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Manoel, Cristiano. « Avaliação morfometrica de cranios humanos brasileiros por meio de tres diferentes metodologias ». [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288447.
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Orientador: Paulo Henrique Ferreira CariaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Metodos Craniometricos, tem sido regularmente aplicado na determinacao do genero em diversas regioes mundiais. Avaliar morfometricamnte o indice de confiabilidade de tre metodologias distintas para determinacao do genero na populacao brasileira. Foram avaliados 215 cranios humanos brasileiros com genero, idade e etnia identificados, pertencentes a Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo. Foram utilizadas as metodologias, do cranio, area do triangulo mastoideo e do forame magno, de acordo com os criterios, estabelecidos por Yscan & Steyn (1999), Kemkes & Gobel (2006) e Gunay & Altinkok (2000). Os valores obtidos foram submetidos a analise estatistica, calculo do coeficiente de correlacao Intra-classe, test t student, com nivel de significancia de 5%, regressao logistica multipla, odss Ratio, Mann-Whitney e ANOVA multivariada. A analise por meio do metodo craniometrico revelou que o genero influenciou (p<0,05) em todas as mensuracoes. Nao houve diferenca significante da posicao do processo mastoide entre os grupos etnicos e os generos (p>0,05), porem houve prevalencia do genero masculino sobre o feminino nas mensuracoes Po-Ms e As - Po (p<0,05). A analise estatistica (ANOVA e Tukey test) revelou que o genero influenciou na largura do forame magno, sendo os masculinos (30,3±0,20) maiores que os femininos (29,4±0,23), mas nao o comprimento (p<0,05). As tres diferentes metodologias empregadas apresentaram diferencas morfometricas entre os generos para as caracteristica craniofaciais do brasileiro. Portanto, em conjunto com outras tecnicas antropologicas pode contribuir para a determinacao do genero de individuos desconhecidos.
Abstract: Craniometryc methods, has been regularly applied, for providing assistance in the gender determination in various regions in the worldwide. To evaluate morphometrically the reliability of three differents methodologies for gender determination in Brazilian population. Were evaluated 215 Brazilians human skulls with gender, age and ethnicity previously identified, belong to the Federal University of Sao Paulo. The following methodology, the skull craniometry, triangle mastoid area and foramen magnum, according to the criteria established by Yscan & Steyn (1999), Gobel & Kemkes (2006) and Gunay & Altinkok (2000). The datas were submitted to statistical analysis, Intra-class correlation coefficient, student t test, with level significance 5%, multiple logistic regression, odss Ratio, Mann-Whitney and multivariate ANOVA. The analysis by the craniometric method showed that gender influenced (p <0.05) in all measurements, more in men than women. There was no significant difference in the mastoid process position between the ethnic groups and genders (p> 0.05), but there was prevalence of male over female in the measurements and the Po-Ms - Po (p <0.05). ANOVA and Tukey test showed that gender influenced the width of the foramen magnum, and the male (30.3 ± 0.20) higher than the female (29.4 ± 0.23) but not the length (p <0.05). The three differents methods show mophometric difference between sexes for the craniofacial characteristics of the Brazilian. Therefore, together with other anthropological techniques can help to determine the gender of unknown individuals and be used in assotiation with medical expertise and odontolegais.
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental
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Averill, Catherine. « My Magnum Opus ». Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1311897399.
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Antonsson, Haki. « St. Magnús of Orkney : a scandinavian martyr-cult in context / ». Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2007. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/librarytitles/Doc?id=10270729.
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Contreras, Carlos, et Magnus Lundberg. « Conversación con Magnus Mörner ». Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/121935.
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Rodrigues, Lindon Johnson Freitas. « Frases magn?ticas, polaritons magn?ticos e modos magnetost?ticos em filmes e cristais magn?nicos de terras-raras ». Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/21011.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Neste trabalho, primeiramente abordamos o estudo das fases magn?ticas em filmes finos e ultrafinos de H?lmio (Ho) no intervalo de temperatura entre 20K e 132 K, onde mostramos que o tamanho do filme, os efeitos de superf?cie e a aplica??o do campo magn?tico externo alteram significativamente o diagrama de fases magn?ticas de terra-rara. Tamb?m constatamos uma redu??o correspondente a intensidade do campo magn?tico externo necess?rio para saturar a magnetiza??o e para filmes ultrafinos o estado helicoidal n?o ir? se formar. Usamos o calor espec?fico e a susceptibilidade magn?tica como ferramentas auxiliares para explorar e discutir a natureza das transi??es de fase na presen?a de campo magn?tico externo, temperatura e efeitos magn?ticos externos. Neste caso a presen?a de um campo externo d? origem as fases magn?ticas Fan e Spin slip. Em seguida, estudamos os pol?ritons magn?ticos, que s?o excita??es elementares em cristais, em multicamadas peri?dicas compostas do terra-rara Dispr?sio (Dy) e Fluoreto de zinco (ZnF2), que define um cristal magn?nico. Na presen?a de um campo magn?tico externo e em uma determinada temperatura, os efeitos do comportamento efetivo dos pol?ritons magn?ticos fazem surgir novos modos de superf?cie. Tamb?m, no estudo dos pol?ritons de volume, surge uma regi?o de dispers?o, que ? bastante conhecida na literatura dos grafenos, como regi?o de ?gap zero?. Apresentamos ainda um estudo dos modos magnetost?ticos para complementar nossos resultados. Essas novas propriedades s?o explicadas pelo comportamento efetivo dos pol?ritons magn?ticos em uma multicamada peri?dica. Usando o modelo do meio efetivo podemos explicar, por exemplo, o comportamento an?malo (hiperb?lico) na rela??o de dispers?o dos pol?riotns magn?ticos. Em suma, discutimos os resultados e apresentamos novas perspectivas para o estudo dos pol?ritons e modos magnetost?ticos nessa nova ?rea de pesquisa, chamada de cristais magn?nicos.
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VIDAL, Claudio Henrique Fernandes. « Tratamento cirurgico da malformação de Chiari do tipo I:importância da abertura do forame de Magendie e ressecção das tonsilas ». Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17973.
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A alta prevalência de malformação da junção crânio-vertebral (JCV) no Nordeste do Brasil é historicamente associada ao biótipo braquicefálico também comum nessa região. A ectopia tonsilar, marco anatomopatológico da Malformação de Chiari tipo I (MC I), pode ser entendida no contexto de uma desproporção vigente entre o continente (crânio) e seu conteúdo (tecido nervoso) resultante de uma fossa posterior de pequenas dimensões. A forma mais adequada de se tratar a MC I é um dos tópicos mais controversos da neurocirurgia. O presente estudo se propôs a avaliar duas técnicas cirúrgicas comumente empregadas no tratamento da MC I. Métodos: Foram avaliados 32 indivíduos, distribuídos em dois grupos. No Grupo 1, 16 pacientes foram submetidos apenas à descompressão ósteodural da JCV, sem manipulação da membrana aracnoide. No Grupo 2, 16 pacientes foram submetidos à: descompressão ósteodural associada à abertura e dissecção da membrana aracnoide, e redução das tonsilas por termocoagulação e/ou aspiração. A comparação entre os grupos se fundamentou na avaliação de parâmetros clínicos e de Cine Ressonância Magnética do fluxo liquórico, nos períodos que antecederam e sucederam o ato cirúrgico. Resultados: Ambas as técnicas foram equivalentes (p>0,05) em proporcionar melhoria neurológica dos pacientes no período pós-operatório, porém o Grupo 2 cursou com mais complicações pós-operatórias, sendo o risco relativo de 2,45 (I.C.-1,55 a 3,86) para eventos adversos. No que tange à restauração do fluxo liquórico pela JCV no período pósoperatório, a quantidade de LCR que passa pela JCV do Grupo 1 foi maior que no Grupo 2 (p<0,05). Conclusão: A descompressão ósteodural da JCV sem manipulação da aracnoide é a forma mais adequada de tratamento da MC I entre as duas técnicas analisadas
Abnormalities of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) are highly prevalent in Northeast of Brazil, where it is linked to braquicefalic biotype, also common in this region. The ectopic tonsils are the main anatomopathological feature of the type 1 Chiari Malformation (CM 1) and derived from a small posterior fossa. The best way to treat the CM 1 is one of the most controversial topics in the neurosurgical field. The present study evaluated the two most applied techniques to treat CM 1, by means of clinical and radiological parameters. Methods: A total of 32 patients were evaluated. They were divided in two groups: Group 1 had 16 patients that were submitted to cranio-dural decompression of the CVJ; Group 2 also had 16 patients and in addition to cranio-dural decompression of the CVJ, they also had intra-arachnoid manipulation, including tonsils reductions. These groups were analyzed and compared in terms of neurological exam and cerebrospinal fluid flow imaging by using phase-contrast magnetic resonance technique, in two different times: pre and postoperative periods. Results: Both techniques were equivalents in terms of neurological improvement of the patients (p>0,05), but the Group 2 had more surgical complications, with relative risk for this kind of event, of 2,5. Whatever the cerebrospinal fluid flow at CVJ, the patients of the Group 1 achieved greater amount of flow than the Group 2 (p<0,05) in the postoperative period. Conclusion: The exclusive cranio-dural decompression of the CVJ for treatment of CM 1 had better general results when compared to the addition of intra-arachnoid manipulation to the procedure.
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Rim, Byung-Hee. « Hans Magnus Enzensberger : ein Paradigma der deutschen Lyrik seit Mitte der 1950er Jahre / ». Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37646138m.
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Gonçalves, Athanásio Camila. « DNA methylation in Daphnia magna ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7140/.
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Daphnia magna is gaining interest as a model for epigenetic research. It is easy to maintain under laboratory conditions and has low genetic diversity due to parthenogenetic reproduction. The D. magna genome is responsive to a wide range of stimuli and genomics resources are being developed for this species. Despite these great advantages, information regarding the epigenome of D. magna and its regulation is still lacking. Thus, the main aim of this work was to describe the methylome of D.magna and investigate its regulation and responsiveness to environmentally relevant exposure conditions. Despite the low levels of global DNA methylation, a defined profile could be identified. DNA methylation in D. magna is sporadic and mainly found at coding regions. These data suggest that D. magna encodes a complete set of genes for DNA methylation reactions. Evidence of direct effects on the DNA methylation profile were found in animals exposed to the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine and these changes were persistent after the removal of the stressor. Acute and chronic exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations of stressors (arsenic and hypoxia) also induced changes in gene transcription levels and concentrations of onecarbon pathway metabolites. These findings indicate that the epigenome of D. magna is responsive to changes in the environment, supporting its use as an environmentally relevant model organism for epigenetics research. Furthermore, the maintenance of some of the epigenetic changes in the absence of the initial stressor supports the concept of ‘epigenetic memory’ and its potential use in chemical risk assessment.
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D'Ippolito, Giacomo <1989>. « Carlo magno Rex Pater Europae ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5839.
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la tesi vuole essere una ricerca del ruolo di carlo magno in quanto padre della moderna europa, attraverso l'occhio critico di storici dal calibro di Le Goff, Barbero, Lefevre e altri. Lo scopo della tesi è di dimostrare che Carlo magno può essere tutt'ora considerato il progenitore di ciò che oggi è l'europa unita, cioè l'unione europea
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Bretón, Ricardo. « Tangata Manu : Fågelmannens uppror ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-394884.
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This study investigates the ceremonial village of Orongo and the sacred site of Mata Ngarau. They are located on the southern edge of the Ranu Kau volcano crater, as well as the Motu Nui islet in front of the named volcano. Orongo was the scenario of important political and religious events that submerged Rapa Nui and its inhabitants in a magical story from the mid-1500s to the mid-1800s. This study aims, to some extent, elucidate the context in which the legend and the ritual of the Tangata Manu originates and its importance for the development of the Rapa Nui society. The study examines archaeological, ethnohistorical and contemporary evidences of the birdman cult and contradictory theories about the catastrophe that loomed over the Rapa Nui society The archaeological evidence of those events is the silent testimony of the god Make Make and Tangata Manu, the birdman, the god representative on earth. These are carved on the edge and the slopes of the Ranu Kau crater, in the carved and rupestrian paintings of the stone houses of Mata Ngarau at Orongo, in the caves of the Motu Nui islet and in the one of the cannibals, Ana Kai Tangata. Ethnohistorical evidences provide data on the ritual activities in connection to the birdman cult. The social and environmental degradation which causes of the almost total extermination of its inhabitants as well as the eroding of its culture and with it that of the birdman, Tangata Manu. Today the birdman culture and Orongo is one of the prominent visitors’ sites on the island but interviews with Indigenous Rapanui show that the site also continue to have spiritual and political meaning in today’s society. The modern Rapa Nui society today shows contradictory features. On the one hand we see the face of a thriving, mercantilist society, with hundreds of thousands of tourists visiting it annually and buying handicrafts of dubious local creation. On the other hand, we observe the efforts of hundreds of islanders who struggle to maintain their language, their cultural heritage, their petroglyphs, their cave paintings and their legends. That is the spirit of the rebellion of Tangata Manu.
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Olsson, Peter L. « I huvudet på Johan Magnus Wickelius ». Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Social Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-9.
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Denna uppsats försöker beskriva Johan Magnus Wickelius (1817-1867) livsförståelse. Eller hans teologiska typ. I det arbetet har jag använt Benkt-Erik Benktsons typologiska metod, inom vilken man arbetar med schematiserade typer som Wickelius är jämförd med och placerade inom (eller inte) under arbetes gång. Denna typologiska metod är inte en klassificering där individen, som undersöks, är placerad i ett fack för alltid. Individen är istället placerad i ett landskap där de schematiserade typerna är som kullar emellan (eller på) vilka individen sedan placeras. Materialet som använts för att placera Wickelius i detta landskap är en 211 sidor lång text som Wickelius skrev från 1859 till 1865, och på framsidan av denna text så skrev han att den inte fick säljas eller lånas ut. Denna karaktär hos texten fick mig att använda Schleiermachers och Diltheys hermeneutiska teorier; detta för att få ett perspektiv på texten enligt vilket de viktiga aspekterna att studera i Wickelius text var individualiteten, singulariteten och att levandegöra detta, av Wickelius skrivna, brev. Målet för tolkningen var att tolka texten först lika bra som, men sen bättre än författaren. Som ett sätt att strukturera materialet delade jag sedan in de texter jag trodde hade något att tillföra typologiseringsarbetet, i tre kategorier. Dessa var: religion, livet och döden. För att få någon att gå i dialog med, så använde jag Karl Barths skrivande om den absolute mannen, som beskriver som upplysningsmannen som en person som gav sig själv rättigheten att mäta allt utifrån honom själv. Ett tronupphöjande av människan som påverkade tidens kristna teologi. Barth menade att tidens teologi förmänskligades, och att de fanns fyra områden där detta märktes tydligt. Dessa var: (1) Staten, och dess kyrka, (2) Borgerlighetens moral, (3) Vetenskapens och Filosofin, (4) Individens inre liv. Dessa fyra områden används sedan för att analysera de tre olika sorterna av text som utvanns ur Wickelius textsamling, för att beskriva hans teologiska typ. Wickelius följer ungefär den absolute mannens väg såsom Barth beskriver den och blir till slut en ganska typisk upplysningskristen, men han har också klara drag av ortodoxi och krossar även gränsen några gånger till naturlig religion. Detta gör hans teologi och den hermeneutiska situation texten beskriver, komplex.
This essay tries to describe J.M. Wickelius (1817-1867) worldwiew, or his theological type. To do so I’ve used Benkt-Erik Benktsons typological method, which works with schematized types that Wickelius are compared to and placed under (or not) during the essay. This typological method is not a pidgeonholing where the individual, who is examined, is placed in a pidgeonhole forever. The individual is instead placed in a landscape where the schematized types are like hills inbetween which the individual is placed. The material used to place Wickelius in this landscape is a 211 pages long text that Wickelius wrote from 1859 to 1865, and on the frontpage of this text he wrote that it was not for sale och for lending out. The shape of the text then lead me to use the hermeneutic theories of Schleiermacher and Dilthey, to get a pespective to the text according to which the important things to study in the text was Wickelius individuality, his singularity and to bring this letter from him alive. The goal of the interrigation was to “understand the text first as well as, and then better than its author” As a way of structuring the material I divided the texts that I reckoned to have something to add in my typological work, into three categories. They were: religion, life and death. To have someone to go into dialogue with, I used Karl Barths writings about the absolute man, which is a description of the enlightenment man as a person who gave himself the right to measure everything according to himself. An enthronement of man, that influenced the christian theology of the time. Barth meant that the theology of the time were humanised, and that there were four areas that was influenced by this humanisation. Those were:The State, The Morality of the Bourgeouisie, The Academic and Philosophical transformation of Christanisty and The Inward, Individual matter. Those four areas are then used to analyze the three different kind of texts from Wickelius to describe his theological type. Wickelius approxamitly follows the absolute mans track from Barth and ends up as a rather typical enlightenment theologian, but has also some clear signs from ortodoxy and also crosses the border to natural religion. This makes his theology and the hermeneutic situation that the text describes, complex .
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Dölerud, Magnus. « Magnus Dölerud Oktett, kvartett och trio ». Thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för jazz, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-1025.
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Dingmann, Matthias. « Pompeius Magnus Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers ». Rahden/Westf. Leidorf, 2004. http://www.vml.de/d/detail.php?ISBN=978-3-89646-733-1.
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Dingmann, Matthias. « Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers / ». Rahden/Westf. : Leidorf, 2007. http://www.vml.de/d/detail.php?ISBN=978-3-89646-733-1.
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CORREA, CARLOS JOSE. « EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE MAGNUS EFFECT ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1985. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=33498@1.
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O efeito magnus é verificado experimentalmente em túnel de vento, para escoamentos com números de Reynolds variando de 1,3 x 10 elevado 4 a 4,3 x 10 elevado a 4. Os resultados são avaliados em termos absolutos e adimensionalizados. Levando-se em conta as incertezas provenientes do método de ensaio, são feitas comparações com da dos obtidos por outros pesquisadores. São avaliadas as possibilidades de utilização do efeito em captação de energia eolica, e é também realizado um estudo da influência da forma de Magnus na trajetória de projetis estabilizados giroscopicamente.The Magnus effect is experimentally studied in a wind tunnel for Reynolds number range from 1,3 x 10 (to) 4 to 4,3 x 10 (to) 4. The results are analysed and compared for both dimensionless and dimensionalized parameters. The uncertainties are estimated and the results compared to those of other investigators. The possibilities of utilization of Magnus effect in wind power generation are analyzed together with its influence in trajectories of spin-stabilized projectiles.
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Saleur, Noël. « Magnus Huss "Alkoholismus Chronicus" 1849-1852 ». Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985STR1M142.
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Laitano, Kalinka dos Santos. « Testes de toxicidade com Daphnia magna ». Florianópolis, SC, 2003. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/85982.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-21T02:02:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2013-07-16T19:26:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 199860.pdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Testes de toxicidade com organismos aquáticos constituem uma ferramenta efetiva para avaliação, predição ou detecção dos efeitos dos poluentes sobre os organismos vivos. Reatores UASB (reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente) têm sido utilizados para tratamento de efluentes e de lixiviados provenientes de outros sistemas de tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de um reator experimental do tipo UASB no tratamento de lixiviado, por meio de testes de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia magna. Foram realizadas 16 coletas de efluente ao longo de 6 meses, antes e após o tratamento no reator. Para um melhor entendimento dos possíveis compostos que estão causando a toxicidade do meio foi utilizado o procedimento de Avaliação para Identificação da Toxicidade (AIT). O acompanhamento da toxicidade dos efluentes antes e após o tratamento no reator UASB permitiu detectar alterações provenientes da própria operação do sistema de tratamento. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento de efluentes neste tipo de reator pode reduzir a toxicidade das amostras em até 80%. Contudo, os baixos valores de CE50 encontrados nos testes demonstram a presença de alta toxicidade para todas as amostras. A fase I do AIT demonstrou que os grupos de contaminantes suspeitos são iguais para o afluente e para o efluente, sendo que os prováveis causadores da toxicidade sejam os compostos orgânicos apolares, metais catiônicos e principalmente os sólidos totais dissolvidos. Esforços devem ser direcionados para aumentar a eficiência deste reator, melhorando ainda mais a qualidade dos efluentes tratados neste sistema.
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Gupta, Yashank. « Magnus Based Airborne Wind Energy Systems ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT094/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le siècle dernier a été le siècle de la révolution technologique. Les combustibles fossiles ont alimenté cette révolution technologique. Les défis auxquels notre société est confrontée, que ce soit le changement climatique ou la situation énergétique mondiale ou l’épuisement des réserves de combustibles fossiles, sont les défis les plus graves auxquels sont confrontés toutes les générations. L'énergie renouvelable est considérée comme la clé des problèmes énergétiques de notre société. De nombreuses technologies innovantes se font concurrence pour alimenter la prochaine révolution énergétique. Sources d'énergies renouvelables telles que l'énergie solaire, l'énergie éolienne, la biomasse, l'hydroélectricité, l'énergie géothermique, etc. Presque tous sont saisonniers, et sont donc des sources d'énergie discontinues et non uniformes. Ils ont également une limitation en termes de choix des sites de production et, en général, nécessitent de grandes étendues de terre pour les plantes, ce qui conduit à une faible densité de puissance par unité de surface.Néanmoins, l'énergie éolienne et solaire a beaucoup attiré l'attention au cours des dernières décennies. Cependant, pour que le monde passe complètement des énergies fossiles et de l’énergie nucléaire à l’énergie éolienne et solaire, il est nécessaire de développer de nouveaux types de systèmes capables de générer de l’énergie à moindre coût avec moins de contraintes de sélection de sites.Dans la quête de la source d'énergie pérenne. Notre société se tourne vers la communauté scientifique pour des solutions innovantes. Cette thèse est une étape vers la recherche de solutions innovantes à nos problèmes énergétiques. Les systèmes d'énergie éolienne à haute altitude (HAWE) ou plus communément appelés systèmes éoliens aéroportés (AWES) sont considérés comme la réponse aux besoins énergétiques des générations futures. L'énergie éolienne aéroportée (AWE) est un concept innovant visant à utiliser l'énergie des courants de vent à haute altitude, car les courants de vent à haute altitude sont presque uniformes dans le monde entier et AWES peut pratiquement être installé partout dans le monde. De plus, les systèmes AWE proposés nécessitent moins de matériau de structure. Ils devraient donc être beaucoup moins chers que toute autre source d’énergie disponible. AWE est donc une perspective prometteuse dans cette quête pour trouver une solution à nos problèmes énergétiques.Dans ce travail, la faisabilité des systèmes d'énergie éolienne aéroportés basés sur Magnus est explorée. Le travail présente en détail un bref historique des systèmes d'énergie éolienne aéroportés et des concepts de base nécessaires pour développer une compréhension de la technologie AWE. Il examine en détail les systèmes aéroportés basés sur Magnus et donne une perspective historique sur les machines basées sur l’effet Magnus. Il présente en détail les propriétés aérodynamiques de l’effet Magnus et présente un modèle aérodynamique pour ces systèmes. Puisque la modélisation est un aspect important de toute technologie. Ce travail présente un modèle détaillé des systèmes AWE basés sur Magnus ainsi que les algorithmes de contrôle nécessaires au fonctionnement de tels systèmes. Les courbes de puissance sont des outils couramment utilisés pour analyser les systèmes d'énergie éolienne. Ce travail présente une approche pour la conception de courbes de puissance pour les systèmes AWE afin d'analyser les capacités de production d'énergie des systèmes d'énergie éolienne aéroportésLast century has been the century of the technology revolution. Fossil fuels have fueled this technology revolution. The challenges faced by our society be it the climate change or the world energy situation or the depletion of fossil fuel reserves are the most grievous challenges faced by any generation. Renewable energy is believed to be the key to energy problems of our society. There are many innovative technologies competing against each other to fuel the next energy revolution. Renewables sources of energies such as solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, geothermal etc. Though promising but due to the high economic cost and limited application they are yet to prove their mass scale applicability. Almost all of them are seasonal, hence, are discontinuous and non-uniform sources of energy. They also have a limitation in terms of choice of plant sites, and generally, require large tracts of land for plants which lead to low power density per unit area.Nonetheless, Wind and Solar energy have attracted a lot of attention in the last few decades. However, for the world to fully shift from fossil fuels and nuclear energy to Wind and Solar power, it is necessary to develop new kind of systems which can generate continuous power at a lower cost with fewer site selection constraints.In the quest to find the perennial clean source of energy. Our society is looking towards the scientific community for innovative solutions. This thesis is one such step towards finding innovative solutions to our energy problems. High altitude wind energy systems (HAWE) or more commonly known as Airborne wind energy systems (AWES) are believed to be the answer to the energy needs of the future generations. Airborne wind energy (AWE) is an innovative concept aiming at utilizing the energy of the high altitude wind currents, as high altitude wind currents are almost uniform across the globe, and AWES can be practically set-up anywhere around the world. Also, the proposed AWE systems require less structural material. Thus, they are expected to be much cheaper than any other available energy source. Therefore, AWE is a promising prospect in this quest to find a solution to our energy problems.In this work, the feasibility of Magnus-based airborne wind energy systems is explored. The work presents in detail a brief history of Airborne wind energy systems and the basic concepts needed to develop an understanding about the AWE technology. It discusses in detail Magnus-based airborne systems and gives a historical perspective on the Magnus-effect based machines. It discusses in detail the aerodynamical properties of the Magnus effect and presents an aerodynamic model for such systems. Since modeling is an important aspect of any technology. This work presents a detailed model of the Magnus-based AWE systems along with the control algorithms required for the operation of such systems. A common tool used to analyze wind-based energy systems is power curves. This work presents an approach to design power curves for AWE systems in order to analyze the power producing capabilities of Airborne wind energy systems
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Nyanzi, R., PJ Jooste, JO Abu et EM Beukes. « Consumer acceptability of a synbiotic version of the maize beverage mageu ». Development Bank of Southern Africa, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001193.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study examined the possibility of converting mageu, a fermented maize beverage popular
throughout southern Africa, into a health-promoting and affordable alternative to probiotic
dairy products. A range of probiotic Lactobacillus species was compared with a control species
traditionally used to prepare mageu. Prebiotic oligosaccharide (soluble fibre), which enhances
the growth of beneficial bacteria, was also included. The resulting beverages were compared in
two ways: sensory attributes were determined by a trained panel using quantitative descriptive
analysis (QDA), and consumer acceptability was assessed by 53 untrained volunteers. The QDA
results suggest that mageu fermented by Lb. acidophilus or Lb. rhamnosus was most similar to
the control mageu, while Lb. paracasei mageu and Lb. casei mageu were least similar. The consumer
acceptability data confirmed that Lb. acidophilus or Lb. rhamnosus mageu did not differ
significantly from the control, suggesting that either of these is suitable for commercial production
of probiotic mageu.
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Ehl, Patricia. « La réception des figures historiques dans les Tragoediae seu diversarum gentium et imperiorum magni principes de Pierre Mousson : l'exemple de la réécriture tragique de la mort de Pompée dans Pompeius Magnus (1621) ». Thesis, Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ025L.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Si notre étude des Tragoediae sev diversarum gentium et imperiorum magni principes (1621) de Pierre Mousson (Petrus Mussonius) présente la réception de quatre figures historiques de l'Antiquité lors du renversement de leur pouvoir, nous nous centrons essentiellement sur la pièce liminaire du recueil, Pompeius Magnus, réécriture tragique de la mort de Pompée, où nous analysons le processus d'élaboration mis en œuvre à partir d'un épisode essentiel de la vie de ce personnage historique, à la lumière des modèles esthétiques de l'Antiquité, des historiens grecs à l'épopée latine. Son esthétique dramatique privilégie la dimension culturelle par rapport aux intentions édifiantes : fragilité des grandeurs, opposition entre sagesse et démesure. Relevant, par son écriture dans le cadre d'un collège jésuite, d'un théâtre pédagogique spectaculaire, elle s'inscrit dans une tradition encore récente d'un théâtre moral destiné à la représentation. Notre analyse étudie comment, en empruntant sujets et forme littéraire à la culture antique, ce Père jésuite, professeur de rhétorique, a composé ce corpus dans la tradition du théâtre humaniste, alliant tragédie et histoire, dans une dimension rhétorique qui répond aux exigences de l'enseignement jésuite.Bien qu'éditées en 2000 par R. Rieks (Petrus Mussonius, Tragoediae, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, 2000), ces tragédies n'ont fait l'objet d'aucune traduction, d'aucune analyse approfondie de leurs sources antiques, d'aucune étude de leurs conditions de rédaction et de représentation, ce qui motive le présent travail, étude de la réception de figures historiques et de genres littéraires antiques, sous l'influence de la rhétoriqueThis study about Tragoediae sev diversarum gentium et imperiorum magni principes (1621) from Pierre Mousson (Petrus Mussonius), presents the reception of four historical figures of Antiquity when they were falling their authority ; but we focus our attention essentially on the preliminary play of the compilation, Pompeius Magnus, which is a tragic rewriting of the death of Pompée, and we analyse the development process implemented from an essential episode of the life of this historical character, with regard to aesthetic models of antiquity, from Greek historians to the Latin epopee. His aesthetics privileges the cultural dimension compared to the edifying intentions : fragility of splendours, opposition between moderation and excessiveness. Concerning the spectacular teaching theatre because written in the Jesuit colleges, it also falls under a still recent tradition of a moral theatre intended for the representation. We study how this Jesuit Father, who taught rhetoric, took inspiration from topics and literary form to the ancient culture, and composed this corpus in the tradition of humanistic theatre, by combining tragedy with history, in rhetorical dimension which fulfils the requirements of Jesuit pedagogy. Although published by R. Rieks (Petrus Mussonius, Tragoediae, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, 2000), these tragedies have never been translated, their ancient sources never thoroughly analysed, and their conditions of writing and performing never studied ; all these reasons justify this work about reception of historical figures and literary styles of Antiquity, under rhetoric influence
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Jinbo, Maro. « Contribuições ao projeto de sistemas eólicos de efeito magnus com rastreamento da máxima potência ». Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/12032.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This work deals with an unconventional wind energy conversion system, in which the wind turbine has rotating cylinders rather than traditional blades. These cylinders can be driven by a brushless DC motor. The turbine operates on the physical principle called Magnus Effect. It presents the mathematical modeling of Magnus turbine and based on this modeling were carried out simulations in PSIM® software. It was implemented and was tested MPPT algorithms type HCC (Hill Climbing Control) for DC brushless motor control for operating the cylinders and hence the power generated by the Magnus turbine. Prototypes of Magnus effect wind system (turbine, generator PMSG, AC / DC converter, DC / DC converter) were built to perform wind tunnel experiments comparing the experimental results with simulated results. We sought to optimize the extraction of wind energy through concepts and innovative solutions in the construction of the turbine, brushless DC servo for rotating cylinders, implementing MPPT algorithms to control the rotation of the cylinder and the static converter. Three turbine concepts are presented and three prototypes were built. Loose cylinders were tested in the wind tunnel and it was measured the lift and drag forces. The "Prototype 3" is 3 m in diameter with two cylinders of 150 mm diameter showed the best experimental results, but still generated mechanical power did not provide an effective net power.O presente trabalho trata de um sistema eólico não convencional, cuja turbina eólica possui cilindros girantes no lugar das pás tradicionais. Estes cilindros podem ser acionados por um motor brushless CC (sem escovas). O princípio físico de funcionamento desta turbina baseia-se no que se denomina de “Efeito Magnus”. Apresenta-se a modelagem matemática da turbina Magnus e com base nesta modelagem realizam-se simulações no software PSIM®. Programa-se e testa-se algoritmos de rastreamento da máxima potência líquida MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), do tipo HCC (Hill Climbing Control) no controle do motor brushless CC de acionamento dos cilindros e, consequentemente, da potência gerada pela turbina Magnus. Protótipos de sistema eólico de efeito Magnus (turbina, gerador PMSG, conversores CA/CC, CC/CC) foram construídos para realizar experimentos em túnel de vento, possibilitando comparações dos resultados experimentais com os resultados simulados. Busca-se otimizar a extração da energia dos ventos, através de concepções e soluções inovadoras na construção da turbina, servo acionamento CC brushless para os cilindros girantes, implementação de algoritmos MPPT no controle da rotação dos cilindros e do conversor estático. Três concepções da turbina Magnus são apresentadas e três protótipos construídos. Ensaios de cilindros girantes avulsos com variações nos diâmetros e nas espirais sobrepostas são realizados em túnel de vento com colméias e medem-se as forças de sustentação e de arrasto. O “Protótipo 3” de 3 m de diâmetro com dois cilindros lisos de 150 mm de diâmetro apresentou os melhores resultados experimentais, mas ainda a potência mecânica gerada não proporcionou uma potência líquida efetiva.
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Caldeira, Leah Pualahaʻole. « Akua hulu manu through materials ». Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7094.
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Szeless, Margarethe. « Die Kulturzeitschrift "magnum" photographische Befunde der Moderne ». Marburg Jonas-Verl, 2005. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2881770&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Szeless, Margarethe. « Die Kulturzeitschrift "magnum" : photographische Befunde der Moderne ». Marburg Jonas, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2881770&prov=M&dokv̲ar=1&doke̲xt=htm.
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Hegel, Karl [Verfasser]. « De Aristotele et Alexandro Magno / Karl Hegel ». Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2000. http://d-nb.info/1183000952/34.
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Rabus, Max. « Triops-induced morphological defences in Daphnia magna ». Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-183193.
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Hegel, Karl von [Verfasser]. « De Aristotele et Alexandro Magno / Karl Hegel ». Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2000. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-100246286.
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Bouveresse, Clara. « L'invention d'une académie : Magnum Photos, 1947-2015 ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Institution mythique du monde de la photographie, l’agence Magnum, fondée en 1947 par un groupe de photographes entrepreneurs, est plus qu’une coopérative. Dans l’histoire de la photographie de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, c’est un modèle prestigieux pour l’ensemble de la profession, qui revendique son excellence et défend un canon d’images d’exception. Magnum ne serait-elle pas davantage une académie,institution éternelle et renommée, où l’on entre par cooptation ? Cette thèse propose, à partir de l’étude d’archives inédites, de retracer l’histoire de Magnum. Le prisme académique permet d’articuler l’évolution économique d’une entreprise, l’analyse des images produites, le récit des débats d’un groupe de photographes, l’histoire de leurs rêves collectifs.La première partie interroge les sources de l’académie, à commencer par la propagation du mythe Magnum et les dix premières années d’existence, lorsque l’agence fait corps avec le monde cosmopolite de l’après-guerre. La deuxième partie analyse le renouvellement académique de la fin des années 1950 à 1981, de la refondation d’une photographie engagée dans l’urgence mémorielle des années 1960,à la réponse cynique face au péril conformiste et commercial des années 1970, en passant par la dialectique coopérative qui déchire et réconcilie les membres. La troisième partie montre comment l’académie revendique son immortalité de 1981 à nos jours, s’imposant comme un monument patrimonial et une référence sur le web, et revient sur l’histoire des femmes à Magnum.Cette thèse met en lumière un chaînon méconnu de la production des photographies.Magnum est un point nodal qui définit la valeur économique des images, leur statut juridique, leurs usages commerciaux, journalistiques, documentaires et artistiques au sein de circuits de diffusion et de légitimation. Plateforme d’échanges partagée par plusieurs auteurs, Magnum invite à repenser, à l’heure de l’économie collaborative connectée, l’histoire et le rôle des « communs »Founded in 1947 by a group of entrepreneurial photographers, Magnum Photos, amythic institution in the world of photography, is more than a cooperative.Throughout the second half of the 20th century, it remained a prestigious model for the whole profession, claiming its excellence and promoting a canon of exceptional images. More than a mere agency, may Magnum be seen as an academy, a prestigious institution whose access is controlled by peers? The concept of an “academy” brings together the economic evolution of a business, the analysis of the pictures produced,the account of numerous debates amongst photographers, and the story of their collective dreams.This dissertation offers to retrace Magnum’s history, based on the study of unpublished archives. The first part investigates the sources of the academy, starting with the dissemination of Magnum’s myth and the first ten years of existence, when the agency was at one with the post-war cosmopolitan world. The second part analyzes the academic renewal from the end of the 1950s until 1981. It explores there-rooting of concerned photography into the memory urge of the 1960s; thecooperative dialectics, which divided and reconciled Magnum members; and the cynical answer to the conformist and commercial threats of the 1970s. The third part demonstrates how the academy claims its everlasting fame from 1981 until today,establishing itself both as a heritage landmark and an online reference; it alsointerrogates the history of women within Magnum.This dissertation sheds new light on a little-known stage of photographs’ production.Magnum is a nodal point defining the economic value of images, their legal status,their commercial, journalistic, documentary and artistic uses within circulation and legitimating networks. As an exchange platform shared by many authors, it invites us to rethink, within the context of a digital and collaborative economy, the history and the role of the “commons”
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Nicolay, Deniz Alcione. « A moral da infância na Didática Magna ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/28872.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A Dissertação trata dos valores morais que balizaram a noção de infância na Modernidade. Utiliza a Didática Magna do pastor morávio Jan Amós Comenius, escrita no século XVII, para interpretar o teor das forças (ativas ou reativas), que produziram o “bom ou o mau” da infância no processo de escolarização. Processo este, definido pela produção dos mecanismos comenianos de escolarização, ou seja, da gradação, da instrução simultânea e da ordem exata em tudo. Para isso, esta Dissertação incorpora os elementos da crítica genealógica nietzschiana sobre a moral cristã. Esses elementos são conhecidos como: ressentimento, má consciência e ideal ascético. Por meio deles, esta Dissertação segue a trajetória dos valores infantis, até chegar no seu niilismo supremo, na vontade de nada. Por isso, a infância é tratada como uma tipologia móvel, tanto na Didática Magna quanto na obra de Erasmo ou de Rousseau, uma vez que a intensidade de seus postulados morais sofreu e exerceu influências por toda a Pedagogia Moderna. Entretanto, ela procura refutar o ponto de vista histórico, a fim de ficcionar o passado, os valores, as imagens, que cristalizaram o sentimento moral em torno da noção de infância. Assim, ela também procura experimentar formas de expressão, de crítica, de conteúdo, para superar a concepção binária que produziu uma forma de ser e de pensar distante dos movimentos da vida. Ou seja, da alegria, do riso, da dança, da afirmação.The Dissertation deals with moral values which mark out the conception os chidhood in Modernity. It uses the Didática Magna of moravian shepherd Jan Amós Comenius. It was written in the XVII century in order to interpret the drift of strength (active or reactive), wich produced the good or the bad part of childhood during the school process. This process is defined by the production of school comenian mechanisms, that is, of gradation, simultaneous instruction and precise order in everything. This Dissertation incorporates the elements of Nietzschean genealogical criticism about Cristian moral. Such elements are known as resentfulness, bad conscience and ascetic ideal. Throughout such elements, this Dissertation follows the childish value trajectory, until it reaches its supreme disbelief. For this reason, childhood is treated in both Didática Magna and Erasmo’s or Rousseau’s work as a movable form, since the intensity of its moral rules suffered and brought influences to Modern Pedagogy. However, it claims to refute the historical point of view so that the past, the values, the images, wich crystallized the moral feeling around the childhood, may be turned into fiction. Thus, it also endeavors to try ways of expression, criticism, and content in order to overcome the binary conception that has produced a way of being and thinking far away from life movements, that is, cheerfulness, laughter, dancing, affirmation.
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Rimborg, Bertil. « Magnus Durell och Danmark : studier i information / ». Göteborg : B. Rimborg, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37620005h.
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Pauley, Cassandra C. « Alexander Pope's Opus Magnum as Palladian Monument ». [Tampa, Fla. : s.n.], 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000082.
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Rosenkranz, Philipp. « The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles in Daphnia magna ». Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2010. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3808.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Manufactured nanoparticles are increasingly being used in the production of consumer products and appliances. A release in the environment, either intended through remediation or unintended through a spill at production sites, through wastewater or product degradation, is most likely to occur. Due to their small size, nanoparticles have a far greater surface area to unit mass ratio than conventional substances, rendering them potentially more reactive. This project aims to obtain key data on the ecotoxicology of nanoparticles in the aquatic environment. Initially, data from acute and chronic toxicity tests were gathered by exposing the invertebrate Daphnia magna to nanoparticles of carbon black, cerium dioxide, silver and titanium dioxide. The endpoints were mortality, moulting frequency, growth and number of offspring. The results indicate that a gradient of toxicity can be drawn, with cerium dioxide being the least toxic, to silver being the most toxic. Also a size dependent increase of toxicity was observed, with exposures to nano sized particles being more toxic than micro sized particles. Uptake and fate of nano sized materials were studied by exposing D. magna to fluorescent polystyrene beads of 20 nm and 1000 nm sizes and the results were compared. Both particle sizes were readily taken up in the gut and relocated in storage droplets within the body of D. magna. A quantification of the results showed that the mass of 1000 nm sized particles taken up was higher at equal exposure concentrations than the 20 nm sized particle but the excretion rate was higher as well for the 1000 nm particles. However, when assessing uptake as surface area or particle number dose, uptake of 20 nm particles exceeds uptake of 1000 nm particles. To assess the effect of nanoparticles on oxidative stress, the total antioxidant capacity was measured as well as the glutathione concentration of exposed D. magna. A decrease in total glutathione in D. magna was detected due to exposure to nano sized carbon black, while measuring the total oxidant capacity proved to be impossible due to interferences with the method used. The results show that, when negative effects are observed, these are more severe in exposures to nanoparticles than their micro sized counterparts and furthermore a clear route of uptake of nanoparticles in the body of D. magna can be observed.
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Winklerová, Lucie. « Využití organismu Daphnia magna v testech ekotoxicity ». Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216710.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis deals with ecotoxicity tests of selected substances used in agriculture and horticulture. It is focused on the determination of acute and chronic toxicity of selected herbicides. These herbicides are sold commercially, specifically Finalsan (active substance is nonanoic acid), the product of Neudorff GmbH KG company, and Dominator (active substance is glyphosate, isopropylamine salt) by Dow AgroSciences Ltd. Next tested substances are potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate - common agricultural fertilizers. Potassium dichromate was also tested. Potassium dichromate is very toxic for aquatic environment and it is used as the standard in acute tests. Tests were carried out in terms of effects on aquatic systems, due to very good solubility in water of selected substances. The tests were performed on the organism Daphnia magna.
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Moraitis, Panaiota <1990>. « Le tracce di Alessandro Magno a Venezia ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/9568.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Lo scopo di questo elaborato è fondamentalmente quello di ripercorrere le tracce di Alessandro presenti nella città di Venezia. Sembra chiaro che Alessandro, non solo nella vita ma anche nella morte, sia riuscito ad influenzare le diverse culture che successivamente si andarono a formare. Si trattò naturalmente di un’influenza che trovava diversi mezzi di rappresentazione e diversi significati, variabili a seconda dei contesti storico-politico-culturali. Inutile dire qui cosa abbia rappresentato Alessandro nella sua epoca, che oggi Nenci definisce come una meteora nella storia. Una meteora per l’appunto perché avrebbe modificato per sempre gli schemi tradizionali del passato. Tuttavia, al di là dell’immaginario collettivo, alla morte del Macedone, la sua figura non cessò di influenzare le popolazioni postere. Causa di ciò probabilmente è da risalire alle numerose opere che circolavano alla sua epoca sulla sua maestosa impresa; opere che purtroppo non sono pervenute fino ai giorni nostri, ma delle quali possediamo qualche frammento grazie alle fonti antiche di gran lunga posteriori ad Alessandro (Diodoro Siculo, Curzio Rufo, Plutarco, Arriano e Giustino). E se talvolta queste fonti sembrano tenere una posizione ellenocentrica, c’è anche chi invece accusa nelle fonti un’influenza negativa in base al periodo di appartenenza. Ecco che, seguendo questa linea di pensiero, ci si trova davanti ad una frattura interpretativa su Alessandro, dove da una parte egli è celebrato per le sue virtù, mentre dall'altra viene condannato come vittima di superbia. Di quest’ultima posizione sono Seneca, Lucano e Giustino; e in un secondo momento questa posizione troverà massimo esponente nei padri della Chiesa, i quali arriveranno addirittura a paragonarlo allo stesso Satana. Tuttavia, questa posizione tenuta dalla Chiesa è in parte giustificabile, in quanto Alessandro – appartenente ad un mondo prettamente pagano – è il maggior nemico della cristianità. Il primo capitolo, quindi, seguirà questa linea di svolgimento, analizzando le fonti storiografiche in nostro possesso, le diverse interpretazioni attribuite al Macedone, ed infine, introducendo le prime forme di propaganda iconografica sulla sua persona.
Altrettanto interessante, però, è osservare l’apporto che ha avuto Alessandro nel mondo Orientale e nel mondo Occidentale, differente sotto diversi aspetti. Ancora una volta, se nel mondo Orientale il personaggio viene celebrato, nel mondo Occidentale arriva ad assumere significati completamente differenti: a tale proposito è interessante osservare il significato negativo attribuito al Macedone nell'Italia Meridionale Normanna, nemica di Bisanzio. Qui Alessandro diventa il protagonista per eccellenza della superbia dalla quale gli uomini devono difendersi. Un’interpretazione completamente differente invece è quella che si legge a Venezia. La causa di ciò è da risalire al rapporto della città lagunare con l'Impero Bizantino; rapporto di subordinazione. Questi aspetti verranno analizzati nei capitoli due e tre di questo elaborato, partendo da un excursus storico di Venezia e del suo rapporto con Bisanzio nel secondo capitolo per arrivare in seguito, nel terzo capitolo, alle effettive tracce rinvenute a Venezia, con alcuni casi di confronto nel resto d’Italia.
In conclusione, il quarto capitolo viene dedicato all'eredità lasciata da Alessandro, esaminata sotto un profilo etnografico all'interno della società greca dei giorni nostri, dove il ricordo del Macedone rimane ancora vivo, in qualità di eroe nazionale. Riguardo a ciò non è possibile evitare di parlare della Questione Macedone, che da un ventennio interessa lo stato Greco e quello del FYROM (Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia) e che purtroppo non sembra aver raggiunto un compromesso definitivo.
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Barbey, Rainer. « Unheimliche Fortschritte : Natur, Technik und Mechanisierung im Werk von Hans Magnus Enzensberger / ». Göttingen V und R Unipress, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015407609&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Lotz, Jan Willem. « The foramen magnum and its contents : a magnetic resonance imaging study of the normal spatial relationships ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26605.
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The well-known neurological disturbances associated with caudal displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the fora men magnum (Chiari malformation) have lead to many radiological studies of the region. With MRI, routine sagittal and parasagittal views of the craniovertebral junction have shown that the position of the cerebellar tonsils is variable, and in many otherwise healthy individuals, the inferior tonsillar margins lie within the fora men magnum itself. In some cases, this topography is associated with little signal from the surrounding cerebra-spinal fluid (CSF), indicating reduction of the cerebellomedullary cistern and, therefore, crowding of neural structures within the confines of the fora men. The objective of this study has been to examine the spatial relationship between the contents of the foramen magnum ie. the medulla and cerebellar tonsils, using a normal sample comprising 120 volunteers. Instead of the conventional measurements of distance, a ratio, the Foramen Magnum Index (FMI), has been determined, derived from the relative surface areas (pixels) of neural parenchyma and CSF, over axially and sagittaly-defined boundaries of the fora men. The FMI, with a 95th centile of 0.77, exhibits appropriate statistical correlation with tonsillar position below the level of the foramen, and is therefore considered specific. As a quantitative means of assessing the cerebellomedullary cistern, the FMI also identifies certain subjects whose tonsils are at the foramen, in whom the cistern is small with resultant neural crowding.
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Parada, Valderrama Mirtha. « Evaluación de la disrupción endocrina y efectos toxicológicos en Daphnia magna de un extracto estandarizado de Buddleja globosa Hope y de su componente mayoritario ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116565.
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Tesis presentada a la Universidad de Chile
para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias FarmacéuticasLa planta Matico, Buddleja globosa Hope, Budlejaceae es una especie nativa en Chile de la cual se usan sus hojas por sus múltiples propiedades terapéuticas. Las investigaciones más recientes han permitido demostrar que el extracto etanólico (EMATst) obtenido a partir de sus hojas y estandarizado en su principal componente (verbascósido) presentó efectos antiinflamatorio, analgésico y cicatrizante. Este compuesto ha sido identificado en distintas especies vegetales y se le ha demostrado mediante ensayos in vitro efecto estrogénico y antiestrogénico dependiente de la concentración. En esta tesis se estudió la propiedad estrogénica y el posible efecto disruptor endocrino (DE) del EMATst y del verbascósido usando distintos modelos experimentales tanto in vivo como in vitro. Esta investigación se inició con la recolección de las hojas de matico en el mes de enero de 2008, en el campus Antumapu de la Universidad de Chile, con el objetivo de obtener el EMATst que fue elaborado por extracción sucesiva del material vegetal con solventes de polaridad creciente (hexano, diclorometano y etanol). La cuantificación del componente mayoritario (verbascósido) del extracto etanólico se realizó por CLAE-DAD y se expresó en ácido cafeíco. Posteriormente a partir del EMATst por sucesivas columnas cromatográficas de silicagel 60 y Sephadex LH20, se aisló el verbascósido. Tanto EMATst como verbascósido fueron utilizados para realizar los trabajos experimentales con el fin de determinar la alteración del ciclo estral de ratas de laboratorio despu es de la administración subcutánea de dos diferentes dosis de EMATst; posible unión competitiva de EMATst y verbacósido al receptor estrogénico (RE) mediante un ensayo in vitro usando citosol de útero de rata como fuente de RE; toxicidad aguda de Daphnia magna mediante la determinación de la concentración letal 50 (CL50) a las 24 h de exposición; toxicidad crónica y efecto DE mediante la determinación de la sobrevivencia, frecuencia de muda y reproducción de dos generaciones a los 14 días de exposición. Nuestros resultados permitieron demostrar que el EMATst en dosis alta (10-5 M) provocó una alteración en el ciclo estral de ratas, lo que podrá atribuirse a un efecto antiestrogénico. Tanto EMATst como verbascósido se unieron levemente de modo competitivo al RE comparado con estradiol. Ambos presentaron una baja toxicidad aguda relativa respecto del t oxico de referencia (dicromato de potasio) y 17 ß-estradiol en D. magna. Los resultados de toxicidad crónica en D. magna, muestran que se produce una disminución de la reproducción en ambas generaciones dependiente de la concentración y más marcada aún en la segunda generación y el efecto DE de ambas muestras se manifestó porque se alteró la reproducción
Matico plant, Buddleja globosa Hope, Budlejaceae is a native species in Chile which used their leaves of its multiples therapeutic properties. More recent investigations have demonstrated that the ethanol extract (EMATst) obtained from leaves and with an standardized main component (verbascoside) presented anti-in ammatory, analgesic and scarring e ects. This compound has been identi ed in di erent plant species and has shown through in vitro assays concentration dependent estrogenic and antiestrogenic e ects. In this thesis we studied the estrogenic property and possible endocrine disruptor (ED) e ect of EMATst and verbascoside using di erent experimental models both in vivo and in vitro. This investigation began with collecting matico leaves in the month of January 2008, in the Antumapu campus of the University of Chile, in order to obtain EMATst which was prepared by the successive extraction of plant material with solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol). Quanti cation of the major component (verbascoside) of the ethanol extract was performed by HPLC-DAD and expressed as ca eic acid. Subsequently, verbascoside was isolated from EMATst by successive silica gel 60 and Sephadex LH20 chromatographic columns. Both EMATst and verbascoside were used to perform experimental work to determine the alteration of the estrous cycle of rats after subcutaneous administration of two di erent doses of EMATst; verbacoside and EMATst possible competitive binding to the estrogen receptor (ER) though an in vitro assay using the cytosolic fraction of a rat uterus as ER source; acute toxicity of Daphnia magna by determining the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) after 24 hours of exposure; chronic toxicity and DE e ect by determining the survival, molt frequency and reproduction of two generations at 14 days of exposure. Our results show that the EMATst at a high-dose (10-5 M) caused an alteration in
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Ara?jo, Carlos Alexandre Amaral. « Polaritons em materiais magn?ticos nanoestruturados ». Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16662.
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Previous issue date: 2007-06-15In this work we present a theoretical study about the properties of magnetic polaritons in superlattices arranged in a periodic and quasiperiodic fash?ons. In the periodic superlattice, in order to describe the behavior of the bulk and surface modes an effective medium approach, was used that simplify enormously the algebra involved. The quasi-periodic superlattice was described by a suitable theoretical model based on a transfer-matrix treatment, to derive the polariton's dispersion relation, using Maxwell's equations (including effect of retardation). Here, we find a fractal spectra characterized by a power law for the distribution of the energy bandwidths. The localization and scaling behavior of the quasiperiodic structure were studied for a geometry where the wave vector and the external applied magnetic field are in the same plane (Voigt geometry). Numerical results are presented for the ferromagnet Fe and for the metamagnets FeBr2 and FeCl2
Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo te?rico sobre as propriedades dos polaritons magn?ticos em super-redes organizadas em padr?es peri?dico e quasiperi?dico. Na super-rede peri?dica, objetivando descrever o comportamento destes modos, tanto no volume quanto na superf?cie, foi utilizada a teoria do meio efetivo, que facilita enormemente a ?lgebra envolvida. Para a superrede quasi-peri?dica usamos um conveniente modelo te?rico baseado no trata mento da matriz-tranfer?ncia, para derivar a rela??o de dispers?o, utilizando as equa??es de Maxwell (incluindo efeitos de retardamento). Aqui, encontramos um espectro fractal caracterizado por uma lei de pot?ncia para a distribui??o de bandas de energia. A localiza??o e o comportamento de escala da estrutura quasi-peri?dica s?o estudadas numa geometria onde o vetor de onda e o campo aplicado est?o no mesmo plano (geometria de Voigt). Resultados num?ricos s?o apresentados para o ferromagneto Fe e para os metamagnetos FeBr2 e FeCl2
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Barbon, Caterina. « Le Liber exemplaribus herbarum manu picti ». Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010627.
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La thèse a pour objectif de reconstituer le texte et l'appareil iconographique d'un recueil phyto-médical complexe, écrit en latin et illustré, intitulé par nos soins de façon conventionnelle Liber exemplaribus herbarum manu pictis. Inspirée de traites de médecine d'époque classique qui font autorité, cette compilation manuscrite n'a jamais été imprimée. Sept herbiers, réalisés entre la fin du XIVe siècle et la deuxième moitié du XVe siècle, transmettent la même tradition textuelle et iconographique. Dix-neuf autres manuscrits en langue vernaculaire constituent des variantes de la tradition mise en évidence. L' archétype de ces manuscrits reste inconnu ; chaque herbier contient en autre des élaborations textuelles spécifiques, qui sont le fruit de l'expérience pratique des différents auteurs restes anonymes. Introduite par une réflexion sur l'historiographie, la thèse est divisée en six chapitres (avec une annexe de tableaux récapitulatifs), qui traitent respectivement de : 1) l'histoire et l'évolution de la tradition littéraire et iconographique des herbiers manuscrits d'Occident et d'Orient; 2) la typologie et la structure du Liber exemplaribus herbarum manu pictis; 3) des éléments magico-symboliques décrits et représentés dans certaines descriptions et illustrations d'espèces végétales emblématiques; 4) la description des manuscrits qui forment le corpus; 5) la comparaison et de la classification des différents codex; 6) la transcription du manuscrit Latin 17848, conservé à la Bibliothèque Nationale de France, considéré comme le codex optimus du corpus analysé.
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Zanabria, Vizcarra Claudio Patricio. « El comité de gestión del Parque Nacional de Manu y Reserva de Biosfera del Manu y su rol Matsigenka en la provincia Manu, Región Madre de Dios ». Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/11850.
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El Comité de Gestión del Parque Nacional del Manu y Reserva de Biosfera del
Manu, CdG del PNM y RBM, según Ley busca la participación de la sociedad
civil y de las instituciones públicas para tratar la problemática de la gestión de un
área natural protegida. Al mismo tiempo regula el trabajo y los objetivos de los
Comités de Gestión tanto con fines de conservación como en el desarrollo
sostenible de la población local.
Este Comité tiene diferente actores y se reúne 3 veces al año, incluyendo 4
comunidades nativas con población de la etnia Matsigenka: Palotoa Teparo,
Shipetiari, Tayakome y Yomibato, todas ubicadas en la provincia de Manu en la
región Madre de Dios, en el sur oriente de Perú.
Las 4 CC.NN Matsigenka demandan desarrollo lo cual incluye mantener el
bosque porque de ello aprovechan recursos que les garantizan medios de vida.
Sin embargo en los últimos años nuevas necesidades materiales y de
conocimientos, prácticas productivas entre otros están creciendo.
Esta investigación trata de encontrar si las acciones del Comité de Gestión están
sirviendo al desarrollo sostenible de estas comunidades, es decir, si este
mecanismo de participación ciudadana permite a las 4 CC.NN Matsigenka
encontrar respuestas a sus necesidades de conservación y aspectos básicos
considerados como desarrollo integral: en educación, salud, inclusión social,
económica y política; entre los principales.
Lo que se ha encontrado es que el CdG es un espacio con ventajas para tratar
la problemática en estas comunidades más allá de la conservación. Sin embargo
existen deficiencias que le restan efectividad en el tratamiento y acciones
concretas para el desarrollo; esto es: escaso criterio de trabajo en
interculturalidad, poca búsqueda de participación activa de los Matsigenka,
procesos de reuniones que no consideran la preparación y capacitación de las
comunidades para hacer mejores planteamientos, entre los principales.Tesis
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Smith, Lisa Stievater. « Factors influencing glutathione S-transferases in (Daphnia magna) ». College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3801.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Marine, Estuarine, Environmental Sciences Graduate Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Mischliwietz, Sandra [Verfasser], et Magnus [Akademischer Betreuer] Nilsson. « Att uppfinna ord / Sandra Mischliwietz ; Betreuer : Magnus Nilsson ». Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1138363928/34.
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Mitchell, Suzanne Elizabeth. « Clonal diversity and coexistence in Daphnia magna populations ». Thesis, University of Hull, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389469.
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Vieira, Pinto Otávio Luiz. « Integrating Magna Dacia : a narrative reappraisal of Jordanes ». Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15935/.
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The aim of this study is to propose a new interpretation of Jordanes’ famous work, De Origine Actibusque Getarum, commonly known as Getica. The traditional view concerning the De Origine postulates that Jordanes was trying to devise a mythical, glorious history for the Goths, based on Greek and Latin texts, as well as what could have been ‘real elements of Gothic tradition.’ A number of scholars have also investigated the dependence of the De Origine on the lost Historia Gothorum, written by Cassiodorus – a high-ranking officer of the Ostrogothic court. Because Jordanes affirms, in the preface of the De Origine, that he was asked to abridge the Cassiodorian opus, many are led to believe that our author was able to transmit the Historia Gothorum to some extent. This thesis will counter those two views by proposing a narrative interpretation of the De Origine: my analysis is focused on the rhetorical strategies and textual choices of Jordanes. I argue that Jordanes’ usage of the ethnonym Geta, usually viewed as a classicising synonym of Goth, is, in fact, a way to link a number of different people that inhabited the Balkans throughout history: Dacians, Getae, Scythians, Goths, Gepids, and Huns. The reasoning behind this ethnogeographic constructions is, precisely, the goal of the De Origine: to devise a historical narrative of the vicissitudes of the Balkans. I chose to single out the narrative conceptualisation of this regions by calling it Magna Dacia – which is the Kulturraum that interests Jordanes and it is where most of the story takes place. My conclusions have incisive implications: we can see the De Origine as an independent text, one that does not owe its ideas to Cassiodorus; we can see a new Jordanes emerge, one with a high degree of agency in the composition of the work.
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Ramos, Emerson Machado. « O fotográfico na construção audiovisual Magnum in Motion ». Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5276.
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Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-23T18:42:37Z
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Emerson Machado Ramos_.pdf: 15129216 bytes, checksum: aff2b4984c64f236b0b3d1e903cf10c3 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-23T18:42:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emerson Machado Ramos_.pdf: 15129216 bytes, checksum: aff2b4984c64f236b0b3d1e903cf10c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-04
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A pesquisa reflete sobre a fotografia digital na contemporaneidade, problematizando a construção do fotográfico na Web, particularmente no Magnum in Motion. Os ensaios fotográficos da Agência Magnum são abordados na perspectiva das audiovisualidades, nas suas relações com a Web, que se mostram principalmente na home do site e nas múltiplas linguagens que convergem nos ensaios, tendo a fotografia como centro de uma construção audiovisual. Entendemos o fotográfico (Dubois, 2011; Soulages, 2010) como o conjunto de relações que insere a fotografia num processo audiovisual. A metodologia aplicada para análise dos empíricos é inspirada no scanning de Flusser (1985), que nos permite “vaguear” pelas imagens técnicas e decifrar alguns dos sentidos codificados e inscritos nestas superfícies, que são conceitos de mundos engendrados tecnicamente pela Magnum. Os ensaios Obamania e Bongo Fever escaneados dão a ver, nesta pesquisa, a natureza do audiovisual fotográfico: o humano visto de muito perto, a precisão na composição fotográfica e a multiplicidade de linguagens, sequências, cortes, ritmo e montagem sonora são constitutivos dos mundos Magnum e colocam o fotógrafo, o aparelho técnico e o espectador em situação de testemunha.
The research reflects on digital photography in contemporary times, discussing the construction of the photographic on the web, particularly in the Magnum in Motion. Magnum Agency’s photography essays are addressed from the audiovisual perspective and its relations with the Web, that are mainly shown on the homepage and in multiple languages that converge in the essays, considering the photography as the center of a visual construction. We understand photographic (Dubois, 2011; Soulages, 2010) as the set of relations that inserts the photography in an audiovisual process. The methodology used for the empirical analysis is inspired by the scanning, according to Flusser (1985). This method allows us to "wander" through technical images and figure out some of the coded and written directions on these surfaces, which are concepts about the worlds technically produced by Magnum. The scanned essays, Obamania and Bongo Fever, call into question, in this survey, the nature of photographic audiovisual: the human closely seen, the accuracy in photographic composition and the multiplicity of languages, sequences, cuts, rhythm and sound montage are elements of the Magnum photographic worlds and put the photographer, the technical apparatus and the viewer as witness of the situation.
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Taylor, Nadine Suzanne. « Novel approaches to toxicity testing in Daphnia magna ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/668/.
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Current regulatory risk assessment strategies have several limitations, such as linking subcellular changes to higher-level biological effects, and an improved knowledge-based approach is needed. Ecotoxicogenomic techniques have been proposed as having the potential to overcome the current limitations, providing greater mechanistic information for ecotoxicological testing. In this thesis, metabolomics is explored as a novel method for toxicity testing using Daphnia magna. Initially I evaluated the potential application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) based metabolomics for use in regulatory toxicity testing. Subsequently, I aimed to use this approach to discriminate between toxicant modes of action (MOA) and to link toxicant induced metabolic effects to reduced reproductive output in D. magna. FT-ICR MS metabolomics was determined to be a feasible approach for toxicity testing of both whole-organism homogenates and haemolymph of D. magna. It is capable of discriminating between life-stages of D. magna as well as determining toxicant-induced metabolic effects. Highly predictive multivariate classification models were capable of significantly discriminating between four different toxicant MOAs; achievable in both haemolymph and whole-organism extracts, with the latter being the more information-rich sample type. Multivariate regression models were predictive of reduced reproductive output in D. magna following toxicant exposure, and determined that a metabolic biomarker signature was significantly able to predict the reproductive output of D. magna. Ultimately this research has concluded that an FT-ICR MS metabolomics approach for use in regulatory toxicity testing using Daphnia magna is both viable and can provide valuable information.
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Hodges, Geoffrey. « QSAR studies of surfactant toxicity to Daphnia magna ». Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1997. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4910/.
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The inherent nature of surfactants to aggregate at surfaces makes measurement of log P (octanoll water partition coefficient) for these substances extremely difficult. It is possible, however, to calculate a log P descriptor based on the method described by Hansch and Leo (1979). Work presented in this thesis describes the study of the acute toxicity of sulphonated esters (FAES) of general formula R-CH(S03"Na +)-C02-R' to Daphnia magna. Due to structural similarities of this class of anionic surfactant to linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), it was considered that the log P based QSAR originally developed to describe the toxicity of LAS to D. magna (Roberts, 1989) also would be a good predictor of the acute toxicity for FAES substances. Results of the toxicity studies showed that FAES substances were less toxic than predicted. However, when plotted against log P' Calculated using the conventional fragment approach of Hansch and Leo with the addition of a position dependent branching factor (PDBF) to account for water sharing between hydrocarbon chains, the regression slope was para"el to but distinct from that of LAS. This indicated that either FAES substances were not acting as by the same mode of action as LAS or that modification of the log P calculation was required. Further studies of the toxicity of binary mixtures of FAES with known polar and non-polar narcotics, established that FAES exhibited concentration addition with LAS and phenol. This indicated that they behaved with a similar mode of action and it would be expected that LAS and FAES would share the same QSAR. The difference of the regression slopes of FAES and LAS observed? earlier, therefore, suggested the requirement of a modification to the original log P calculation. The modified proximity factor developed in this thesis considers the effects of relative size of proximal polar fragments on log P.? Spherical hydration sheaths surrounding each fragment were assumed and 'overlapping volumes calculated for fragments at different carbon separation. When incorporated into the log P calculation, the new log P values now allow toxicity values for LAS and F AES substances to be incorporated into the same QSAR.
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Rocha, Rui Jorge Alves. « Toxicidade de drogas anticolinesterásicas terapêuticas em D. magna ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7600.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Mestrado em Biologia Aplicada - Toxicologia e EcotoxicologiaEste estudo consistiu no estudo dos efeitos toxicológicos de dois fármacos, a neostigmina e a piridostigmina, que têm como efeito terapêutico uma inibição reversível da actividade da acetilcolinesterase, sendo utilizados no tratamento de uma patologia humana, a Miastenia grave. Sendo a função da transmissão nervosa relativamente conservada em organismos vertebrados e invertebrados, a exposição a estes compostos poderá causar efeitos em organismos não alvo, caso atinjam os ecossistemas aquáticos. De forma a avaliar este risco potencial, foram estudadas as respostas agudas (imobilização e comportamento alimentar) e crónicas (reprodução e crescimento) de Daphnia magna exposta a diferentes concentrações destes dois compostos. Com este trabalho foi possível obter valores de EC50 - 48 h (ensaio de imobilização) de 167,7 μg L-1 para a neostigmina e 91,3 μg L-1 para a piridostigmina. No ensaio de actividade colinesterásica foi determinado um IC50 - 48 h < 2,62 e 4,5 μg L-1 para a neostigmina e piridostigmina, respectivamente. Ao nível do comportamento alimentar, os EC50 - 5 h obtidos para as taxas de filtração foram de 7,1 e < 1,45 μg L-1, para a neostigmina e piridostigmina, respectivamente; para as taxas de ingestão foram respectivamente 7,5 e < 1,45 μg L-1. Relativamente aos ensaios crónicos de avaliação de efeitos ao nível da reprodução obteve-se um LOEC de 41,93 μg L-1 e de 11,40 μg L-1 para a neostigmina e piridostigmina, respectivamente; ao nível da taxa intrínseca de crescimento e do tamanho dos neonatos da primeira ninhada obteve-se um LOEC de 41,93 μg L-1 para a neostigmina. Por fim, o crescimento somático revelou ser o parâmetro mais sensível nas exposições crónicas, obtendo-se LOECs de 20,97 μg L-1 e 2,85 μg L-1 para a neostigmina e piridostigmina, respectivamente). Estes resultados demonstram que estes compostos são extremamente tóxicos em D. magna, a concentrações na ordem dos μg L-1. A comparação dos resultados obtidos com os níveis de concentração ambientais de piridostigmina sugerem um risco ao nível do comportamento alimentar de D. magna. No entanto deve-se ter em consideração que no ambiente estes compostos podem existir em associação com outros anticolinesterásicos podendo, apresentar efeitos tóxicos mais pronunciados.
This study assessed the toxicological effects of two drugs, neostigmine and pyridostigmine, whose therapeutic effects consist on a reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, and have thus been used to treat the human disease known as Myasthenia gravis. Being the function of the nervous transmission relatively conserved in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, exposure to these compounds could exert noxious effects in non-target organisms, whenever these drugs are present in aquatic ecosystems. In order to assess this potential risk we studied the acute (immobilization and feeding behaviour) and chronic (growth and reproduction) responses of Daphnia magna exposed to different concentrations of the two compounds. With this work, it was possible to obtain 48 h EC50 values (immobilization assay) 167.7 μg L-1 for neostigmine and 91.3 μg L-1 for pyridostigmine. Regarding cholinesterase activity, we determined an IC50 - 48 h of < 2.62 and 4.5 μg L-1 for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively. In terms of feeding behavior, it was possible to calculate an EC50 - 5 h for filtration rates of 7.1 and < 1.45 μ/L for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively; for the ingestion rates, these were respectively 7.5 and < 1.45 μg L-1. In order to evaluate effects on reproduction, chronic tests were performed and the LOEC concerning fecundity was 41.93 μg L-1 and 11.40 μg L-1 for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively; the intrinsic rate of increase and the size of the first brood were affected at a LOEC level of 41.93 μg L-1 for neostigmine. Finally, the somatic growth rate was also impacted, and effects were observed at lower concentrations, with the LOECs being 20.97 μg L-1 and 2.85 μg L-1 for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively. These results demonstrate that these compounds are extremely toxic in D. magna at concentrations in the order of μg L-1. A comparison of the results obtained with actual concentration values of pyridostigmine can pose at risk the feeding behavior of D. magna populations. However, it should be considered that in the environment, these compounds are potentially associated with other anticholinesterase substances, thus potentially exerting more pronounced effects.
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Silva, Poliana Vanessa Monteiro Pinto e. « Efeitos combinados de desreguladores endócrinos em Daphnia magna ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/8226.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e CelularO planeta encontra-se inevitável e irremediávelmente exposto a um cocktail de misturas, afectando assim os sistemas aquáticos bem como o Homem. Os ensaios toxicológicos são o apoio fundamental que a ciência dispõe para a previsão estimada da toxicidade de um composto. Cerca de 70% do planeta é constituido por água, água essa que é consequência da acção de poluentes com um número infindável de compostos. Nos seres humanos, 90% dos poluentes ambientais são absorvidos através de alimentos e água contaminada. Os químicos capazes de causar desregulação endócrina pertencem a vários grupos de poluentes que se encontram em íntimo contacto com a biota. Os poluentes designadamente a atrazina, estradiol e benzo[a]pireno são os três compostos mais representativos da classe dos pesticidas, estrogénios e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos. Estudos indicam prevalência de células cancerígenas, mas também apresentam consequências nefastas a nível do sistema endócrino. Alguns DEs já se encontram regulamentados através de directivas comunitárias e legislação nacional para águas de consumo humano, no entanto, o estradiol não está contemplado, visto existeram lacunas quanto a estudos desenvolvidos com este composto. Através dos ensaios de toxicidade, as organizações da união europeia e agências para a protecção ambiental estabelecem limites de segurança permitidos para cada composto. Com o objectivo principal de avaliar o impacto da atrazina, estradiol e benzo[a]pireno, utilizando o organismo-teste Daphnia magna, realizaram-se testes toxicológicos agudos simples e em misturas. Os ensaios toxicológicos simples encontram-se em concordância com os descritos por autores, para valores de EC50. Nos testes toxicológicos em misturas, observou-se um aumento de toxicidade para os três compostos; particularmente a atrazina em que se observou uma toxicidade superior a 99%. No estradiol observou-se um aumento superior a 90%, e no benzo[a]pireno, um aumento superior a 75%. Nesta avaliação também foi fulcral a comparação com o valor do NOEC, valor imprescindível (entre outros factores) para o cálculo dos limites de segurança permitidos. O EC50 e EC5 obtidos nas misturas, comportaram-se de forma considerávelmente inferior ao NOEC obtido a partir dos ensaios simples. Após o término deste periodo de teste, as D. magna vivas no controlo e concentrações de poluentes utilizados na primeira mistura, foram transferidas para meio ASTM onde foram cultivadas de acordo com as normas regulamentadas durante quatorze dias. Mesmo em meio de cultura adequado á sua optima manutenção, e encontrandose expostas aos químicos apenas por 48 horas, apresentaram sinais de malformação ocular e reprodutiva. Embora os valores paramétricos referentes a águas de consumo humano para a atrazina e benzo[a]pireno apresentem segurança face aos resultados; o estradiol poderá ser um risco para a saúde humana e para os ecossistemas. Este estudo demonstra a necessidade urgente de estabelecer normas que protejam a integridade da biodiversidade a nível não só do químico estradiol mas dos demais DEs, que poderão ser potenciados pela adição de outros compostos com a mesma toxicocinética.
The planet is inevitable and irreparably exposed to a cocktail of mixtures, thereby affecting aquatic systems and the Human Being. The toxicological trials are the fundamental support that science has to estimated prediction of the toxicity of a compound. About 70% of the Planet consists in water, water that is a consequence of pollution of an endless number of compounds. In the Human Being, 90% of environmental pollutants are absorbed through the contaminated food and water. The chemicals that can cause endocrine disruption belong to several groups of pollutants that are in intimate contact with the ecosystems. The pollutants namely atrazine, estradiol and benzo[a]pyrene are the three compounds more representative of the pesticides class, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and estrogens. Studies indicate prevalence of cancer cells, but also show harmful consequences at the endocrine system level. Some EDs are already regulated by European Union organizations and the Agency for the environment protection who establishes limits of security allowed for each compound. With the main goal of evaluate the impact of the atrazine, estradiol and benzo[a]pyrene using the test organism Daphnia magna, were performed acute toxicological tests with simple compounds and in mixtures. For values of EC50, the acute toxicological tests with simple compounds were consistent with those described by authors. Respecting toxicity testing in mixtures, it was observed an increased toxicity for the three compounds; specially atrazine where was observed a toxicity over 99%. In estradiol was observed an increase over 90%, and with benzo[a]pyrene, an increase over 75%. In this evaluation was also relevant the comparison of the value NOEC, important valuable (among other factors) for the calculation of safety limits allowed. The EC50 and EC5 obtained for mixtures behaved in a manner considerably inferior than the NOEC obtained from simple experiments. Upon completion of this test period, the living D. magna of control and from the first concentration used in mixtures, were transferred to the medium culture ASTM where were cultivated in accordance with standard regulations for more than fourteen days. Even in appropriate medium culture to their grown and exposed to chemicals only for 48 hours, they shown ocular and reproductive malformation signals. Although the parametric values for drinking water to atrazine and benzo[a]pyrene shown security face the results; estradiol can be a risk to the human health and ecosystems. The study shows the urgent need to establish standards protocols that can protect the integrity of the biodiversity at a level not only of the chemical estradiol but also the other EDs that could be enhanced by the addition of other compounds with the same toxic kinetics.
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Lopes, Sílvia Ferreira. « Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles in Daphnia magna ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10258.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Mestrado em Biologia Aplicada - Toxicologia e EcotoxicologiaO rápido desenvolvimento da nanotecnologia com o consequente aumento na produção de nanopartículas e nanoprodutos oferece muitas oportunidades mas também muitos desafios. A nanotecnologia tem vindo a ser descrita como uma área multidisciplinar que visa desenvolver uma variedade de nanoparticulas para aplicações medicinais e industriais. As propriedades que trazem às nanoparticulas especial atenção – pequeno tamanho, elevada área de superfície e consequente elevado grau de reatividade – podem também torná-las potencialmente perigosas para a saúde humana e para o ecossistema. A avaliação dos potenciais riscos inerentes à exposição das nanoparticulas torna-se portanto uma investigação de prioridade antes que estas sejam aplicadas em produtos comerciais e libertadas para o ambiente. Os ambientes aquáticos (de água doce e marinho) são considerados como potenciais destinos das nanoparticulas libertadas para o ambiente através de fontes diretas e/ou indiretas, expondo assim os organismos aquáticos a elevados níveis de contaminação. As nanoparticulas de óxido de zinco (ZnO-NPs) são uma das nanoparticulas mais utilizadas numa vasta gama de produtos comerciais (ex: protetores solares, cosméticos e tintas) e a sua produção estima-se que irá continuar a aumentar nos próximos anos. Em consequência, o risco de contaminação aquática por parte destas nanoparticulas irá forçosamente aumentar. Estudos toxicológicos já demonstraram que as ZnO-NPs exercem efeitos tóxicos em vários organismos, como por exemplo, em crustáceos, algas e bactérias. Os efeitos tóxicos das nanoparticulas são complexos e podem estar dependentes de vários fatores, tais como, o organismo-teste, fatores abióticos (pH, salinidade, dureza da água e presença de matéria orgânica), propriedades físico-quimicas das nanoparticulas, processos de adsorção, presença de outros contaminantes, entre outros. Os objetivos principais deste trabalho consistiram em avaliar a toxicidade das ZnO-NPs com diferentes tamanhos (30 e 80-100 nm) no cladócero Daphnia magna e comparar estes efeitos com os homólogos de tamanho micrómetro (ZnO > 200 nm) e a forma iónica (ZnCl2). Os efeitos foram avaliados nos parâmetros de imobilização, inibição alimentar e reprodução. Os resultados mostraram uma relação dose-resposta entre o decréscimo dos parâmetros avaliados e a concentração das ZnONPs, ZnO de tamanho micrómetro e ZnCl2 testadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que o ZnCl2 induziu maior toxicidade aguda para a D. magna. Contudo, para a reprodução e inibição alimentar, as nanoparticulas de ZnO mostraram ter um efeito mais tóxico. Foi observado igualmente que o tamanho das nanopartículas não influenciou a toxicidade do ZnO. Este estudo realça a importância de se estudarem os efeitos de nanoparticulas de diferentes tamanhos uma vez que este é um parâmetro-chave que deve ser considerado quando se pretende estudar a toxicidade de nanoparticulas para o ambiente.
The rapid development of nanotechnology with the consequent increase in the production of nanoparticles and nanoproducts presents many opportunities but also many challenges. Nanotechnology has been described as a multidisciplinary field that develops a variety of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) for medical and industrial applications. The properties that bring to ENPs special attention for commercial products – small size, large surface area and consequently high degree of reactivity – can also make them potentially harmful for human and ecosystem health. Therefore, assessing the potential risks associated with exposure of ENPs should be considered a major research priority before they are applied in commercial products and released to the environment. Aquatic (freshwater and marine) environment act as potential destinations for the ENPs released to the environment through direct and/or indirect sources, thus exposing aquatic organisms to high levels of pollutants. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are one of the ENPs most applied in a wide range of commercial products (e.g., sunscreens, cosmetics and paints) and its production is estimated to continue to rise in the upcoming years. As a consequence, the risk of aquatic environment contamination by these ENPs will increase. Toxicological studies have already demonstrated that nanoscale ZnO exert toxic effects in several organisms, such as crustaceans, algae and bacteria. The toxic effects of ZnO-NPs can be complex and may be dependent of several factors such as organism tested, abiotic factors (pH, salinity, water hardness, presence of natural organic matter), physico-chemical properties of NPs, adsorption phenomena, presence of other pollutants in the same environment, among others.