Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Macchine innovative »

The breakthrough innovation of the Wright brothers in 1903 and subsequent developments of aerial technology created significant opportunities for the military, as a new dimension of warfare became an operational space of combat. Many legal questions arise, including the status of air machines deployed by the freshly formed independent air detachments before the outbreak of World War I. From the operational and legal viewpoint, both state practice and international law experts agreed that in order to receive a status similar to warships under the law of naval warfare, military aircraft should bear distinctive insignia, indicating their military character and nationality. This article’s aim is to present the origins and evolution of the military markings and their legal significance, as a core element of the military aircraft definition. It needs to be emphasized that only aircraft considered as military can perform acts of hostility and exercise the specific rights granted by the law of air warfare. The analysis will refer to practical challenges for maintaining the classical rule of air warfare, such as the exact location of the markings on the aircraft surfaces, low-visibility insignia (as a way to reconcile legal and operational demands) and the question of relevance of the duty to mark military aircraft in the context of unmanned air platforms. L’innovation qui a fait connaître les frères Wright en 1903 ainsi que les développements consécutifs dans la technologie aéronautique ont créé de réelles opportunités pour le secteur militaire, alors qu’une nouvelle dimension de la guerre est devenue un espace opérationnel de combat. Cette évolution fait naître de nombreuses questions juridiques, dont le statut des aéronefs déployés par les détachements aériens indépendants formés peu avant l’éclatement de la Première Guerre mondiale. D’un point de vue opérationnel et légal, la pratique étatique et les experts juridiques internationaux s’accordent sur le fait que les aéronefs militaires devraient avoir des insignes distinctifs indiquant leur caractère militaire et leur nationalité, afin qu’ils se voient attribuer un statut similaire à celui des navires de guerre en vertu du droit de la guerre navale. Cet article a pour but de présenter les origines et l’évolution du marquage militaire ainsi que sa signification juridique, en tant qu’élément essentiel de la définition d’un aéronef militaire. Soulignons le fait que seul un aéronef considéré comme militaire peut mener des actes hostiles et exercer les droits particuliers octroyés en vertu du droit de la guerre aérienne. L’analyse fait référence à des défis d’ordre pratique pour maintenir les règles classiques de la guerre aérienne, telles que l’emplacement exact des marquages sur la surface de l’aéronef, la faible visibilité des insignes (comme moyen de combiner exigences juridiques et opérationnelles) et la question de la pertinence de l’obligation de marquer un aéronef militaire dans le contexte de plateformes aériennes sans équipage. De baanbrekende innovatie van de gebroeders Wright in 1903 en de daaropvolgende ontwikkelingen van de luchtvaarttechnologie creëerden grote mogelijkheden voor de strijdkrachten, aangezien een nieuwe dimensie van oorlogvoering een operationele gevechtsruimte werd. Deze ontwikkeling leidt tot veel juridische vragen, waaronder de status van de luchtvaartuigen die door de net voor het uitbreken van de Eerste Wereldoorlog opgerichte onafhankelijke luchtdetachementen werden ingezet. Vanuit operationeel en juridisch oogpunt waren zowel de statenpraktijk als de internationale juridische experts het erover eens dat militaire luchtvaartuigen onderscheidende insignes moeten dragen die hun militaire karakter en nationaliteit aangeven, om een status te krijgen die gelijkaardig is aan die van oorlogsschepen krachtens het recht van de zeeoorlog. Dit artikel heeft tot doel de oorsprong en de ontwikkeling van de militaire markeringen en hun juridische betekenis voor te stellen als een kernelement van de definitie van militaire luchtvaartuigen. Er moet worden benadrukt dat alleen luchtvaartuigen die als militair worden beschouwd, vijandelijke handelingen kunnen verrichten en de specifieke rechten die door het recht van de luchtoorlog worden verleend, kunnen uitoefenen. De analyse verwijst naar de praktische uitdagingen voor het handhaven van de klassieke regels van de luchtoorlog, zoals de exacte locatie van de markeringen op de vliegtuigoppervlakken, insignes met lage zichtbaarheid (als een manier om juridische en operationele eisen met elkaar in overeenstemming te brengen) en de vraag of de verplichting om militaire luchtvaartuigen te markeren relevant is in de context van onbemande luchtvaartuigen. La revolucionaria innovación de los hermanos Wright en 1903 y subsiguiente evolución de la tecnología aérea dieron paso a oportunidades significativas para los ejércitos, creándose una nueva dimensión de la guerra que se convirtió en un espacio operativo de combate. Esto trajo consigo muchas cuestiones legales, incluido el estatus de los artefactos aéreos desplegados por los recién creados destacamentos aéreos independientes en los prolegómenos de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Desde el punto de vista operativo y legal, tanto los Estados a través de la práctica como los expertos en Derecho Internacional estuvieron de acuerdo en que para acogerse al mismo estatus que los buques de guerra bajo las leyes de la guerra naval, las aeronaves militares debían llevar insignias distintivas, mostrando su carácter militar y nacionalidad. El propósito del artículo es examinar el origen y evolución de estas señales militares y su importancia legal como uno de los elementos principales de la definición de aeronave militar. Debe enfatizarse que solo una aeronave considerada militar puede llevar a cabo actos de hostilidad y ejercer derechos específicos reconocidos por las leyes de la guerra aérea. El análisis aborda los retos prácticos para mantener la vigencia de la regla clásica de la guerra aérea, tal como es el lugar exacto de emplazamiento de las señales exteriores en la superficie de las aeronaves, las insignias de baja visibilidad (como una forma de conciliar las exigencias legales y operativas) y la cuestión de la relevancia del deber de señalar las aeronaves militares en el contexto de las plataformas aéreas no tripuladas. L’innovazione rivoluzionaria dei Fratelli Wright nel 1903 e i successivi sviluppi della tecnologia aerea crearono significative opportunità per i militari, poiché una nuova dimensione di guerra divenne uno spazio operativo di combattimento. Sorgono molte questioni legali, tra cui lo status delle macchine aeree dispiegate dai distaccamenti aerei indipendenti formatisi appena prima dello scoppio della Prima guerra mondiale. Dal punto di vista operativo e legale, sia la pratica degli Stati che gli esperti di diritto internazionale hanno convenuto che, per ricevere uno status simile a quello delle navi da guerra disciplinate della legge della guerra navale, gli aerei militari dovrebbero portare delle insegne distintive che indichino la loro natura militare e la loro nazionalità. L'obiettivo di questo articolo è quello di presentare le origini e l'evoluzione delle marcature militari e il loro significato legale, come elemento centrale della definizione di velivolo militare. Va sottolineato che solo gli aerei considerati militari possono compiere atti di ostilità ed esercitare i diritti specifici concessi dalla legge sulla guerra aerea. L’analisi farà riferimento alle sfide pratiche per il mantenimento delle regole classiche sulla guerra aerea, come l’esatta posizione delle marcature sulla superfice dell’aereo, le insegne a bassa visibilità (come modo per conciliare le esigenze legali ed operative) e la questione della rilevanza del dovere di marcatura dei velivoli militari nel contesto delle piattaforme aeree senza pilota. Die bahnbrechende Innovation der Gebrüder Wright im Jahr 1903 und die nachfolgenden Entwicklungen der Luftfahrttechnologie schufen bedeutende Möglichkeiten für den Militärbereich, da eine neue Dimension der Kriegsführung zu einem operativen Kampfraum wurde. Es stellen sich viele rechtliche Fragen, einschließlich jener des Status der Luft­maschinen, die von den neu gebildeten unabhängigen Luftkommandos vor dem Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs eingesetzt wurden. Aus operativer und rechtlicher Sicht waren sich sowohl die staatliche Praxis als auch die internationalen Rechtsexperten einig, dass Militärflugzeuge Kennzeichen, die auf ihren militärischen Charakter und ihre Nationalität hinweisen, tragen sollten, um einen kriegsschiffähnlichen Status nach dem Recht der Seekriegsführung zu erhalten. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die Ursprünge und die Entwicklung der militärischen Kennzeichnungen und ihre rechtliche Bedeutung als Kernelement der Definition von Militärflugzeugen darzustellen. Es muss darauf hingewiesen werden, dass nur Flugzeuge, die als militärisch angesehen werden, feindliche Handlungen durchführen und die durch das Gesetz der Luftkriegsführung gewährten spezifischen Rechte ausüben können. Die Analyse wird sich auf praktische Herausforderungen für die Aufrechterhaltung des klassischen Gesetzes der Luftkriegsführung beziehen, wie die genaue Lage der Kennzeichen auf den Flugzeugoberflächen, Kennzeichen mit geringer Sichtbarkeit (als Mittel, rechtliche und operative Anforderungen miteinander in Einklang zu bringen) und die Frage der Relevanz der Pflicht zur Kennzeichnung militärischer Flugzeuge im Zusammenhang mit unbemannten Luftplattformen.

The present report highlights the current and future role of techniques and methodologies of the Mechanics of Machines, both in the design of devices and systems, and in the university training courses. The underlying theme of the presentation lays in the interpretation of the physical phenomenon which oversees the operation of the machines. This is the foundation allowing to define an input-output interaction between the physical quantities operating on the machine. The cause-effect relation offers the possibility to determine a set of analytical relations for the prediction of the operation of the machine and to simulate theoretical and / or numerical trends in time or frequency domain of the significant mechanical quantities. It is evident the magnitude of the physical phenomena that arise in the operation of a machine, resulting in a broad variety of related Mechanics of Machines topics: from the contact between bodies analysis to tribological aspects, from body geometry to kinematics, from the rigid to deformable body dynamics, from the interaction between mechanical bodies to manmachine interaction, from the kinematic and dynamic behavior of a mechanical system to its interface with the actuators, sensing and control, just to name some of them. It should also be considered that the interpretation of the physical phenomenon of organs of machines has to be supported by significant experimental campaigns, specifically reproduced in laboratory, or related to data from real applications in the different application domains. The evolution of Mechanics of Machines proved in the years to be able to respond to these two interacting and converging questions: on the one hand the need to identify analytical relations, possibly not based on sole mappings of data, but rather on representative analytical relations of physical quantities, and on the other hand, the need, even at the university level, to conduct appropriate laboratory test campaigns related to the real field operation of the machine. With reference to the first objective, the need to determine algorithms, typically non-linear, and the consequent simulations setups, has resulted in the passage of the Machine Mechanics from a theoretical subject, to a subject with strong computational valences creating tools for the prediction of the behavior of devices and systems, in relation to their diagnosis and health state. The second objective has required the achievement of competence also in the field of the test rigs, of sensing and measuring / data acquisition systems. The paper deals with the identification and the presentation of the different areas related to Machine Mechanics, exposing in a matrix the enabling technologies on the one hand and the application domains to which they apply in the other hand. The enabling technologies traditionally belong to the topics of kinematics, statics, dynamics (linear and nonlinear), to the interactions with the environment (force fields, interactions with fluids) and between surfaces (lubrication), control, automation and system identification, as well as to the study and identification of vibratory phenomena, vibro-acoustic and tribological ones, mechatronics, fluid-structure interactions, monitoring, diagnostics and prognostics of mechanical systems, fluid automation and robotics, fluidics and microfluidics, to the implementation of pneumatic, hydraulic, electric and non-conventional technologies, to environmentally friendly and renewable energy systems. The application domains relate to the mechanical systems, such as driving and operating machinery, mechanical devices, mechanisms, transmissions and drives, automatic and robotic, vehicles on road, rail, fixed wing and rotorcrafts, transportation and lifting systems, systems for the production of energy, the biomechanical systems. A summary of the ongoing activities in the different research groups of the Italian Universities is then presented, from which you can also highlight the methodology of the studies addressed, strongly aimed at a unifying approach through the use of fundamental methods of theoretical applied and experimental mechanics, with attention to environmental and energy sustainability, and significantly connected on one side with the state of international research, and on the other with the industrial and manufacturing reality of the country. At the end of the paper sectors of Machine Mechanics that in the opinion of the writer need to be investigated further are discussed. Some technological challenges, such as prognostic models applied to servo systems in primary flight controls for aircraft applications, are outlined. The state of the art in that domain highlights the contribution to the innovation of processes and products, challenge that need to go back to the inputoutput interactions at the base-mechanics layer. Without those aspects it is impossible to be able to predict the evolution of degradation in the actuation systems, and to determine the remaining life of a mechanical device.

The research activities described in this thesis were focused on two main topics: the study of shaft-hub joint performance, with particular regard to interference-fitted and adhesively bonded connection, and the fatigue characterization of additively processed metal alloys. The research on interference-fitted shaft-hub joints dealt with some studies in the field of fretting fatigue. Rotating bending fatigue tests were performed on different materials by not conventional specimens to determine the fatigue properties of interference-fitted joints and to investigate the fretting fatigue phenomenon, which led to novel and original results. In adhesively bonded and interference-fitted shaft-hub connections (called hybrid joints) the synergic effect of anaerobic adhesive and interference has the capability of improving the joint strength. However, the adhesive contribution depends on several factors. Therefore, its behavior was investigated for different coupling pressure, coupling procedure, operating temperature and joint design. The study on additively manufactured metal alloy deals with rotating banding fatigue tests. AlSi10Mg and Maraging Stainless Steel CX were involved in the campaign for their wide applicability in Automotive. Build direction, heat and surface treatments were considered as input parameters. Fatigue results were interpreted by statistical method and microscopy analyses in order to determine the effectiveness and the beneficial or detrimental effects of the considered factors. Fracture mode and microstructure were investigated by fractographic and micrographic analyses

L’utilizzo di manipolatori industriali viene ormai sempre più considerato una valida alternativa all’impiego dei classici CNC. Uno dei principali vantaggi dati dall’impiego di un robot rispetto ad un CNC, è la possibilità di sostenere ridotti costi d’acquisto pur mantenendo elevati volumi di produzione. Nonostante l’evidente diffusione di questi manipolatori industriali, le loro prestazioni presentano ancora delle lacune. I problemi da affrontare in questo campo sono infatti molteplici e spaziano dalla compensazione di inaccuratezze cinematiche (calibrazione cinematica), al miglioramento delle performance dinamiche (calibrazione dinamica), fino a sfociare nella valutazione dell’influenza del processo tecnologico sulla struttura del robot, ad esempio la possibilità di riscontrare danni causati da agenti esterni, come in caso di elevate temperature. All’interno di tale contesto, questa tesi si prefigge l’obiettivo di introdurre e investigare nuove tecniche per la calibrazione di modelli dinamici. Partendo dalla descrizione dello stato dell’arte in ambito della modellazione dinamica, questo lavoro si è preposto di sviluppare un modello dinamico a corpi rigidi, con particolare attenzione agli effetti termici e la relativa variazione del fenomeno d’attrito. La scelta di attribuire particolare attenzione alla modellizzazione dell’attrito è motivata dal fatto che la compensazione dell’attrito è essenziale al fine di ottenere miglioramenti significativi nelle prestazioni dei sistemi meccatronici. Siccome i modelli di attrito più comuni non tengono in considerazione il riscaldamento della macchina durante il funzionamento, per migliorare la stima dell’attrito durante le ore di lavoro delle macchine sono stati sviluppati dei modelli termici di attrito. Nella tesi viene introdotta un’innovativa procedura per la calibrazione di modelli a corpi rigidi che passa per la definizione di traiettorie di identificazione/eccitazione ottime. Gli algoritmi di calibrazione e i relativi set di parametri dinamici stimati sperimentalmente sono inoltre stati validati attraverso prove pratiche su robot industriali. Le procedure che sono state sviluppate in questa tesi utilizzano soltanto sensori e controllori che sono già presenti sulla macchina per il suo normale funzionamento. Nessun sensore è stato montato per ottenere migliorie nella stima dei parametri: questa caratteristica potrebbe far si che tali soluzioni vengano applicate a livello industriale. Mentre esperimenti di questo tipo sono generalmente effettuati su un singolo robot, in questa tesi sono stati analizzati dati provenienti da due robot industriali (due repliche dello stesso modello) per verificare la ripetibilità dei risultati. Questo è un altro importante aspetto per garantire la robustezza delle procedure di identificazione del modello in caso di implementazione in applicazioni industriali. I risultati del confronto possono essere utilizzati per garantire miglioramenti a livello di produzione e nella manutenzione delle macchine. In conclusione, la tesi affronta l’analisi della modellazione e della calibrazione dinamica di manipolatori industriali. Vengono inoltre introdotte nuove ed efficaci strategie per la stima dei parametri del modello dinamico. I modelli calibrati sono quindi in grado di fornire elevate prestazioni in termini di accuratezza nella previsione delle coppie dei motori, tenendo inoltre in considerazione la variazione dell’attrito in base alla temperatura. L’efficacia di tali tecniche di calibrazione è stata provata su due robot industriali con l’obiettivo di verificarne la ripetibilità e la robustezza.
Nowadays, industrial robot manipulators (IRs) are considered an immediate feasible alternative to CNC machines. One of the main advantages is the possibility to reduce costs while maintaining high production volumes. Despite the evident diffusion of these industrial manipulators, their adoption possesses some difficulties reducing their performance. These issues span from the compensation of kinematics inaccuracies (kinematics calibration) to the improvement of dynamics performances (dynamics calibration). The influence of the technological production process on the robot structure may also have an impact; consequently, external agents such as temperature must be considered. Hence, this thesis proposes and investigates new techniques for the calibration of dynamics model. Starting from the description of the state-of-the-art in dynamics modeling, this work aims to develop a rigid-body dynamic model with particular attention to the variation of friction due to thermal effects. This choice has been motivated by the fact that friction compensation is essential to improve the robot’s positioning precision. Thus, by considering that the most common friction models do not take into account the heating of the speed reducers during the motion tasks, to improve high precision positioning performance of mechatronic systems the development of new friction models that are based on temperature estimation has been performed. In this thesis, a novel procedure for calibrating rigid-body models through the definition of optimal identification/excitation trajectories is presented. The calibration algorithms and their experimentally estimated dynamics parameters set have also been validated through some experiments conducted on industrial robots. The procedures that have been developed in this thesis only adopt sensors and controllers that are already installed on the machines. No external sensors have been mounted on them to improve the parameter estimation. This feature is fundamental for real industrial applications. Usually, such experiments are generally performed on a single robot. However, in this thesis work, the data coming from two industrial robots (two replicas of the same model) has been used to verify the repeatability of the results. This is an important aspect to ensure the robustness of the model identification procedures, especially in the case of real industrial applications. The results of the comparison can be used to ensure improvements in production and machine maintenance. In summary, the thesis deals with the analysis of Industrial robots’ dynamics modeling and calibration. A set of novel and effective strategies for dynamics parameters estimation has been detailed as well. The dynamics models calibrated using the proposed approaches provide high performance in the prediction of motor torques, also taking into account the variation of friction caused by temperature. The effectiveness of these calibration techniques has been tested on two industrial robots to verify their robustness and repeatability.

Through modelling activity, experimental campaigns, test bench and on-field validation, a complete powertrain for a BEV has been designed, assembled and used in a motorsport competition. The activity can be split in three main subjects, representing the three key components of an BEV vehicle. First of all a model of the entire powertrain has been developed in order to understand how the various design choices will influence the race lap-time. The data obtained was then used to design, build and test a first battery pack. After bench tests and track tests, it was understood that by using all the cell charac-teristics, without breaking the rules limitations, higher energy and power densities could have been achieved. An updated battery pack was then designed, produced and raced with at Motostudent 2018 re-sulting in a third place at debut. The second topic of this PhD was the design of novel inverter topologies. Three inverters have been de-signed, two of them using Gallium Nitride devices, a promising semiconductor technology that can achieve high switching speeds while maintaining low switching losses. High switching frequency is crucial to reduce the DC-Bus capacitor and then increase the power density of 3 phase inverters. The third in-verter uses classic Silicon devices but employs a ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) topology. Despite the in-creased complexity of both the hardware and the control software, it can offer reduced switching losses by using conventional and established silicon mosfet technology. Finally, the mechanical parts of a three phase permanent magnet motor have been designed with the aim to employ it in UniBo Motorsport’s 2020 Formula Student car.

The dynamics of a passive back-to-back test rig have been characterised, leading to a multi-coordinate approach for the analysis of arbitrary test configurations. Universal joints have been introduced into a typical pre-loaded back-to-back system in order to produce an oscillating torsional moment in a test specimen. Two different arrangements have been investigated using a frequency-based sub-structuring approach: the receptance method. A numerical model has been developed in accordance with this theory, allowing interconnection of systems with two-coordinates and closed multi-loop schemes. The model calculates the receptance functions and modal and deflected shapes of a general system. Closed form expressions of the following individual elements have been developed: a servomotor, damped continuous shaft and a universal joint. Numerical results for specific cases have been compared with published data in literature and experimental measurements undertaken in the present work. Due to the complexity of the universal joint and its oscillating dynamic effects, a more detailed analysis of this component has been developed. Two models have been presented. The first represents the joint as two inertias connected by a massless cross-piece. The second, derived by the dynamic analysis of a spherical four-link mechanism, considers the contribution of the floating element and its gyroscopic effects. An investigation into non-linear behaviour has led to a time domain model that utilises the Runge-Kutta fourth order method for resolution of the dynamic equations. It has been demonstrated that the torsional receptances of a universal joint, derived using the simple model, result in representation of the joint as an equivalent variable inertia. In order to verify the model, a test rig has been built and experimental validation undertaken. The variable inertia of a universal joint has lead to a novel application of the component as a passive device for the balancing of inertia variations in slider-crank mechanisms.

The dynamics of a passive back-to-back test rig have been characterised, leading to a multi-coordinate approach for the analysis of arbitrary test configurations. Universal joints have been introduced into a typical pre-loaded back-to-back system in order to produce an oscillating torsional moment in a test specimen. Two different arrangements have been investigated using a frequency-based sub-structuring approach: the receptance method. A numerical model has been developed in accordance with this theory, allowing interconnection of systems with two-coordinates and closed multi-loop schemes. The model calculates the receptance functions and modal and deflected shapes of a general system. Closed form expressions of the following individual elements have been developed: a servomotor, damped continuous shaft and a universal joint. Numerical results for specific cases have been compared with published data in literature and experimental measurements undertaken in the present work. Due to the complexity of the universal joint and its oscillating dynamic effects, a more detailed analysis of this component has been developed. Two models have been presented. The first represents the joint as two inertias connected by a massless cross-piece. The second, derived by the dynamic analysis of a spherical four-link mechanism, considers the contribution of the floating element and its gyroscopic effects. An investigation into non-linear behaviour has led to a time domain model that utilises the Runge-Kutta fourth order method for resolution of the dynamic equations. It has been demonstrated that the torsional receptances of a universal joint, derived using the simple model, result in representation of the joint as an equivalent variable inertia. In order to verify the model, a test rig has been built and experimental validation undertaken. The variable inertia of a universal joint has lead to a novel application of the component as a passive device for the balancing of inertia variations in slider-crank mechanisms.

This work resumes a wide variety of research activities carried out with the main objective of increasing the efficiency and reducing the fuel consumption of Gasoline Direct Injection engines, especially under high loads. For this purpose, two main innovative technologies have been studied, Water Injection and Low-Pressure Exhaust Gas Recirculation, which help to reduce the temperature of the gases inside the combustion chamber and thus mitigate knock, being this one of the main limiting factors for the efficiency of modern downsized engines that operate at high specific power. A prototypal Port Water Injection system was developed and extensive experimental work has been carried out, initially to identify the benefits and limitations of this technology. This led to the subsequent development and testing of a combustion controller, which has been implemented on a Rapid Control Prototyping environment, capable of managing water injection to achieve knock mitigation and a more efficient combustion phase. Regarding Low-Pressure Exhaust Gas Recirculation, a commercial engine that was already equipped with this technology was used to carry out experimental work in a similar fashion to that of water injection. Another prototypal water injection system has been mounted to this second engine, to be able to test both technologies, at first separately to compare them on equal conditions, and secondly together in the search of a possible synergy. Additionally, based on experimental data from several engines that have been tested during this study, including both GDI and GCI engines, a real-time model (or virtual sensor) for the estimation of the maximum in-cylinder pressure has been developed and validated. This parameter is of vital importance to determine the speed at which damage occurs on the engine components, and therefore to extract the maximum performance without inducing permanent damages.

This thesis collects some of the work accomplished during the PhD research activity focused on the study of special electric machines for vehicle traction applications. The work is divided into due parts. The rst part is mainly technological and covers some studies and experimental activities concerning new technical solutions to solve some common issues in operation of electric motors for automotive use, namely ux weakening and cogging torque. The second part has a more theoretical nature and focuses on some methods for electric machine modeling and analysis which has been developed to facilitate the study and design optimizations carried out during the PhD research work. The chapters in the rst part address the following topics: 1. Development and testing of an interior-permanent-magnet motor prototype fully conceived, designed and manufactured at the University of Trieste to implement a new concept of flux weakening system at high speeds. The concept has been also protected through a pending patent. 2. Multi-objective design optimization of an interior permanent magnet reluctance-assisted synchronous motor for the automotive industry. The design optimization was meant to support an industrial development project which is still in progress so no prototype has been built yet. 3. Study of a new optimized magnetic wedge design capable of reducing cogging torque in automotive propulsion motors having open stator slots. The second part proposes some analytical and numerical results that have been worked out to approach the modeling and optimization of various kinds of permanent magnet synchronous motors. The main problem to which these chapters try to answer is to nd suciently fast but accurate methods for permanent magnet analysis without time-consuming finite-element transient analysis. The proposed methods have been successfully integrated into design optimization programs used in the industrial environment in the development of innovative electric machines not only for the automotive industry.
Questa tesi contiene alcuni dei temi riguardanti le macchine elettriche per trazione veicolare che si sono arontati durante i tre anni di dottorato di ricerca. Il lavoro è suddiviso in due parti. La prima parte si concentra su aspetti tecnologici e riguarda alcuni studi ed attività sperimentali che vanno a risolvere alcune problematiche comuni delle macchine elettriche per trazione, in particolare il deflussaggio e le pulsazioni di coppia. La seconda parte, invece risulta essere più teorica e si concentra su alcuni metodi matematici di modellizzazione ed analisi sviluppati per facilitare la progettazione e lo studio delle macchine elettriche che si è portato avanti durante il periodo di dottorato. I capitoli della prima parte sono così suddivisi: 1. Sviluppo e sperimentazione di un motore a magneti permanenti prototipale; interamente concepito, progettato e realizzato presso l'Università degli Studi di Trieste; in cui un nuovo metodo di deflussagio per alte velocità è stato implementato. Inoltre tale tecnologia è stata assoggettata a brevetto. 2. Ottimizzazione multi obiettivo di un motore sincrono a magneti permanenti a riluttanza assistita per applicazioni nell'industria automobilistica. L'ottimizzazione aveva lo scopo di supportare un progetto industrale portato avanti da un nostro partner ed ancora in atto, di conseguenza nessun prototipo è ancora stato realizzato. 3. Studio e ottimizzazione di una bietta magnetica per motori con statore a cave aperte, in grado di ridurre la pulsazione di coppia. La seconda parte propone dei metodi di analisi numerica delle macchine elettriche sviluppati per modellizzare ed analizzare diversi tipi di macchine a magneti permanenti. La principale criticità alla quale questi capitoli tentano di dare soluzione è quello di trovare dei metodi di analisi delle macchine a magneti permanenti accurati, senza dover ricorrere a simulazioni transitorie agli elementi niti, che come è noto sono molto dispendiose in termini di tempo.

Today, the contribution of the transportation sector on greenhouse gases is evident. The fast consumption of fossil fuels and its impact on the environment has given a strong impetus to the development of vehicles with better fuel economy. Hybrid electric vehicles fit into this context with different targets, starting from the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption, but also for performance and comfort enhancement. Vehicles exist with various missions; super sport cars usually aim to reach peak performance and to guarantee a great driving experience to the driver, but great attention must also be paid to fuel consumption. According to the vehicle mission, hybrid vehicles can differ in the powertrain configuration and the choice of the energy storage system. Lamborghini has recently invested in the development of hybrid super sport cars, due to performance and comfort reasons, with the possibility to reduce fuel consumption. This research activity has been conducted as a joint collaboration between the University of Bologna and the sportscar manufacturer, to analyze the impact of innovative energy storage solutions on the hybrid vehicle performance. Capacitors have been studied and modeled to analyze the pros and cons of such solution with respect to batteries. To this aim, a full simulation environment has been developed and validated to provide a concept design tool capable of precise results and able to foresee the longitudinal performance on regulated emission cycles and real driving conditions, with a focus on fuel consumption. In addition, the target of the research activity is to deepen the study of hybrid electric super sports cars in the concept development phase, focusing on defining the control strategies and the energy storage system’s technology that best suits the needs of the vehicles. This dissertation covers the key steps that have been carried out in the research project.

2009 - 2010
The here considered SHM procedure concerns innovative techniques for a structural monitoring of aeronautical components, all of them based upon the use of a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer. The vibrometer is used to detect the dynamic response of the component under test, in wave propagation regime. The signal so recorded consists of space and time maps of vibration velocity offplane. The purpose of the study lies in the analysis of such maps, using filtering techniques that separate reflected waves from the incident ones, so that they can enable to identify defects. The innovative application of a novel technique (introduced by Ruzzene) for the first time to stringerized composite specimens, allowed the generation of baseline information directly from the measured dataset. The effectiveness of these methods has been demonstrated through their application to detection of a delamination in a composite stiffened plate and detection of defect/wrinkling in a T-shaped skin to stringer component. The most significant technological innovations achieved through these theses are: • The option key to excite the surface of a complex structure (in this case, the skins of a composite stingerized panel) and to derive the velocity profile on surfaces orthogonal to the excited one (in our case the web of the stringer) has been checked. This is crucial, as it would allow to install the piezo elements on the stringers, to excite them and to read velocities of points over the entire surface of the skin, without disassembly. Up to now, only cases of standard solicitation have been analyzed in literature, or cases where the velocities were acquired on the same surfaces excited. Today, therefore, there is no published study on the analysis conducted in such a manner. • The damage index was also applied to stiffened and greatly complex geometries. Up to now, in literature only analysis applied to simple flat panels can be found. • The FEM simulation was carried out on stiffened panels. In literature there are only simulations carried out on simple structural elements like flat panels without any stiffener. [edited by author]
IX n.s.

Da una parte le côté de Guermantes e dall’altra quello di chez Swann… Pochi luoghi come Illiers-Combray offrono la misura tangibile di un mito che ha coinvolto non solo lettori e scrittori,ma quanti hanno riflettuto sul senso e le strutture della narrativa moderna. Già che non sarebbero pensabili la grande critica del Novecento e le più innovative riflessioni sul metodo senza la Recherche . Vi si sono misurati, con saggi e/o libri memorabili,Auerbach, Curtius, Spitzer, Poulet, Jauss, Deleuze, Richard, Genette, Barthes…, e da noi Solmi, Debenedetti, Contini,Macchia, mentre si sono cimentati nella traduzione Caproni, Fortini, la Ginzsburg, Raboni... Insomma, la seduzione di un’opera dalla fittissima intertestualità e varietà di registri risiede ancora, non solo nella capacità di parlare della storia e cultura dell’Occidente, offrendo il grandioso affresco di un universo in declino, ma nella possibilità di inserirsi su molti livelli (compreso quello della meta-letteratura, della saggistica) quale punto obbligato di passaggio. Contribuendo a creare un mondo parallelo rispetto a quello reale, che si trova ormai popolato dei suoi doppi: città, cattedrali, sentimenti, emozioni, parole intermittences … Dal campo della finzione a quello, indotto, della narratologia, nessun dubbio che Proust ci abbia cambiato la vita, la percezione del mondo, e il modo di guardare gli oggetti, e di leggere i libri e le cose. La raccolta che qui si propone, progettata e curata da Anna Dolfi, ne dà un’ampia e suggestiva testimonianza, offrendosi ormai come un imprescindibile oggetto di studio sulle tracce dell’imprendibile, indimenticabile Marcel.

The paper presents the first results of a research, in progress at the Istituto di Macchine e Sistemi Energetici of Genova University, about a gas-steam combined cycle with indirect fired gas-turbine. The study has dealt with the gas turbine plant which is the most innovative part of the process. To select the design point of every component, a thermodynamic parametric analysis over a large range of pressure ratios and a large range of mass flow ratio through the two characteristic by-passes has been developed. The off-design performances of the gas plant have been investigated and finally a proposal of control system has been made, tested using a simple mathematical model, able to analyse in the time domain the dynamic behaviour of the controlled gas plant.