Articles de revues : « Maker Fringe »

1

Ozcan, A., M. J. F. Digonnet et G. S. Kino. « Cylinder-assisted Maker-fringe technique ». Electronics Letters 39, n^o 25 (2003) : 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20031159.

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Li, Kuangyi, Wijayanti Dwi Astuti, Ryo Sato, Hiraku Matsukuma et Wei Gao. « Theoretical Investigation for Angle Measurement Based on Femtosecond Maker Fringe ». Applied Sciences 12, n^o 7 (6 avril 2022) : 3702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073702.

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This paper proposes to utilize a femtosecond Maker fringe for angular measurement to expand the measurement range by using the characteristic of the multiple visible peaks in the Maker fringe. Four different z-cut nonlinear materials and three different polarization combinations of SHG were considered in the study, and various theoretical results are calculated for both the intensity-based angle measurement and the frequency-domain angle measurement. As a result, the p-s polarization shows a significant angle dependence in the range of ±20° compared with the other polarization. In addition, the BBO and KDP are superior to the other investigated materials because of the relatively higher sensitivity and visibility. The refractive index difference was introduced in this paper, and it was applied to explain the angle measurement performance of the Maker fringe successfully.

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Narazaki, Aiko, Katsuhisa Tanaka et Kazuyuki Hirao. « Optical second-order nonlinearity of transparent glass-ceramics containing BaTiO3 precipitated via surface crystallization ». Journal of Materials Research 14, n^o 9 (septembre 1999) : 3640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0491.

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Second-harmonic generation of transparent glass-ceramics containing BaTiO3 crystalline phase was investigated using Maker fringe method. When 15BaO · 15TiO2 · 70TeO2 glass was heat-treated at 415 °C for 0.5–12 h, (101)- or (110)-oriented BaTiO3 crystals precipitated in the near-surface region. The resultant glass-ceramics exhibit second-harmonic generation. Variation of second-harmonic intensity with angle of incidence, i.e., the Maker fringe pattern changes drastically with an increase in heat treatment time and temperature. No second-harmonic signal was detected in glass-ceramics derived from 15SrO · 15TiO2 · 70TeO2 glass. These facts suggest that BaTiO3 crystal is responsible for the second-order nonlinear phenomenon, although its structure is closer to cubic than tetragonal according to x-ray diffraction measurements. In order to estimate second-order nonlinear optical coefficient d(2), Maker fringe patterns of the BaTiO3-containing glass-ceramics were analyzed. For the glass-ceramic after heat treatment for 0.5 h, d33 and thickness of BaTiO3-crystallized layer, L, are 3.65 pm/V and 3.43 μm, respectively. The value of second-order nonlinear optical coefficient is comparable to those of BaTiO3 films prepared via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and pulsed-laser deposition. On the other hand, the glass-ceramic heat-treated for 12 h exhibits d15 = 0.31 pm/V and L = 300 μm. The thickness of the layer active in second-order nonlinearity evaluated from the Maker fringe pattern is coincident with the observation by scanning electron microscopy.

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Hellwig, H., et L. Bohatý. « Multiple reflections and Fabry-Perot interference corrections in Maker fringe experiments ». Optics Communications 161, n^o 1-3 (mars 1999) : 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(98)00683-x.

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Abe, Makoto, Ichiro Shoji, Jun Suda et Takashi Kondo. « Comprehensive analysis of multiple-reflection effects on rotational Maker-fringe experiments ». Journal of the Optical Society of America B 25, n^o 10 (10 septembre 2008) : 1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.25.001616.

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Kador, L., M. Braun, K. R. Allakhverdiev et E. Yu Salaev. « Second-harmonic generation in GaSe crystals investigated with the Maker fringe technique ». Optics Communications 143, n^o 1-3 (novembre 1997) : 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(97)00351-9.

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Park, Dong Hun, et Warren N. Herman. « Closed-form Maker fringe formulas for poled polymer thin films in multilayer structures ». Optics Express 20, n^o 1 (19 décembre 2011) : 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.000173.

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Rodriguez, Vincent, et Claude Sourisseau. « General Maker-fringe ellipsometric analyses in multilayer nonlinear and linear anisotropic optical media ». Journal of the Optical Society of America B 19, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2002) : 2650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.19.002650.

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GÓMEZ-SOSA, GUSTAVO, TAKESHI OGAWA, TAKASHI ISOSHIMA et MASAHIKO HARA. « SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF POLY[(HEXA-2,4-DIYNYLENE-1,6-DIOXY)DIBENZOATES] CONTAINING AZO CHROMOPHORE DISPERSE RED 19 BY ELECTROABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY ». Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & ; Materials 15, n^o 04 (décembre 2006) : 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863506003426.

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The second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities χ(2) of two isomeric polymers containing an azo dye, Disperse Red 19, were determined by the first-order electroabsorption spectroscopy (EAS), and compared with values previously obtained by SHG measurements. The para-polymer was found to have higher susceptibility than the corresponding meta-polymer. χ(2) were found to be 5–6 × 10-8 esu, which are comparable to those obtained by the Maker Fringe method.

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Sanford, N. A., et J. A. Aust. « Nonlinear optical characterization of LiNbO_3 I Theoretical analysis of Maker fringe patterns for x-cut wafers ». Journal of the Optical Society of America B 15, n^o 12 (1 décembre 1998) : 2885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.15.002885.

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Liu, Hao, Xi Tang Wang, Bao Guo Zhang, Zhou Fu Wang et Xiu Jian Zhao. « Preparation and Second Harmonic Generation of CdS Doped Lead Silicate Glasses ». Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (février 2011) : 2630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.2630.

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CdS doped lead silicate glasses were prepared with the conventional fusion method. The effects of the ZnO/CdS ratio and the content of CdS on the preparation of CdS doped glasses were both studied. The crystallization process of CdS nanocrystals was investigated by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. Utilizing the Maker fringe method, Second harmonic generation (SHG) was observed from CdS doped glasses without any poling procedures. The SH intensity gets enhanced by increasing the heat-treatment temperature and prolonging the heat-treatment duration.

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WANG, CHUANYU, TINGCHAO HE, CHANGSHUN WANG, YANG HUI et GUOYUAN LU. « A STUDY ON THE SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AZO-DYE CHROMOPHORES CONTAINING THE ELECTRON-ACCEPTOR GROUP ». Modern Physics Letters B 22, n^o 17 (10 juillet 2008) : 1633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908016340.

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Two new azo-dye chromophores containing different electron-acceptor groups were synthesized and characterized by 1 H NMR, FT-IR and UV-vis spectra, respectively. The second-order nonlinearity of azo-dyes doped films in poly (methylmethacrylate) and the first hyperpolarizability of the azo molecules were investigated by the Maker Fringe method and the solvatochromic method, respectively. Experimental results showed that both of the two dyes exhibited large second-order nonlinearity (d33 > 30 pm/v) and the stronger electron-acceptor groups in dye molecules would induce larger second-order nonlinearity. This was confirmed by the measurement of the first hyperpolarizability.

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Kato, Midori, et Masashi Kiguchi. « Combination of Maker fringe and total reflection technique : Nonlinear optical properties of 4-nitro-2-ethoxyamide-4′-benzyloxytolane ». Journal of Applied Physics 81, n^o 2 (15 janvier 1997) : 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364218.

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Yamamoto, Yuichiro, Tetsuro Ashida, Sunao Kurimura et Yoshiaki Uesu. « Two-dimensional observation of the Maker fringe and its application to the poling state evaluation of ferroelectric domains ». Applied Optics 36, n^o 3 (20 janvier 1997) : 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.36.000602.

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Hu, Jun, et Shao Xuan Gu. « Second-Harmonic Generation of the Chalcogenide Amorphous Film by Electron Beam Irradiation ». Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (décembre 2011) : 1376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1376.

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PLD(pulsed laser deposition) method was used to prepare amorphous GeS2-Ga2S3-CdS chalcogenide film. Obvious SHG(second harmonic generation) was observed in electron beam irradiated film by Maker fringe method. According to Raman spectra, we discussed the mechanism of SHG and ascribed the origination of SHG to the local electric field generation under electron beam and uneven charge distribution. With the increase of accelerating voltage and the extension of irradiation time, the SHG intensity increased and reached the maximum, which is due to the enhancement of breakage of glassy isotropy with gradually increased incident electron energy and the finite population of electric dipoles leading to the saturation of SH intensity.

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Bradbury, James Samuel. « Where is the tantric mainstream ? Discussions with a Bengali Brahmin god-maker in Kolkata ». Journal of Hindu Studies 13, n^o 2 (1 août 2020) : 172–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiaa011.

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Abstract The idea of Hindu Tantra as an esoteric, transgressive, or otherwise fringe practice has been revised to account for a ‘tantric mainstream’ in Indian religious life. However, this tantric mainstream has been faintly reflected in the ethnographic record, which would be otherwise well--suited to explore how religious categories are formed in broader social contexts. The religious world of the Bhattacharyas, a Śākta Brahmin family from East Bengal that now lives in suburban Kolkata, evinces some of the challenges in identifying ‘the tantric’ while suggesting alternative framings of ritual practices. Tapan Bhattacharya, a member of the family in his sixties, not only conducted pūjās to the tantric goddess Dakṣiṇā Kālī in their household shrine; he also sculpted the clay statues of deities (pratimā) that were used in local community rituals. Tapan’s nephew, Souvik, drew upon tantric classifications to explain the relations between mainstream household and community pūjās on one hand, and transgressive rituals on the other. Tantra, as understood by members of this household, encompassed a much wider set of relations than conventional binaries of tantra/not-tantra have allowed for. Taking their cue, I locate mainstream Śākta Tantra within the broader contexts of their religious world and the categories that make sense therein, while ultimately recognising that this family’s framings of contemporary religious culture will be matched by other, competing perspectives.

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Fargin, Evelyne, Marc Dussauze, Artem Malakho, Aurelien Delestre, Vincent Rodriguez et Frederic Adamietz. « Introduction of Silver in Poled Sodium and Niobium Borophosphate Glasses : Characterization by Electrical Transmitted Current and SHG Measurements ». Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (avril 2008) : 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.237.

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Monovalent silver ions have been introduced in a sodium niobium borophosphate glass by poling the glass under heating and high voltage. A silver thin film electrode was previously deposited on the glass surface and put in contact with the anode. Second harmonic generation (SHG) has been obtained after the thermal poling treatment. The SHG signal has been studied through an analysis of transmitted polarized Maker-fringe patterns. The transmitted current curves during poling are registered and compared to the curves obtained from poling of the natural glass by the use of ndoped silicon anode. It indicates a complex space-charge-migration process during the poling treatment resulting in modification of the nonlinear SHG glasses signal profile.

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Lim, Tong Kun, Mi-Yun Jeong, Changho Song et Doo Chul Kim. « Absorption effect in the calculation of a second-order nonlinear coefficient from the data of a Maker fringe experiment ». Applied Optics 37, n^o 13 (1 mai 1998) : 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.37.002723.

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MORALES-SAAVEDRA, OMAR G., JÁKLI ANTAL, HEPPKE GERD et EICHLER HANS J. « POLAR ORDERING IN THERMOTROPIC MESOGENS RESOLVED BY SCANNING NLO MICROSCOPY ». Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & ; Materials 15, n^o 04 (décembre 2006) : 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863506003396.

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A nonlinear optical (NLO) microscope has been developed based on recording the second harmonic generation (SHG) signals of the B 2- and B 4-phases of bent-shaped liquid crystalline (LC) materials. We observed that the microstructures of the polar order can be accurately characterized by 2D scanned images implementing this device. Specifically, we have investigated two bent-core compounds, which have either B 4 or B 2 phases at room temperature and exhibit SHG activity. The NLO microscope was calibrated according to the Maker fringe method allowing the in situ evaluation of the relative SHG efficiency. The developed NLO-microscopy device may serve as an important tool to characterize liquid crystalline features at a microscopic scale for both, fundamental and applied research.

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Oppio, Alessandra, Marta Bottero et Valentina Ferretti. « Multicriteria Spatial Analysis for Competitive Cultural Heritage in Fringe Areas : The Case of Valle d’Aosta Vastles ». Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (juin 2014) : 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.579.

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The Alpine territories show a strong potential in reaching the targets set out by the European policies related to smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The present paper reflects about the role of cultural heritage in supporting local development processes in mountain areas. In particular, Valle d’Aosta castles’ system (Italy) is considered in the study, with particular reference to the analysis of the opportunities and the risks at the regional scale. The results of the work delineate how Multicriteria-Spatial Decision Support Systems (MC-SDSS) can support the definition of enhancement strategies by providing a wide and integrated knowledge of the cultural heritage under investigation. The introduction of MC-SDSS in the field of historical assets’ conservation is quite innovative. Differently from the traditional analysis, the use of such an integrated approach allows decision maker to consider the spatial features of each development option and to evaluate simultaneously their multidimensional impacts.

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Waszkowska, Karolina, Tarek Chtouki, Oksana Krupka, Vitaliy Smokal, Viviana Figà et Bouchta Sahraoui. « Effect of UV-Irradiation and ZnO Nanoparticles on Nonlinear Optical Response of Specific Photochromic Polymers ». Nanomaterials 11, n^o 2 (16 février 2021) : 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020492.

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A series of methacrylic styrylquinoline polymers have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and nonlinear optical (NLO) investigations. The NLO properties of studied polymer compounds in the form of thin films prepared by a spin coating method have been investigated by means of second and third harmonic generation via Maker fringe setup with a laser source at 1064 nm and a pulse duration of 30 ps. The results show strong second harmonic signal dependence on polarization configurations. This second harmonic generation (SHG) response was enhanced by UV-irradiation at 366 nm and doping by ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) (100 nm), while the opposite effect was achieved for a third harmonic generation experiment. Thus, values of second and third order nonlinear susceptibilities were determined by theoretical calculations based on comparative models. The remarkable NLO results presented in this paper expose potential optoelectronic and photonic applications.

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Waszkowska, Karolina, Anastasiia Krupka, Vitaliy Smokal, Oksana Kharchenko, Anna Migalska-Zalas, Mykhaylo Frasinyuk, Robert Wielgosz, Anatoliy Andrushchak et Bouchta Sahraoui. « Correlation between Nonlinear Optical Effects and Structural Features of Aurone-Based Methacrylic Polymeric Thin Films ». Materials 15, n^o 17 (1 septembre 2022) : 6076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15176076.

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In this study, new photonics architectures and aurone-based methacrylic polymers were designed and synthesized for their optical and nonlinear optical properties. The studied polymeric thin films were deposited by spin coating method. SHG and THG effects were measured via Maker fringe technique in transmission mode and determined using theoretical models. Investigations involved the theoretical quantum chemical calculation of dipole moments, frontier molecular orbital HOMO and LUMO energies, and first (β) and second (γ) hyperpolarizabilities. We determined the impact of the substitution in the para position of the phenyl ring and at the dipole moment of the chromophore on the nonlinear optical properties of the investigated polymers. The presented theoretical and experimental studies provide important information with respect to the design of methacrylic-based polymeric thin film devices and supplement existing knowledge with respect to their nonlinear behaviour.

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Wang, X. H., D. P. West, N. B. McKeown et T. A. King. « Determining the cubic susceptibility (3) of films or glasses by the Maker fringe method : a representative study of spin-coated films of copper phthalocyanine derivation ». Journal of the Optical Society of America B 15, n^o 7 (1 juillet 1998) : 1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.15.001895.

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Hellwig, H., S. Rühle, P. Held et L. Bohatý. « Polar potassium rare earth nitrates K2[RE(NO3)5(H2O)2] (RE = La, Ce, Pr and Nd). II. Linear and nonlinear optical properties ». Journal of Applied Crystallography 33, n^o 2 (1 avril 2000) : 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188980000087x.

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Linear and nonlinear optical properties of the four isomorphic orthorhombic (point groupmm2) potassium rare earth nitrates K2[RE(NO3)5(H2O)2], with RE = La, Ce, Pr or Nd, have been investigated. Refractive indices in a wavelength range from 0.35 to 2.5 µm and the transmission spectra between 0.25 to 3.0 µm were measured. Using the Maker fringe technique, the d_{ijk}^{\rm\, SHG} coefficients of second-harmonic generation for a fundamental of the Nd–YAP laser (λ = 1079.5 nm) were determined for all four compounds. The d_{ijk}^{\rm\, SHG} coefficients of all four substances are about three times larger than those of KDP, as was first published by Ebberset al.[IEEE J. Quantum Electron.(1993),29, 497–507] for K2[La(NO3)5(H2O)2]. These nitrates are promising materials for application to nonlinear optics (e.g.second-harmonic generation of Nd laser radiation). The nonlinear optical properties of these compounds seem to have their origin mainly in the nitrate groups, as indicated by a simple model (summing the molecular hyperpolarizabilities of the NO3group). Neglecting local field effects, the hyperpolarizability of the NO3group was calculated as β222= 2.52 × 10−40 m4 V−1.

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Schoeser, Mary. « Fringe, Frog and Tassel : The Art of the Trimmings Maker in Interior Decoration. Annabel Westman. London : Philip Wilson, 2019. 272 pp. ; 449 ills. Cloth £50. ISBN 9781781300756 ». West 86th : A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture 27, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2020) : 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/715381.

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Huo, Fu Rong, He Li, Yu Hang Yang, Chang Xi Xue et Wen Sheng Wang. « Imaging Analysis and Application of Digital Speckle Photography with EALCD ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (juillet 2013) : 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.1007.

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According to the principle of speckle photography, CCD(Charge-Coupled Device) as a recorder, and EALCD(Electrically Addressed Liquid Crystal Display) as a read-out element, which makes the speckle photography to digital. Recording light path of the subjective and the objective speckle and observation light path of full-field analysis and point-by-point analysis for fringe reconstruction have been respectively researched. At the same time, measuring by speckle photography, the fringes in the interometry pattern must be carefully analyzed. Since the speckle noise can greatly infect the signals. Thus to de-noising the speckle fringe by a suitable filter before processing is expected. The mathod of digital filter enhancement, smooth denoising be used to reduce the influence of the high noise and the inhomogeneous grey of the speckle interferogram. Finally the thinning fringe is acquired, the fringe spacing is extracted accurately, the three-dimensional measurement of a deformed object is realized with mathematical morphological thinning algorithm.

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Braun, M., F. Bauer, Th Vogtmann et M. Schwoerer. « Precise second-harmonic generation Maker fringe measurements in single crystals of the diacetylene NP/4-MPU and evaluation by a second-harmonic generation theory in 4 × 4 matrix formulation and ray tracing ». Journal of the Optical Society of America B 14, n^o 7 (1 juillet 1997) : 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.14.001699.

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Vyunishev, A. M., A. S. Aleksandrovsky, A. I. Zaitsev, A. M. Zhyzhaev, A. V. Shabanov et V. Petrov. « Random spectrally resolved Maker fringes ». Optics Letters 38, n^o 15 (23 juillet 2013) : 2691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.002691.

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Freedgood, Elaine. « FRINGE ». Victorian Literature and Culture 30, n^o 1 (mars 2002) : 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150302301128.

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IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, edginess was experienced as a literal problem. The OED gives the first definition, occurring in 1822, as “the condition of having the outlines too clearly marked; angularity, hardness of outline.” This problem of unsightly outlines was solved, I suggest, by an extensive use of fringe throughout the Victorian period. These many miles of trimming performed symbolic work for a culture whose anxieties seemed to gather at edges — of clothing, of furniture, of nations, of empires, and eventually, of selves. A few inches of fringe, after all, can make an edge wide and irregular enough to allow for error. A row of pompoms strategically placed can usefully blur the beginnings and endings of literal and figurative fabric. A border of lace can protect edges from unraveling or wearing down. The fringed, and thus indefinite border, suggests the value of being able to imagine and construct limits as variable, permeable, and attenuated structures, rather than as hard edges at which one must stop short. The befringed edge offers a margin for error, for exploration, for coming to an end slowly and gradually.Can fringe really mean anything, much less create symbolic space for working out conflicts that gather at boundaries, limits, and edges? I contend that fringe, like other debased aspects of material culture, can perform cultural work precisely because it doesn’t get taken seriously. Indeed, the debasement of fringe is part of what makes it interesting and significant.

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Li, Zhanglong, Changqing Hu et Mei Zhao. « Inversion of Sound Speed and Thickness of High-Speed Sediment Using Interference Structure in Shadow Zone ». Applied Sciences 12, n^o 10 (18 mai 2022) : 5077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105077.

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The geoacoustic parameter acquisition in the deep sea is of great significance to the research of ocean acoustics. This paper found that the interference structure of the shadow zone induced by the reflection of the high-speed sediment layer could be simply described by the grazing angle of the surface-bottom reflection from the theory of ray acoustics, when the source and receiver depth makes the grazing angle of the surface-bottom reflection consistent with that of the bottom-surface reflection. On this basis, a geoacoustic parameter inversion method by spatial position matching of interference fringes in the shadow zone was proposed, and an interference fringe extraction method was designed based on the maximum between-class variance algorithm in this paper. After extracting the results by the stripe coordinates in the simulation environment, the density was obtained by assuming the base sound speed as an empirical value and combining with Hamilton’s empirical formula, and the sediment sound speed and thickness were inverted by the grid search method. Those inversion results were compared with the multi-dimensional inversion results of the genetic algorithm. The simulation results showed that the fringe extraction method proposed in this paper could effectively extract the interference fringes formed by the reflection of the high-speed sediment in the shadow zone, and compared with the multi-dimensional optimization process, the relatively accurate inversion results of the sound speed and thickness of high-speed sediment could be obtained more effectively and quickly by taking the spatial position of the interference fringe as the cost function of the matching parameter combined with the grid search method in this paper.

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Heisler, Ismael André, Lino Misoguti, Sérgio Carlos Zílio, Ernesto V. Rodriguez et Cid Bartolomeu de Araújo. « Spectrally resolved femtosecond Maker fringes technique ». Applied Physics Letters 92, n^o 9 (3 mars 2008) : 091109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2890487.

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Uchida, Saburo, Vijay T. Chitnis, Hideo Furuhashi, Toshio Yoshikawa, Akinori Maeda, Goro Sawa, Kenzo Kojima et al. « Molecular Organization of Nonlinear Organic Films Laminated by Langmuir-Blodgett Method ». Materials Science Forum 492-493 (août 2005) : 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.115.

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In the 21st century, the optical computation is likely to be the basic technology for processing lots of information at high speed. The aim of the present research work is to develop optical logic gates or memory chips. For this purpose, we have examined the suitability of organic nonlinear optical dye material Vanadyl-phthalocyanine (VOPc). Large single crystals of this material have been fabricated by using Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) technique. The epitaxial films were formed on the substrate under optimum operating conditions. However, the epitixial growth is observed only up to a limited thickness. Above this thickness, the films become non-epitaxial, which can be improved by annealing. The reformation of the epitaxial films has been confirmed. We have also reported the effects of the environment of high temperature on the multilayered tetra-tert-butyl-Vanadyl-phthalocyanine ((t-bu)4VOPc) films, formed by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method. The solvent used to dissolve ((t-bu)4VOPc) was 1,2-dichloroethane. The monolayer on the surface of the water was transferred to a glass substrate by the vertical dipping method. If the multilayered stack is too thick, the molecular arrangement of the film may get disturbed. The improvement in the molecular arrangement of the LB films was examined and confirmed by measuring it’s nonlinear optical susceptibility, using Maker Fringe Method. Monolayer formation on water surface depends on the surface pressure-area isotherm. If this monolayer formation is not perfect, multiplayer stacks cannot be formed. The molecular films were aligned almost perpendicular to the substrate, as estimated from the limiting molecular area of surface pressure-area isotherm. The molecular organization of the monolayer on the substrate and the molecular structure of the multilayered ((t-bu)4VOPc) films are discussed.

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Habiyaremye, Joseph, Marco Zennaro, Chomora Mikeka, Emmanuel Masabo, Kayalvizhi Jayavel et Santhi Kumaran. « A Data-Driven Predictive Machine Learning Model for Efficiently Storing Temperature-Sensitive Medical Products, Such as Vaccines : Case Study : Pharmacies in Rwanda ». Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (3 mai 2021) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9990552.

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Temperature control is the key element during medicine storage. Pharmacies sell some medical products which are kept in fridges. The opening and closing of the fridge while taking some medicine makes the outside hot air enter the fridge, which will increase the inner fridge temperature. When the frequency of opening and closing of the fridge is increased, the temperature may go beyond the allowed storage temperature range. In this paper, we are proposing a model with the help of machine learning that will be used in multiple chambers fridges to keep indicating the time remaining for the inner temperature to go beyond the allowed range, and if the time is short, the system will propose to the pharmacist not to open that particular room and proposes a room that has enough time slots (time to reach the upper limit temperature). By using training data got from a thermoelectric cooler-based fridge, we constructed a multiple linear regression model that can predict the required time for a given room to reach the cut-off temperature in case that room is opened. The built model was evaluated using the coefficient of determination R2 and is found to be 77%, and then it can be used to develop a multiple room smart fridge for efficiently storing highly sensitive medical products.

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Bianchini, Leonardo, Rosanna Salvia, Giovanni Quaranta, Gianluca Egidi, Luca Salvati et Alvaro Marucci. « Forest Transition and Metropolitan Transformations in Developed Countries : Interpreting Apparent and Latent Dynamics with Local Regression Models ». Land 11, n^o 1 (22 décembre 2021) : 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010012.

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Metropolitan fringes in Southern Europe preserve, under different territorial contexts, natural habitats, relict woodlands, and mixed agro-forest systems acting as a sink of biodiversity and ecosystem services in ecologically vulnerable landscapes. Clarifying territorial and socioeconomic processes that underlie land-use change in metropolitan regions is relevant for forest conservation policies. At the same time, long-term dynamics of fringe forests in the northern Mediterranean basin have been demonstrated to be rather mixed, with deforestation up to the 1950s and a subsequent recovery more evident in recent decades. The present study makes use of Forest Transition Theory (FTT) to examine spatial processes of forest loss and expansion in metropolitan Rome, Central Italy, through local regressions elaborating two diachronic land-use maps that span more than 80 years (1936–2018) representative of different socioeconomic and ecological conditions. Our study evaluates the turnaround from net forest area loss to net forest area gain, considering together the predictions of the FTT and those of the City Life Cycle (CLC) theory that provides a classical description of the functioning of metropolitan cycles. The empirical findings of our study document a moderate increase in forest cover depending on the forestation of previously abandoned cropland as a consequence of tighter levels of land protection. Natural and human-driven expansion of small and isolated forest nuclei along fringe land was demonstrated to fuel a polycentric expansion of woodlands. The results of a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) reveal the importance of metropolitan growth in long-term forest expansion. Forest–urban dynamics reflect together settlement sprawl and increased forest disturbance. The contemporary expansion of fringe residential settlements and peri-urban forests into relict agricultural landscapes claims for a renewed land management that may reconnect town planning, reducing the intrinsic risks associated with fringe woodlands (e.g., wildfires) with environmental policies preserving the ecological functionality of diversified agro-forest systems.

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Chen, Bingquan, Hongsheng Li, Jun Yue et Peng Shi. « Fourier-Transform-Based Surface Measurement and Reconstruction of Human Face Using the Projection of Monochromatic Structured Light ». Sensors 21, n^o 7 (4 avril 2021) : 2529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072529.

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This work presents a new approach of surface measurement of human face via the combination of the projection of monochromatic structured light, the optical filtering technique, the polarization technique and the Fourier-transform-based image-processing algorithm. The theoretical analyses and experimental results carried out in this study showed that the monochromatic feature of projected fringe pattern generated using our designed laser-beam-based optical system ensures the use of optical filtering technique for removing the effect of background illumination; the linearly-polarized characteristic makes it possible to employ a polarizer for eliminating the noised signal contributed by multiply-scattered photons; and the high-contrast sinusoidal fringes of the projected structured light provide the condition for accurate reconstruction using one-shot measurement based on Fourier transform profilometry. The proposed method with the portable and stable optical setup may have potential applications of indoor medical scan of human face and outdoor facial recognition without strict requirements of a dark environment and a stable object being observed.

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Fessler, H., R. E. Marston et E. Ollerton. « A micropolariscope for automatic stress analysis ». Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 22, n^o 1 (1 janvier 1987) : 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v221025.

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A micropolariscope has been developed for the automatic analysis of photoelastic data. It will position frozen stress slices mounted on its stage to within ±0.002 mm, and takes readings of isoclinic angles and fractional fringe orders, repeatable to within ±0.08 degrees and ±0.001 fringes. A rectangular grid of up to 3 × 50 points can be read automatically, taking about 1¼ minutes per point; the readings are stored on a floppy disc and printed out. The original slice is itself sliced, and the subslice is viewed again in the orthogonal direction to produce a second set of readings. Software has been devised to analyse the two sets of readings. It makes use of Tesar's modification of Frocht's Shear Difference method to calculate five cartesian stresses, which may be plotted and printed in tabular form. Flexible facilities are provided for editing, correcting, plotting, and printing intermediate stages in the analysis, and for storing results in data files

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Pavlides, P., et D. Pugh. « General theory of Maker fringes in crystals of low symmetry ». Journal of Physics : Condensed Matter 3, n^o 8 (25 février 1991) : 967–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/3/8/010.

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Herman, Warren N., et L. Michael Hayden. « Maker fringes revisited : second-harmonic generation from birefringent or absorbing materials ». Journal of the Optical Society of America B 12, n^o 3 (1 mars 1995) : 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.12.000416.

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Razzetti, C., E. Negri, S. Romani et S. Bini. « Maker fringes as a tool for the orientation of noncentrosymmetric specimens ». Materials Chemistry and Physics 66, n^o 2-3 (octobre 2000) : 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-0584(00)00307-2.

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Hou, Quan Hua, et Jie Li. « Study of Industry Selection and Spatial Layout of the Industrial Park in Urban Fringe : A Case Study of Jixian Industrial Base of Fengdong New Town ». Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (décembre 2013) : 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.193.

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In the context of regional industrial transfer, industrial park makes critical contributions to economic development of urban fringe as the main vector of industrial transfer. For some particularity of the development of this region, it needs for comprehensive study on industry selection and spatial layout. So on the basis of the analysis of industrial park development stage and characteristics in urban fringe, the paper which takes Jixian industrial base of Fengdong new town for example to get the relationship between industry selection and spatial layout of urban fringe industrial park aims at guiding rational construction in the region.

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Whang, Allen Jong-Woei, Yi-Yung Chen, Tsai-Hsien Yang, Cheng-Tse Lin, Zhi-Jia Jian et Chun-Han Chou. « Zernike Coefficient Prediction Technique for Interference Based on Generation Adversarial Network ». Applied Sciences 11, n^o 15 (28 juillet 2021) : 6933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156933.

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In the paper, we propose a novel prediction technique to predict Zernike coefficients from interference fringes based on Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). In general, the task of GAN is image-to-image translation, but we design GAN for image-to-number translation. In the GAN model, the Generator’s input is the interference fringe image, and its output is a mosaic image. Moreover, each piece of the mosaic image links to the number of Zernike coefficients. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is our criterion for quantifying the ground truth and prediction coefficients. After training the GAN model, we use two different methods: the formula (ideal images) and optics simulation (simulated images) to estimate the GAN model. As a result, the RMSE is about 0.0182 ± 0.0035λ with the ideal image case and the RMSE is about 0.101 ± 0.0263λ with the simulated image case. Since the outcome in the simulated image case is poor, we use the transfer learning method to improve the RMSE to about 0.0586 ± 0.0035λ. The prediction technique applies not only to the ideal case but also to the actual interferometer. In addition, the novel prediction technique makes predicting Zernike coefficients more accurate than our previous research.

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Kim, Bong Gi, et Bum Ku Rhee. « Determination of photovoltaic constant and photoconductivity in LiNbO3:Fe using Maker fringes ». Optics Communications 198, n^o 1-3 (octobre 2001) : 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(01)01491-2.

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D’Amore, F., A. Zappettini, G. Facchini, S. M. Pietralunga, M. Martinelli, C. Dell’Erba, C. Cuniberti, D. Comoretto et G. Dellepiane. « Third order optical characterisation of a π-conjugated polydiacetylene by Maker fringes technique ». Synthetic Metals 127, n^o 1-3 (mars 2002) : 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(01)00605-1.

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Biaggio, Ivan, et Michelle S. Fleischman. « Noncollinear third-harmonic Maker fringes for the determination of third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities ». Optics Letters 38, n^o 21 (31 octobre 2013) : 4461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.004461.

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Dou, S. X., M. H. Jiang, Z. S. Shao et X. T. Tao. « Maker fringes in biaxial crystals and the nonlinear optical coefficients of thiosemicarbazide cadmium chloride monohydrate ». Applied Physics Letters 54, n^o 12 (20 mars 1989) : 1101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.100770.

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Liu, Y., A. Houard, M. Durand, B. Prade et A. Mysyrowicz. « Maker fringes in the Terahertz radiation produced by a 2-color laser field in air ». Optics Express 17, n^o 14 (24 juin 2009) : 11480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.011480.

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Olaoye, Olubunmi Adedayo, Adetokunbo Ilesanmin, Ilelabayo Ismail Adebisi et Muideen Olaniyi Muritala. « Exploring Links to Life in a Nigerian Urban Fringe ». European Journal of Development Studies 1, n^o 4 (27 décembre 2021) : 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2021.1.4.53.

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Finding what makes urban fringes meaningful for living has become a herculean challenge in the urban planning and design fields. Studies considering place-making endeavors to unveil meanings of urban fringes lay less emphasis on environmental quality performance. Many studies suggest that urban fringes have the capacity to absolve increasing rates of urbanization especially in developing countries to ensure urban sustainability ditto to the fact that urban fringes are sites experiencing and prone to continuous changes, exchanges, transformations and successions over time. Hence, these places need to be studied for an understanding of residents’ realities associated with settlement growth and development processes in a bid to explore and establish links between their place making conditions and performance criteria through participant observation and a theoretical framework. It is hoped that this study will be a step further to planning sustainable urban settlements and developments.

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Farney, James. « Pro-Family Politics and Fringe Parties in Canada ». Canadian Journal of Political Science 38, n^o 4 (décembre 2005) : 1062–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423905229979.

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Pro-Family Politics and Fringe Parties in Canada, Chris MacKenzie, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2005, pp. 292.MacKenzie's title is misleading, for the major focus of the book is not pro-family parties across Canada. Rather, he uses an intensive study of a single provincial pro-family party—the Family Coalition Party of British Columbia (FCP)—as a starting point for an ambitious and successful attempt to chart the conceptual morass that lies between the literatures on social movements and political parties. He makes a strong argument that small, ideologically driven parties on either end of the ideological spectrum face two distinct sets of challenges: those of political parties and those of social movements. Understanding how this double jeopardy affects the success of what he terms party/movements is important. In this respect, the book is an important contribution to the literature on what political scientists more usually call minor parties. The second focus of the book is new right ideology in the English-speaking world, with the FCP standing in as an example of this ideology. Here, the book is shakier, as it is not clear that the FCP is representative of this ideology or that MacKenzie is entirely objective in approaching this aspect of his topic.

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Qiu, Mingxin, Ramon Vilaseca, Muriel Botey, Jordi Sellarès, Francesc Pi et Gaspar Orriols. « Double fitting of Maker fringes to characterize near-surface and bulk second-order nonlinearities in poled silica ». Applied Physics Letters 76, n^o 23 (5 juin 2000) : 3346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126643.

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Holden, Brock W. « King John, the Braoses, and the Celtic Fringe, 1207–1216 ». Albion 33, n^o 1 (2001) : 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000066357.

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In 1210, King John led to Ireland an army that consisted of the feudal levy of England, mercenary knights from Flanders, and a large force of Serjeants and crossbowmen, supported in the course of the campaign by some seven hundred ships. Money paid out for the ships totalled over £3,800, while wages for the crossbowmen and Serjeants topped £2,380. The 1210 Irish expedition was an impressive operation and showed Angevin government at its most effective. Modern historians, needless to say, have been impressed by the organisation and scale of the undertaking. What makes John’s Irish campaign not only impressive but terrifying was that, in one sense, it was all done to hunt down one man and his family.

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