Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Mandato europeo di ricerca delle prove »

In language teaching, especially in European multilingual and multicultural contexts, mediation has become an essential tool aimed at reducing the distance between two (or more) linguacultural dimensions. Mediation is a notion officially introduced by the Council of Europe’s Common European Framework of Reference (2001), and further developed in the current Companion Volume (2020), where mediation strategies and activities acquire a crucial role as a new form of managing the interaction in the language classroom as well as in daily communicative situations. Mediation is here presented as fundamental in cross-cultural communication and recommended as indispensable in plurilingual educational contexts. In this perspective, mediation and mediation strategies are central in multilingual educational and professional contexts where native and non-native speakers interact by means of an increasing use of ‘lingua francas’, mainly English as a lingua franca (ELF). The present study aims to illustrate the introduction of different language mediation strategies by means of specific tasks and activities within ELF-aware (Sifakis, Bayyurt, 2018) academic ELT (English Language Teaching) courses for language and cultural mediation and international communication. The research focus is on the emerging real-world ‘hybridization’ processes, adopted as learning tools in ELT practices, which prove to be particularly useful for enhancing learners’ awareness of communicative dynamics and the conscious use of mediation skills and strategies in multicultural settings. Pedagogical implications for language teacher education deriving from this study will be discussed. Introduzione di strategie di mediazione nell’insegnamento della lingua inglese in contesti accademici plurilingui Nell’insegnamento delle lingue, soprattutto in contesti europei multilingue e multiculturali, la mediazione è diventata uno strumento essenziale per ridurre la distanza tra due (o più) dimensioni linguistiche e culturali. La mediazione è una nozione introdotta ufficialmente dal Quadro Comune Europeo di Riferimento del Consiglio d’Europa (2001) e ulteriormente sviluppata nell’attuale Volume complementare (2020), dove le strategie e le attività di mediazione acquisiscono un ruolo cruciale come nuova forma di gestione dell’interazione in classe e nelle situazioni comunicative quotidiane. La mediazione viene qui presentata come fondamentale nella comunicazione interculturale e raccomandata come indispensabile nei contesti educativi plurilingui. In questa prospettiva, la mediazione e le strategie di mediazione sono centrali nei contesti educativi e professionali plurilingui in cui parlanti nativi e non nativi interagiscono attraverso un uso crescente di “lingue franche”, principalmente l’inglese come lingua franca (ELF). Il presente studio si propone di illustrare l’introduzione di diverse strategie di mediazione linguistica attraverso compiti e attività specifiche all’interno di corsi accademici ELT (English Language Teaching) basati sull’ELF (Sifakis, Bayyurt, 2018) per la mediazione linguistica e culturale e la comunicazione internazionale. La ricerca si concentra sui processi di “ibridazione” emergenti nel mondo reale, adottati come strumenti di apprendimento nelle pratiche ELT, che si rivelano particolarmente utili per migliorare la consapevolezza degli studenti delle dinamiche comunicative e l’uso consapevole di abilità e strategie di mediazione in contesti multiculturali. Saranno discusse le implicazioni pedagogiche per la formazione degli insegnanti di lingue derivanti da questo studio.

L'elaborato si propone di richiamare la nozione di cooperazione giudiziaria in materia penale; analizzare il principio del mutuo riconoscimento delle decisioni penali, svolgendo un excursus storico che mostri in quali contesti è nato il principio del mutuo riconoscimento e come ha ivi trovato applicazione; esaminare la decisione quadro relativa al mandato europeo di ricerca delle prove, evidenziando possibili criticità applicative; indagare le attuali difficoltà di attuazione dello spazio di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia, valutando il possibile suggerimento di soluzioni alternative.

L’ordine europeo di indagine penale, introdotto dalla direttiva 2014/41/UE, è uno strumento di cooperazione giudiziaria nel settore delle prove divenuto imprescindibile a fronte della crescente dimensione transnazionale assunta dalla criminalità, quale conseguenza dell’evaporazione dei confini geografici nello Spazio di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia dell’Unione europea. La direttiva sovranazionale, recepita nell’ordinamento italiano attraverso il d.lgs. n. 108 del 2017, ha dato vita a un istituto avente natura ibrida, animato dal principio del reciproco riconoscimento, che conserva, al contempo, alcuni tratti tipici della mutua assistenza giudiziaria tradizionale, nel tentativo di coniugare l’efficienza investigativa e la tutela delle garanzie fondamentali. Sullo sfondo di un contesto caratterizzato dall’assenza di armonizzazione tra le regole processuali e probatorie nazionali, il meccanismo di acquisizione della prova all’estero ruota attorno al principio di proporzionalità, che prende forma nel giudizio di bilanciamento, da condursi in concreto tenendo conto delle peculiarità del caso, tra le esigenze connesse all’accertamento del reato e il sacrificio imposto ai diritti delle persone a vario titolo coinvolte nelle procedure di emissione ed esecuzione dell’ordine. La presente tesi di dottorato intende fornire un’analisi a trecentosessanta gradi dell’ordine europeo d’indagine, prendendo le mosse dalla disciplina normativa, con l’obiettivo di mettere in luce le principali problematiche emerse nelle sue prime esperienze applicative e individuare soluzioni in grado di accorciare le distanze che separano teoria e prassi. A tal fine, ampio spazio è dedicato alla ricostruzione delle prime pronunce giurisprudenziali rese sul tema dalla Corte di giustizia e dalla Corte di cassazione, che rivelano complessivamente la tendenza a prediligere le istanze di efficienza investigativa a scapito dei diritti della difesa, per poi esporre, in chiave critica, alcuni casi pratici selezionati presso le Procura della Repubblica di Milano e di Monza
The European criminal investigation order, introduced by Directive 2014/41/EU, is an instrument of judicial cooperation in the field of evidence, which has become necessary, given the growing transnational dimension of crime as a result of the sublimation of geographical boundaries in the European Union's Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. The supranational directive, implemented by Italian Legislative Decree no. 108 of 2017, has given rise to a construct of hybrid nature, inspired by the principle of mutual recognition, which maintains, at the same time, certain features typical of traditional mutual legal assistance, in an attempt to combine investigative efficiency and protection of fundamental guarantees. In an underlying backdrop still characterized by the absence of harmonization of national procedural and evidentiary rules, the mechanism for adducing evidence in a foreign country revolves around the principle of proportionality, which in turn takes shape in the context of a balancing judgement - to be conducted in the actual case and taking into consideration the specificities of such case - between the needs related to the detection of crime and the sacrifices imposed on the rights of the persons involved, for various reasons, in the procedures aimed at issuing and executing the relevant order. This doctoral thesis intends to provide a comprehensive analysis of the European Investigation Order, beginning with its legal framework, for the purposes of highlighting the main problems that have emerged in its early-stage enforcement and of identifying solutions capable of shorten the gap between theory and practice. To this end, a large space is firstly dedicated to the analysis of the early case-law rendered by the Court of Justice and by the Italian Court of Cassation on this theme, which reveals the overall tendency to prefer purposes of investigatory efficiency to the detriment of defense rights; secondly, this thesis critically evaluates some practical cases selected at the Public Prosecutor's Office of Milan and Monza.

Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement. In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP. However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario. In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.

La ricerca prende le mosse da un dato di realtà: la proliferazione delle cause di esenzione della pena nel nostro ordinamento. Oltre che sulle questioni classificatorie e sulla tradizionale problematica (colorata da sfumature aventi una forte connotazione pratica) relativa alla collocazione della punibilità nella sistematica del reato, l’Autrice si sofferma in particolare sui moderni paradigmi di declinazione della non punibilità. L’analisi si concentra, infatti, sui modelli di organizzazione e di gestione di cui agli artt. 6 e 7 del d.lgs. 231/2001, sui permessi di inquinamento e sulla normativa di attuazione italiana in materia di organismi geneticamente modificati. L’attualità dell’indagine, che mantiene come baricentro la non punibilità, si evidenzia con riferimento alla disciplina dell’estradizione, del mandato d’arresto europeo ed altresì con riguardo ad alcune disposizioni dello Statuto della Corte Penale Internazionale. Il percorso, calando i temi “storici” nella dimensione della globalizzazione e della transnazionalità propone una chiave di lettura del tutto inedita.