Thèses : « Mammal fauna »

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Van, Pletzen Liezl. « The large mammal fauna from Klasies River ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51991.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The large mammal faunal sample, excavated since 1984 from the Late Pleistocene Klasies River main site, was studied. There are 27 species in eight genera represented. The bovids from the LBS member (110 000 years) and the Upper member (70 000 years) shows an increase in grazers relative to the fauna from the SAS member (100 000 years). This confirms previous research. The study of body part frequencies does not confirm the selective transport of the carcasses of larger bovids or that scavenging played an important role in the accumulation of the fauna. It is concluded that availability of marine mammals were the attraction of the locality and that all size classes of bovids were actively hunted and their carcasses returned to the site. KEYWORDS: Klasies River, Late Pleistocene, large mammal fauna, hunting.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot soogdier fauna van die Laat Pleistoseen vindplaas Klasies River main site, opgegrawe vanaf 1984, is bestudeer. Sewe-en-twintig spesies in agt genera is verteenwoordig. Die bokke van die LBS member (110 000 jare) en die Upper member (70 000 jare) toon 'n styging in grasvreters relatief tot dié van die SAS member (100 000 jare). Dit bevestig 'n vorige ondersoek. Die bestudering van ligaamsdeel frekwensies van alle groottes bokke bevestig nie dat selektiewe vervoer van groter bokkarkasse plaasgevind het nie, of dat aas 'n rol in die akkumulasie van die fauna gespeel het nie. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat die teenwoordigheid van marine soogdiere die rede was vir die keuse van hierdie vindplaas was. Alle groottes bokke is doelbewus gejag en hulle karkasse is teruggebring na die vindplaas. SLEUTELWOORDE: Klasies River, Laat Pleistoseen, groot soogdiere, jag.

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Tsubamoto, Takehisa. « The Pondaung mammal fauna : an analysis of a terrestrial mammal fauna in the latest middle Eocene of central Myanmar (Southeast Asia) ». 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150841.

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Nunami, Shin. « Developmental history of the peculiar "modern-type" mammal fauna of Miyako Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan ». 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120670.

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Tsujikawa, Hiroshi. « The Late Miocene Large Mammal Fauna and Palaeoenvironment in the Samburu Hills Area, Northern Kenya ». 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149118.

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Mengulluoglu, Deniz. « An Inventory Of Medium And Large Mammal Fauna In Pine Forests Of Beypazari Through Camera Trapping ». Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612559/index.pdf.

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Information about large mammals in Turkey usually does not go further than species lists or annual counts of particular species such as the wild goat. Camera trapping is a very useful technique to overcome this deficiency by gathering information about species presence, numbers, habitat use and behavior. Hence, a one year long camera trap study was conducted to demonstrate the diversity, activity, distribution patterns, habitat preferences and interspecific interactions of medium and large mammals in a 148 km2 large pine woodland near Ankara. Brown bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), golden jackal (Canis aureus), jungle cat (Felis chaus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Eurasian badger (Meles meles), stone marten (Martes foina), red deer (Cervus elaphus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), brown hare (Lepus europaeus), Caucasian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) and southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor) were the 13 mammal species captured during the study. Spatial segregation was observed among canid species indicating intraguild competition and competitive exclusion. Prey-predator interactions were documented at both spatial and temporal scales between wolves, deer and wild boars. Red deer showed seasonal and sex differences in activity patterns that appeared to be influenced by wolf predation risk. The presence of two felids unknown to the local people were revealed by camera trapping, showing the utility of this technique for such secretive and rare species. However, the low encounter rates for particular species such as lynx, brown bear and jungle cat indicated the importance of the length of study. Based on various evidence, resident adult population sizes were estimated for wolf (2-5), Eurasian lynx (2-4), brown bear (0-2) and jungle cat (2-3). The study showed that lynx can exist in high densities in a relatively small area when prey species are abundant. This study area hosted a rich mammal fauna in spite of human activities such as livestock grazing, logging and hunting. A relatively intact ecosystem, high altitudinal and habitat diversity, and a positive attitude of local people are believed to be the reasons of this observed high diversity.

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Teixeira, Lucas Manuel Cabral. « Tolerance towards wildlife in the Atlantic forest : an empirical test across ecological contexts and mammal specie ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-20092018-110212/.

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Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) emerge as complex conservation challenges impairing human livelihood and wildlife populations. Research on HWC, however, has traditionally approached these components apart and focused on single/ similar species, hampering a broader understanding of the connections between ecological drivers and human dimensions of conflicts. We here develop and test a model integrating ecological and human components of HWC, focusing on three species - opossum, crab-eating fox and puma. We investigated the pathways through which the ecological context (forest cover) affects experiences with wildlife (contact and damage), and how such experiences influence tolerance via beliefs, emotions and attitude. We interviewed 114 landowners across 13 landscapes varying in forest cover in a region of the Brazilian Atlantic forest and tested our model using Piecewise Structural Equation Modeling. We found that: i. forest cover negatively affected tolerance, but just towards the largest species; ii. relevance and effects of distinct experiences with wildlife on beliefs and emotions varied across species; iii. beliefs and emotions influenced tolerance, but negative emotions were relevant only for the largest species. Conflicts with larger species can then be understood as disservices provided by forests, indicating the relevance of framing HWC within a broader perspective that consider the trade-offs with ecosystems services. For some species, positive experiences with wildlife may counteract the negative effects of damages to livestock in shaping human behavior. Models such as ours - that structure relationships between ecological and human components - can help identifying deeper, more effective leverage points to improve interventions to mitigate HWC
Conflitos entre seres humanos e fauna silvestre emergem como desafios complexos, ameaçando o sustento de populações humanas e a conservação de populações de animais silvestres. Contudo, pesquisas sobre conflitos tradicionalmente abordam esses componentes separadamente e focam em espécies individuais ou similares, dificultando o entendimento mais amplo das conexões entre determinantes ecológicos e dimensões humanas dos conflitos. Neste estudo, desenvolvemos e testamos um modelo conceitual integrando componentes ecológicos e humanos dos conflitos, focando em três espécies - gambá, cachorro-do-mato e onça-parda. Investigamos os caminhos através dos quais o contexto ecológico (cobertura florestal) afeta experiências (contato e dano), e como tais experiências influenciam a tolerância à fauna por meio de crenças, emoções e atitude. Entrevistamos 114 proprietários rurais em 13 paisagens com diferentes proporções de cobertura florestal em uma região da Mata Atlântica e testamos nosso modelo usando equações estruturais do tipo Piecewise. Encontramos que: i. a cobertura florestal afetou negativamente a tolerância, mas apenas para a maior espécie; ii. a importância e os efeitos de diferentes experiências com a fauna sobre crenças e emoções variaram entre as espécies; iii. crenças e emoções influenciaram a tolerância, mas emoções negativas foram relevantes apenas para a maior espécie. Conflitos com espécies maiores podem então ser entendidos como desserviços providos por florestas, indicando a relevância de inserir os conflitos humano-fauna em perspectiva mais ampla, que considere as relações com serviços ecossistêmicos. Para algumas espécies, experiências positivas podem compensar os efeitos negativos dos danos a criações na formação do comportamento humano. Modelos como o nosso - que estruturem as relações entre os componentes ecológicos e humanos - podem ajudar a identificar pontos de alavancagem mais profundos e efetivos para melhorar intervenções visando a mitigação dos conflitos com a fauna

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Terry, Ina M. « The Ohio Pleistocene Mammal Database (OPMDB) : Creation and Preliminary Taphonomic and Spatial Analyses ». Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1377456136.

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Ciocheti, Giordano. « Spatial and temporal influences of road duplication on wildlife road kill using habitat suitability models ». Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1835.

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Urban growth and population growth led to the construction of a gigantic road network around the world. This network is responsible for several impacts on fauna, flora and the environment, such as road kill, isolation of populations, facilitating the establishment of invasive species, river siltation, among others. However, although road ecology has advanced recently, there are still many gaps on how roads affect fauna, as little is known about how effects of changing the structure of highways can modify animal-vehicle collisions. This study aims to evaluate some of the impacts of roads on species of medium and large mammals in fragmented and naturally heterogeneous landscapes. Using a functional group approach based on animal sensitivity to disturbance and displacement capacity, I set out to answer three questions, one in each chapter: 1) the contribution of various landscape indices to predict wildlife road kill; 2) highway duplication and the implementation of wildlife crossing structures alter animal road kill; 3) duplication of roads change the way fauna road kill is correlated with the landscape metrics. To answer the first and third questions, we have developed innovative methods combining road kill data with a multi-scale approach with landscape metrics involving quantity and distance of various landscape elements, such as natural vegetation, cerrado, water, forestry and sugar cane. This method proposed was derived from habitat suitability model, and proved very promising for estimating the probability of animal road kill. Each functional group of species responded differently to landscape elements. Distance and amount of vegetation has been more important to estimate road kill probability of more sensitive mammals, but the amount of sugar cane also contributed to these results. The proposed method is highly replicable and can be easily applied in other regions with other taxa. The second question was addressed in an analytical way, with a conventional hypothesis testing approach. We found that, in general, there was no significant difference between road kill before and after road duplication. However, when considering the functional groups, and even species, some changes were significant for both increasing and reducing road kill. We also found that the proximity of wildlife crossing structures to road kill records did not reduce the frequency of animal-vehicle collision, indicating that such mitigation measures may not have been appropriate to reduce animal road mortality. Finally, in the third chapter we have proposed a new approach to estimate the changes in animal road kill probability before and after duplication of highways. In this chapter we recorded an increase in the probability of road kill after duplication for generalist species with high mobility. The methods proposed here are easy to implement in several actions related to roads, both for seeking their structural improvement and for making them more sustainable for biodiversity.
O crescimento urbano e o aumento populacional levaram a construção de uma gigantesca malha rodoviária ao redor do mundo. Essa malha é responsável por diversos impactos causados sobre a fauna, meio físico e flora, tais como: atropelamentos, isolamento de populações, facilitação no estabelecimento de espécies invasoras, assoreamento de rios, entre outros. Entretanto, embora a ecologia de estradas tenha avançado recentemente, ainda existem muitas lacunas sobre como elas afetam a fauna, da mesma forma que pouco se sabe sobre como os efeitos da mudança na estrutura das rodovias podem modificar o atropelamento de animais. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar alguns dos impactos das rodovias sobre espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em paisagens fragmentadas e naturalmente heterogêneas. Utilizando uma abordagem de grupos funcionais baseados na sensibilidade à perturbação e na capacidade de deslocamento, me propus a responder três perguntas, sendo cada uma um capítulo: 1) qual a contribuição de diversos índices de paisagem para prever o atropelamento de fauna; 2) a duplicação das rodovias e a implementação de passagens de fauna alteram a taxa de atropelamentos dos animais; 3) a duplicação das rodovias altera a maneira que os atropelamentos de fauna são correlacionados com as métricas da paisagem. Para responder a primeira e terceira perguntas, desenvolvemos métodos inovadores combinando aos dados de atropelamentos, uma abordagem multi-escala de métricas da paisagem envolvendo quantidade e distância de diversos elementos da paisagem, como vegetação natural, cerrado, água, silvicultura e cana-de-açúcar. O método proposto no primeiro capítulo, derivado do modelo de adequabilidade de habitat, se mostrou bastante promissor para estimar a probabilidade de atropelamentos. Cada grupo funcional de espécies respondeu de forma diferente aos elementos da paisagem. Distância e quantidade de vegetação foram mais importantes para prever o atropelamento de mamíferos mais sensíveis, mas quantidade de cana de açúcar também contribuiu para os resultados. O método proposto apresenta alta replicabilidade e pode ser utilizado facilmente em outras regiões e para outros táxons. A segunda pergunta foi abordada de forma mais analítica, com uma abordagem de teste de hipótese convencional. Verificamos que, de modo geral, não houve diferença significativa entre os atropelamentos antes e depois da duplicação da estrada. Entretanto, ao se considerar os grupos funcionais, e mesmo as espécies, algumas alterações foram significativas tanto para o aumento e redução de atropelamentos, conforme o foco da análise. Ainda neste capítulo verificamos que a proximidade das passagens de fauna aos atropelamentos não reduziu a taxa de atropelamento, indicando que tais medidas de mitigação podem não estar sendo apropriadas para reduzir a mortalidade por atropelamentos. Por fim, no terceiro capítulo propusemos uma nova abordagem para estimar as mudanças dos atropelamentos antes e depois da duplicação das rodovias. Neste capítulo registramos um aumento na probabilidade de atropelamento de espécies depois da duplicação para espécies generalistas e com maior mobilidade. O uso dos métodos propostos neste trabalho são de fácil implementação em diversas ações relacionadas a estradas, tanto visando sua melhoria estrutural quanto para torná-las mais sustentáveis para a biodiversidade.

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Brum, Fernanda Thiesen. « Integrando aspectos filogenéticos e funcionais na biogeografia da conservação de vertebrados ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/117879.

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Estimativas recentes mostram que as taxas atuais de extinção são muito maiores do que o indicado pelo registro fóssil, sendo as principais ameaças resultado da atividade humana. Como a crise da biodiversidade age em todas as escalas e não apresenta fronteiras políticas, a aplicação do arcabouço teórico da biogeografia da conservação e do planejamento sistemático para conservação se torna muito útil para a identificação de áreas com alto valor de conservação que sejam significativas em um contexto global, continental ou regional. Além da dimensão taxonômica, as dimensões funcional e filogenética da biodiversidade são componentes importantes para a conservação, e a sua perda implica não somente em perda de espécies, mas também na perda de funções ecossistêmicas e de trajetórias evolutivas. O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar como o impacto humano atual gerado pelo uso da terra, influencia padrões funcionais (relacionados ao risco de extinção, Capítulo 1) e filogenéticos (Capítulo 2) de distribuição, e como informações filogenéticas e de atributos podem ser utilizadas para informar priorização espacial pra conservação (Capítulo 3). Nos capítulos 1 e 2 encontrei que a influência do uso da terra sobre a biodiversidade não está restrita apenas às escalas mais locais e de paisagem, mas também já é perceptível em escalas geográficas amplas. Além disso, verifiquei que o uso da terra tem impacto não somente na dimensão taxonômica, mas também nas dimensões filogenética e funcional da diversidade de vertebrados nessa escala macrogeográfica. Isso demonstra a necessidade de um planejamento de ocupação e manejo de áreas utilizadas para atividades humana em ampla escala também, pois o impacto humano não se dá mais somente em escalas finas. O uso atual da terra representa uma ameaça real maior para algumas linhagens de anfíbios (Capítulo 1) e de primatas (Capítulo 2), como, por exemplo, Microhylidae e Atelidae, respectivamente. Isso reforça a necessidade de utilizarmos abordagens filogenéticas que identifiquem quais linhagens estão mais suscetíveis aos impactos decorrentes de atividades humanas. Ao tentar maximizar a a conservação das dimensões taxonômica, filogenética e funcional da biodiversidade de mamíferos, a congruência entre as áreas selecionadas como prioritárias foi baixa. A integração dos diferentes componentes da biodiversidade para selecionar áreas mais eficientes para a conservação das espécies ainda é um desafio. O desencontro entre as prioridades de conservação para as diferentes dimensões da biodiversidade ressalta a necessidade o desenvolvimento de abordagens mais integrativas para a conservação da biodiversidade.
Recent estimates show that current exticntion rates are much higher than the indicated by fossil records. The causes of this elevated rate are mostly result of human activities. The biodiversity crisis affects all scales and presents no political boundaries, the application of the theoretical and analytical framework of Conservation Biogeography and Systematic Conservation Planning becomes very useful to identify meaningful areas with high conservation value locally and globally. In addition to taxonomic diversity, functional and phylogenetic dimensions of biodiversity are also important components to preserve, and their loss implies not only on species number, but also loss of ecosystem services and evolutionary history. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate how impacts of human land use influences functional (related to extinction risk, Chapter 1) and phylogenetic (Chapter 2) distribution patterns, and how phylogenetic and trait information could be used to inform spatial conservation prioritization (Chapter 3). In the chapter 1 and 2 I found that the influence of land use on the biodiversity is not constrained to local and landscape scales, but has an effect at broad-scales too. Besides, I verified that land use impacts on phylogenetic and functional dimensions on macrogeographical scales. These results show a need of creating a broad scale planning for ocupation and management of areas intended to human activities. Current land use is a major threat to some lineages of amphibians (Chapter 1) and primates (Chapter 2), as for example Microhylidae and Atelidae respectively. That reinforces the need of phylogenetics approaches that identify which lineages are more exposed to human activities. We found low congruence between priority areas for maximize the conservation of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetics dimensions of biodiversity. The integration of the differnt componentes of diversity to conservation still is a chalenge. The mismatch of the conservation priorities across the different dimension highlights the necessity of an integrative approach to biodiversity conservation.

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Leakey, Louise Nicol. « Body weight estimation of Bovidae and Plio-Pleistocene faunal change, Turkana Basin, Kenya ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249743.

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Pagotto, Camilla Presente. « Recuperação da fauna durante a sucessão em florestas neotropicais ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-08012013-091308/.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a recuperação da fauna durante a sucessão florestal, através de duas abordagens distintas. No primeiro capítulo, visando a identificação das lacunas e oportunidades para o avanço do tema, realizamos uma revisão de artigos sobre sucessão em comunidades animais em florestas neotropicais analisados criticamente quanto: (1) às regiões e grupos estudados, (2) à qualidade dos trabalhos com relação a adequação do delineamento amostral, (3) aos padrões observados (diversidade, biomassa e estrutura), e (4) à base teórica utilizada. Foram encontrados e analisados 33 trabalhos, os quais focaram em poucos grupos da fauna, principalmente aves, mamíferos e formigas. No geral, a maioria dos trabalhos é descritiva, não explicitando expectativas sobre os padrões e mecanismos responsáveis pela recuperação da fauna, não apresenta delineamento amostral adequado, principalmente no que se refere à justificativa da alocação dos sítios de amostragem com relação a fatores de confusão, e quantifica de maneira categórica, e muitas vezes imprecisa e arbitrária, a sucessão. As lacunas identificadas nesta revisão apontam a limitação do conhecimento atual sobre os padrões e mecanismos associados à sucessão em comunidades animais em florestas neotropicais, o que conseqüentemente implica na falta de informações que embasem a elaboração de planos de manejo e restauração destas florestas. Já o segundo capítulo refere-se à investigação empírica da recuperação da comunidade de pequenos mamíferos entre estádios sucessionais em uma área contínua de Mata Atlântica. Verificamos a congruência das modificações observadas na riqueza, composição e estrutura da comunidade estudada com as expectativas geradas pelos dois principais mecanismos propostos na literatura: (1) substituição de espécies causada por demandas conflitantes (trade-offs), associada ao gradiente de produtividade primária líquida e disponibilidade de recursos durante a sucessão, ou (2) aumento de diversidade causado pela possibilidade de partição de nicho, associado ao aumento da biomassa e da complexidade da vegetação, e da diversidade de recursos durante este processo. Embora a riqueza, estrutura e composição da comunidade não tenham sido influenciadas pela sucessão, houve uma mudança na abundância de parte das espécies da comunidade, com algumas aumentando e outras diminuindo das matas mais jovens para as mais tardias. Nossos resultados indicam que a hipótese de demandas conflitantes é mais plausível para explicar a recuperação da fauna de pequenos mamíferos durante a sucessão florestal
This study aims at investigating fauna recovery during forest succession using two distinct approaches. In the first chapter, in order to identify the gaps and opportunities for advancing our understanding of this subject, we carried out a review of articles on succession in animal communities in neotropical forests, which were critically analyzed in relation to: (1) the study regions and study groups, (2) the quality with respect to the adequacy of the sampling design, (3) the observed patterns (diversity, biomass and structure), and (4) the theoretical basis. We found and analyzed 33 studies, which focused on a few wildlife groups, especially birds, mammals, and ants. In general, most studies are descriptive, with no explicit expectations about the patterns and mechanisms responsible for wildlife recovery, lack adequate sampling design, especially concerning the justification for the allocation of sampling sites with respect to confounding factors, and quantify succession into categories, which are often imprecise and arbitrary. The gaps identified in this review indicate the limitation of our current knowledge on the patterns and mechanisms associated with succession in animal communities in neotropical forests, which consequently implies in the lack of information for developing management and restoration plans for these forests. The second chapter refers to an empirical investigation on the recovery of small mammal communities across successional stages in a continuous area of Atlantic Forest. We verified the congruence of the observed changes in community richness, composition and structure with the expectations generated by the two main mechanisms proposed in the literature: (1) species replacement caused by trade-offs, associated with the gradient in net primary productivity and resource availability during succession, or (2) increase in diversity caused by the possibility of niche partitioning, associated with increased vegetation biomass and complexity, and increased resource diversity during this process. Although community richness, structure and composition were not influenced by succession, there was a change in the abundance of some species, with some increasing and others decreasing from younger to older forests. Our results indicate that the hypothesis on trade-offs is more plausible to explain the recovery of small mammal communities during forest succession

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Nascimento, Carlos Augusto Rodrigues do. « Histórico oficial do comércio ilegal de fauna no Estado do Amazonas ». Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2009. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2641.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The illegal trade of wildlife for human consumption or to supply the pets and adornment markets is historically widespread in Amazonia, but few studies have been conducted to evaluate this activity in that biome. This study assessed the history of the illegal trade in the state of Amazonas, from the records of arrest mined by the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) in Manaus / AM between 1992 and 2007. Data was obtained between February and December 2008 by checking files of the Division of Control and Supervision (DICOF) IBAMA / AM. accessed 818 records that represents for 49% of the sample period of 16 years. In total, 48974 animals were seized, 30276 being turtles, 16084 caimans, 1792 mammals and 808 birds. The number of individuals seized ranged from one to 4800 (mean = 50.4, SD = 279.5). Most animals were seized in the Purus river (n = 17334), Solimões river (n = 13940), Juruá river (n = 8528), in Manaus (n = 4330) and Negro river (n = 3156), in was seized one species of amphibian, two of snakes, two of crocodilians, eight turtles, 12 birds and 21 mammals. Podocnemis sextuberculata was the most frequent species with 13077 individuals seized. Four or five of the 46 species sold in Amazonia were considered endangered at a regional or national level, these species were jaguar (Phantera onca), puma (Puma concolor), margay (Leopardus wiedii) the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) and spider (Ateles belzebuth). The realization of this study is opportune to create a base to delineate the future of public policies for the conservation of wildlife in the Brazilian Amazonia.
O comércio ilegal de animais silvestres para o consumo humano ou para abastecer o tráfico de animais de companhia ou de adornos é historicamente intenso na Amazônia, mas poucos estudos foram realizados para avaliar esta atividade naquele bioma. Neste estudo foi avaliado o histórico do comércio ilegal de fauna silvestre no Estado do Amazonas, a partir de autos de apreensão lavrados pelo Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente (IBAMA) em Manaus/AM no período entre 1992 e 2007. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre fevereiro e dezembro de 2008, mediante triagem nos arquivos da Divisão de Controle e Fiscalização (DICOF) do IBAMA/AM. Foram acessados 818 autos de apreensão, correspondendo a 49% dos 192 meses compreendidos no período amostral de 16 anos. No total foram apreendidos 48974 animais, sendo 30276 quelônios, 16084 jacarés, 1792 mamíferos e 808 aves. O número de indivíduos apreendidos por auto variou de um a 4800 (média = 50,4, DP = 279,5). A maioria dos animais foi apreendida nos rios Purus (n = 17334), Solimões (n = 13940), Juruá (n = 8528), em Manaus (n = 4330) e no Rio Negro (n = 3156). Foram apreendidas uma espécie de anfíbio, duas de serpentes, duas de crocodilianos, oito de quelônios, 12 de aves e 21 de mamíferos. Podocnemis sextuberculata foi a espécie mais apreendida com 13077 indivíduos. Quatro ou cinco das 46 espécies comercializadas no Amazonas são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção biológica em nível nacional ou estadual, sendo estas a onça-pintada (Phantera onca), a onça-parda (Puma concolor), o gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii) o peixe-boi-amazônico (Trichechus inunguis) e o coatá (Ateles belzebuth). A realização deste estudo foi oportuna, visando contribuir para o balizamento futuro de políticas públicas para a conservação da fauna silvestre na Amazônia brasileira.

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Brink, J. S. « The evolution of the black wildebeest, Connochaetes gnou, and modern large mammal faunas in central Southern Africa / ». Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1342.

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Adams, John Peter. « Parasites of feral cats and native fauna from Western Australia the application of molecular techniques for the study of parasitic infections in Australian wildlife / ». Connect to this title online, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040730.142034.

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Laidlaw, William Scott, et mikewood@deakin edu au. « The Effects of Phytophthora Cinnamomi on heathland flora and fauna of the Eastern Otway Ranges ». Deakin University. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 1997. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051111.121612.

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The plant pathogen, Phytophthora dnnamomi, is a cause of dieback disease observed in sclerophyll vegetation in Australia, The effects of P. dnnamomi on flora and fauna were studied at two locations in heathland vegetation near the coastal town of Anglesea, Victoria. The pathogen was isolated from soils beneath diseased heathland plants. The extent of diseased vegetation was assessed by the presence and absence of highly sensitive indicator species, Xanthorrhoea australis and hopogon ceratophyllus. The characteristics of heathland vegetation exhibiting dieback disease associated with the presence of P. dnnamomi were investigated. Plant species richness was similar between diseased and non-diseased areas however diseased areas were characterised by significant declines in the cover and frequency of susceptible species, increases in resistant species and increases in percent cover of open ground. Compared to non-diseased areas, diseased areas exhibited fewer shrub species and decreased shrub cover. The percentage cover and number of species of sedges, lilies and grasses were higher in diseased areas. Structural differences were significant between 0-0.6 m with decreased cover of vegetation in diseased areas. Differences in structure between diseased and non-diseased areas were not as great as expected due to increases in the cover of resistant species. A number of regenerating X australis were observed in post-disease areas. Cluster analysis of floristic data could clearly separate diseased and non-diseased trap stations. The population dynamics and habitat use of eight small mammal species present were compared in diseased and non-diseased areas using trapping and radio-tracking techniques. The number of small mammal species captured in post-disease areas was significantly lower than non-diseased areas. Mean captures of Antechinus stuartii and Rattus fiisdpes were significantly lower in diseased areas on Grid B. Mean captures of Rattus lutreolus were significantly lower in diseased areas on both study grids. Significant differences were not observed in every season over the two year study period. Radio tracking revealed more observations of Sminthopsis leucopus in non-diseased vegetation than in diseased. Cercartetus nanus was frequently observed to utilise the disease susceptible X. australis for nesting. At one location, the recovery of vegetation and small mammal communities in non-diseased and diseased vegetation after fuel reduction burning was monitored for three years post-fire. Return of plant species after fire in both disease classes were similar, reaching 75% of pre-fire richness after three years. Vegetation cover was slower to return after fire in diseased areas. Of the seven small mammal species captured pre-fire, five were regularly captured in the three years after fire. General linear model analysis revealed a significant influence of disease on capture rates for total small mammals before fire and a significant influence of fire on capture rates for total small mammals after fire. After three years, the influence of fire on capture rates was reduced no significant difference was detected between disease classes. Measurements of microclimate indicate that diseased, burnt heathland was likely to experience greater extremes of temperature and wind speed. Seeding of diseased heathland with X. australis resulted in the establishment of seedlings of this sensitive species. The reported distributions of the mamma] species in Victoria were analysed to determine which species were associated with the reported distribution of dieback disease. Twenty-two species have more than 20% of their known distribution in diseased areas. Five of these species, Pseudomys novaehollandiae, Pseudomys fumeust Pseudomys shortridgei, Potorous longipes and Petrogale pencillata are rare or endangered in Victoria. Four of the twenty-two species, Sminthopsis leucopus, Isoodon obesulus, Cercartetus nanus and Rottus lutreolus am observed in Victorian heathlands. Phytophthora cinnamomi changes both the structure and floristics of heathland vegetation in the eastern Qtway Ranges. Small mammals respond to these changes through decreased utilisation of diseased heathland. The pathogen threatens the diversity of species present and future research efforts should be directed towards limiting its spread and rehabilitating diseased areas.

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Silveira, Patrícia Batista da. « Mamiferos de médio e grande porte em florestas de Eucalyptus spp com diferentes densidades de sub-bosque no município de Itatinga, SP ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-07042006-154033/.

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Estudos de fauna em florestas homogêneas de plantio comercial são ainda incipientes no país. Essas áreas de reflorestamento apresentam poucos recursos necessários à vida silvestre, quando comparadas às florestas nativas. Entretanto, sub-bosques presentes nessas florestas homogêneas podem fornecer ofertas de alimento, abrigo, proteção, e o estabelecimento de um ambiente favorável à movimentação dos animais - otimizando assim o uso desses locais pela fauna silvestre. Este estudo foi realizado no Horto Florestal de Itatinga, uma área com predomínio de florestas de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp), e com remanescentes de vegetação nativa (floresta estacional semidecidual, cerrado, cerradão e áreas ripárias), localizada no município de Itatinga, no estado de São Paulo. A fim de verificar se a presença e a densidade do sub-bosque nas florestas de eucaliptos influenciam no uso desses locais pelos mamíferos de médio e grande porte, foram comparados três tipos de ambientes de eucalipto: um talhão de eucalipto sem subbosque, um talhão de eucalipto com sub-bosque intermediário, e um talhão de eucalipto com subbosque denso. Em cada um desses ambientes foram colocadas 24 parcelas de areia (armadilhas de pegadas) com iscas alimentares (banana, bacon e sal), para a observação do número de pegadas dos animais nas mesmas. Foram verificados os números de registros, as freqüências de ocorrência e as abundâncias relativas das espécies de mamíferos em cada ambiente, durante 15 dias do inverno de 2004 (estação seca) e 15 dias do verão de 2005 (estação chuvosa). O número de registros foi maior no ambiente de eucalipto com sub-bosque denso, e a riqueza de espécies foi maior no eucalipto com sub-bosque intermediário. O teste do Qui-quadrado (χ2) mostrou diferença significativa no número de registros entre os três ambientes, e entre os períodos inverno e verão. Foram verificadas as categorias tróficas dos mamíferos levantados nesses locais, e observou-se que os animais encontrados foram, em sua maioria, animais de hábitos mais generalistas e pouco exigentes quanto ao habitat. Foram encontradas no total 10 espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte nesses ambientes de eucalipto. A curva do coletor não mostrou estabilização, indicando que ainda havia espécies a serem levantadas nesses três ambientes de eucaliptos. Foi também realizado um levantamento qualitativo dos mamíferos de médio e grande porte na área de estudo em geral. Para isso, foram observados registros diretos e indiretos da mastofauna, como visualização de animais, pegadas, fezes, pêlos, tocas e carcaças; foram efetuadas também entrevistas, e houve a instalação de uma câmera trap (armadilha fotográfica). Este levantamento geral ocorreu durante 75 dias (entre julho de 2004 e abril de 2005). Foram encontradas 27 espécies de mamíferos nesse levantamento, mas a curva do coletor aplicada a esses registros também não se estabilizou. A maioria dos animais levantados são de hábitos alimentares generalistas; entretanto, foram registrados pelo menos quatro espécies de carnívoros (mais exigentes quanto à qualidade do habitat). Foram acusadas as presenças de oito espécies de mamíferos ameaçados de extinção no Horto de Itatinga.
Fauna studies in homogeneous forests for commercial plantation purposes are still incipient in the country. These reforestation areas present a few resources necessary to the maintenance of wild life, when compared to the native forests. However, understories present in these homogeneous forests can provide food, shelter, protection and the establishment of a favorable environment to animal movement thus, optimizing the use of these reforestation areas by the wild fauna. This study took place in the Horto Florestal de Itatinga, an area of mostly eucalypts forests (Eucalyptus ssp) and remaining fragments of native vegetation (semideciduous seasonal forests, savannah and riparian forests), located in Itatinga, state of São Paulo, Brazil. In order to verify if the presence and density of the understories in the eucalypt forests influence in the use of these locations by medium and large-sized mammals, three types of eucalypt environment were compared: a stand of eucalypt without understory, a stand of eucalypt with intermediate understory an a stand of eucalypt with dense understory. Each of these environments received 24 sand plots (tracking traps) containing alimentary baits (banana, bacon and salt), for the observation of the number of animal tracks in each one of them. Registry numbers, frequency of occurrence and the relative abundance of mammals species in each environment, throughout 15 winter days in 2004 (dry season) and 15 summer days in 2005 (wet season), were verified. In the eucalypt environment with dense understory record numbers were higher, and in the eucalypt environment with intermediate understory the richness of species was bigger. The chi-square test (χ2) showed significant difference in registry numbers among these three environments, as well as between winter and summer periods. Dietary categories of the mammals observed in these sites were verified, and most of the observed animals belonged to generalist species, and they were not so demanding concerning their habitat. Ten species of medium and large-sized mammals were found in these eucalypts environments all told. The collectors curve was not stabilized, indicating that there were still other species to be surveyed in these three environments with eucalypts. A qualitative survey of medium and large-sized mammals in the study area in general, was also carried out. For this purpose, direct and indirect records of the mammals, as well as the visualization of these animals, their tracks, feces, hairs, burrows and carcasses were observed. Local people were interviewed and one camera trapping installed. This survey took place throughout 75 days (between July, 2004 e April, 2005). Twenty-seven species of mammals were found in this survey, but the collectors curve was not stabilized too. Most of the animals observed in this study belonged to generalist species; but at least four species of carnivores (animals are more demanding concerning their habitat) were recorded. This study also accused the presence of eight endangered species in the Horto de Itatinga.

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van, Woerkom Anne. « Ancient DNA from soils and sediments from the Krigstjärn area, northern Sweden : Preservation and detection of Holocene mammal sedaDNA ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-127680.

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Current knowledge of past vegetation and faunal diversity has been based on pollen and macrofossil analysis from lake sediments. The innovative method of sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) is a promising, complementary proxy to reconstruct information about past environments. However, to what extent animal DNA can be extracted from old sediments and soils has not been frequently studied. This study explored if ancient DNA of moose (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarangus), goat (Capra aegagrus) and plants could be extracted from millennia old lake sediments of Lake Krigstjärn and archaeological soil samples in northern Sweden. SedaDNA was successfully extracted and detected from both reindeer and plants DNA, while goats sedaDNA was absent in all sediments. Moose ancient DNA (aDNA) was only detected in the archaeological soils. Yet, there were signs that the applied moose primer set was not optimal for heavily degraded DNA and the validity of this primer needs further research. Earliest detections of reindeer DNA can be dated to ~6500 c. years ago. Oldest sediments contained DNA, indicating sufficient DNA preservation conditions in the sediments of Lake Krigstjärn. Finds of plants DNA in pre-deglaciational sediments may indicate the existence of >9500 year old glacial vegetation. Altogether is sedaDNA a highly promising tool to reconstruct diversity, origin and immigration routes of mammals, but technical issues such as primer set specificity and its purpose should be considered and tested carefully in advance.

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Abra, Fernanda Delborgo. « Monitoramento e avaliação das passagens inferiores de fauna presentes na rodovia SP-225 no município de Brotas, São Paulo ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-21012013-095242/.

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A Ecologia de Estradas é um novo campo de conhecimento e surgiu das demandas sobre estudos de impactos ambientais em áreas naturais, com a construção de empreendimentos lineares, como estradas, rodovias e linhas férreas. Sérios problemas ambientais ligados à implantação de estradas e rodovias estão sendo analisados em todo o mundo, como: dispersão de espécies exóticas, alteração do ciclo hidrológico, mudanças microclimáticas, produção de material particulado e ruído, contaminação das águas e do solo, perda de habitat, fragmentação de ambientes naturais e, principalmente, o atropelamento de animais silvestres. Vários estudos vêm sendo desenvolvidos especialmente na América do Norte e Europa e medidas mitigatórias para o atropelamento de animais silvestres, como as passagens de fauna, vêm sendo criadas. Essas estruturas restituem a conectividade entre os fragmentos florestais e matrizes permeáveis e, quando efetivas nas travessias de animais, contempla-se a conservação da biodiversidade e a segurança do usuário. O estado de São Paulo possui 81 passagens de fauna em 14 rodovias diferentes e, numa delas, a SP-225, foi realizado o monitoramento de 10 passagens inferiores de fauna (PIF), distribuídas em 51 km de extensão. O trecho da rodovia em estudo corta os municípios de Dois Córregos, Brotas e Itirapina. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram comparar a efetividade em travessias de mamíferos de médio e grande porte entre diferentes tipos estruturais de PIF, novas e antigas (presentes antes do licenciamento da duplicação da rodovia), com presença e ausência de água. Três tipos diferentes de PIF foram monitorados: passagens quadradas de concreto, redondas de tubo Armco e um terceiro tipo de grande galeria. Também verificamos a influência da paisagem num entorno de 50 metros (buffers) ao redor das PIFs estudadas. O monitoramento foi realizado por meio de filmagens com câmeras digitais de vídeo e canteiros de pegadas com pó de mármore, durante oito dias por mês, no período de um ano, totalizando um esforço amostral de 96 dias. Foram registradas 800 travessias, sendo que 725 foram exclusivas para mamíferos de médio e grande porte, tendo 16 diferentes espécies representadas. As espécies que mais utilizaram as passagens foram capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), com 435 travessias de indivíduos, seguido de veado catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira), com 94 indivíduos, e tatu galinha (Dasypus novemcinctus), com 52 indivíduos. Os resultados foram testados através de análises de variância e teste correlação de Spearman. Verificou-se que a presença de água é um fator altamente significativo para a travessia da fauna (X2 = 236,5; p<<0,001). Não detectamos diferença na efetividade dos três tipos de PIF estudados (ANOVA: F= 1.43, p= 0,255) embora o tipo \"grande galeria\" tenha contemplado a travessia de 15 espécies diferentes, apresentando, portanto, maior riqueza. O baixo número amostral para PIF do tipo grande galeria impediu o uso de seus resultados em testes estatísticos, porém, uma maior amostragem talvez pudesse mostrar maior sucesso desse tipo de PIF. É possível que passagens redondas e quadradas não tenham diferido no número de travessias por terem em média o mesmo tamanho (2 m x 2 m em PIFs quadradas e 2 m de diâmetro em PIFs redondas), pois talvez os mamíferos de médio e grande porte não tenham predileção por tipos estruturais específicos entre essas duas PIFs. A análise da paisagem no entorno da rodovia demonstrou que as matrizes mais presentes foram as culturas de laranja e pasto, mas a única espécie que respondeu aos tipos de matrizes foi o gambá (Didelphis albiventris), estando freqüente em passagens circundadas por cana de açúcar e pasto. Analisando a ocorrência das espécies estudadas nas PIFs, verificamos que cachorro do mato (Cerdocyon thous) e tatu (Dasypus novemcinctus) se mostraram relacionados negativamente com a presença de água (p= -0,72 e p= -0,62 respectivamente, teste de Spearman), enquanto que veado, gambá e paca se mostraram relacionados positivamente com a presença de vegetação. É possível relacionar o sucesso de travessias de mamíferos de médio e grande porte com PIFs apresentando água também dentro dos limites da paisagem considerados. Nesse sentido, tivemos 676 travessias em passagens úmidas e 46 travessias em passagens secas. A aplicação prática dessa informação é a possibilidade de modificação de tubos de drenagem fluviais já existentes em rodovias (com dimensão mínima de 1,5 m de diâmetro, ou 1,5 m x 1,5 m para caixas retangulares) para a passagem de fauna, ou a construção de novos tubos adaptados para fauna de médio e grande porte nas rodovias em licenciamento para implantação ou duplicação
Road Ecology is a new field of knowledge that emerged from environmental impact studies in natural areas due to the construction of linear developments, such as roads, highways and railways. Serious environmental problems linked to the construction of roads and highways have been analyzed worldwide, such as: dispersion of exotic species, hydrological cycle changes, microclimatic changes, the production of particulate material and noise, water and soil contamination, habitat loss, natural environments fragmentation, and road kill. Many studies have been conducted especially in North America and Europe resulting in mitigation measures such as fauna crossings for the reduction of road kill. These structures restore the connectivity between forests fragments and permeable matrices, the conservation of biodiversity and safety of users is taken into consideration when it is effective for the crossings of animals. Sao Paulo State has 81 fauna crossings in 14 different highways and, in particular, there was monitoring of 10 fauna underpasses, on the SP-225 distributed over 51 km. The section of the highway in the study cuts through the municipalities of Dois Corregos, Brotas and Itirapina. The purpose of this study was to compare the different structural types, new and old (present prior to the highway duplication licensing), with and without the presence of water and their effectiveness on medium and large-sized mammals usage of fauna underpasses. Three different types of fauna underpasses were monitored: square concrete underpass, Armco tube tunnels and a third type of open spam underpass. We also verified the influence of the landscape within 50 meters (buffers) surrounding the fauna underpasses studied. The monitoring was made utilizing digital video recording cameras and marble dust beds track stations, eight days a month, during one year, the sampling totaling 96 days. There were 800 crossings registered, 725 were exclusively for medium and largesized mammals, representing 16 different species. The species that most used the crossings were the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), 435 crossings of the individuals, followed by the gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira), with 94 individuals, and the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus ), with 52 individuals. The results were tested through the analysis of variance and Spearman correlation test. It was found that the presence of water is a highly significant factor for the fauna crossing (X2 = 236,5; p<<0,001). We detected no difference in the effectiveness of the three types of underpasses studied (ANOVA: F= 1.43, p= 0,255) although the type \"open spam underpass\" demonstrated greater diversity with the crossings of 15 different species. The low sampling number for the type of open spam underpass prevented the usage of the results in statistical tests; however a larger sampling would probably be able to show a greater success of this type of fauna underpass structure. It is possible that there had not been a difference in the number of crossings in round culverts and square culverts because these structures have on average the same size (2m x 2m in square underpasses and 2m in diameter in round underpasses). Maybe because medium and large-sized mammals don\'t have a preference for specific structural types between these two types of fauna underpasses. The analysis of the landscape in the surrounding areas of the highway showed that the cultures of orange and pasture were the prevalent matrices, but the white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) was the only specie that responded to these types of matrices. The white-eared opossum was found frequently in landscapes surrounded by sugar cane and pasture. Analyzing the occurrence of the species studied in the fauna underpasses, we verified that crab eating fox and armadillo demonstrated a negative interaction with water (p= -0,72 e p= -0,62 respectively, Spearman test), whereas gray brocket, white eared opossum and spotted paca demonstrated a positive interaction with the presence of vegetation

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Žolt, Horvat. « Helmintofauna slepih miševa (Mammalia : Chiroptera) na području Srbije ». Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2017. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=104813&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Analizirana je helmintofauna 127 primeraka slepih miševa na teritoriji Srbije.Sakupljene jedinke su pripadnici 12 vrsta slepih miševa: veliki potkovičar (Rhinolophusferrumequinum Schreber, 1774); tamnoliki brkati večernjak (Myotis mystacinus Kuhl, 1817); mali brkati večernjak (M. alcathoe Helversen & Heller, 2001); šumski brkati večernjak (M. brandtii Eversmann, 1845); južni veliki večernjak (M. oxygnathus Monticelli, 1885); evropski veliki večernjak (M. myotis Borkhausen, 1797); dugodlaki slepi mišić(Hypsugo savii Bonaparte, 1837); obični slepi mišić(Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber, 1774); šumski slepi mišić (P. nathusii Keyserling & Blasius, 1839); evropski smeđi dugoušan (Plecotus auritus Linnaeus, 1758); evropski sivi dugoušan (P. austriacus Fischer, 1829) i obični noćnik (Nyctalus noctula Schreber, 1774). Jedinke slepih miševa su sakupljane sa 15 lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije: Deliblatska peščara, Zasavica, Valjevo, Beograd, Paraćin, Đerdap, Bor, Beljanica, Kučevo, Boljevac, Zaječar, Zlot, Medveđa, planina Tara i Ivanjica u periodu od 2001. do 2009 godine.Izolovano je ukupno 1642 jedinki parazita (787 jedinki metilja, 4 pantljičara i 851 nematoda), razvrstanih u 2 razdela, 1 podrazdel, 3 klase, 3 podklase, 1 nadred, 6 reda, 1 podred, 7 nadfamilija, 11 familija, 9 podfamilija, 12 rodova i 14 vrsta. Identifikovane vrste parazita su: Plagiorchis koreanus(Ogata, 1937), Mesotretes peregrinus (Braun, 1900), Lecithodendrium linstowi (Dollfus, 1931), Prosthodendrium longiforme (Bhalerao, 1926), P. chilostomum (Mehlis, 1831), P. parvouterus (Bhalerao, 1926), Milina grisea(van Beneden, 1873), Capillaria neopulchra (Babos, 1954), Molinostrongylus alatus(Ortlepp, 1932), Strongylacantha glycirrhiza (van Beneden, 1873), Physalopterasp., Litomosa ottavianii (Lagrange & Bettini, 1948), Rictularia bovieri (Blanchard, 1886) i Seuratum mucronatum (Rudolphi, 1809). Kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza helmintofaune slepih miševa je prvi put rađena na području Srbije, te se date vrste domaćina mogu smatrati novim za sve konstatovane vrste parazita na teritoriji naše zemlje. U ukupnom uzorku 93 (73.23%) jedinki domaćina bilo je invadirano parazitima. Najbrojnije u ukupnom uzorkusu bile vrste P. koreanus, L. linstowii M. alatus, sa dominacijom poslednje. Konstatovano je da pol ne utiče na sastav helmintofaune domaćina. Međutim, konstatovane su promene u kvalitetu i kvantitetu helmintocenoze u pojedinim sezonama.
The helminth fauna of 127 individuals of bats on the territory of Serbia was analyzed. The host samples consisted of 12 bat species: Greater Horseshoe Bat(Rhinolophus ferrumequinumSchreber, 1774); Whiskered Bat (Myotis mystacinusKuhl, 1817); Alcathoe Whiskered Bat (M. alcathoeHelversen & Heller, 2001); Brandt ’s Bat (M. brandtiiEversmann, 1845); Lesser Mouse-eared Bat (M. oxygnathusMonticelli, 1885); Greater Mouse-eared Bat (M. myotisBorkhausen, 1797); Savi ’ s Pipistrelle Bat (Hypsugo saviiBonaparte, 1837); Common Pipistrelle Bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber, 1774); Nathusius ’ Pipistrelle Bat (P. BathusiiKeyserling & Blasius, 1839); Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritusLinnaeus, 1758); Grey Long-eared Bat (P. austriacusFischer, 1829) and Noctule Bat (Nyctalus noctulaSchreber, 1774). Host semples were collected from fifteen localities throughout Serbia: Deliblato sands, Zasavica, Valjevo, Belgrade, Paraćin, Đerdap, Bor, Beljanica, Kučevo, Boljevac, Zaječar, Zlot, Medveđa, Tara mountain and Ivanjica in the period between2001 and 2009. A total of 1642 helminth individuals (787 individuals of digeneans, 4 cestodes and 851 nematodes) were collected from the hosts, classified into 2 phylas, 1 subphyla, 3 classes, 3 subclasses, 1 superorder, 6 orders, 1 suborder, 7 superfamilies, 11 families, 9 subfamilies, 12 generas and 14 species. Fourteen parasite species were identified: Plagiorchis koreanus(Ogata, 1937), Mesotretes peregrinus(Braun, 1900), Lecithodendrium linstowi(Dollfus, 1931), Prosthodendrium longiforme(Bhalerao, 1926), P. chilostomum(Mehlis, 1831), P. parvouterus(Bhalerao, 1926), Milina grisea (van Beneden, 1873), Capillaria neopulchra(Babos, 1954), Molinostrongylus alatus (Ortlepp, 1932), Strongylacantha glycirrhiza(van Beneden, 1873), Physalopterasp., Litomosa ottavianii(Lagrange & Bettini, 1948), Rictularia bovieri(Blanchard, 1886) and Seuratum mucronatum(Rudolphi, 1809). The qualitative and quantitativeanalysis of the helminth fauna of bats were conducted in Serbia for the first time. Therefore all bat species can be considered new hosts for all recorded helminth species on the area of the country. Ninety-three (73.23%) individuals werefound to be infected with helminth parasites. The most numerous helminth species in total sample were P. koreanus, L. linstowiand M. alatus, which is also the most dominant. There is no evidence that the composition of helminth fauna depends on the sex ofthe host. However, some seasonal changes in quality and quantity of helminth community of the host are obvious.

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Carvalho, Cristiano de [UNESP]. « Levantamento da fauna de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) e ocorrência de vírus rábico na Região de Araçatuba - São Paulo, Brasil ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94708.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A riqueza de espécies da fauna de morcegos e a ocorrência de vírus rábico foram avaliadas em área urbana (municípios da região de Araçatuba) e florestal (fragmento localizado no município de Valparaíso-SP), ambos localizados na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Os morcegos da área urbana foram recebidos diretamente no laboratório de diagnóstico de raiva da UNESP - Campus de Araçatuba no período de 2006 a 2007. Morcegos da área florestal foram capturados mensalmente, no período de um ano de coletas em 2007, resultando em uma baixa diversidade de espécies. As amostras das duas áreas foram submetidas ao exame de diagnóstico de raiva, por meio das técnicas de imunofluorescência direta (IDF) e inoculação intracerebral em camundongos. Foram analisados 968 morcegos pertencentes a quatro famílias, Phyllostomidae, Noctilionidae, Molossidae e Vespertilionidae. Os morcegos observados em ambas as áreas no período de 2007 resultaram em uma similaridade na composição das espécies representada pela família Phyllostomidae. Morcegos da família Molossidae foram registrados na sua maioria em áreas urbanas, observando-se somente uma espécie no fragmento Florestal. A taxa de positividade na área urbana no período de 2006 a 2007 foi de 0,72%, inferior à média registrada em estudos anteriores, sendo os casos positivos em morcegos de hábito alimentar frugívoro e insetívoro. Todos os morcegos da área florestal foram negativos para o diagnóstico da raiva. O estudo pode contribuir para o conhecimento da diversidade de morcegos e a epidemiologia da raiva na região.
The species richness of bat fauna and the ocurrence of rabies virus were studied in urban (municipal districts from Araçatuba region) and natural (forest fragment in Valparaiso town) environments, both located in the Northwestern Sao Paulo State. Bats from the natural forest were collected with mist nets in four different areas: forest, boarding areas, natural clearings in the woods and areas close to water and food sources. Urban samples were composed by bats, sent to UNESP Rabies Laboratory, for rabies virus research by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). A total of 968 bats belonging to four families, Phyllostomidae, Noctilionidae, Molossidae e Vespertilionidae, were analyzed. The results obtained from both areas showed a closed similarity in the composition of species and some particularities in the distribution of species according to trophic guilds in bats from Phyllostomidae family. Most of bats from the Molossidade family were recorded in urban areas, with only one species in the forest fragment. Considering all samples, 0,72% was rabies positive, a lower index compared to the mean index registered in the last years. All the positive cases occurred in frugivorous and insectivorous bats. This study was important to improve the knowlegment of bat diversity and rabies epidemiology in this specific region.

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Carvalho, Cristiano de. « Levantamento da fauna de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) e ocorrência de vírus rábico na Região de Araçatuba - São Paulo, Brasil / ». Araçatuba : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94708.

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Orientador: Luzia Helena Queiroz da Silva
Banca: Wagner André Pedro
Banca: Wilson Uieda
Resumo: A riqueza de espécies da fauna de morcegos e a ocorrência de vírus rábico foram avaliadas em área urbana (municípios da região de Araçatuba) e florestal (fragmento localizado no município de Valparaíso-SP), ambos localizados na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Os morcegos da área urbana foram recebidos diretamente no laboratório de diagnóstico de raiva da UNESP - Campus de Araçatuba no período de 2006 a 2007. Morcegos da área florestal foram capturados mensalmente, no período de um ano de coletas em 2007, resultando em uma baixa diversidade de espécies. As amostras das duas áreas foram submetidas ao exame de diagnóstico de raiva, por meio das técnicas de imunofluorescência direta (IDF) e inoculação intracerebral em camundongos. Foram analisados 968 morcegos pertencentes a quatro famílias, Phyllostomidae, Noctilionidae, Molossidae e Vespertilionidae. Os morcegos observados em ambas as áreas no período de 2007 resultaram em uma similaridade na composição das espécies representada pela família Phyllostomidae. Morcegos da família Molossidae foram registrados na sua maioria em áreas urbanas, observando-se somente uma espécie no fragmento Florestal. A taxa de positividade na área urbana no período de 2006 a 2007 foi de 0,72%, inferior à média registrada em estudos anteriores, sendo os casos positivos em morcegos de hábito alimentar frugívoro e insetívoro. Todos os morcegos da área florestal foram negativos para o diagnóstico da raiva. O estudo pode contribuir para o conhecimento da diversidade de morcegos e a epidemiologia da raiva na região.
Abstract: The species richness of bat fauna and the ocurrence of rabies virus were studied in urban (municipal districts from Araçatuba region) and natural (forest fragment in Valparaiso town) environments, both located in the Northwestern Sao Paulo State. Bats from the natural forest were collected with mist nets in four different areas: forest, boarding areas, natural clearings in the woods and areas close to water and food sources. Urban samples were composed by bats, sent to UNESP Rabies Laboratory, for rabies virus research by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). A total of 968 bats belonging to four families, Phyllostomidae, Noctilionidae, Molossidae e Vespertilionidae, were analyzed. The results obtained from both areas showed a closed similarity in the composition of species and some particularities in the distribution of species according to trophic guilds in bats from Phyllostomidae family. Most of bats from the Molossidade family were recorded in urban areas, with only one species in the forest fragment. Considering all samples, 0,72% was rabies positive, a lower index compared to the mean index registered in the last years. All the positive cases occurred in frugivorous and insectivorous bats. This study was important to improve the knowlegment of bat diversity and rabies epidemiology in this specific region.
Mestre

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Esteves, Carolina Franco [UNESP]. « Influência antrópica na distribuição espacial da comunidade de mamíferos no Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta, SP ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99541.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
As conseqüências das atividades humanas nas populações de vertebrados são questões importantes, com efeitos diretos na conservação das espécies. Mapear as áreas de maior acesso humano e seu efeito potencial para a vida selvagem deve ser considerado como estratégia de manejo em áreas protegidas. O crescimento do ecoturismo no Brasil tem atraído turistas para as áreas protegidas, mas estes parques estão pouco preparados para atender a demanda conciliando recreação e conservação. As áreas protegidas em regiões tropicais são consideradas importantes refúgios de habitat natural para muitas espécies e ainda assim sofrem constante ação depredatória. É essencial, portanto, entender como as atividades humanas afetam a vida silvestre nestes locais. Neste estudo, a influência da presença humana sobre a ocorrência e abundância dos mamíferos na Ilha Anchieta foi analisada por meio do conceito de acessibilidade humana. Este trabalho visou mapear a acessibilidade na Ilha Anchieta para fins de zoneamento e manejo e também analisar a influência humana e das variáveis ambientais na distribuição e abundância dos mamíferos de médio e grande porte. De fevereiro a outubro de 2009 foram coletados dados de ocorrência dos mamíferos da Ilha Anchieta por transectos lineares (avistamentos e vestígios) e por armadilhas fotográficas em quatro estratos amostrais: Floresta Estágio Intermediário com Acesso Fácil (EIF), Floresta Estágio Intermediário com Acesso Difícil (EID), Floresta Estágio Avançado com Acesso Fácil (EAF), Floresta Estágio Avançado com Acesso Difícil (EAD). Foram registradas 623 ocorrências de oito espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, nos quatro estratos amostrados na Ilha Anchieta considerando as duas metodologias, transectos (n=355) e armadilhas fotográficas (n=268). Do total de registros, a cutia (Dasyprocta spp.) obteve a maior...
The consequences of human activity in vertebrate populations are important issues with direct effects in species conservation. Mapping areas of greater human access and its potential effect to wildlife needs to be considered as strategy for management in protected areas. The growth of ecotourism in Brazil has attracted tourists for protected areas but these public parks are roughly prepared to attend the demand conciliating recreation and conservation goals. Protected areas in tropical regions are considered ultimate refugees of natural habitat for many species but they have been suffering human impact. Therefore it is essential to understand how human activities affect wildlife in these areas. In this study, the influence of human presence on the occurrence and abundance of mammals at Anchieta Island was analyzed by using the concept of human accessibility. This study aimed to map the accessibility of Anchieta Island for purposes of zoning and management and also examine the influence of human and environmental variables on the distribution and abundance of medium and large-sized mammals. From February to October 2009 mammal occurrence data were collected at Anchieta Island using line transect (sightings or traces) and camera traps in four sampling strata: Intermediate Stage Forest with Easy Access (EIF), Intermediate Stage Forest with Difficult Access (EID), Advanced Stage Forest with Easy Access (EAF), Advanced Stage Forest with Difficult Access (EAD). 623 occurrences of eight mammalian species were recorded in the four strata sampled at Anchieta Island considering both methodologies, line transects (n = 355) and camera traps (n = 268). According to the records, the agouti (Dasyprocta spp.) had the highest relative frequency of occurrence (46.9%), followed by the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) (19.3%). Based on the maps of landscape structure and human presence, the influence of these... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Campos, Claudia Bueno de. « Impacto de cães (Canis familiaris) e gatos (Felis catus) errantes sobre a fauna silvestre em ambiente peri-urbano ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-20062005-162534/.

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Os objetivos deste estudo foram quantificar a população de cães (Canis familiaris) e gatos (Felis catus) errantes em ambiente peri-urbano representado pelo Campus Luiz de Queiroz da Universidade de São Paulo, em Piracicaba, SP; descrever e comparar qualitativa e quantitativamente a dieta das duas espécies e estimar sua pressão de predação sobre as espécies silvestres de mamíferos. Durante os meses de julho de 2002 e janeiro de 2003, foram realizadas observações visuais e coletadas amostras de fezes de cães e gatos ao longo de uma transeção linear. Foram amostrados 0,276 km², ou 3,2% da área de 860ha do Campus. As características físicas de cada indivíduo (espécie, raça, pelagem, sexo, tamanho e marcas naturais) foram registradas para o cálculo da abundância das duas espécies na área amostrada, assim como o número de encontros por dia e por ambientes (rural e suburbano). A dieta foi analisada através das amostras de fezes que foram esterilizadas, lavadas, secas e triadas, sendo seus componentes identificados com o auxílio de referências bibliográficas. A importância de cada item foi expressa como porcentagem do número total de itens encontrados e como porcentagem de uma estimativa da biomassa consumida. A amplitude e sobreposição de nicho foram calculadas através dos índices de Levins e Pianka, respectivamente. O resultado da estimativa de abundância dos cães e gatos domésticos na área amostrada foi de 42 cães e 81 gatos. Cães e gatos são mais abundantes em ambiente suburbano que rural (T = 3,78, p < 0,001, N = 55; T = 8,38, p < 0,001, N = 55 respectivamente) e os gatos são mais abundantes que cães em ambiente suburbano (T = 6,76, p < 0,001, N = 55), porém não houve diferença significativa quanto à abundância de cães e gatos em ambiente rural (T = 0,82, p = 0,46, N = 55). Os resultados das análises das dietas indicam que os cães e gatos domésticos errantes são oportunistas de hábito generalista. Em 234 amostras de fezes foram detectadas 1212 ocorrências de 57 itens (68,4% de origem animal, 15,8% de origem vegetal e 15,8% formados por itens não alimentares). Considerando os itens de origem animal da dieta das duas espécies, invertebrados foram os mais consumidos, seguidos por mamíferos (cães: 57,05% e 25,15%; gatos: 63,24% e 20,51%, respectivamente). A amplitude de nicho (B) foi de 0,4463 para cães e 0,4892 para gatos. A sobreposição de nicho (O) foi próxima de completa (0,97108). O consumo de mamíferos por cães foi estimado entre 16,76 e 25,42 kg/ind/ano e por os gatos foi entre 2,01 e 2,9 kg/ind/ano, o que pode ser a causa das baixas densidades populacionais de pequenos mamíferos silvestres na área de estudo.
The goals of this study were to quantify the population of free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) in suburban areas; to describe and compare the diet of both species, and to estimate their predation pressure on the wildlife, at Campus " Luiz of Queiroz " of the University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, SP. During the months of July 2002 and January 2003, visual observations and scats collection of dogs and cats were accomplished along a transect line. The sampled area comprised 0.276 km², or 3.2% of the 860ha of the Campus area. Physical characteristics of each individual (species, race, fur, sex, size and natural marks) were registered for the calculation of the abundance of both species in the sampled area, as well as the number of encounters a day and the environment (rural and suburban). The diet was analyzed through scats sterilized, washed, dried and sorted. Their components were identified with the aid of bibliographical references. The importance of each item was expressed as the percentage of the total number of items found and as the percentage of an estimate of the consumed biomass. Breadth and overlap niche were calculated through the indexes of Levins and Pianka, respectively. The results of estimate abundance of free-ranging dogs and cats in the sampled area were of 42 and 81 respectively. Dogs and cats are more abundant in suburban than rural environment (T = 3.78, p <0.001, N = 55; T = 8.38, p <0.001, N = 55 respectively) and the cats are more abundant than dogs in suburban environment (T = 6.76, p <0.001, N = 55), even though there was no significant difference between the abundance of dogs and cats in rural environment (T = 0.82, p = 0.46, N = 55). The results of diet analyses indicated that free-ranging dogs and cats are opportunistic predators of generalist habit. In 234 samples of scats 1212 occurrences of 57 items (68.4% of animal origin, 15.8% of vegetable origin and 15.8% formed by no food items) were detected. Considering the items of animal origin found in the diet of both species, invertebrates were the most consumed, followed by mammals (dogs: 57.05% and 25.15%; cats: 63.24% and 20.51%, respectively). Niche breadth (B) was 0.4463 for dogs and 0.4892 for cats. Niche overlap (O) was almost complete (0.97108). The consumption of mammals was estimated between 16.76 and 25.42 kg/ind/year for dogs and between 2.01 and 2.9 kg/ind/year for cats. This is a possible reason for the low population densities of small wild mammals in the study area.

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Naxara, Laura Regina Capelari. « Importância dos corredores ripários para a fauna - pequenos mamíferos em manchas de floresta, matriz do entorno e elementos lineares em uma paisagem fragmentada de Mata Atlântica ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-15122008-102749/.

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Essa dissertação de mestrado objetivou avaliar a importância dos corredores ripários para a fauna em uma paisagem fragmentada de Mata Atlântica. Em quatro sistemas compostos por fragmento - corredor fragmento avaliamos tanto a assembléia de pequenos mamíferos (capitulo 2) como a qualidade do habitat através da estrutura da vegetação e da disponibilidade de recurso alimentar para a fauna (capitulo 3). No capitulo 2 comparamos a assembléia de pequenos mamíferos entre áreas abertas do entorno, corredores ripários, bordas e interiores de fragmentos. Verificou-se uma forte segregação na distribuição das espécies entre áreas abertas da matriz e os habitats florestados. Todas as espécies endêmicas só foram capturadas nos habitats florestais, enquanto que a matriz de áreas abertas abrigou uma assembléia de pequenos mamíferos composta exclusivamente por espécies não endêmicas ao bioma Mata Atlântica e apenas duas espécies não-endêmicas ocuparam todos os habitats. Observou-se ainda, que as flutuações temporais na abundância das espécies não diferiram entre habitats, ou seja, as diferenças que encontramos na distribuição das espécies não dependeram da sessão de captura. Além disso, a riqueza e abundância das espécies endêmicas foram maiores nos ambientes florestais em comparação a matriz aberta, enquanto que a abundância das espécies não-endêmicas foi maior na matriz comparada aos interiores de fragmentos. As duas espécies endêmicas mais abundantes na área de estudo ocorreram apenas nos habitats florestais, e a abundância das duas foi menor nas bordas do que nos interiores e, em um caso, também do que nos corredores. Por outro lado, a abundância de uma das três espécies não-endêmicas mais comuns foi maior nas bordas do que nos interiores. Assim concluímos os corredores ripários funcionam como elemento conector para a fauna endêmica de pequenos mamíferos da Mata Atlântica, amenizando os efeitos deletérios da fragmentação. No capitulo 3, ao avaliar a qualidade do habitat entre os corredores ripários, e bordas e interiores de fragmentos secundários, observamos que a oferta de recursos alimentares (artrópodes e frutos) para a fauna, assim como a estrutura da vegetação, em termos da estratificação da densidade da folhagem, não variou entre os diferentes tipos de habitat florestal. Nesse sentido, nossos resultados sugerem que, ao contrário do observado em florestas tropicais primárias, em florestas tropicais secundárias não há um efeito de borda claro sobre a qualidade do habitat em termos de estrutura da vegetação ou disponibilidade de alimento para a fauna nem mesmo em estruturas lineares como os corredores. Os resultados apresentados nos dois capítulos evidenciam a importância da manutenção dos corredores ripários para a conservação, em paisagens fragmentadas de Mata Atlântica, da fauna de um dos grupos mais diversificados de mamíferos.
This master thesis aimed to evaluate the importance of riparian corridors for the fauna in an Atlantic Forest fragmented landscape. In four systems composed by fragment corridor fragment, we evaluate both the small mammal assemblage (chapter 2) and the habitat quality measured through the vegetation structure and food resources availability for the fauna (chapter 3). In chapter 2 we compared small mammal assemblages among open areas of the surrounding matrix, riparian corridors, edges and interiors of forest fragments. We verified a strong segregation in species distribution between the open matrix and the forested habitats. Endemic species were captured only in forested habitats, while the open areas of the matrix harbored a small mammals assemblage composed exclusively by species non-endemic to the Atlantic Forest biome, and only two non-endemic species occupied all habitat types. We also observed that temporal fluctuations in species abundance did not differ among habitats, that is, observed differences in species distribution were not dependent on capture session. Moreover, richness and abundance of endemic species were higher in forested habitats than in the open areas of matrix, while the abundance of nonendemic species was higher in the matrix than in the interior of forest fragments. The two most abundant endemic species occurred only in forested habitats and their abundance was lower at edges compared to forest interiors and, for one of them, also compared to riparian corridors. On the other hand, the abundance of one of the three most common non-endemic species was higher at edges than in interiors. We conclude that riparian corridors function as a connector element for the endemic small mammals of the Atlantic Forest, minimizing the deleterious effects of habitat fragmentation. In chapter 3, through the evaluation of habitat quality in riparian corridors, edges and interiors of second-growth fragments, we observed that food resource availability (arthropods and fruits) for the fauna, as well as the vegetation structure, measured as foliage vertical stratification, did not differ among the three forested habitats. Thus, our results suggest that, contrary to the observed in primary tropical forests, there is no clear edge effects on vegetation structure or on food resources availability for the fauna in secondary forest fragments even in linear habitats such as corridors. The results reported in these two chapters highlight the importance of the maintenance of riparian corridors for the conservation, in fragmented landscapes of the Atlantic Forest, of one of the most diverse group of mammals.

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Vice, President Research Office of the. « Sea Change ». Office of the Vice President Research, The University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9510.

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Pinotti, Bruno Trevizan. « Pequenos mamíferos terrestres e a regeneração da Mata Atlântica : influência da estrutura do habitat e da disponibilidade de alimento na recuperação da fauna ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-21052010-103340/.

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Através da amostragem de 28 sítios em diferentes estádios de regeneração em uma área de Mata Atlântica contínua, procuramos nesta dissertação contribuir para o entendimento dos mecanismos relacionados às mudanças faunísticas observadas durante o processo de regeneração em florestas tropicais, e, assim, melhor compreender o valor das florestas secundárias para a conservação da biodiversidade tropical. Para isso, na primeira parte da dissertação investigamos a influência da regeneração sobre características de estrutura da floresta e disponibilidade de alimento consideradas importantes para diversos grupos da fauna. Encontramos maior profundidade do folhiço, volume de galhadas e disponibilidade de frutos de uma abundante palmeira de sub-bosque nas florestas mais maduras, enquanto que nas áreas em estádio mais inicial de regeneração encontramos maior conexão da vegetação, biomassa de artrópodes no solo e disponibilidade de frutos no total e da espécie de planta mais abundante no sub-bosque. Essas modificações podem estar relacionadas às mudanças na fauna observadas durante a regeneração florestal. As espécies que dependem de características só encontradas nas matas mais maduras, como espaços abertos para movimentação, maior complexidade do chão da floresta, ou determinados recursos alimentares poderiam encontrar limitações em áreas em estádios mais iniciais de regeneração, ao passo que espécies que não dependem desses recursos poderiam se beneficiar da maior disponibilidade total de alimentos, ou da maior conexão da vegetação para movimentação, encontradas nessas áreas. Na segunda parte do trabalho, avaliamos a influência da regeneração e de características estruturais e de disponibilidade de alimento sobre espécies endêmicas (especialistas de floresta) e não-endêmicas (generalistas de habitat) de pequenos mamíferos terrestres. Como previsto, observamos que um grupo de espécies (generalistas de habitat) prolifera nas áreas mais jovens, enquanto que o outro grupo (especialistas de floresta) foi mais comum, embora de maneira mais sutil, nas áreas mais maduras. Esses padrões foram em parte explicados pelas variáveis mensuradas, principalmente a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Aparentemente, as espécies generalistas estão se beneficiando da maior disponibilidade de alimentos encontrada nas áreas em estádio mais inicial de regeneração, enquanto que as especialistas possuem maior capacidade de ocupação das áreas mais maduras, onde esses recursos são mais escassos. Portanto, esses resultados sugerem um compromisso (trade-off) entre capacidade competitiva e capacidade de utilização de recursos 101 abundantes, como prevê o mecanismo de nicho sucessional, proposto inicialmente para explicar a sucessão de espécies vegetais. As características encontradas nas florestas mais jovens favoreceram a proliferação de espécies de pequenos mamíferos terrestres generalistas de habitat. Entretanto, o efeito positivo da regeneração florestal sobre as espécies especialistas, de maior interesse para a conservação, foi menos acentuado, de forma que as florestas secundárias abrigaram uma assembléia de pequenos mamíferos terrestres rica, podendo, portanto, representar um importante instrumento de aumento de área e conectividade em paisagens altamente modificadas, como as encontradas na Mata Atlântica. Entretanto, esses resultados não reduzem o valor das florestas maduras, principalmente em paisagens fragmentadas e para grupos mais sensíveis da fauna. Essas florestas devem ser protegidas, assim como deve ser garantida (e se preciso auxiliada) a regeneração das florestas secundárias, para que possam adquirir em longo prazo as condições necessárias à manutenção das espécies e dos grupos de espécies da fauna mais severamente afetados pela secundarização das florestas tropicais.
By sampling 28 sites in different regeneration stages in a continuous Atlantic forest area, in this master thesis we aimed to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms associated with the wildlife changes observed during tropical forest regeneration, and thereby better understand the value of secondary forests for the conservation of tropical biodiversity. In the first part of the thesis we investigated the influence of regeneration on aspects of forest structure and food availability considered to be important to several wildlife groups. We found deeper leaf litter, and higher woody debris volume and fruit availability of an abundant understorey palm in the older-growth areas, while in areas in earlier stages we found higher vegetation connection, higher ground-dwelling arthropod biomass, total fruit availability, and availability of fruits of the most abundant understorey plant species. These modifications may be related to the wildlife changes observed during forest regeneration. Species that rely on features only found in older-growth forests, such as open space for movement, higher complexity of the forest floor, or certain food resources, could find limitations in younger forests, whereas species which do not depend on these resources could benefit from the higher total food availability, or higher 102 vegetation connection for movements, found in these areas. In the second part of the study, we assessed the effect of regeneration and of structural attributes and food availability on endemic (forest specialist) and non-endemic (habitat generalist) terrestrial small mammal species. As expected, we found that a group of species (habitat generalists) proliferate in younger areas, while the other group (forest specialists) is more common, although more subtly, in older-growth areas. These patterns were partly explained by the measured variables, especially food availability. Apparently, the generalist species are benefiting from the increased food availability found in younger forests, while specialist species have greater ability to occupy older-growth areas, where these resources are scarcer. Therefore, our data suggest a trade-off between competitive ability and ability to use abundant resources, as predicted by the successional niche mechanism, initially proposed to explain the succession of plant species. The characteristics observed in younger forests favored the proliferation of habitat generalist terrestrial small mammals. However, the positive effect of forest regeneration on specialist species, of more conservation concern, was less pronounced, so that the secondary forests harbored a rich terrestrial small mammal assemblage, and may therefore be an important tool to increase the area and connectivity in highly modified landscapes, such as those found in the Atlantic forest. However, these results do not diminish the value of old-growth forests, especially in fragmented landscapes and for more sensitive wildlife groups. These forests should be protected, as well as the regeneration of the secondary forests should be guaranteed (and assisted, if necessary), so that these areas could acquire in the long term the necessary conditions to maintain the species and the groups of species most adversely affected by the secondarization of the tropical forests.

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Brink, James Simpson. « The evolution of the black wildebeest, Connochaetes gnou, and modern largemammal faunas in central Southern Africa ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1342.

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Thesis (PhD (Archaeology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
This study investigates the evolution of modern mammalian faunas in the central interior of southern Africa by testing the hypothesis that the evolution of the black wildebeest, Connochaetes gnou, was directly associated with the emergence of Highveld-type open grasslands in the central interior. Southern Africa can be distinguished from other arid and semi-arid parts of the continent by the presence of an alliance of endemic grazing ungulates. The black wildebeest is characteristic of this alliance. Open habitats are essential for the reproductive behaviour of the black wildebeest, because territorial males require an unobstructed view of their territories in order to breed. The specialised territorial breeding behaviour of the black wildebeest is the reason why the black wildebeest is historically confined to the Highveld and Karoo areas and why it is reproductively isolated from sympatric blue wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus. The finds from a number of fossil-rich localities, dating from the recent past to approximately a million years ago, have been identified. The remains referred to ancestral C. gnou have been subjected to detailed qualitative and quantitative osteological comparisons with cranial and post-cranial elements of modern and fossil reference specimens. This material includes extant southern African alcelaphines and fossil materials of C. gnou, the extinct giant wildebeest, Megalotragus priscus, and North African fossil alcelaphines. The results show that cranial changes in fossil C. gnou, particularly the more forward positioning of the horns, basal inflation of the horns and the resultant re-organisation of the posterior part of the skull, preceded other skeletal modifications. These cranial changes indicate a shift towards more specialised territorial breeding behaviour in the earliest ancestral black wildebeest, evident in the specimens of the c. million year old Free State site of Cornelia-Uitzoek. Since the territorial breeding behaviour of the black wildebeest can only function in open habitat and since cranial characters associated with its territorial breeding behaviour preceded other morphological changes, it is deduced that there was a close association between the speciation of C. gnou from a C. taurinus-like ancestor and the appearance of permanently open Highveld-type grasslands in the central interior of southern Africa. This deduction is supported by the lack of trophic distinction between the modern black and blue wildebeest, suggesting that the evolution of the black wildebeest was not accompanied by an ecological shift. It is concluded that the evolution of a distinct southern endemic wildebeest in the Pleistocene was associated with, and possibly driven by, a shift towards a more specialised kind of territorial breeding behaviour, which can only funtion in open habitat. There are significant post-speciation changes in body size and limb proportions of fossil C. gnou through time. The tempo of change has not been constant and populations in the central interior underwent marked reduction in body size in the last 5000 years. Vicariance in fossil C. gnou is evident in different rates of change that are recorded in the populations of generally smaller body size that became isolated in the Cape Ecozone. These daughter populations, the result of dispersals from the central interior, became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene.

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Billet, Guillaume. « La faune de notongulés (Mammalia) de l'Oligocène supérieur de Salla (Bolivie) : phylogénie et affinités d'un groupe d'ongulés endémiques du Tertiaire d'Amérique du Sud ». Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0037.

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Les notongulés constituent un groupe fossile de mammifères ongulés endémiques d’Amérique du Sud au Cénozoïque. Ce travail de thèse a pour but majeur d’éclaircir les relations de parenté au sein des notongulés et les relations du groupe avec d’autres mammifères placentaires en prenant pour base l’étude de leur anatomie crânienne et dentaire. Dans un premier temps, les travaux menés sur la faune de notongulés de Salla ont permis de collecter de nombreuses données sur l’anatomie cranio-dentaire des notongulés. Dans la foulée de ces études anatomiques, l’intérêt a aussi été porté sur la forte hypsodontie des notongulés de Salla et son interprétation fonctionnelle. Dans un second temps, une analyse phylogénétique a été menée sur un large échantillon d’ongulés sud-américains : Litopterna, Astrapotheria et Pyrotherium dont le crâne est redécrit ici. Parmi les résultats majeurs, elle présente un clade regroupant les astrapothères, notongulés et Pyrotherium. Les Litopterna ne présentent pas de relation privilégiée avec ce clade. L’analyse supporte également l’inclusion de Pyrotherium au sein même des notongulés
Notoungulata is a Tertiary group of South American endemic ungulate mammals. The present study aims to shed light on the relationships among Notoungulata and on their links with some other placental mammals from the study of their dental and cranial anatomy. Firstly, studies on Salla notoungulate fauna allowed collecting numerous new data on notoungulate dento-cranial anatomy. To complete the study of the Salla fauna, the precocious hypsodonty of notoungulates is studied from the dental microwear analysis of Salla notoungulates cheek teeth. Secondly, a large-scaled phylogenetic analysis has been performed on a large sample of South American ungulates: Litopterna, Astrapotheria and Pyrotherium whose skull is redescribed here. Among major results, it presents a clade clustering astrapotheres, Pyrotherium and notoungulates. The Litopterna are not related to this clade. The analysis also supports the inclusion of Pyrotherium within Notoungulata, in an early diverging clade with Notostylops

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Lima, Elson Fernandes de. « Estrutura da comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em uma paisagem fragmentada com matriz de eucalipto, Capão Bonito e Buri, SP ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-28032013-094611/.

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A conversão do uso do solo é uma das principais ameaçadas à fauna, pois a paisagem torna-se fragmentada e as áreas ocupadas por vegetação nativa são reduzidas, podendo alterar a estrutura das comunidades animais. Neste estudo, a comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte (> 1 kg) foi avaliada em uma paisagem fragmentada com matriz de eucalipto, no sul do Estado de São Paulo, municípios de Buri e Capão Bonito (23°52\'47\" S; 48°23\'24\" O), através de três métodos distintos instalados conjuntamente (parcelas de areia, camera-trap e scent stations - nesta última foram utilizadas iscas atrativas específicas para carnívoros e onívoros, Canine Call® e Pro\'s Choice®). Os objetivos desta dissertação foram: i) avaliar a estrutura dessa comunidade em função da estrutura da paisagem; ii) comparar métodos de amostragem utilizados, discutindo sua aplicação. O levantamento das espécies foi realizado em cinco campanhas de cinco dias cada, entre 2010-2012, com unidades amostrais instaladas na matriz, nos corredores e nos fragmentos florestais, sendo que os elementos da paisagem foram avaliados em buffers de 250, 500, 1000 e 2000 m. Foram registradas 20 espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, sendo a maioria (n=18) encontrada nos ambientes ocupados por vegetação nativa. Embora em menor número, várias espécies foram registradas na matriz. Outras medidas de biodiversidade como riqueza de grupos e diversidade funcional foram avaliados, no entanto, foram redundantes ao número de espécies. As proporções de vegetação nativa, a 250 e 2000 m, foram as mais importantes para explicar a frequência de registros de diversas espécies. Em termos de composição, os conjuntos de espécies obtidos nos remanescentes e corredores florestais foram semelhantes. Dentre os métodos de amostragem, as parcelas de areia demonstraram ser mais eficientes em estudos curtos, porém, seu custo financeiro é significativamente superior para estudos de longo prazo. A utilização de iscas odoríferas é uma inovação na região neotropical, apesar de suas incertezas na atração da fauna. Uma desvantagem desses métodos é que várias espécies não podem ser precisamente identificadas, dada a semelhança dos rastros, o que raramente ocorre com a utilização de cameras-trap, onde os espécimes são visualizados em fotografias, permitindo uma identificação segura. As diferentes metodologias utilizadas apresentaram taxas de registros distintas, ou seja, não foram capazes de identificar a mesma comunidade, entretanto, as estimativas de riqueza, quando avaliadas separadamente, indicam que os três atingiriam o mesmo resultado final. Este estudo sugere que paisagens silviculturais fragmentadas podem ser importantes para a conservação de mamíferos se bem planejadas, como a manutenção de manchas de habitat em bons estados de conservação e corredores que conectem os elementos florestais. Além disso, a utilização dos métodos de amostragem deve ser planejados de acordo com a finalidade do estudo.
The land use conversion is a major threat to wildlife because the landscape becomes fragmented and the areas occupied by native vegetation are reduced, altering the structure of animal communities. In this study, the medium to large-sized mammal community (> 1 kg) was evaluated in a fragmented landscape in eucalyptus matrix, in the southern São Paulo State, Buri and Capão Bonito municipalities (23°52\'47\" S, 48°23\'24\" W), using three different methods installed together (sand plots, camera-trap and scent stations, where were used specific baits to carnivores and omnivores, Canine Call® and Pro\'s Choice®). The objectives of this work were: i) to evaluate the structure of the community as a function of landscape structure, ii) compare sampling methods used, discussing their application. The species sampling was conducted in five campaigns of five days each, between 2010-2012, with sampling units installed in the matrix, corridors and forest fragments. The landscape elements were evaluated in buffers with 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 m around. We recorded 20 medium and large mammals species, the majority (n=18) found in y native vegetation (corridors and habitat patches). Although only several species were recorded in the matrix. Other measures of biodiversity as a functional group richness and functional diversity were evaluated, however, the results were the same obtained to species richness. The proportions of native vegetation, 250 and 2000 m, were most important in explaining the records frequency for many species. In terms of composition, the assemblage obtained in the habitat patches and forest corridors were similar. Among the methods of sampling, the sand plots was more effective in short-term assessment, however, its financial cost is significantly higher for long-term studies. The use of lure in scent stations is an innovation in the Neotropical, despite their uncertainties in attracting the animals. A disadvantage of these methods is that several species cannot be accurately identified because of the similarity of the tracks, which rarely occurs with the use of cameras-trap, where the specimens are shown in photographs, allowing a reliable identification. The different methodologies used showed different rates of records, or were not able to identify the same community, however, the richness estimates, when evaluated separately, indicate that the three would achieve the same result. This study suggests that forestry fragmented landscapes may be important for mammals conservation if well planned, such as the maintenance of habitat patches and corridors that connect the remaining habitat fragments. Furthermore, the use of sampling method must be planned according to the purpose of study.

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Alves, Telma Regina. « A abordagem da biodiversidade nos resumos públicos dos planos de manejo FSC no Brasil : uma análise crítica ». Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8684.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The silviculture activity, as well as other economic activities (industrial, agrarian, farming, etc.), can cause environmental impacts, both positive and negative, according to a number of circumstances, such as in relation to the conditions prior to planting, water regime in the region, the biome of insertion of the activity, the management techniques employed, the integration of the local population, among others. Plantations of exotic species (ex. genera Eucalyptus and Pinus) have been the subject of severe criticism regarding the possible reduction of biodiversity. These criticisms have arisen from situations and relationships that conflict that have occurred, for decades, between those responsible for the implementation and use of these plantations on one side and the other people aware of the need for preservation of biodiversity. In this study we selected 15 Brazilian companies that are certified to the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) with the aim of assessing whether the Management Plans from forests certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) had evidence of the use of the results of monitoring of biodiversity (especially fauna) in interventions of forest management aimed at biological conservation. The method used was the documentary analysis of the Public Summaries of the Management Plans, between the years of 2011 to 2015, available on the internet. Among the several results obtained, of note is the fact that the 15 forestry companies, 13 (87%) conducted an inventory of qualitative and quantitative aspects of wild fauna, and analyzing the total hectares of areas monitored in relation to the total number of areas in plantation of eucalyptus, in 8 (53%) forestry companies monitoring is conducted in areas that have a range of 5% to 47% of the areas under certification. We can observe, through critical analysis of their management plans, in which they are sampling of static form the structure of biodiversity, through lists of species. It concludes that there are no concrete evidence of the use of information obtained through monitoring of fauna for making decisions about the best ways of intervention of forest management, indicating uncertainty when the real possibility of same to assist in the conservation of biodiversity. This way, was proposed a protocol model for monitoring of fauna, with specific methodologies for the group of wild mammals. In this case, the results can be used in the assessment of the impacts of forest management of forestry companies contributing to the fitting of the form of forest management compatible with the maintenance of its biodiversity.
A atividade de silvicultura, assim como outras atividades econômicas (industrial, agrária, pastoril, etc.), pode causar impactos ambientais, tanto positivos, quanto negativos, de acordo com uma série de circunstâncias, como em relação às condições prévias ao plantio, regime hídrico da região, o bioma de inserção da atividade, as técnicas de manejo empregadas, a integração da população local, entre outras. As plantações florestais de espécies exóticas (ex. gêneros Eucalyptus e Pinus) vêm sendo objeto de severas críticas quanto à possível redução da biodiversidade. Estas críticas surgiram a partir de situações e relações conflituosas que vêm ocorrendo, por décadas, entre aqueles responsáveis pela implantação e utilização destes plantios de um lado e do outro as pessoas conscientes da necessidade de preservação da biodiversidade. Nesse trabalho foram selecionadas 15 Empresas Florestais brasileiras que possuem certificação do Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) com o objetivo de avaliar se os Planos de Manejo de Florestas Certificadas pelo Conselho de Manejo Florestal no Brasil (FSC-Brasil) apresentaram evidências da utilização dos resultados de monitoramentos da biodiversidade (especialmente fauna) nas intervenções de manejo florestal voltadas à conservação biológica. O método utilizado foi da análise documental dos Resumos Públicos dos Planos de Manejo, entre os anos de 2011 a 2015, disponibilizados na internet. Dentre os vários resultados obtidos, destaca-se o fato de que das 15 empresas florestais, 13 (87%) realizaram inventários qualitativos e quantitativos da fauna silvestre, sendo que, analisando o total em hectares, de áreas monitoradas em relação ao total de áreas em plantio de eucaliptos, em 8 (53%) empresas florestais o monitoramento é realizado em áreas que apresentam um intervalo de 5% a 47% das áreas sob certificação. Podemos observar, através da análise crítica de seus planos de manejo, em que estão amostrando de forma estática a estrutura da biodiversidade, por meio de listas de espécies. Conclui-se, que não existem evidências concretas do uso das informações obtidas por meio do monitoramento da fauna para a tomada de decisões sobre as melhores formas de intervenção de manejo florestal, indicando incertezas quando a real possibilidade das mesmas em auxiliar na conservação da biodiversidade. Dessa forma, foi proposto um modelo de protocolo de monitoramento de fauna, específico com as metodologias para o grupo de mamíferos silvestres. Neste caso, os resultados podem ser utilizados na avaliação dos impactos do manejo florestal das empresas florestais contribuindo com as readequações da forma do manejo florestal compatíveis com a manutenção de sua biodiversidade.

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Procházka, Libor. « Pavilon savců a ptáků Asie - ZOO Dvůr Králové ». Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215631.

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Stimpson, Christopher Mark. « Late quaternary environments and human impact in North-western Borneo : the evidence from the bird (Aves) and bat (Mammalia : Chiroptera) faunas from the archaeology of the Great Cave of Niah, Sarawak ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609578.

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Dawson, James Patrick Physical Environmental &amp Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. « Impact of wildfire on the spotted-tailed quoll Dasyurus maculatus in Kosciuszko National Park ». Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38669.

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A population of spotted-tailed quolls Dasyurus maculatus was studied for three years (2002-2004) in the lower catchment of the Jacobs River, in the Byadbo Wilderness Area of southern Kosciuszko National Park, south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Survey and monitoring of quoll latrine sites and prey populations, dietary analysis and live-trapping was carried out for one year before and two years after the widespread wildfires of January 2003, which had a very high impact on the study area. Survey for spotted-tailed quoll latrine sites was successful in locating a total of 90 latrine sites in the Jacobs River study area over the three years of the study. These were found throughout all parts of the topography among large, complex granite outcrops and along rocky sections of riparian habitat. After the fire in 2003, lower numbers of latrines were in use than observed pre-fire, and there was a lower level of usage (number of scats) of individual latrines. Continued monitoring in 2004 revealed that many latrines that had become inactive in 2003 following the fire were re-activated in the second breeding season following fire. 1466 spotted-tailed quoll scats were collected from latrines and live-trapped quolls over the three years of the study. Hair analysis from scats identified twenty-two different species of mammal in the diet of the spotted-tailed quoll from the Jacobs River study area, representing the majority of all prey identified (98.5% occurrence) and contributing almost all of the biomass consumed (99.6%). Medium-sized mammals were the most important prey category, followed by small mammals, large mammals (most likely taken as carrion) and non-mammalian prey (birds, reptiles, insects and plants). Brushtail possums were the most important single prey item by both frequency of occurrence and percentage biomass in all years, followed by lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), Rattus spp., and swamp wallabies. There was a significant difference in the composition of the diet by major prey category across the years of the study as a result of the fire, indicated by a shift in utilisation of food resources by quolls in response to significant changes in prey availability. Monitoring of prey populations revealed that brushtail possums, lagomorphs and bandicoots were all significantly less abundant in the study area in the winter directly following the fire, followed by a significant increase in abundance of lagomorphs, but not of possums, in the second winter after the fire. Quolls adapted well to this altered prey availability. While there was a significant decrease in occurrence of brushtail possum in scats after the fire, significantly more scats contained hair of lagomorphs, to the point where almost equal proportions of lagomorphs and possum hair occurred in scats by the winter of 2004. Other fire-induced changes to the diet were evident, such as a significant drop in the occurrence of small mammals in scats for both winters after the fire, and a peak in occurrence of large mammals in the winter directly following the fire that strongly suggests there was a short-term increase in the availability of carrion. A large, high-density population of spotted-tailed quolls was live-trapped and marked during the winter breeding season of 2002. Twenty-two quolls (13 male and 9 female) were present in the study area in 2002, and subsequent trapping over the 2003 and 2004 winter breeding seasons following the fire revealed that the high-intensity wildfire did not result in the extinction of the local population. There was evidence of a small, short-term decline in the number of quolls present in the study area in the 2003 breeding season, with 16 individual quolls captured. Males were outnumbered two-to-one by females, due either to mortality or emigration. Trapping in 2004 showed a recovery of the population to numbers exceeding that observed prior to the fire, with 26 individuals captured (16 male, 10 female), most likely as a result of immigration. There was some evidence that recruitment of young from the post-fire breeding season in 2003 was reduced because of the fire. This study took advantage of an unplanned wildfire event to monitor the response of a population of spotted-tailed quolls and their prey. In this regard it was fortuitous since it has been recognised that the use of replicates and controls in the study of the impacts of wildfire on such species is likely to be logistically impossible. Consequently, the effects of fire on forest and woodland fauna such as the spotted-tailed quoll are poorly understood, with many authors expressing concern that, potentially, wildfires are likely to be highly detrimental to resident quoll populations. The results of this study, however, concur with the few other studies in which forest mammal populations have been monitored before and after wildfire in suggesting that wildfires may not be as destructive to fauna as that imagined. The results of this work will provide information to assist in the preparation of management strategies for the species, such as recovery plans, as well as information for land managers preparing management plans, including fire management plans, for habitats in which spotted-tailed quolls are found throughout their range.

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Jumeau, Jonathan. « Les possibilités de dispersion et éléments d'habitat-refuge dans un paysage d'agriculture intensive fragmenté par un réseau routier dense : le cas de la petite faune dans la plaine du Bas-Rhin ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ120/document.

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La fragmentation des paysages et des habitats induite par les infrastructures linéaires de transport terrestres est une des principales causes de la perte de biodiversité actuelle. Parmi ces infrastructures, la route est un acteur majeur de fragmentation, d’autant plus qu’elle possède des effets propres dus au trafic circulant qui induit des collisions véhicule-faune et une pollution des paysages. Afin de diminuer ces effets négatifs, des mesures de réduction sont mises en place, notamment des passages à faune permettant de faire traverser la faune de part et d’autre des voies. La route crée aussi de nouveaux habitats potentiels pour les espèces de la petite faune dans des paysages anthropisés et fragmentés. Dans ce mémoire sont démontrées (1) la potentialité d’habitat de différents éléments routiers ; (2) la possibilité de prédire les collisions véhicule-faune afin de positionner au mieux les mesures de réduction ; (3) l’importance de la méthodologie dans l’évaluation de l’efficacité des passages à faune ; et (4) la possibilité d’améliorer les passages à faune existants. Ces résultats permettront d’améliorer les stratégies de défragmentation des paysages
Habitats and landscape fragmentation, caused by linear land transports infrastructures, is one of the major cause for the current loss of biodiversity. Among those infrastructures, road is a major cause of fragmentation, especially as it possess specific traffic-linked effects, which induces wildlife-vehicles collisions and landscape pollution. In order to decrease those negative effects, mitigation measures are taken, among which wildlife crossings, enabling wildlife to cross the road. Road also creates new potential habitats for small wildlife species in anthropogenic and fragmented landscapes. In this essay are shown (1) the potential as habitat of different road-linked elements; (2) the possibility to anticipate wildlife-vehicles collisions in order to improve the position of mitigation measures; (3) the importance of methodology in the evaluation of wildlife crossings effectiveness; and (4) the possibility to improve existing wildlife crossings. Those results will allow improving landscape defragmentation strategies

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Suraprasit, Kantapon. « Paléoenvironnements et reconstitutions paléoclimatiques du Pléistocène moyen de Thaïlande et leur impact sur la biodiversité et la distribution des espèces : la contribution de la faune de vertébrés du gisement de Khok Sung (Province du Khorat) ». Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2285/document.

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La sablière de Khok Sung, dans la province de Nakhon Ratchasima, qui a livré plus d'un millier de fossiles de mammifères et de reptiles (cranes, dents isolées et restes post-craniens), abrite la faune de vertébrés du Pléistocène la plus riche de Thaïlande. La faune mammalienne qui est décrite ici en détail, se compose d'au moins 18 espèces identifiées (12 genres), y compris un primate et des proboscidiens, rhinocéros, suidés, bovidés, cervidés et carnivores. Elle compte principalement des taxons encore représentés de nos jours, ainsi que quelques taxons globalement ou localement éteints. A partir des données paléomagnétiques et des comparaisons fauniques, l'âge de la faune de Khok Sung est estimé au Pléistocène Moyen tardif, vers 188000 ou 213000 ans. Par rapport aux autres faunes diversifiées du Pléistocène d'Asie du Sud Est, l'assemblage de Khok Sung est caractérisé par une association des taxons Stegodon-Ailuropoda, comparable en cela au site de Thum Wiman Nakin, ce qui supporte l'hypothèse selon laquelle le Nord Est de la Thaïlande était un corridor biogéographique appartenant à la route migratoire Sino-Malaise, entre la Chine du Sud et l'île de Java. L'analyse des isotopes stables du carbone à partir de l'émail des ongulés fossiles révèle la présence d'une partition de niches entre les méga-herbivores et au sein des cervidés. Les valeurs du d13C de l'émail suggèrent également que les ruminants ont consommé une grande quantité de plantes en C4, ce qui indique que les prairies à graminées étaient particulièrement répandues en Thaïlande à cette époque où les écosystèmes n'étaient pas encore soumis à l'influence anthropique. La mesure des isotopes stables de l'oxygène, obtenue par échantillonnage sérié de l'émail des dents de grands mammifères, et l'analyse du cénogramme de la localité de Khok Sung reflètent une importante variation saisonnière des précipitations et de la température, associée à des conditions climatiques relativement humides
The Khok Sung sand pit, Nakhon Ratchasima province, has yielded the richest Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of Thailand, where more than a thousand fossil mammals and reptiles (skulls, isolated teeth, and postcranial remains) were recovered. The mammalian fauna, which is described in details hereby, consists of at least 18 identified species (12 genera), including a primate, proboscideans, rhinoceroses, suids, bovids, cervids, and carnivores, which are characterized by mostly extant elements associated to some completely and locally extinct taxa. The age of the Khok Sung fauna is tentatively attributed to the late Middle Pleistocene as either 188 or 213 ka, based on the paleomagnetic data and on the faunal comparisons. The Khok Sung mammal assemblage yields the Stegodon-Ailuropoda faunal association, most similar in composition to that of Thum Wiman Nakin, supporting the hypothesis that northeastern Thailand was a biogeographic gateway of the Sino-Malayan migration route from South China to Java. An analysis of stable carbon isotopes extracted from the tooth enamel of fossil ungulates reveals evidence of niche partitioning among megaherbivores and within cervids. The enamel carbonate d13C values also suggest a considerable amount of C4 plants in the dietary use of ruminants, indicating that grasslands had significantly expanded in Thailand at that time during which anthropic impacts on the ecosystems were absent. The stable oxygen isotope results, obtained from the serial sampling of large mammal enamel, combined with the cenogram analysis reflect significant seasonal variation in precipitations and temperature for Khok Sung, associated to a relatively humid climate

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MOLARA, GRAZIELLA. « Studio eco-etologico della famiglia Hyaenidae nel Pleistocene europeo ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/857508.

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Helgen, Kristofer Michael. « A reassessment of taxonomic diversity and geographic patterning in the Melanesian mammal fauna ». Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/61970.

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Comprehensive morphology-based taxonomic revisions are presented for four mammal genera endemic to the Australo-Papuan region. These include Pseudohydromys Rummler, 1934 and Mallomys Thomas, 1898, small- and large-bodied rodent genera, respectively, endemic to montane areas on mainland New Guinea; the marsupial genus Spilocuscus Gray, 1862, distributed throughout lowland areas of mainland New Guinea, on most adjacent island groups, and in tropical northern Australia; and Pteralopex Thomas, 1888, a genus of large-bodied fruit-bats endemic to the Solomon and Fijian Archipelagos of outer Melanesia. Museum specimens of “moss-mice” traditionally classified in the genera Pseudohydromys, Microhydromys Tate and Archbold, 1941, Neohydromys Laurie, 1952, and Mayermys Laurie and Hill, 1954 are here referred to three generic-level lineages, Pseudohydromys (11 species), Microhydromys (one recognized species), and Mirzamys new genus (for two newly-described species). The 11 species of Pseudohydromys recognized here include six that are newly described. Much of this newly-characterized biological diversity is sympatric diversity. For example, samples attributed in the past to Pseudohydromys murinus Rummler, 1934 include two species, P. berniceae n. sp. and P. eleanorae n. sp., which have been collected syntopically with true P. murinus. Likewise, samples attributed in the past to Pseudohydromys occidentalis Tate, 1951 are also shown to represent a number of “cryptic” lineages sympatric with true P. occidentalis, including P. patriciae n. sp. and Mirzamys louiseae n. sp., as well as an additional overlooked allopatric taxon, Mirzamys norahae n. sp. Within Mallomys, the nature and extent of sympatric interactions between the giant-rats M. rothschildi Thomas, 1898, M. aroaensis (De Vis, 1907), and M. istapantap Flannery, Aplin, and Groves, 1989 are reviewed and clarified. Subspecific boundaries within M. rothschildi are re-assessed, and in total seven species of Mallomys are recognized, including M. hercules Thomas, 1912, an allospecies endemic to the outlying mountain ranges of the Huon Peninsula, and two newly-described species from other outlying mountain blocks (the Arfak Mountains of western New Guinea and Mt. Bosavi in south-central New Guinea). The spotted cuscuses, genus Spilocuscus, are difficult to classify at species-level because most taxa in the genus are distributed allopatrically or parapatrically. A minimum of seven geographic “morphs” can be recognized in the genus on the basis of size and pelage characters. The oldest name in the genus, S. maculatus, is shown to refer to dark-spotted cuscuses from the Moluccas and southern New Guinea, not to the orange and white cuscuses from northern New Guinea, as traditionally applied. A review of craniometric and qualitative morphological traits confirms that each of these “morphs” (as delineated by external morphology) is characterized by other distinctive morphological attributes; this fact and the lack of evidence for introgression between any of these various taxa is used to argue that most of these seven morphologically-distinctive lineages should be recognized as distinct allospecies. Only two taxa in the genus co-occur sympatrically—the large-bodied, black-saddled/spotted taxon S. rufoniger and a smaller, orange and white species, both of which are shown to be widely distributed in both northern and western New Guinea. No scientific name is available for the latter taxon, which is newly designated as Spilocuscus tardus n. sp. Taxa traditionally classified in Pteralopex are referred here to two distinct genera, Pteralopex, comprising only those species endemic to the Solomon Archipelago, and Mirimiri Helgen, 2005, for the monotypic Fijian representative M. acrodonta (Hill and Beckon, 1978). Five species of Pteralopex are recognized in total. Museum specimens traditionally identified as “Pteralopex anceps” are shown to represent two sympatric species, P. anceps Andersen, 1909 and P. flanneryi Helgen, 2005 (the largest species in the genus), both of which are endemic to islands in the north-eastern Solomon Islands that were once part of a larger Pleistocene landmass; insular co-occurrence of P. atrata Thomas, 1888 and the recently-described P. taki Parnaby, 2002 on New Georgia is also newly documented. Each of these revisions highlights sympatric interactions and substantial undiagnosed biological diversity overlooked by previous reviewers, and illuminates intraregional biogeographic boundaries more accurately as a result. Before I began this study four years ago, a total of 17 mammal species were formally recognized within the genera Pseudohydromys, Neohydromys, Mayermys, Microhydromys, Mallomys, Spilocuscus, and Pteralopex (Flannery 1995a, 1995b). This thesis defends the recognition of 33 species within those same generic lineages, which suggests that the magnitude of biological diversity across the Melanesian mammal fauna could well be underestimated by fully one-half. Preliminary results reflecting complementary discoveries of overlooked sympatric diversity in other Melanesian mammal genera (Uromys, Microperoryctes, Myoictis, Pteropus, Nyctimene, Leptomys, and others) are also briefly discussed. Similar comprehensive reviews, analysing morphometric attributes and qualitative anatomical characters of all available museum specimens, are still needed for all remaining Melanesian mammal genera before any reasonable holistic portrayal of community ecology and historical biogeography can be developed for the Melanesian mammal fauna as a whole.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2007

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Keaney, Benedict. « Bogong Moth Aestivation Sites as an Archive for Understanding the Floral, Faunal and Indigenous History of the Northern Australian Alps ». Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/119187.

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The research detailed in this dissertation focuses on plant and faunal remains preserved in the accumulating sediments at aestivation sites of the Bogong Moth (Agrotis infusa), in the crevices of granite tors in the northern Australian Alps. Analyses have confirmed the preservation of a diverse range of fossil material, including bird feathers, hairs of small marsupials occupying the rock crevice niche, fossil pollen and spores derived from the summit vegetation, and charcoal from fires in the immediate vicinity of the aestivation sites. The fieldwork focused on the sampling of deposits at various aestivation sites representative of different biogeographical areas to ascertain the sedimentary characteristics of each region. Three aestivation study areas were located and sampled for the study, the Brindabella Ranges, the Bogong Peaks and the Tinderry Range in NSW. The Tinderry Range sites represent the most easterly geographical region, while the Bogong Peaks site and Brindabella Ranges sites represent, respectively, the western and central aestivation site regions of the northern Australian Alps area. Since preservation of organic material typically occurs in a stable low oxygen environment, investigation into the depositional environment is an important aspect of the study to taphonomically contextualise the environmental proxies. The palynological preparation of material from the three regions revealed abundant pollen derived from local vegetation. A rich assemblage of mammal hair was found in the Bogong Peaks and Mt Gingera sediments. This record provides a unique faunal proxy of sub-alpine ecosystems. Levels of charcoal in the sediments reflect past fire frequency, and are presented in both micro- and macro-charcoal graphs. Aestivation site deposits are a unique terrestrial archive recording ecological change in the montane and sub-alpine environments for over 1000 years. Despite some chronometric difficulties, they provide an excellent record of the effects of local disturbance, such as fires, on the biome and provide insights into the impact of European settlement, on both vegetation structure and faunal biodiversity. The study provides evidence of massive cultural, ecological and climatic upheaval at sub-alpine elevations in the northern Australian Alps from the late Holocene up to the present, and illustrates the great value that aestivation sites hold as terrestrial archives, signalling a need for further utilisation and investigation in light of rapid human induced climate change.

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Rankin, Brian Daniel. « Early late Paleocene mammals from the Roche Percée local fauna, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada ». 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/773.

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Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2009.
Title from PDF file main screen (viewed on Apr. 1, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Systematics and Evolution, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

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Rankin, Brian. « Early late Paleocene mammals from the Roche Perce local fauna, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada ». Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/773.

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The occurrence of vertebrate fossils from the Ravenscrag Formation near Roche Perce, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, documents the presence of a large and diverse assemblage of early late Paleocene (approximately 58 million years) mammals. Previous studies of the Roche Perce localities have examined only a small portion of the fauna, with the vast majority of taxa remaining undescribed. The current research centers on the identification, description and, where appropriate, evolutionary relationships of these undescribed mammals. Significant discoveries, to date, include two new species of the rare viverravid carnivoran Raphictis, a new species of the phenacodontid condylarth Ectocion, a large collection of a probable new species of the semi-aquatic pantolestid Palaeosinopa, and only the second known occurrence of the predominantly European lipotyphlan Adapisorex in North America. This research provides an improved understanding of mammalian diversity and evolution in the northern part of the Western Interior during this important time interval.
Systematics and Evolution

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« Small mammal faunal stasis in Natural Trap Cave (Pleistocene-Holocene), Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming ». UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, 2009. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3354866.

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Davis, Angela C. « Quaternary mammal faunas and their stratigraphy in the northern Monaro region, southeastern Australia ». Phd thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/10775.

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This thesis documents the history of Quaternary mammalian faunas from the northern Monaro region of the southern highlands of Eastern Australia. The area currently has a cold semi-arid climate and, together with a series of fossil localities of different ages, provides an opportunity to examine the relationships between faunal changes and palaeoenvironments in this part of Australia during the Quaternary. Fossil material from seven localities within the northern Monaro region is described together with the geology of the sites in which they occur. The localities are Pilot Creek, Bunyan Siding, South Bunyan, Bulong, Tannery Creek, Ryries Creek and Rock Flat Creek, all on tributaries of the Murrumbidgee River near Cooma. Detailed stratigraphic studies, incorporating several dating techniques have been employed at the two major fossiliferous deposits, Pilot Creek and Bunyan Siding. A stratigraphic sequence 1s proposed in which the contained faunas are ordered chronologically. The oldest dated mammal fossil-bearing deposit in the region is at Bunyan Siding. It is an alluvial deposit and comprises two fossiliferous Quaternary units, which disconformably overlie Miocene palaeolake sediments of the Bunyan Formation. The Quaternary units are described as two new formations, the Jilliby Folmation and Nestle Brae Formation. They are interpreted as having been formed in a fluvial environment consisting of large and small meandering channels and adjacent floodplains. Dating of the site using palaeomagnetism and optically stimulated luminescence establishes a Middle Pleistocene age (120- 780 ka) for both units. Two local faunas are recognised at Bunyan Siding, the Jilliby Local Fauna and Nestle Brae Local Fauna, each defined and named after the stratigraphic units that contain them. The other major locality, Pilot Creek, is a valley-fill sequence comprising a series of channel cut-and:-fill units and marginal alluvial fans of Late Pleistocene and Holocene ages. Five stratigraphic units are recognised and described in detail including the description of two formations, Pilot Creek and Willow Bank. Each unit contains a local fauna. Fourteen radiocarbon dates enable absolute ages to be placed on some of the units. The oldest fossiliferous unit in the Pilot Creek sequence is the Pilot Creek Formation which has been radiometrically dated at circa 25 ka years BP. The next youngest unit in the sequence is an alluvial fan deposits, QF1 which has been dated at 11 ka. A third unit, the Willow Bank Formation, is a channel-fill unit which truncates both the Pilot Creek Formation and the QF1 unit. Dates from the Willow Bank Formation range from 6 ka to 2 ka. A second alluvial fan unit, QF2 inset into the Pilot Creek Formation, is dated at 4.5 ka. A recent alluvial unit, PESA, is at the top of the sequence. From the stratigraphy of th~ valley units five local faunas have been defined, providing a faunal record in the valley spanning the last 25 ka.

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Tsukui, Kaori. « Chronology and Faunal Evolution of the Middle Eocene Bridgerian North American Land Mammal “Age” : Achieving High Precision Geochronology ». Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8KS6R86.

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The age of the Bridgerian/Uintan boundary has been regarded as one of the most important outstanding problems in North American Land Mammal “Age” (NALMA) biochronology. The Bridger Basin in southwestern Wyoming preserves one of the best stratigraphic records of the faunal boundary as well as the preceding Bridgerian NALMA. In this dissertation, I first developed a chronological framework for the Eocene Bridger Formation including the age of the boundary, based on a combination of magnetostratigraphy and U-Pb ID-TIMS geochronology. Within the temporal framework, I attempted at making a regional correlation of the boundary-bearing strata within the western U.S., and also assessed the body size evolution of three representative taxa from the Bridger Basin within the context of Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Integrating radioisotopic, magnetostratigraphic and astronomical data from the early to middle Eocene, I reviewed various calibration models for the Geological Time Scale and intercalibration of 40Ar/39Ar data among laboratories and against U-Pb data, toward the community goal of achieving a high precision and well integrated Geological Time Scale. In Chapter 2, I present a magnetostratigraphy and U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Bridger Formation from the Bridger Basin in southwestern Wyoming. The ~560 meter composite section spans from the lower Bridger B to the Bridger E, including the Bridgerian/Uintan NALMA boundary in the uppermost part of the section. Analysis of samples from 90 sites indicates two paleomagnetic reversals that are correlated to an interval spanning Chrons C22n, C21r, and C21n by comparison to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS). This correlation places the Bridgerian/Uintan faunal boundary within Chron C21n, during the initial cooling phase following the peak of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Based on the bio- and magnetostratigraphic correlation, I provide correlation of other Bridgerian/Uintan boundary-bearing sections to the GPTS, demonstrating that in the western North America, the Bridgerian/Uintan boundary occurs everywhere in Chron C21n. In addition, U-Pb zircon geochronological analyses were performed on three ash beds from the Bridger Formation. High-precision U-Pb dates were combined with the paleomagnetic polarity data of the same ash beds as well as the integrative chronostratigraphy of the basin to assess prior calibration models for the Eocene part of the GPTS. The data from the Bridger Formation indicate that the Option 3 age model of Westerhold et al. (2008) best reconciles the geochronological data from all of the ash beds except for one. Thus I favor this Option 3 model, which indicates the ages of 56.33 Ma and 66.08 Ma for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary, respectively. In Chapter 3, the body size evolution of three mammalian taxa from the Bridgerian NALMA was analyzed within the context of Bergmann’s Rule, which poses a correlation between the size of endotherms and climate (latitude). The Bridgerian NALMA is from a time of global cooling following the peak of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, thus according to Bergmann’s Rule, the Bridgerian mammals are expected to increase in size. This hypothesis is tested among Notharctus, Hyopsodus, and Orohippus, using the size of molar dentition as a proxy for their body size. These taxa represent three different ecomorphs, and I investigated if these taxa showed a pattern of body size change consistent with the prediction made by Bergmann’s Rule, and how their ecological adaptation may have affected their response to the climate change. Prior to analyzing the body size evolution, specimens of Notharctus and Hyopsodus were identified to species based on dental characters. This practice differs from previous studies in which species identification relied on relative size of the individuals and stratigraphic levels of origin. Within the new framework of morphologically determined species identification, five species of Notharctus were recognized, among which, N. pugnax, N. robustior and N. sp. indet. exhibited statistically significant body size increase in the time span of interest. Based on morphological analyses of Hyopsodus dentition, I recognized five species. Dentition-based body size analysis showed that H. lepidus and H. despiciens exhibited a statistically significant change towards larger size within the sampled interval. When analyzed at the generic level, a statistically significant increase was observed for both Notharctus and Hyopsodus. Finally, a genus-level analysis of Orohippus showed a lack of statistically significant size increase over the study interval. Thus, among the three taxa from the Bridgerian, Bergmann’s Rule is supported by Notharctus and Hyopsodus, at least at the genus level, but not by Orohippus, although the patterns are more variable at the intraspecific level. In Chapter 4, 40Ar/39Ar dates were obtained from sanidines from the middle Eocene Henrys Fork tuff and Upper Carboniferous Fire Clay tonstein, with the goal of making highly precise measurements of these two samples, keyed to the Fish Canyon monitor standard. Analytically, both samples were well characterized, as had been shown previously. The irradiation disk was arranged such that there would have been control from the Fish Canyon surrounding each of the unknown pits. However, due to several complications in the lab during the course of the experiment, only the analyses from one run disk (Disk 677) were of the quality needed for the goals of the study. As a result, the Fish Canyon sanidine standards that were irradiated near the center of the irradiation disk had to be discarded, and thus, the neutron fluence could not be mapped out precisely across the entire disk. The 40Ar/39Ar age relative to Fish Canyon sanidines is 47.828 ± 0.205 Ma and 311.937 ± 1.282 Ma for the Henrys Fork tuff and Fire Clay tonstein, respectively (1σ, including error on the age of the monitor). Because the ages were both offset about the same amount, I explored the option of using the U-Pb ID-TIMS ages of the Henrys Fork tuff and Fire Clay tonstein to test the agreement in the chronometers. The Henrys Fork tuff was dated at 48.260 ± 0.107 Ma (1σ, including error on the age of the monitor) using the Fire Clay sanidines and assuming its age is the U-Pb zircon age. The Fire Clay tonstein was dated at 314.593 ± 0.699 Ma (1σ, including error on the age of the monitor), using the Henrys Fork sanidines and assuming its age is the U/Pb zircon age. Although the complications encountered render these data unpublishable, they show great promise as the ages of each sanidine sample, tied to the other ash using the other ash’s U-Pb age, give results that are in close agreement between the two chronometers on the same sample (e.g., 314.593 ± 0.699 Ma vs. 314.554 ± 0.020 Ma at 1σ for sanidine and zircon respectively from the Fire Clay tonstein, and 48.260 ± 0.107 Ma vs. 48.265 ± 0.008 Ma 1σ for sanidine and zircon respectively from the Henrys Fork tuff).

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Croft, Darin A. « Archaeohyracidae (mammalia : Notoungulata) from the Tinguiririca fauna, Cetranl Chile, and the evolution and paleoecology of South American mammalian herbivores / ». 2000. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9965069.

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Havlová, Tereza. « Katalog obratlovčí fauny z pleistocénních lokalit na území Prahy ». Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332118.

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More than a hundred sites were in Prague in the past, where skeletal remains of Pleistocene mammals had been found. Most of these sites were brickyards or sand pits. These pits were in operation during the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. Many awards were found during construction works as well. Most of researchers attended only several most famous sites at the time of the findings. The catalog summarizes the basic known information about majority of Prague localities and includes a list of taxa wich were found there. Key words: Prague, locality, mammals, Pleistocene, brickyards, sand pits

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Mecozzi, Beniamino. « Le faune a mammiferi del Pleistocene Medio-Superiore della Puglia : biocronologia, paleoecologia, paleobiogeografia ». Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1372862.

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The Italian territory occupies a strategic position in the Mediterranean area, which represents a crossroads between Northwestern Europe, Central Europe, Eastern Europe and North Africa. The tectonic and volcanic activity during the Quaternary produced a heterogeneous physiography, with the presence of several natural physical barriers, such as the Alps and Apennines chains. The mountain ranges represent the main ecological barriers, respectively towards continental Europe and along the peninsula, affecting the distribution of mammal fauna. Furthermore, the latitudinal extension of Italian territory causes a strong climatic gradient and produces regional differences in the climatic conditions, especially during the Glacial Stages (Sala et al., 1992; Gliozzi et al., 1997; Bedetti et al., 2001; Sala & Masini, 2007). During the late Quaternary, the faunal assemblages were characterized by a strong regionalism, related to the presence of different dispersal paths and local environmental conditions (Masini et al., 1991; Sala et al., 1992, Gliozzi et al., 1997; Bedetti et al., 2001; Petronio et al., 2007; Sala & Masini, 2007). The Apulian region is located in the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, extending mainly along the latitudinal axis (130 km), and only 30 km along the longitudinal axis. Based on its peripheral position and physiography, some authors considered the occurrence in the Apulian peninsula of a refugium area during the Late Pleistocene, due to supposed archaic nature of the vertebrate fauna (Di Stefano et al., 1992). On the contrary, other authors suggested that these mammal faunal associations could be chronologically referred to the late Middle Pleistocene (Masini et al., 1991; Sala et al., 1992). Nowadays, there are only two fossiliferous sites attributed to Middle Pleistocene both from the Murge area (central part of the Apulia region): Contrada Monticelli (Mazza & Varola, 1999; Mecozzi et al., 2017) and Grotta di Lamalunga (Tagliacozzo, 1995; Lari et al., 2015; Fiore et al, 2018). Many vertebrate assemblages from Late Pleistocene deposits of Apulia have been reported in previous researches; these sites are mainly represented by ossiferous breccias, karst infilling deposits and caves. The first includes fossil remains highly cemented with the matrix rock and their extraction or even their observations is often very difficult. However, the scattered outcrops of ossiferous breccias are characterized by the occurrence of the large mammals, such as Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus and Hippopotamus amphibius, with a welldocumented presence of Dama dama, which have been referred to the early Late Pleistocene (MIS5c-5a) (MIS = Marine Oxygen Stage) (Di Stefano et al., 1992). The second typology of deposit is represented by sub-vertical or funnel-shaped karst fissures, especially in the Salentine Peninsula (southern part of the region) where several quarries are open for the extraction of a Miocene calcarenite, known as Pietra Leccese. During the Middle-Late Pleistocene, the calcarenite was affected by an intense karst activity that formed an articulated fissured network (Selleri et al., 2003; Selleri, 2007). These karst fissures outcrop mainly in the fossiliferous area of Maglie (Lecce, Apulia) (locally known as “ventarole”) and are filled with red soil (so-called “terre rosse”) in the lower part, and brownish soil (so-called “terre brune”) in the upper (Di Stefano et al.,1992; Bologna et al.,1994; Pandolfi et al., 2017). The “ventarole” deposits are rich in vertebrate fossil remains, generally in a good state of preservation and articulated bones often occur (Bologna et al.,1994; Iurino et al., 2015). Due to the fragmentary stratigraphic and geomorphological evidence, the ossiferous breccias and the “ventarole” deposits are mainly dated biochronologically based on the large vertebrate faunal assemblages they contain (Di Stefano et al., 1992; Bologna et al., 1994). In this territory, especially in the Salentine Peninsula, many caves open into the step coastline or are submerged beneath the present sea level. Many of the caves contain remarkable archive of palaeontological, archaeological and palaeoclimatic data, thus testifying the human presence from the Middle Palaeolithic to Neolithic (e.g., Grotta del Cavallo, Grotta del Diavolo, Grotta di Santa Maria di Agnano). Among these, Grotta Romanelli is considered a key site for the Mediterranean Quaternary for its archaeological and palaeontological heritage, since the beginning of the XX century. Although the cave was discovered in 1874 by Botti, the excavation activity was performed for the first time by Stasi at the end of 1800s. Immediately, the specialists recognized the remarkable importance of the site as the first evidence of the Upper Palaeolithic in the Italian peninsula and the first record of the rock art in the Euro-Mediterranean area (Graziosi 1973; Sardella et al. 2018; Sigari 2018). The aim of this work is to carry out the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the continental ecosystem and to define the biochronological and palaeobiogeographical context of the mammal fauna from the Apulian Peninsula during the Middle-Late Pleistocene. The taxonomic and palaeobiological study will allow to determine the mammal assemblages, and to broaden the knowledges of dispersals and adaptations of the mammal taxa during the glacial/interglacial stages occurred in the Middle to Late Pleistocene. To achieve the aims of this work, the following points have been carried out: - The study of new fossil materials of mammals coming from several Middle-Late Pleistocene fossiliferous sites of the Apulian region (e.g., Grotta Romanelli, Cava Spagnulo, San Sidero); - The revision of the fossil collections previously published, where often only the faunal lists were reported (e.g., Grotta Zinzulusa, Grotta dei Giganti); - The comparison of the composition of the mammal faunas from late Middle-Late Pleistocene fossiliferous sites of the Apulian region; - In order to test the variability in teeth size and/or proportions during the last 350 ky, statistical analyses on several mammal taxa were conducted.

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47

Sanecki, Glenn M. « The distribution and behaviour of small mammals in relation to natural and modified snow in the Australian Alps ». Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/12625.

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Snow is an important factor in the lives of flora and fauna in those regions where it occurs. Despite this, there is a relative lack of information about the ecological role of snow. In addition, on a global scale the majority of the research on snow ecology has been based in the boreal regions of North America and Eurasia. Insights from these areas may not extrapolate well to Australia. The distribution and physical characteristics of snow are highly variable both temporally and spatially. Its occurrence is affected by a range of factors acting at multiple scales. Working in snow covered areas, however, presents considerable practical problems, particularly for researchers attempting to sample organisms in the subnivean space between the base of the snowpack and the ground surface. As a result, most research has focused on small-scale projects because of logistical and animal-welfare issues. A technique was developed for this study for sampling small mammals beneath the snow using hairtubes fitted with bait and a removable adhesive surface that could be inserted into the subnivean space through a vertical PVC pipe. The technique provided a 39% detection rate with only 0.2% of tubes visited but not collecting hair samples. Using. this technique, it was possible to expand systematic sampling of small mammals in the subnivean space to larger scales at which snow cover can vary spatially and temporally particularly at the landscape scale. The main part of this research was conducted over two winters (2002-2003) at sites established in a series of valleys close to the Summit Road in Kosciuszko National Park, south-eastern Australia. Selection of sites was based on factors considered important in influencing the distribution of snow in the landscape and representative of the key vegetation types occurring in the subalpine zone. The resulting design consisted of 72 sites stratified by elevation (1501-1600 m, 1601-1700 m, 1701-1800 m), aspect (accumulating, ablating) and vegetation type (woodland, wet heath, dry heath, grassland) with each combination replicated three times. Each site consisted of three hairtube plots approximately 10 metres apart, at which small mammals were sampled. In addition, a range of biotic and abiotic factors including snow cover characteristics were measured throughout the winter at these same sites. In January 2003, a major bushfire burned 70% of the subalpine area of Kosciuszko National Park and damaged 83% of the sites established in 2002. As a result sampling during winter 2003 was limited to high elevation sites, along with a fifth habitat type (boulderfields). The snow cover that occurs in the main alpine and subalpine region of the· Snowy Mountains is primarily maritime in areas where there is sufficient accumulation, and ephemeral at lower elevations and ort higher ablating aspects. Maritime snow is generally deep (> lOOcm), with a density >0.30gcm-3, as a result of destructive metamorphism throughout the winter. The formation of depth hoar, which is considered to be important in acilitating the development of the subnivean space, does not occur under these conditions. Ephemeral snow is characterised by warm shallow snow that often melts before new snow is deposited. When snow was present, detections of dusky antechinus, Antechinus swainsonii and the bush rat, Rattus fuscipes were negatively correlated with snow depth and duration, and positively correlated with the complexity of structures and microtopography. At high elevations, detections were largely confined to boulderfields, and at mid- and low elevations, small mammals were detected primarily in habitats where the subnivean space was most extensive. Antechinus swainsonii and R. fuscipes responded differently to snow cover with the latter seeming better able to overwinter where snow cover was shallow and patchy. In contrast, A. swainsonii occurrence was correlated with the size of the subnivean space. The development of the subnivean space in the Snowy Mountains is dependent on the presence of structures such as shrubs, boulders and microtopographic features that are capable of supporting a snow layer above ground level. The temperature in the subnivean space was virtually constant beneath the snowpack, ranging between 0 and + 1 °C. When snow was patchy or absent, temperatures at ground level were highly variable with a minimum as low s -13°C and maximum as high as +47.5°C. Antechinus swainsonii and R. fuscipes were detected more regularly at sites that were thermally variable. At sites with deep and persistent snow cover (maritime snow), subnivean temperatures were stable, but small mammals were detected at low frequencies. At high elevations, boulderfields were favoured by small mammals during the nival period but were no different thermally from other habitats. The limitations imposed by snow cover on small mammals were further verified by a radio tracking study conducted during 2003 at Perisher Creek. That study investigated the home range size and activity patterns of R. fuscipes and A. swainsonii in relation to snow cover. Once continuous snow cover became established, the home range of both species contracted dramatically and there was an increase in home range overlap. Neither species showed any change in diurnal activity patterns. Rattus fascipes showed signs of social interaction during both seasons in contrast to A. swainsonii, which appeared to remain solitary. In winter, R. fuscipes nested communally at a single location, while during autumn the species appeared to use a number of nest sites. There was no significant change in daily activity patterns between autumn and winter in either species. R. fuscipes remained primarily nocturnal during both pre-nival and nival periods while A. swainsonii continued to be active throughout the diel cycle, although there was a slight shift in its peak activity time. Human activities can, have significant effects on the subnivean space and its residents. The physical characteristics of a range of modified snow types were investigated in the vicinity of several ski resorts in Kosciuszko National Park. Human activities associated with snow-based recreation, such as the creation of ski pistes, surface ski lifts and over-snow routes, involve compression of the snowpack and resulted in small or absent subnivean spaces and high snow cover densities compared to unmodified snow cover. To test the effects of the loss of the subnivean space on small mammals, the snowpack was experimentally compressed in high quality subnivean habitats. Detections of R. fascipes and A. swainsonii declined by 75-80%. Burnt sites from the 2002 study were used in 2003 to investigate the effect of removing vegetation on the subnivean space, to simulate the loss of structure associated with ski slope preparation. There was a significant reduction (p<0.0001) in the size of the subnivean space compared to unburnt sites regardless of habitat type. The key conclusions of the work reported in this thesis are listed below: • Snow conditions in the Australian Alps are markedly different from those of higher northern latitudes and altitudes. As a result, conclusions about snow/fauna interactions based on research in regions with particular snow cover types need to be carefully considered before attempting to extrapolate generalisations to other parts of the world. • The subnivean space can be formed either by passive or active processes. The former occurs when there are sufficient competent structures to permit the support of the snow pack above the ground surface, while the latter refers to the ability of small mammals to actively tunnel through relatively low density snow (depth hoar) and thus create their own subnivean space. In Australia the passive process dominates. • The widely held assumption that small mammals are dependent on the thermally stable conditions in the subnivean space was not confirmed. Rattus fascipes and A. swainsonii survive in the Australian Alps because they are able to exploit thermally variable environments. • Management of human activities in nival areas should focus on avoiding disturbance in areas where a subnivean space forms, particularly in high quality winter habitats such as boulderfields. • Global warming resulting from climate change is likely to provide conditions in the Australian Alps that favour an expansion of the distribution and population of R. fuscipes and A. swainsonii, but nival endemics such as Burramys parvus and possibly Mastacomys fuscus may be at a disadvantage. • The extent of alpine and subalpine environments in Australia will decrease in future, imposing greater pressure on a shrinking resource and raising the possibility of conflict between user groups and conservation imperatives.

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Field, IC. « The role of juvenile foraging ecology and growth in the evolution of life history strategies for southern elephant seals ». Thesis, 2005. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/217/1/01Front.pdf.

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In highly dynamic and unpredictable environments such as the Southern Ocean, species that have evolved behaviours that reduce the effects of intra-specific competition may have a selective advantage. This is particularly true when juveniles face disadvantages when foraging due to morphological or physiological limitation, such as in the case of many marine mammals. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) are a major consumer of biomass in the Southern Ocean with a global distribution. Recent modelling of the Macquarie Island population concluded that juvenile survival is a key parameter in influencing the rates of population change and as an important demographic component of the population. Resource limitation has been suggested as the primary reason for the change in numbers of these populations and this coupled with the importance of juvenile rates of survival influencing population change may provide some insight into explaining any reduction in juvenile survival. Until now, little has been known about these juveniles, ontogenetic and intra-specific differences in life history and foraging ecology have been suggested but not investigated. During this juvenile stage individuals undergo many morphometric and physiological changes as they develop toward maturity. Therefore, it would seem likely that studying the foraging ecology and growth and development patterns of this demographic group may show the proximate processes in affecting population dynamics. This study has followed juvenile seals as they grow and develop rapidly toward adulthood observing changes in foraging areas or strategies and associated changes in prey availability, differences in the seasonal availability of prey, changes in morphology and physiology for growth, maintenance or provisioning toward adulthood. In this thesis I present data for: 1) Anaesthesia for safe handling - I assessed the effects of variation in body condition and age at on the characteristics of anaesthesia, including induction time and dose-specific recovery rate which has increased the control over immobilisation level and duration, and reduces handling times for wild pinnipeds. 2) Foraging range and 3) Habitat use of the Southern Ocean -I tracked the at-sea movements of juvenile southern elephant seals using locations derived from recorded light levels. 4) Diet - I describe intra-specific dietary differences in prey composition and size. 5) Metabolic estimates and energy use and 6) Growth and body condition changes - I examined changes in mass and body composition of juvenile southern elephant seals during and between their annual moult and mid-year haul-outs. General discussion - These key ecological areas of an important predator has increased our understanding of the evolutionary and ecological interactions that influence the population dynamics of southern elephant seals at Macquarie Island and the structure of the Southern Ocean ecosystem.

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Ruez, Dennis Russell 1973. « Effects of climate change on mammalian fauna composition and structure during the advent of North American continental glaciation in the Pliocene ». Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3226.

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The cooling preceding the beginning of North American continental glaciation is beautifully represented by the thick fluvial and lacustrine sequences of the Pliocene Glenns Ferry Formation at the Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument (HAFO), Idaho. This time interval is commonly studied because it contains the elevated global temperatures predicted to result from continued anthropogenic warming. The fossil mammals at HAFO were examined to see the effects of climate change on past mammalian assemblages. The nature of the fossiliferous localities at HAFO was documented to establish which localities could be considered in situ. Additionally, the structural architecture of the beds was mapped to establish an idealized stratigraphic datum to which localities were tied. This facilitated temporal comparison of the widespread localities at HAFO. Second, a high-resolution record of climate change was created using global climate models to predict which oceanic areas varied in temperature in concert with HAFO during the middle Pliocene. Data from deep-sea cores from those oceanic areas were combined to create a proxy temperature pattern; such a detailed record from terrestrial data in the Glenns Ferry Formation is not currently possible. Selected mammalian groups, carnivorans, insectivorans, and leporids, were examined in light of the established climatic patterns. The cooling through the lower portion of the Glenns Ferry Formation corresponds to variation in the morphology of individual species, the relative abundance of species, and the species-level diversity of mammalian groups. There is a return to warm temperatures near the top of the section at HAFO, and the mammals returned to the conditions exhibited before the cool-temperature extreme. This faunal resilience, however, occurred over hundreds of thousands of years. The final paleoecologic approach established correlations between the species diversity of groups of modern mammals and modern climatic values. Many modern groups were found to be highly-significantly correlated to climate, but when the established predictive equations were applied to HAFO, the results were variable. Estimates of annual precipitation varied widely, depending on the taxonomic group, and also deviated from precipitation estimates from sedimentology. Temperature patterns were more consistent with each other and with the pattern of the deep-sea core proxy.
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Козачук, Ельвіра Володимирівна, et Elvira Volodymyrivna Kozachuk. « Дрібні ссавці нової ділянки заповідника "Михайлівська цілина" (Сумська область) ». Bachelor's thesis, 2021. http://repository.sspu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11007.

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Метою даної дипломної роботи є вивчення дрібних ссавців в околиці села Великі Луки. Для дослідження їх відносної чисельності використовувався найпоширеніший метод - відлов пастками Геро. Здобутих звірків, обробляли по загальноприйнятій зоологічній методиці: виміряли довжину тіла, хвоста, задньої ступні і вуха, визначили стать і вік. Список ссавців, яких зустрічали на території Михайлівської цілини налічує 10 видів із 3 родин та 2 рядів. Із видів, що занесені до Червоної книги України, на досліджуваній території живуть тільки Cricetus cricetus та Cricetulus migratorius.
The purpose of this thesis is to study small mammals in the vicinity of the village of Veliki Luki. To study their relative numbers, the most common method was used - trapping Hero. The obtained animals were treated according to the generally accepted zoological method: the length of the body, tail, hind foot and ear were measured, sex and age were determined. The list of mammals found on the territory of Mykhailivska virgin land includes 10 species from 3 families and 2 orders. Of the species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, only Cricetus cricetus and Cricetulus migratorius live in the study area.

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Thèses sur le sujet « Mammal fauna »

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