatum in Roman law, trying to show that such consensual contract could be considered as a succession agreement. After having demonstrated the difference between the mandatum post mortem (understood as a contract) and other testamentary dispositions defined as mandatum post mortem as well, a source showing the possible economic nature of the Roman mandatum post mortem is considered, to conclude that there were Roman law cases, like that of Gaio in D. 17.1.13, proving the existence of bilateral agreements intended to fulfil an economic function casually related to the mandator’s death.

Abstract The Gift from a Child (GFAC) program was inspired by the dream of one child to donate his brain for research, recognizing the need to study tumor tissue collected at diagnosis, recurrence, and at the time of death. Founded by the Swifty Foundation in 2016, GFAC currently is comprised of five “Centers of Excellence” at institutions with expertise in pediatric neuro-oncology. Partnering with the Children’s Brain Tumor Network, the program’s mandate is twofold: make it possible for families to donate no matter where they live in the United States and make tissue available to scientists globally to empower discovery. In order to overcome barriers that have stifled postmortem collection in the past, GFAC has invested in Tissue Navigators - individuals at each center who coordinate all aspects of donation and communicate with families, medical providers, and laboratory scientists. In 2019 alone, GFAC coordinated 55 autopsy collections from multiple diagnosis. A key metric of the program is also capturing the global sharing and usage of each tissue sample, ensuring that tissue isn’t simply “banked” but is actively being actively used to help unravel tumor biology. To date, tissue has been used for genomic and molecular data generation, preclinical model development including cell lines and PDX models, and for novel drug screening. Together with Children’s Brain Tumor Network, the Gift from a Child program is helping to ensure the most precious gift that a family can make is used to accelerate the path to cures.

Abordamos en este trabajo una cuestión candente a estas alturas y con indudables repercusiones prácticas (jurídicas y económicas). El legislador del 2012, apoyándose en los consejos de economistas expertos (lobbys), y en las recomendaciones/mandatos europeos, quiso evitar las prórrogas tácitas e indefinidas de los convenios colectivos, y para ello, entre otros, reforma el artículo 86.3 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores. Pero a su altura, y añadiríamos, de facto por encima, se ha venido a imponer una doctrina del Tribunal Supremo (todavía sin el valor de jurisprudencia en los términos técnicos que recoge el artículo 1.6 Código Civil) recogida en la ya famosa sentencia de 22 de diciembre de 2014. A glosar esta y otras posteriores dedicamos el trabajo, revisándolas críticamente, y además, y quizás tan importante, porque lo anterior ya a estas alturas se ha hecho abundantemente, aportando soluciones alternativas que creemos más factibles, jurídicamente e incluso para lo que es la práctica diaria. En efecto, como se verá, con el juego de la buena fe y el apoyo del abuso de derecho, que por influencia europea cada vez juegan un papel más importante en el Derecho laboral, todo se hubiera resuelto de forma más sencilla y lógica, evitando construcciones enrevesadas que son susceptibles de causar importantes daños colaterales.

This research focuses on the Italian ban of agreements as to succession from an historical-comparative perspective. After the recent entry into force of the Regulation 659/2012, an amendment of the applicable national rules appears necessary especially for countries such as Italy, whose laws do not allow succession agreements. For this purpose, in view of the harmonisation of the European private law – notwithstanding the general understanding that the ban of succession pacts may be traced back to the ancient Romans –, this research aims at pointing out that a clear stance against mortis causa attributions resulting from bilateral agreements cannot be found in the classical legal thought. Although no ‘succession agreement’ category had been theorized in Roman law, jurists’ writings could provide some guidelines (which Emilio Betti would define as ‘enlightening inspirational principle’) suggesting a jurists’ stance on the post mortem topic that could be analysed within the framework of the current legal dogma. Following these premises, after identifying and explaining (in the first chapter) the main features of the ‘succession agreement’ within the Italian legal system, in the second chapter, some texts of the Digest on emptio hereditatis futurae and on societas omnium bonorum have been studied, in order to demonstrate the existence of legal sources proving the use of contract to dispose of property not yet inherited. In the third chapter, the mandatum post mortem has been analysed, and the study of this legal act has shown that this consensual contract could be considered as a succession agreement. With reference to both the the texts I consulted in chapter two and in chapter three, it seems possible to demonstrate that the archetype of the admissibility of succession agreements could be found also in the ancient Roman law and therefore, perhaps, that the new European trend (allowing more widely the conclusion of future succession pacts) is not really contrary to our common judicial culture rooted in Roman law.

La presente trattazione, prendendo le mosse da un'attenta analisi della successione testamentaria, si è proposta di mettere in luce le istanze di rinnovamento che negli ultimi tempi hanno spinto la dottrina e l'interprete a cercare di trovare delle possibili alternative contrattuali al testamento, quest'ultimo ritenuto dai più inadeguato a rispondere alle mutate condizioni sociali. In questa prospettiva è apparso significativo interrogarsi preliminarmente sulla natura del testamento, per poi procedere ad un'analisi dello stesso sotto il profilo dei contenuti. In particolare ci si è voluti concentrare sulla verifica dell'ammissibilità di un contenuto atipico a carattere non patrimoniale anche nell'ipotesi di successione mortis causa aventi ad oggetto files o dati digitali contenuti in spazi virtuali ovvero server remoti (il c.d. cloud). Più nello specifico, in un'ottica di revisione del diritto delle successioni, sono state messe in luce tutte le potenzialità connaturate agli atti di ultima volontà. Invero, prendendo le mosse dalla teoria patrimoniale del testamento e dunque dalla ripartizione tra disposizioni testamentarie a contenuto patrimoniale e disposizioni a contenuto non patrimoniale e considerando che l'ordinamento italiano contempla numerose ipotesi di atti di ultima volontà diversi dal testamento, si è giunti alla conclusione di ritenere che taluni interessi esistenziali post mortem della persona non reclamino necessariamente un testamento, ma possono trovare una collocazione anche all'interno della categoria degli atti di ultima volontà. È stato possibile ipotizzare che in un prossimo futuro la successione nel patrimonio digitale divenga regolata attraverso atti di ultima volontà non formali, ma perfettamente validi in ambito digitale.

For open learning to reach its full potential in South Africa’s Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) sector, institutions need to feel confident enough to innovate and experiment with “outside the box” thinking. They need to go beyond the rules and regulations to find solutions that emerge from and best suit their particular contexts. Because, while the national mandates can provide useful guidance, it is through a higher, more ambitious “vision” that institutions can leverage the best of their staff and students.

This chapter highlights a peculiar phenomenon in biblical literature outside of the Pentateuch: a biblical writer will invoke iterations of a given law from two or more of the Pentateuch’s four corpora. Scholars have assumed that this phenomenon was limited to post-exilic literature, and stemmed from the exigencies of exile and return that created an urgent need to create a vehicle that would grant legitimacy to various communities and their legal traditions. However, the broad array of books in which such legal blending is found mandates us to question whether the legal blend is strictly a literary phenomenon of the post-exilic period. Moreover, the phenomenon obliges us to question the long-standing assumption that diverging iterations of the same law in two (or more) of the Torah’s law corpora are inherently mutually exclusive. Sources: Josh 20:1–9; Judg 6:25–31; 1 Sam 15:2, 1 Sam 28:3–25; 2 Kgs 4:1–7; Jer 34:12–17; Neh 5:1–12.

This chapter focuses on the unintended consequences of the post-crisis mandate that over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives be cleared through centralized clearinghouses in an effort to reduce counterparty and systemic risk. Although central clearing has been widely implemented, it has reproduced many of the same characteristics of financial markets that contributed to the 2008 crisis: concentrated risk, moral hazard, and a reliance on faulty risk models. What accounts for the recalcitrance of the OTC derivatives market to a regulatory change? The chapter argues that focusing on the technologies and practices used to govern derivatives markets helps explain the absence of more radical regulatory policy shifts in derivatives regulation. Although there has been a significant shift in who regulates OTC markets, much less has changed at the level of the specific practices that govern these markets, and the chapter examines the continued reliance on netting, collateralization, and risk modeling within clearinghouses.

The interplay between peace and justice plays an important role in almost any contemporary conflict. Peace and conflict studies have generally devoted more attention to conflict than to peace. Peace is often described in adjectives, such as negative/positive peace, liberal peace or democratic peace. But what elements make a peace just? Just war theory, peacebuilding, or transitional justice provide different perspectives on the dialectic relation between peace and justice and the methods of establishing peace after conflict. Experiences such as the Colombian peace process show that peace is increasingly judicialized. This volume analyses some of the situational, normative, and relational elements of peace in processes of transition. It explores six core themes: conceptual approaches towards just peace, macro-principles, the nexus to security and stability, protection of persons and public goods, rule of law and economic reform and accountability. It engages with understudied issues, such as the pros and cons of robust UN mandates, the link between environment protection and indigenous peoples, the treatment of illegal settlements, the feasibility of vetting practices or the protection labour rights in post-conflict economies. It argues that just peace requires only not negotiation, agreement and compromise (e.g., moderation), but contextual understandings of law, multiple dimensions of justice and strategies of prevention. It complements the two earlier volumes on the legal contours of jus post bellum, namely Just Post Bellum: Mapping the Normative Foundations (2014) and Environmental Protection and Transitions from Conflict to Peace: Clarifying Norms, Principles and Practices (2017).

Before 9/11, the literature on terrorism and international organizations (IOs) was largely event driven. That is to say, the modest nature of the debate reflected a modest empirical record of IO engagement in responding to terrorism. Moreover, this period saw a correlation between the way states acted against terrorism through IOs and the nature of subsequent debates. Famously, states were (and remain) unable to agree on a definition of “terrorism,” precluding broad-based action through IOs. The findings presented in this literature were furthermore often quite bleak. The immediate post-9/11 period, however, was much more optimistic. This period saw an unprecedented increase in action against terrorism in IOs, primarily through the Security Council resolution 1373. Resolution 1373 elaborates a broad—and mandatory—agenda for counterterrorism cooperation. This resolution has had significant and ongoing consequences for the ways IOs are utilized in the effort to suppress terrorism. Furthermore, this and other IO engagements with terrorism brought about an increase in scholarly interest in the area, even giving rise to a sense of optimism in the literature. Thus, from the pre- to the post-9/11 period, there are elements of both continuity and change in the way scholars have discussed terrorism in the context of IOs.

Management of the post-cardiothoracic surgical patient follows general principles of intensive care, but incorporates certain unique considerations. In cardiac surgical patients peri-operative ischaemia, arrhythmias and ventricular dysfunction mandate specific monitoring requirements, and individual pharmacological and mechanical support. Suspicion of myocardial ischaemia should not only lead to pharmacological treatment, but also consideration of urgent angiography to exclude coronary graft occlusion. Ventricular dysfunction may be pre-existing or attributable to intra-operative myocardial ‘stunning’. Catecholamines and phosphodiesterase inhibitors are the mainstay of therapy. Rarely, intra-aortic balloon pumping or ventricular assist devices are required. Significant bleeding (with potential cardiac tamponade), respiratory compromise, acute kidney injury, neurological injury, and deep sternal wound infection each occur in ~2–3% of cardiac surgical patients. Each of these has individual risk factors and specific management considerations. General guidelines for patients who have undergone thoracic surgery include early extubation, fluid restriction, effective analgesia, and protective lung ventilation. Thoracic patients are at risk of atelectasis, respiratory infection, bronchial air leak, and right ventricular failure. Positive pressure ventilation is avoided whenever possible particularly after pneumonectomy, but is sometimes necessary in compromised patients. Air leaks are common. Alveolopleural fistulae usually improve with conservative management,whereas bronchopleural fistulae are more likely to require surgical intervention. Lung surgery is high risk for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Patients with pre-existing elevated pulmonary vascular resistance may exhibit right ventricular dysfunction and may fail to cope with a further increase in pulmonary vascular resistance consequent to lung resection. Lung collapse and infection are constant risks throughout the entire post-operative period.

This chapter examines the legal and policy implications of transactions between a corporation and a “related party.” It begins by spelling out the reasons why related party transactions (RPTs) are a common phenomenon worldwide before discussing RPTs as an instrument for tunneling and why many jurisdictions provide for specific regulations on RPTs in addition to general rules or standards against dominant shareholders’ abuse. It then looks at the legal tools that can prevent the use of RPTs for tunneling purposes, namely: prohibitions, procedural safeguards such as majority of the minority shareholder approval and independent directors’ involvement, mandatory disclosure, external fairness opinions, and ex post standard-based judicial review. Finally, the chapter discusses the challenges of enacting reforms that would make regulation of RPTs (or tunneling) more effective in preventing (minority) shareholder expropriation, and suggests the importance of sophisticated enforcement actors such as experienced courts and/or active, committed securities regulators in battling tunneling as a business practice.

Trade governance rests upon certain economic assumptions and the ensuing political compromises made possible by the growth of an incremental legal consensus. The main economic assumptions are that trade will deliver upon the objectives of socio-economic development, stable, long-term employment opportunities and poverty reduction. These assumptions are theoretically sound, but are increasingly challenged by the complex political realities of global trade. The study of trade in the field of international political economy (IPE) has deep roots in the postwar disciplines of economics and political science. The literature on the history of trade regulation places the current system, with its emphasis on the legitimizing imprimatur of political power and the significance of binding treaty, into a more nuanced context in which present practices, while sometimes novel, are frequently older than most policy makers realize. In the two decades since the finalization of the Uruguay Round and the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), a host of significant issues have arisen as scholars and policy makers attempt to implement the WTO’s mandate and navigate the political waters of trade regulation as it relates to domestic law and policy. These include the set of issues raised by the broadening of trade regulation post-Uruguay Round to include trade related intellectual property rights and trade in services, the contentious issue of trade and economic development, and the issue of WTO reform.

Trichinellosis is caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. These zoonotic parasites show a cosmopolitan distribution in all the continents, but Antarctica. They circulate in nature by synanthropic-domestic and sylvatic cycles. Today, eight species and four genotypes are recognized, all of which infect mammals, including humans, one species also infects birds, and two other species infect also reptiles.Parasites of the genus Trichinella are unusual among the other nematodes in that the worm undergoes a complete developmental cycle, from larva to adult to larva, in the body of a single host, which has a profound influence on the epidemiology of trichinellosis. When the cycle is complete, the muscles of the infected animal contain a reservoir of larvae, capable of long-term survival. Humans and other hosts become infected by ingesting muscle tissuescontaining viable larvae.The symptoms associated with trichinellosis vary with the severity of infection, i.e. the number of viable larvae ingested, and the time after infection. The capacity of the worm population to undergo massive multiplication in the body is a major determinant. Progression of disease follows the biological development of the parasite. Symptoms are associated first with the gastrointestinal tract, as the worms invade and establish in the small intestine, become more general as the body responds immunologically, and finally focus on the muscles as the larvae penetrate the muscle cells and develop there. Although Trichinella worms cause pathological changes directly by mechanical damage, most of the clinical features of trichinellosis are immunopathological in origin and can be related to the capacity of the parasite to induce allergic responses.The main source of human infection is raw or under-cooked meat products from pig, wild boar, bear, walrus, and horses, but meat products from other animals have been implicated. In humans, the diagnosis of infection is made by immunological tests or by direct examination of muscle biopsies using microscopy or by recovery of larvae after artificial digestion. Treatment requires both the use of anthelmintic drugs to kill the parasite itself and symptomatic treatment to minimize inflammatory responses.Both pre-slaughter prevention and post-slaughter control can be used to prevent Trichinella infections in animals. The first involves pig management control as well as continuous surveillance programmes. Meat inspection is a successful post-slaughter strategy. However, a continuous consumer education is of great importance in countries where meat inspection is not mandatory.

The cemeterial units, are places of social practices of everyday life and worship and the tomb where nostalgia can be externalized and the memory of the deceased revered. In Western societies we can find a category of artifacts meant to evoke the memory or honor the dead. In this paper we we mention three examples of products that enabled a reflection on the concepts that gave rise to their ways, and that risks to fit them into a new "material culture", in that it may have created a break with the traditional system codes and standards shared by companies, and its manifestations in relation to the physical creation of this category of products. This work offers a reflection on the Design Products.What probably makes it special is the field where it is located: the design of products in one post mortem memory. Usually made of granite rock or marble, have the form of plate or tablet, open book or rolled sheet. On one side have a photograph of the person who intend to honor and inscriptions. The thought of inherent design of this work put on one side the intricate set of emotions that this type of product can generate, and other components more affordable, and concerning the form, function and object interactions with users and with use environments. In the definition of the problem it was regarded as mandatory requirements: differentiation, added value and durability as key objectives.The first two should be manifested in the various components / product attributes. The aesthetic and material/structural durability of product necessarily imply the introduction of qualifying terms and quantitative weights, which positively influence the generation and evaluation of concepts based on the set of 10 principles for the project that originated a matrix as a tool to aid designing products. The concrete definition of a target audience was equally important. At this stage, the collaboration of other experts in the fields of psychology and sociology as disciplines with particular ability to understand individuals and social phenomena respectively was crucial. It was concluded that a product design to honor someone post mortem, should abandon the more traditional habits and customs to focus on identifying new audiences. Although at present it can be considered a niche market, it is believed that in the future may grow as well as their interest in this type of products.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3323

As sustainable building mandates become more prevalent in new commercial and mixed use buildings, it is a challenge to create a broad, one-size-fits-all certification process. While designers can estimate energy usage with computational tools such as model based design, anticipating the post occupancy usage is more challenging. Understanding and predicting energy usage trends is especially complicated in unique mixed use building applications, such as university student housing buildings, where occupancy varies significantly as a function of enrollment, course scheduling, and student study habits. This research explores a computational modeling approach used to achieve LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certification for a student housing complex design. A case study is presented from the California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) campus, and examines the impact of post occupancy building usage trends, and diversity factor, defined as a building’s instantaneous energy usage normalized by the maximum allowable usage, on energy use estimates. The CSUF case model, which was originally created using EnergySoft’s EnergyPro 5 software, is examined. An annual predictive energy use comparison is performed in EnergyPro 5 using general building design mandates (i.e., ASHRAE 90.1, California Title 24), and CSUF case specific building usage details (e.g., student scheduling, diversity factor). In addition, the energy usage estimates of these two predictive models are compared to the actual usage data collected during the 2014 academic year. The results of this comparison show the benefits of considering post occupancy usage, and recommendations are presented for creating unique and application based computational models, early in the design process. This research has broad applications, and can extend to sustainable building design in other organizations, whose operational schedule falls outside of current prediction methods for sustainability mandates.

As sustainable building mandates become more prevalent in new commercial buildings, it is a challenge to create a broad, one-size-fits-all certification process. While designers can estimate energy usage with computation tools such as model based design, anticipating the post occupancy usage is more difficult. Understanding energy usage trends is especially complicated in university student housing buildings, where occupancy varies significantly as a function of enrollment and course scheduling. This research explores the effect of student occupancy on both predicted and actual energy usage in a LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certified student housing complex. A case study is presented from the California State University Fullerton (CSUF) campus, and examines diversity factor, defined as a building’s instantaneous energy usage as a percentage of the maximum allowable usage during a period of time, trends throughout the academic year. The CSUF case diversity factor is compared to the diversity factor used in predictive models for obtaining LEED certification, and the mandates that govern the models (e.g., ASHRAE 90.1). The results of the analysis show the benefits of considering post occupancy usage in sustainable building designs, and recommendations are presented for creating unique and application based computational models, early in the design process. This research has broad applications, and can extend to sustainable building design in other organizations, whose operational schedule falls outside of current prediction methods for sustainability mandates.

Historically, Hot cities around India have always relied on urban public spaces for its sociocultural as well as economic activities. They showed a greater capacity to adopt and sustain over time. The reason seems to be lying under its tendency to evolve and accommodate temporality and sustain with its constancy. These urban public spaces were strongly bonded with religions and customs rooted in nature and inbuilt into societal norms, there by emphasizing greater ecological consciousness and protection. But in the last century, globalization brought aesthetic & grand spectacle as deciding criteria for planning and designing of the urban public spaces. The result is, energy consuming, deserted, inaccessible and underutilized public spaces over a longer period as opposed to its short-lived fame. Urbanization has given rise to the new narrative for these urban public spaces which evolved in to hybrid versions conceptualized from global practices. This pose a threat in terms of loss of civic life and decreasing social cultural flows in the city. Cities with the highest temperature seems to be getting the worst of it, essentially due to two main reasons. First are the adopted global models being not responsive to the local context, failing to stay active over longer periods of time and second due to failure to reconceptualize our traditional practices and local knowledge associated with development of cities in to ongoing practices. Previous study of historic Indian public spaces in hot cities, highlights their nature as being symbolic, functionalist, political, performative, and cultural and hence proving to be contextually sensitive. These urban public spaces were designed to be a platform extension of their everyday outdoor life. This everyday outdoor life in hot cities have taken a shape in to various manifestation of forms. And emphasized more on organic development of public spaces. Now, the current system in India that is responsible for generating our urban public spaces are regulated and mandated by state and local guidelines such as, URDPFI guidelines etc. which only mentions about open spaces to be left per area per person or in terms of percentage or buildable area. Little to no consideration has been given to how that open space should be treated. The solution can be found in adaptation and reconceptualizing of these local knowledge and traditional practices suitable to today's spatial context. But a greater consideration needs to be given to the modern-day applicability and checking its suitability. With that consideration, the paper will try to analysis selective samples of urban public spaces before the industrialization in the hot cities depending upon the generic public places i.e., Access and linkage, Purpose and activities, comfort and image, sociability, (Project for public spaces), adaptability, Thermal comfort, User responsiveness. The results then will be tested to check its adaptability in present day context with the help of case study.

Authors are analysing the extent of acceptance of rule on mandatory presence of two witnesses during a home search in national criminal proceedings in EU Member States. While some police powers in Croatia are regulated using modern forms of protection of suspects’ rights, some other investigative actions are regulated using rules that are uncommon in EU. Home search has a historic model of obligatory presence of two witnesses. These witnesses are often randomly selected among citizens, they are not legal professionals. A suspect has no right to reject witnesses if he considers that they could violate his privacy or health rights. Besides that, the Two-witness Rule has a peculiar impact on the evidence law. Items found during home search cannot be legally used if only one witness was present. According to such consequence, this rule actually requires a certain number of witnesses to prove a fact. Such requirements on number of witnesses have been abandoned in modern evidence law. The results of the analysis of the EU Member States show that the rule on the mandatory presence of two witnesses is widespread only in some post-communist systems. When it comes to EU criminal procedure codes (CPCs), the mandatory presence of witnesses exists in Croatian, Slovenian and Bulgarian CPC. The study is showing influence of former Russian CPC in post-Soviet era as well as the influence of former Yugoslav CPC. Regarded as the relic of the past, these procedural guarantees of home inviolability in the cases of home search should be reassessed and improved. In the context of COVID crisis, mandatory presence of witnesses presents challenge for the protection of suspect’s and witnesses’ health. Observed from the suspect’s right to protect his health or the witnesses’ right not to expose themselves to potentially health endangered situations, finding witnesses presents even more complexed mission. If the suspect is in COVID quarantine and the search must be conducted, can witnesses be forced to enter such premises? In case that suspect requires fully vaccinated witnesses who can present valid COVID Certificate or negative PCR test, how could his requirement be fulfilled? The possible solution for both evidence law and health reasons could be the use of modern technologies such as video recording that could replace mandatory witnesses presence. Finally, it would be more appropriate to respect the suspect’s choice on protection of his rights or to use modern technical means or defence lawyer, as in other investigative actions in criminal procedure.

Abstract To achieve 24% portion of natural gas in targeted national energy mix in 2050, Indonesia government has integrated Pertagas, biggest transmission company into PGN, biggest distribution company under Oil & Gas Holding Pertamina. But survey from PWC in 2004 resulted that around 75% post-merger companies reported integration difficulties, especially both companies have long history of competition. Even more, government mandated 6 USD gas price policy at plant gate, which create enormous urgency to accelerate pipeline and digital integration in the most efficient way. Especially, in this pandemic era, midstream industry needs to foster digital transformation by rethinking outdated business models and strategically applying technology to change rather than focusing on simply cutting costs. From this integration, Pertagas with more than 2,418 km pipeline in 12 provinces spread from Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan has a big potency to be synergized with PGN, as Sub Holding Gas with the total of 10,169 km of pipeline which represent 96% of national gas infrastructure. During 2020. Both companies resulted more than 1.255 MMSCFD of transported gas and 828 BBTUD of sales gas to more than 460 thousand customers. So, PGN and Pertagas management has high expectation on this digital integration to transform from previous fragmented pipeline to be interconnected network to give flexibility in reaching unmet growing demand of strategic industry like refinery, fertilizer, electricity, steel and petrochemical in post-COVID recovery. In this paper, will be described the challenges and its solutions as a success story in digital integration. The important steps start from strategy development, digital assessment, creating coalition, culture acculturation, and change management are explained as guiding pathway for sustainable implementation. It will also portray the measured benefit and value from investment cost efficiency, time effectiveness from the initiation until launched, billing improvement, product development, and up to developed real-time integrated management dashboard for better decision making and part of the milestone for future National Dispatching Center for optimizing Sub Holding Gas portfolio of gas supply and subsidiary's infrastructure to meet growing Indonesia's demand.

The search for power plant sustainability options continues as regulating agencies exert more stringent industrial gas turbine emission requirements on operators. Purchasing power for resale, de-commissioning current capabilities altogether and repowering by replacing or converting existing equipment to comply with emissions standards are economic-driven options contemplated by many mature gas turbine operators. NRG’s Gilbert power plant based in Milford, NJ began commercial operation in 1974 and is fitted with four (4) natural gas fired GE’s 7B gas turbine generators with two each exhausting to HRSG’s feeding one (1) steam turbine generator. The gas turbine units, originally configured with diffusion flame combustion systems with water injection, were each emitting 35 ppm NOx with the New Jersey High Energy Demand Day (HEED) regulatory mandate to reduce NOx emissions to sub 10 ppm by May 1st, 2015. Studies were conducted by the operator to evaluate the economic viability & installation of environmental controls to reduce NOx emissions. It was determined that installation of post-combustion environmental controls at the facility was both cost prohibitive and technically challenging, and would require a fundamental reconfiguration of the facility. Based on this economic analysis, the ultra-low emission combustion system conversion package was selected as the best cost-benefit solution. This technical paper will focus on the ultra low emissions technology and key features employed to achieve these low emissions, a description of the design challenges and solution to those, a summary of the customer considerations in down selecting options and an overview of the conversion scope. Finally, a technical discussion of the low emissions operational flexibility will be provided including performance results of the converted units.

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing has been an industry standard for the past decades; however, most recent applications are performed in extreme down-hole conditions: complex stresses regime, extended reach sections, abnormal pressure and temperature gradients proved to be strenuous challenges, especially with limited time and budgets. This paper explores the challenges of designing, completing and fracturing High Temperature (HT) tight reservoirs. A novel approach to the problem was mandatory to account for thermal effects on stress regime to increase overall chances of success of stimulation treatments. This multi-disciplinary method interconnects petro-physics, rock mechanics, fluid dynamics and operations by combining data from literature and from the field with the purpose of providing a tailored solution to the new challenges ahead. Hydraulic fracturing in High Temperature reservoirs is indeed a demanding task, for which specialized products have been developed throughout time, such as for example, HT fracturing fluids. However, despite accounting for HT gradients, sometimes the outcomes of hydraulic fracturing activity were surprising or inexplicable; sometimes, even disappointing. Therefore, "post-mortem" reviews are often a must-do: data coming from the field and post-treatments results are analysed from scratch, wiping out any known-fact about the specific well and revising all the possible root causes for the anomalous behaviours. Petro-physical data, tectonic regime, stresses, hydraulic fracturing geometry and diagnostics were entirely accounted for to provide an explanation of the final well results, ultimately resulting in more questions than answers, as it so often happens with science. In drilling operations, the thermal effect of cold fluids on fracture gradients and its influence on losses has been deeply investigated, becoming an industry best practice. However, the effect of cool-down due to fluid injection at high rates with hydraulic fracturing applications are not captured by dedicated literature and, even less, by modelling softwares. As a result, a non-conventional approach to the creation of a geo-mechanical model that could take into account the thermal effect of cold frac fluids injection was elaborated and several sensitivities to understand fracture propagation mechanism were performed, highlighting a wide range of variability which is attributable to the influence of temperature on stress regime. High temperature reservoirs proved easier to frac than expected due to the decrease in terms of pressure required to initialize a fracture. However, this phenomenon could hide potential dangers when it is required to contain such fracture in the targeted interval. The correct modelling of such effect is of extreme importance to forecast fracture geometry, proppant placement and final conductivity requiring to re-adapt and re-adjust field-proven, industry-standardized hydraulic fracturing models and practices to match results with expectations.

Public speaking is an essential tool in various domains, such as education, business or politics. Some people are born great speakers, while others learn to master this art, through training. At the other extreme are the people who suffer from glossophobia, the fear of public speaking. This paper provides an overview of solutions for treating the fear of public speaking or for training communication skills, with a focus on digital applications. It also offers a qualitative survey of virtual reality training solutions, proposing a key set of features that can be used to characterize and compare existing systems. An important feature is the scenario setup, where the user can personalize the experience and make adjustments to different characteristics such as audience size, room size and audience personality factors. Other proposed features are the movement and the speech factors of the user, that can influence the interest level of the audience. Other factors that can contribute to the success of the training session are animations and scene quality, that highly influence the immersion. Difficulty level adjustment should be a mandatory feature in applications designed for treating glossophobia, allowing gradual exposure techniques. Of course, a training application should provide on-the-fly or post-session feedback, allowing the users to better assess their progress and see opportunities for improvements. We selected four advanced commercial applications, which were compared based on the proposed features. While many of these features are covered in the selected applications, there is still room for improvement, by adding more realism to the environment and by including more advanced tools to analyze the user's speech.

Agbami FPSO is a floating facility for production, storage and offloading of oil at OPL 216/217 offshore Nigeria of the central Niger delta. The FPSO is positioned with spread moorings in water depth of about 1500 m for the service life of 20 years. As per the design requirement, the hull of FPSO shall be designed to meet ABS’s SFA (Spectral Fatigue Analysis) notation and the seagoing condition. Seagoing is a mandatory condition additionally required by Client, assuming a navigating vessel of North Atlantic. But, to conservatively assess Agbami for 60 years at its Onsite except specific details was taken into account, which is related to the uncertainties in S-N data & Palmgren-Miner’s damage rule and etc. Normally the off-western Nigerian sea has swell-governed environment and the multi-peaked spectral characteristics with wave and swells. For the spectral fatigue analysis, Jonswap spectrum for wind wave & Gaussian spectra for swells were taken into consideration as a representative in case of Onsite. Thus, in order to achieve a single damage, the combined spectral method for Onsite was introduced on the basis of EMDC’s FPSO FMS (Fatigue Methodology Specification). On the contrary, Walden’s wave scatter diagram as recommended by ABS for Seagoing was applied. The forward speed of FPSO in Seagoing case was also taken into account by WASIM, a hydrodynamic tool of DNV and compared to the results of PRECAL, ABS’s hydrodynamic code to ensure the validity of the analysis. The post-process to calculate fatigue damage was carried out using the in-house program to analyze fatigue of FPSO. The results from the analyses were found that the Seagoing led consequentially critical fatigue damage for most of hull structures more than Onsite that has moderated sea state.

Data on political engagement of newly eligible young voters in 34 countries during 2004-2016 indicate that voting eligibility is associated with higher political engagement, casting doubt on the view that voters are rationally ignorant. Voting eligibility is associated with higher political interest, more discussion of political issues and attendance of political meetings, and more political knowledge. These effects are stronger in countries with enforced mandatory voting. The increase in political engagement is larger closer to the prior election, and it is driven by the engagement of eligible voters, implying that young voters acquire political information in anticipation of elections rather than ex post.

This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.