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Articles de revues sur le sujet « LST1 »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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1

Roberg, Kevin J., Michelle Crotwell, Peter Espenshade, Ruth Gimeno, and Chris A. Kaiser. "LST1 Is a SEC24 Homologue Used for Selective Export of the Plasma Membrane ATPase from the Endoplasmic Reticulum." Journal of Cell Biology 145, no. 4 (1999): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.145.4.659.

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In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, vesicles that carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi compartment are encapsulated by COPII coat proteins. We identified mutations in ten genes, designated LST (lethal with sec-thirteen), that were lethal in combination with the COPII mutation sec13-1. LST1 showed synthetic-lethal interactions with the complete set of COPII genes, indicating that LST1 encodes a new COPII function. LST1 codes for a protein similar in sequence to the COPII subunit Sec24p. Like Sec24p, Lst1p is a peripheral ER membrane protein that binds to the COPII subunit Sec23p. Chromosomal deletion of LST1 is not lethal, but inhibits transport of the plasma membrane proton-ATPase (Pma1p) to the cell surface, causing poor growth on media of low pH. Localization by both immunofluorescence microscopy and cell fractionation shows that the export of Pma1p from the ER is impaired in lst1Δ mutants. Transport of other proteins from the ER was not affected by lst1Δ, nor was Pma1p transport found to be particularly sensitive to other COPII defects. Together, these findings suggest that a specialized form of the COPII coat subunit, with Lst1p in place of Sec24p, is used for the efficient packaging of Pma1p into vesicles derived from the ER.

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Cui, Yixian, Smriti Parashar, Muhammad Zahoor, et al. "A COPII subunit acts with an autophagy receptor to target endoplasmic reticulum for degradation." Science 365, no. 6448 (2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau9263.

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The COPII-cargo adaptor complex Lst1-Sec23 selectively sorts proteins into vesicles that bud from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and traffic to the Golgi. Improperly folded proteins are prevented from exiting the ER and are degraded. ER-phagy is an autophagic degradation pathway that uses ER-resident receptors. Working in yeast, we found an unexpected role for Lst1-Sec23 in ER-phagy that was independent from its function in secretion. Up-regulation of the stress-inducible ER-phagy receptor Atg40 induced the association of Lst1-Sec23 with Atg40 at distinct ER domains to package ER into autophagosomes. Lst1-mediated ER-phagy played a vital role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by preventing the accumulation of an aggregation-prone protein in the ER. Lst1 function appears to be conserved because its mammalian homolog, SEC24C, was also required for ER-phagy.

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Wan, Jikang, Min Zhu, and Wei Ding. "Accuracy Evaluation and Parameter Analysis of Land Surface Temperature Inversion Algorithm for Landsat-8 Data." Advances in Meteorology 2021 (September 24, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9917145.

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Many researchers have developed a variety of land surface temperature (LST) inversion algorithms based on satellite data. The main LST inversion algorithms include Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE), Single Channel (SC) algorithm, Mono Window (MW) algorithm, and Split Window (SW) algorithm. In this study, nine LST inversion algorithms were designed using Landsat-8 data and meteorological station data to test the inversion efficiency of different algorithms in different seasons and different locations. The results show that the error of various LST inversion algorithms will increase with the rise of LST. R2 of the inversion results of each LST algorithm and the measured data are all greater than 0.73°C in winter and about 0.5°C in the other seasons. By analyzing the stability of various algorithms inside and outside the city, it is found that the stability of each LST inversion algorithm inside the city is better than that outside the city. For the same surface features, the inversion temperature inside the city is 3–5°C higher than that outside the city. In addition, the sensitivity of various inversion algorithms to parameters was also analyzed. The influence of atmospheric transmittance on RTE, SC, and MW inversion algorithms is in logarithmic form. The effect of emissivity on each algorithm is linear. The influence of NDVI on the algorithms is mainly through the estimation of surface emissivity parameters to affect the inversion results. The effect of ascending radiation on SC (LST4 and LST5) is linear and on RTE (LST1 and LST2) is logarithmic. The effect of downslope radiation on SC and RTE is linear. The influence of atmospheric water vapor content on SW (LST7) is nonlinear.

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Yau, Anthony C. Y., Jonatan Tuncel, Sabrina Haag, et al. "Conserved 33-kb haplotype in the MHC class III region regulates chronic arthritis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 26 (2016): E3716—E3724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600567113.

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Genome-wide association studies have revealed many genetic loci associated with complex autoimmune diseases. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the MHC gene HLA-DRB1 is the strongest candidate predicting disease development. It has been suggested that other immune-regulating genes in the MHC contribute to the disease risk, but this contribution has been difficult to show because of the strong linkage disequilibrium within the MHC. We isolated genomic regions in the form of congenic fragments in rats to test whether there are additional susceptibility loci in the MHC. By both congenic mapping in inbred strains and SNP typing in wild rats, we identified a conserved, 33-kb large haplotype Ltab-Ncr3 in the MHC-III region, which regulates the onset, severity, and chronicity of arthritis. The Ltab-Ncr3 haplotype consists of five polymorphic immunoregulatory genes: Lta (lymphotoxin-α), Tnf, Ltb (lymphotoxin-β), Lst1 (leukocyte-specific transcript 1), and Ncr3 (natural cytotoxicity-triggering receptor 3). Significant correlation in the expression of the Ltab-Ncr3 genes suggests that interaction of these genes may be important in keeping these genes clustered together as a conserved haplotype. We studied the arthritis association and the spliceo-transcriptome of four different Ltab-Ncr3 haplotypes and showed that higher Ltb and Ncr3 expression, lower Lst1 expression, and the expression of a shorter splice variant of Lst1 correlate with reduced arthritis severity in rats. Interestingly, patients with mild RA also showed higher NCR3 expression and lower LST1 expression than patients with severe RA. These data demonstrate the importance of a conserved haplotype in the regulation of complex diseases such as arthritis.

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Schiller, Christian, Maximilian J. E. Nitschké, Alexander Seidl, Elisabeth Kremmer, and Elisabeth H. Weiss. "Rat Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for LST1 Proteins." Hybridoma 28, no. 4 (2009): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hyb.2009.0021.

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Roberg, Kevin J., Stephen Bickel, Neil Rowley, and Chris A. Kaiser. "Control of Amino Acid Permease Sorting in the Late Secretory Pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by SEC13, LST4, LST7 and LST78." Genetics 147, no. 4 (1997): 1569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.4.1569.

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Abstract The SEC13 gene was originally identified by temperature-sensitive mutations that block all protein transport from the ER to the Golgi. We have found that at a permissive temperature for growth, the sec13-1 mutation selectively blocks transport of the nitrogen-regulated amino acid permease, Gaplp, from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, but does not affect the activity of constitutive permeases such as Hip1p, Can1p, or Lyp1p. Different alleles of SEC13 exhibit different relative effects on protein transport from the ER to the Golgi, or on Gap1p activity, indicating distinct requirements for SEC13 function at two different steps in the secretory pathway. Three new genes, LST4, LST7, and LSTB, were identified that are also required for amino acid permease transport from the Golgi to the cell surface. Mutations in LST4 and LST7 reduce the activity of the nitrogen-regulated permeases Gap1p and Put4p, whereas mutations in LST8 impair the activities of a broader set of amino acid permeases. The LST8 gene encodes a protein composed of WD-repeats and has a close human homologue. The LST7 gene encodes a novel protein. Together, these data indicate that SEC13, LST4, LST7, and LST8 function in the regulated delivery of Gap1p to the cell surface, perhaps as components of a post-Golgi secretory-vesicle coat.

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Rollinger-Holzinger, Ingrid, Brigitte Eibl, Marc Pauly, et al. "LST1: A Gene with Extensive Alternative Splicing and Immunomodulatory Function." Journal of Immunology 164, no. 6 (2000): 3169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.164.6.3169.

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Schiller, Christian, Carina Nowak, Kalliope N. Diakopoulos, Ulrich H. Weidle, and Elisabeth H. Weiss. "An Upstream Open Reading Frame Regulates LST1 Expression during Monocyte Differentiation." PLoS ONE 9, no. 5 (2014): e96245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096245.

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Weidle, Ulrich H., Ina Rohwedder, Fabian Birzele, Elisabeth H. Weiss, and Christian Schiller. "LST1: A multifunctional gene encoded in the MHC class III region." Immunobiology 223, no. 11 (2018): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2018.07.018.

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D’Aloia, Alessia, Edoardo Arrigoni, Barbara Costa, et al. "RalGPS2 Interacts with Akt and PDK1 Promoting Tunneling Nanotubes Formation in Bladder Cancer and Kidney Cells Microenvironment." Cancers 13, no. 24 (2021): 6330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13246330.

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RalGPS2 is a Ras-independent Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor for RalA GTPase that is involved in several cellular processes, including cytoskeletal organization. Previously, we demonstrated that RalGPS2 also plays a role in the formation of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) in bladder cancer 5637 cells. In particular, TNTs are a novel mechanism of cell–cell communication in the tumor microenvironment, playing a central role in cancer progression and metastasis formation. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in TNTs formation still need to be fully elucidated. Here we demonstrate that mid and high-stage bladder cancer cell lines have functional TNTs, which can transfer mitochondria. Moreover, using confocal fluorescence time-lapse microscopy, we show in 5637 cells that TNTs mediate the trafficking of RalA protein and transmembrane MHC class III protein leukocyte-specific transcript 1 (LST1). Furthermore, we show that RalGPS2 is essential for nanotubes generation, and stress conditions boost its expression both in 5637 and HEK293 cell lines. Finally, we prove that RalGPS2 interacts with Akt and PDK1, in addition to LST1 and RalA, leading to the formation of a complex that promotes nanotubes formation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that in the tumor microenvironment, RalGPS2 orchestrates the assembly of multimolecular complexes that drive the formation of TNTs.

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Shimoni, Yuval, Tatsuo Kurihara, Mariella Ravazzola, Mylène Amherdt, Lelio Orci, and Randy Schekman. "Lst1p and Sec24p Cooperate in Sorting of the Plasma Membrane Atpase into Copii Vesicles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Journal of Cell Biology 151, no. 5 (2000): 973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.151.5.973.

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Formation of ER-derived protein transport vesicles requires three cytosolic components, a small GTPase, Sar1p, and two heterodimeric complexes, Sec23/24p and Sec13/31p, which comprise the COPII coat. We investigated the role of Lst1p, a Sec24p homologue, in cargo recruitment into COPII vesicles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A tagged version of Lst1p was purified and eluted as a heterodimer complexed with Sec23p comparable to the Sec23/24p heterodimer. We found that cytosol from an lst1-null strain supported the packaging of α-factor precursor into COPII vesicles but was deficient in the packaging of Pma1p, the essential plasma membrane ATPase. Supplementation of mutant cytosol with purified Sec23/Lst1p restored Pma1p packaging into the vesicles. When purified COPII components were used in the vesicle budding reaction, Pma1p packaging was optimal with a mixture of Sec23/24p and Sec23/Lst1p; Sec23/Lst1p did not replace Sec23/24p. Furthermore, Pma1p coimmunoprecipitated with Lst1p and Sec24p from vesicles. Vesicles formed with a mixture of Sec23/Lst1p and Sec23/24p were similar morphologically and in their buoyant density, but larger than normal COPII vesicles (87-nm vs. 75-nm diameter). Immunoelectronmicroscopic and biochemical studies revealed both Sec23/Lst1p and Sec23/24p on the membranes of the same vesicles. These results suggest that Lst1p and Sec24p cooperate in the packaging of Pma1p and support the view that biosynthetic precursors of plasma membrane proteins must be sorted into ER-derived transport vesicles. Sec24p homologues may comprise a more complex coat whose combinatorial subunit composition serves to expand the range of cargo to be packaged into COPII vesicles. By changing the geometry of COPII coat polymerization, Lst1p may allow the transport of bulky cargo molecules, polymers, or particles.

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Woo, Jeyoung, and Chaeyoung Lee. "Identification of Functional Haplotypes in the Promoter Region of the LST1 Gene." Biochemical Genetics 52, no. 7-8 (2014): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10528-014-9653-x.

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Schiller, C., K. N. Diakopoulos, I. Rohwedder, et al. "LST1 promotes the assembly of a molecular machinery responsible for tunneling nanotube formation." Journal of Cell Science 126, no. 3 (2012): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114033.

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Lumi, Xhevat, Mateja M. Jelen, Daša Jevšinek Skok, et al. "Comparison of SNP Genotypes Related to Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR) across Slovenian and European Subpopulations." Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8761625.

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The present study investigated the distribution of genotypes within single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes, related to PVR pathogenesis across European subpopulations. Genotype distributions of 42 SNPs among 96 Slovenian healthy controls were investigated and compared to genotype frequencies in 503 European individuals (Ensembl database) and their subpopulations. Furthermore, a case-control status was simulated to evaluate effects of allele frequency changes on statistically significant results in gene-association studies investigating functional polymorphisms. In addition, 96 healthy controls were investigated within 4 SNPs: rs17561 (IL1A), rs2069763 (IL2), rs2229094 (LTA), and rs1800629 (TNF) in comparison to PVR patients. Significant differences (P<0.05) in distribution of genotypes among 96 Slovenian participants and a European population were found in 10 SNPs: rs3024498 (IL10), rs315952 (IL1RN), rs2256965 (LST1), rs2256974 (LST1), rs909253 (LTA), rs2857602 (LTA), rs3138045 (NFKB1A), rs3138056 (NFKB1A), rs7656613 (PDGFRA), and rs1891467 (TGFB2), which additionally showed significant differences in genotype distribution among European subpopulations. This analysis also showed statistically significant differences in genotype distributions between healthy controls and PVR patients in rs17561 of the IL1A gene (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 0.77–11.75; P=0.036) and in rs1800629 of the TNF gene (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27–0.87; P=0.014). Furthermore, we have shown that a small change (0.02) in minor allele frequency (MAF) significantly affects the statistical p value in case-control studies. In conclusion, the study showed differences in genotype distributions in healthy populations across different European countries. Differences in distribution of genotypes may have had influenced failed replication results in previous PVR-related SNP-association studies.

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de Baey, A., B. Fellerhoff, S. Maier, and E. H. Weiss. "Tissue specific expression and alternative splicing of the LST1 gene of the TNF region." Human Immunology 47, no. 1-2 (1996): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-8859(96)85042-7.

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Holzinger, Ingrid, Annegret de Baey, Gerald Messer, Gerold Kick, Heinz Zwierzina, and Elizabeth H. Weiss. "Cloning and genomic characterization of LST1: a new gene in the human TNF region." Immunogenetics 42, no. 5 (1995): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00179392.

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Ovsyannikova, Inna G., Robert A. Vierkant, V. Shane Pankratz, Robert M. Jacobson, and Gregory A. Poland. "Extended LTA, TNF, LST1 and HLA Gene Haplotypes and Their Association with Rubella Vaccine-Induced Immunity." PLoS ONE 5, no. 7 (2010): e11806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011806.

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de Baey, Annegret, Barbara Fellerhoff, Sabine Maier, Silvia Martinozzi, Ullrich Weidle, and Elisabeth H. Weiss. "Complex Expression Pattern of the TNF Region Gene LST1 through Differential Regulation, Initiation, and Alternative Splicing." Genomics 45, no. 3 (1997): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/geno.1997.4963.

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Qin, Wentao, Fu Gan, Riguan Liang, et al. "Identification of Monocyte-Associated Genes Related to the Instability of Atherosclerosis Plaque." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022 (September 21, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3972272.

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Background. Atherosclerotic plaque instability is a common cause of stroke and ischemic infarction, and identification of monocyte-associated genes has become a prominent feature in cardiovascular research as a contributing/predictive marker. Methods. Whole genome sequencing data were downloaded from GSE159677, GSE41571, GSE120521, and GSE118481. Single-cell sequencing data analysis was conducted to cluster molecular subtypes of atherosclerotic plaques and identify specific genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal subjects and patients with unstable atheromatous plaques were screened. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to find key module genes. In addition, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses explored potential biological signaling pathways to generate protein interaction (PPI) networks. GSEA and GSVA demonstrated activations in plaque instability subtypes. Results. 239 monocyte-associated genes were identified based on bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing, followed by the recognition of 1221 atherosclerotic plaque-associated DEGs from the pooled matrix. GO and KEGG analyses suggested that DEGs might be related to inflammation response and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Eight no-grey modules were obtained through WGCNA analysis, and the turquoise module has the highest correlation with unstable plaque ( R 2 = 0.40 ), which contained 1323 module genes. After fetching the intersecting genes, CXCL3, FPR1, GK, and LST1 were obtained that were significantly associated with plaque instability, which had an intense specific interaction. Monocyte-associated genes associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability have certain diagnostic significance and are generally overexpressed in this patient population. In addition, 11 overlapping coexpressed genes (CEG) might also activated multiple pathways regulating inflammatory responses, platelet activation, and hypoxia-inducible factors. GSVA showed that the corresponding pathways were significantly activated in high expression samples. Conclusions. Overexpression of CXCL3, GK, FPR1, and LST1 was advanced recognition and intervention factors for unstable plaques, which might become targets for atherosclerosis rupture prevention. We also analyzed the potential mechanisms of CEG from inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.

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Lei, Haixin, and Igor Vořechovský. "Identification of Splicing Silencers and Enhancers in Sense Alus: a Role for Pseudoacceptors in Splice Site Repression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 16 (2005): 6912–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.16.6912-6920.2005.

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ABSTRACT Auxiliary splicing signals in introns play an important role in splice site selection, but these elements are poorly understood. We show that a subset of serine/arginine (SR)-rich proteins activate a cryptic 3′ splice site in a sense Alu repeat located in intron 4 of the human LST1 gene. Utilization of this cryptic splice site is controlled by juxtaposed Alu-derived splicing silencers and enhancers between closely linked short tandem repeats TNFd and TNFe. Systematic mutagenesis of these elements showed that AG dinucleotides that were not preceded by purine residues were critical for repressing exon inclusion of a chimeric splicing reporter. Since the splice acceptor-like sequences are present in excess in exonic splicing silencers, these signals may contribute to inhibition of a large number of pseudosites in primate genomes.

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Liu, Guiyou, Yang Hu, Shuilin Jin, Fang Zhang, Qinghua Jiang, and Junwei Hao. "Cis-eQTLs regulate reduced LST1 gene and NCR3 gene expression and contribute to increased autoimmune disease risk." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 42 (2016): E6321—E6322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614369113.

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Mulcahy, H., K. P. O'Rourke, C. Adams, M. G. Molloy та F. O'Gara. "LST1 and NCR3 expression in autoimmune inflammation and in response to IFN-γ, LPS and microbial infection". Immunogenetics 57, № 12 (2005): 893–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-005-0057-2.

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Janus, G., T. Samson, R. Faudon, C. Renaudeau, M. Joussemet, and G. Fabre. "Conséquences sur les PSL de la déleucocytation par filtration du sang total avec le filtre intégré Leucoflex® LST1." Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 4, no. 6 (1997): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1246-7820(97)80080-8.

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Woollacott, Christine, and Quentin C. B. Cronk. "The hooded mutant of Lathyrus odoratus (Fabaceae) is associated with a cycloidea gene mutation." Botany 96, no. 1 (2018): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0097.

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The hooded (hdd) floral mutant of Lathyrus odoratus L. (sweet pea) has a concave standard petal compared with the flat standard petal of the wild type. This trait was used by Bateson, Punnett, and Saunders in early studies of Mendelian inheritance (c.1905). Here we provide four lines of evidence that this phenotype results from a mutation in the CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2) gene. (i) CYC2 is expressed in the standard petals of wild-type L. odoratus, whereas the same methods fail to detect expression in hdd plants. (ii) Genomic sequencing reveals that the CYC2 gene sequence of hdd plants is truncated at the TCP box and likely nonfunctional. (iii) In a population of 118 plants, the hdd phenotype cosegregated with the mutant allele of CYC2 without exception. (iv) CYC2 is known to act as a dorsal petal identity gene. Consistent with this, the standard petal in hdd flowers has the epidermal and pigment characteristics of wing petals, indicating that the hdd mutation results in a shift in dorsiventral petal-type identity. We conclude that the mutation in CYC2 is responsible for the hdd phenotype, and is therefore the L. odoratus equivalent of the lobed standard (lst1) mutant in Pisum.

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Raghunathan, Arumugham, Ramou Sivakamasundari, Joseph Wolenski, Ranjana Poddar, and Sherman M. Weissman. "Functional Analysis of B144/LST1: A Gene in the Tumor Necrosis Factor Cluster That Induces Formation of Long Filopodia in Eukaryotic Cells." Experimental Cell Research 268, no. 2 (2001): 230–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/excr.2001.5290.

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Chu, Francesco, Fausto Maffini, Daniela Lepanto, et al. "The Genetic and Immunologic Landscape Underlying the Risk of Malignant Progression in Laryngeal Dysplasia." Cancers 15, no. 4 (2023): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041117.

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(1) Background: The development of laryngeal cancer is a multistep process involving structural alterations of the epithelial mucosa, from dysplasia (LDy) to invasive carcinoma. In this study, we define new biomarkers, prognostic for malignant transformation, in patients affected by LDy. (2) Methods: We used targeted next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis to define the mutational and immunological landscape of 15 laryngeal dysplasia progressing to invasive cancer (progressing dysplasia), as well as 31 cases of laryngeal dysplasia that did not progress to carcinoma (non-progressing dysplasia). Two pathologists independently analyzed the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in LDy pre-embedded paraffin-fixed specimens. The RNA-based next-generation sequencing panel OIRRA was used to evaluate the expression of 395 genes related to immune system activation. (3) Results: High TILs are significantly correlated with a higher risk of malignant transformation. The non-brisk pattern was significantly associated with an 86% reduced risk of malignant progression (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.03–0.5, p = 0.008). TILs showed a highly positive correlation with CCR6, CD83, HLA-DPB1, MX1 and SNAI1, and they were inversely correlated with CD48, CIITA, CXCR4, FCER1G, IL1B, LST1 and TLR8. (4) Conclusions: TILs have a great potential to identify high-risk progression dysplasia and thus to define surveillance protocols and prevention programs.

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Pacitto, Angela, David B. Ascher, Louise H. Wong, et al. "Lst4, the yeast Fnip1/2 orthologue, is a DENN-family protein." Open Biology 5, no. 12 (2015): 150174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.150174.

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The folliculin/Fnip complex has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the mechanisms underlying Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome, a rare inherited cancer syndrome. Lst4 has been previously proposed to be the Fnip1/2 orthologue in yeast and therefore a member of the DENN family. In order to confirm this, we solved the crystal structure of the N-terminal region of Lst4 from Kluyveromyces lactis and show it contains a longin domain, the first domain of the full DENN module. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Lst4 through its DENN domain interacts with Lst7, the yeast folliculin orthologue. Like its human counterpart, the Lst7/Lst4 complex relocates to the vacuolar membrane in response to nutrient starvation, most notably in carbon starvation. Finally, we express and purify the recombinant Lst7/Lst4 complex and show that it exists as a 1 : 1 heterodimer in solution. This work confirms the membership of Lst4 and the Fnip proteins in the DENN family, and provides a basis for using the Lst7/Lst4 complex to understand the molecular function of folliculin and its role in the pathogenesis of BHD syndrome.

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Draber, Peter, Ondrej Stepanek, Matous Hrdinka, et al. "LST1/A Is a Myeloid Leukocyte-specific Transmembrane Adaptor Protein Recruiting Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 to the Plasma Membrane." Journal of Biological Chemistry 287, no. 27 (2012): 22812–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m112.339143.

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Draber, Peter, Ondrej Stepanek, Matous Hrdinka, et al. "LST1/A is a myeloid leukocyte-specific transmembrane adaptor protein recruiting protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 to the plasma membrane." Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, no. 39 (2013): 28309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.a112.339143.

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Nagy, Gyula Richárd, Balázs Gyõrffy, Orsolya Galamb, Béla Molnár, Bálint Nagy, and Zoltán Papp. "Use of Routinely Collected Amniotic Fluid for Whole-Genome Expression Analysis of Polygenic Disorders." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 11 (2006): 2013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.074971.

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Abstract Background: Neural tube defects related to polygenic disorders are the second most common birth defects in the world, but no molecular biologic tests are available to analyze the genes involved in the pathomechanism of these disorders. We explored the use of routinely collected amniotic fluid to characterize the differential gene expression profiles of polygenic disorders. Methods: We used oligonucleotide microarrays to analyze amniotic fluid samples obtained from pregnant women carrying fetuses with neural tube defects diagnosed during ultrasound examination. The control samples were obtained from pregnant women who underwent routine genetic amniocentesis because of advanced maternal age (&gt;35 years). We also investigated specific folate-related genes because maternal periconceptional folic acid supplementation has been found to have a protective effect with respect to neural tube defects. Results: Fetal mRNA from amniocytes was successfully isolated, amplified, labeled, and hybridized to whole-genome transcript arrays. We detected differential gene expression profiles between cases and controls. Highlighted genes such as SLA, LST1, and BENE might be important in the development of neural tube defects. None of the specific folate-related genes were in the top 100 associated transcripts. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated that a routinely collected amount of amniotic fluid (as small as 6 mL) can provide sufficient RNA to successfully hybridize to expression arrays. Analysis of the differences in fetal gene expressions might help us decipher the complex genetic background of polygenic disorders.

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Geng, Huimin, Donna Neuberg, Elisabeth Paietta, et al. "Integrative Genome-Wide DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Biological and Clinical Insights In Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Blood 116, no. 21 (2010): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.852.852.

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Abstract Abstract 852 Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive disease with <30% long-term survival. This relatively poor outcome can be explained in part by an increased frequency of high-risk molecular subtypes compared to childhood ALL, such as BCR/ABL (20%-40% in adults vs 2%-5% in children). We hypothesized that aberrant epigenetic gene regulation contributes to the pathogenesis and clinical features of adult ALL. We therefore performed genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression microarray studies of 215 adult patients with B-lineage ALL enrolled in the ECOG E2993 phase III trial. Patients had a median follow-up 4.75 years (3.5 months to 13 years) and median age 39 years (17 to 63 years). BCR/ABL(+) cases (n=83) had a worse overall survival (OS, p=0.08) than BCR/ABL(-) cases (n=132). The smaller difference in survival in this series between BCR/ABL(+) and (-) cases is likely due to the use of imatinib in some of these patients. The HELP microarray assay was used to measure DNA methylation at 50,000 CpGs annotated to ∼22,000 RefSeq promoters. The accuracy of HELP was confirmed by extensive quantitative single locus validation studies. Supervised analysis revealed the presence of a markedly aberrant DNA methylation signature (166 genes) in BCR/ABL(+) ALL with the cutoff values of p<0.001 (FDR<0.002) and log fold change>1, and a differential gene expression profile of 416 genes at p<0.001 (FDR<0.004) and log fold change>1. Integrative analysis of expression and DNA methylation indicated that many of these genes are functionally connected within a gene network centered around IL8, which was over expressed and hypomethylated in BCR/ABL(+) cases, along with IL2RA(CD25), CEBPB, ABL1, ID1, IL15, BCL2L13, CD69, NOV, S100A8 and S100A9. KEGG and BioCarta pathway analysis also showed enrichment for IL8 signaling, NF-kB Activation, B Cell Development and Antigen Presentation pathways, suggesting these cytokine networks might play central and distinct roles in BCR/ABL(+) ALL. To identify a core set of functionally relevant genes, we explored the overlap of the DNA methylation and gene expression signatures. The overlap consisted of 13 genes, among which 11 showed inverse correlation, including CD200, GAB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, IL2RA (CD25), LST1, LTB, NOV, ROB04, S100A9, and CD38. Consistent with previous ECOG findings, CD25 positivity was a more dominant predictor than BCR/ABL, and could further stratify BCR/ABL(+) patients into a favorable (CD25-) and a poor (CD25+) outcome group (OS, p=0.07). When comparing CD25(+) and CD25(-) groups among BCR/ABL(+) cases, we found RhoH and UBE2J1 as the top differentially methylated and IL2RA(CD25) as the top differentially expressed genes, and all three genes showed concordant corresponding changes in expression and methylation. The aberrant DNA methylation signature of MLL/AF4 cases was even more dramatic, with 469 identified as differentially methylated (p<0.001 (FDR<0.015), log fold change>1) and 1108 genes differentially expressed (p<0.001 (FDR<0.009), log fold change>1). Integrated analysis of DNA methylation and expression implicated gene pathways centered around TNFA and MYC, respectively. A core set of 44 genes were identified overlapping between the methylation and gene expression signatures, among which 34 showed inverse correlation, including ANXA5, BRE, CAPG, CEBPA, FAIM, FLT3, FUT4, IGFBP7, IL1R2, ITGA7, ITGAE, MAP1A, MAP7, MRPL33, PARP8, RBKS, SLITRK4 and TFR2 with overexpression and hypomethylation, and BTBD3, CCR6, FYN, GAB1, GYPC, HPS4, IL2RA, KCNK3, LCK, LST1, LTB, PRKCH, QPCT, S100A13, SGPL1 and ZAP70 with underexpression and hypermethylation in MLL/AF4(+) ALL. All signatures were independent of B-ALL differentiation stage. Using univariate Cox Hazard Regression model adjusted by age, WBC, CD25 and BCR/ABL status, we furthermore identified 259 expression and 115 methylation markers which were significantly correlated with patient OS risk (p<0.01). Molecularly or immunophenotypically defined poor prognosis adult B- ALLs thus feature specific aberrant DNA methylation profiles with associated inversely correlated gene expression. These gene sets delineate specific biological functions that may contribute to disease phenotype and offer an opportunity for development of targeted therapy. Aberrantly methylated genes in adult B-ALL correlate with clinical risk independent of other clinical or molecular risk factors. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Zhang, Jiaqi, Xiangjin Shen, Yanji Wang, Ming Jiang, and Xianguo Lu. "Effects of Forest Changes on Summer Surface Temperature in Changbai Mountain, China." Forests 12, no. 11 (2021): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111551.

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The area and vegetation coverage of forests in Changbai Mountain of China have changed significantly during the past decades. Understanding the effects of forests and forest coverage change on regional climate is important for predicting climate change in Changbai Mountain. Based on the satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST), albedo, evapotranspiration, leaf area index, and land-use data, this study analyzed the influences of forests and forest coverage changes on summer LST in Changbai Mountain. Results showed that the area and vegetation coverage of forests increased in Changbai Mountain from 2003 to 2017. Compared with open land, forests could decrease the summer daytime LST (LSTD) and nighttime LST (LSTN) by 1.10 °C and 0.07 °C, respectively. The increase in forest coverage could decrease the summer LSTD and LSTN by 0.66 °C and 0.04 °C, respectively. The forests and increasing forest coverage had cooling effects on summer temperature, mainly by decreasing daytime temperature in Changbai Mountain. The daytime cooling effect is mainly related to the increased latent heat flux caused by increasing evapotranspiration. Our results suggest that the effects of forest coverage change on climate should be considered in climate models for accurately simulating regional climate change in Changbai Mountain of China.

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Veraverbeke, Sander, Willem W. Verstraeten, Stefaan Lhermitte, Ruben Van De Kerchove, and Rudi Goossens. "Assessment of post-fire changes in land surface temperature and surface albedo, and their relation with fire - burn severity using multitemporal MODIS imagery." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 3 (2012): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10075.

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This study evaluates the effects of the large 2007 Peloponnese (Greece) wildfires on changes in broadband surface albedo (α), daytime land surface temperature (LSTd) and night-time LST (LSTn) using a 2-year post-fire time series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data. In addition, it assesses the potential of remotely sensed α and LST as indicators for fire–burn severity. Immediately after the fire event, mean α dropped up to 0.039 (standard deviation = 0.012) (P < 0.001), mean LSTd increased up to 8.4 (3.0) K (P < 0.001), and mean LSTn decreased up to –1.2 (1.5) K (P < 0.001) for high-severity plots (P < 0.001). After this initial alteration, fire-induced changes become clearly smaller and seasonality starts governing the α and LST time series. Compared with the fire-induced changes in α and LST, the post-fire NDVI drop was more persistent in time. This temporal constraint restricts the utility of remotely sensed α and LST as indicators for fire–burn severity. For the times when changes in α and LST were significant, the magnitude of changes was related to fire–burn severity, revealing the importance of vegetation as a regulator of land surface energy fluxes.

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Bueh, Cholaw, and Zuowei Xie. "An Objective Technique for Detecting Large-Scale Tilted Ridges and Troughs and Its Application to an East Asian Cold Event." Monthly Weather Review 143, no. 12 (2015): 4765–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00238.1.

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Abstract The present study identified the large-scale tilted ridge and trough (LSTR and LSTT, respectively) axes of the midtropospheric circulation over mid- and high-latitude regions using an objective identification technique that has not previously been applied. In this method, the identification procedure classified contours of 500-hPa height (Z500) fields into three types: the circumpolar wavy contour, the circumpolar contour containing the meridionally overturned (or wave breaking) part, and the locally closed contour. The ridge and trough points were defined on these three types of contours and, subsequently, the ridge or trough axes were identified after connecting successively the nearest ridge or trough points of the neighboring contours under a minimum distance constraint. The performance of the identification method was tested in the daily Z500 fields during 15 November 2011–15 March 2012. The hit rate, false-alarm ratio, and threat score of the method in test reveal that it performs well with a reasonably good skill. An examination of the wave-breaking features during the same period also suggests that the method performs well in the identification of LSTRs and LSTTs for the meridionally overturned parts of the Z500 contours. This objective technique was also applied to an extensive and persistent cold event over East Asia. Results show that the horizontal extent of the Siberian high corresponds well with the zonal extents of the identified LSTR and LSTT. The identification method in the present study might be useful for identifying the key circulation systems associated with extensive and persistent cold air outbreaks during winter.

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Péli-Gulli, Marie-Pierre, Alessandro Sardu, Nicolas Panchaud, Serena Raucci, and Claudio De Virgilio. "Amino Acids Stimulate TORC1 through Lst4-Lst7, a GTPase-Activating Protein Complex for the Rag Family GTPase Gtr2." Cell Reports 13, no. 1 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.059.

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Péli-Gulli, Marie-Pierre, Serena Raucci, Zehan Hu, Jörn Dengjel, and Claudio De Virgilio. "Feedback Inhibition of the Rag GTPase GAP Complex Lst4-Lst7 Safeguards TORC1 from Hyperactivation by Amino Acid Signals." Cell Reports 20, no. 2 (2017): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.058.

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Murugesan, R., Eva Mishra, and Akash Hari Krishnan. "Forecasting agricultural commodities prices using deep learning-based models: basic LSTM, bi-LSTM, stacked LSTM, CNN LSTM, and convolutional LSTM." International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Management and Informatics 8, no. 3 (2022): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsami.2022.125757.

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Krishnan, Akash Hari, R. Murugesan, and Eva Mishra. "Forecasting agricultural commodities prices using deep learning-based models: basic LSTM, bi-LSTM, stacked LSTM, CNN LSTM, and convolutional LSTM." International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Management and Informatics 8, no. 3 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsami.2022.10048228.

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Van Epps, Heather L. "LSP1." Journal of Experimental Medicine 201, no. 3 (2005): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem2013iti4.

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Deb, Gauri, Bettina Wingelhofer, Emma Williams, Hui-Sun Leong, and Tim CP Somervaille. "Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen Identifies Sensitizers to LSD1 Inhibition in MLL-Translocated Human AML Cells." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-178.

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Abstract Lysine-specific demethylase (LSD1, also known as KDM1A) is an epigenetic regulator that has recently emerged as a potential therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is a flavin dependent monoamine oxidase which can demethylate monomethyl or dimethyl lysine 4 of histone H3. Pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 induces differentiation of blast cells in MLL-translocated AML and has shown significant promise in pre-clinical studies. With LSD1 inhibitors advancing through early-phase clinical trials, there is a strong pre-clinical rationale for the identification of genes whose protein products collaborate with LSD1 to retard differentiation in cancer and which could potentially be targeted in combination therapies for enhanced therapeutic benefit. To identify potential drug-gene synthetic lethal interactions, we performed a genome wide loss-of-function CRISPR-Cas9 screen in human THP1 AML cells treated with a potent and selective tranylcypromine-derivative LSD1 inhibitor trans-N-((2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine (OG86). THP1 cells exhibit a t(9;11) MLL gene rearrangement and display similar phenotypic and functional responses to those observed in primary MLL-translocated AML cells following LSD1 inhibition. The cells were transduced with lentiviral human CRISPR knockout (hGeCKOv2) library containing 122,411 sgRNAs targeting 19,050 protein coding genes and 1864 miRNA precursors in the human genome. The transduced cells were divided into two groups, treated with either DMSO or 250nM OG86 and maintained in culture for ~10 population doublings. To investigate sgRNA representation in the cell population harvested at different stages of the screen, sgRNA cassettes were PCR amplified from genomic DNA and deep sequenced; negatively selected genes were identified with the MAGeCK computational algorithm. After successful initial quality assessment of the screen, we next searched for genes selectively depleted in OG86-treated versus DMSO-treated THP1 cells in samples collected on Day 15 and Day 18. At a false discovery rate of 7.5% there were 10 expressed genes whose sgRNA representation was depleted at both time points. In particular, these included two genes coding for components of the MTOR signaling pathway: MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog (MLST8) and Ras-related GTP-binding protein A (RRAGA). In the Day 18 comparison, an additional MTOR pathway gene LAMTOR2 scored among the ten most depleted. MLST8 is a core component of TORC1/TORC2 complex and RRAGA is involved in the activation of TORC1 by amino acids. Recruitment of both RAG proteins and TORC1 to lysosomal membranes in response to amino acids, and the consequent activation of TORC1 signalling, requires the trimeric Ragulator complex, of which LAMTOR2 is a member.Based on our screen, we hypothesized that THP1 AML cells exposed to pharmacologic inhibition of LSD1 exhibit increased sensitivity to concomitant inhibition of the amino acid sensing component of the TORC1 pathway. Using genetic knockdown and pharmacological inhibition strategies, we then validated our screen hits in combination with LSD1 inhibition in targeting human AML cells. RNAi based knockdown of RRAGA, LAMTOR2 and MLST8 in combination with LSD1 inhibition were found to promote myeloid differentiation and reduce cell proliferation in THP1 cells. Interestingly the mTORC1 pathway inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) showed at least additive effect in combination with OG86 to decrease THP1 cell proliferation and promote immunophenotypic differentiation. Comparison of transcription changes in combined versus single treatment conditions by RNA-seq analysis further confirmed a more extensive and wide-ranging upregulation of a myeloid differentiation program upon concomitant inhibition of LSD1 and mTORC1 pathway. In vitro studies performed in primary patient AML cells gave similar results. Finally, in vivo studies using AML patient-derived xenograft mouse model confirmed that combination treatment promotes a strong myeloid differentiation program. In conclusion, we report here that inhibition of mTORC1 sensitizes human MLL-translocated AML cells to LSD1 inhibitor-mediated differentiation therefore highlighting a novel combination approach for evaluation in clinical trials. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Victor, Nancy, and Daphne Lopez. "sl-LSTM." International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing 12, no. 3 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijghpc.2020070101.

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The volume of data in diverse data formats from various data sources has led the way for a new drift in the digital world, Big Data. This article proposes sl-LSTM (sequence labelling LSTM), a neural network architecture that combines the effectiveness of typical LSTM models to perform sequence labeling tasks. This is a bi-directional LSTM which uses stochastic gradient descent optimization and combines two features of the existing LSTM variants: coupled input-forget gates for reducing the computational complexity and peephole connections that allow all gates to inspect the current cell state. The model is tested on different datasets and the results show that the integration of various neural network models can further improve the efficiency of approach for identifying sensitive information in Big data.

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Liu, Zhandong, Wengang Zhou, and Houqiang Li. "AB-LSTM." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 15, no. 4 (2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3356728.

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Atitar, Mariam, and JosÉ Antonio Sobrino. "A Split-Window Algorithm for Estimating LST From Meteosat 9 Data: Test and Comparison With Data and MODIS LSTs." IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 6, no. 1 (2009): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2008.2006410.

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Moon, Jihoon, Yuna Han, Hangbae Chang, and Seungmin Rho. "Multistep-Ahead Solar Irradiance Forecasting for Smart Cities Based on LSTM, Bi-LSTM, and GRU Neural Networks." Journal of Society for e-Business Studies 27, no. 4 (2022): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7838/jsebs.2022.27.4.027.

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Suebsombut, Paweena, Aicha Sekhari, Pradorn Sureephong, Abdelhak Belhi, and Abdelaziz Bouras. "Field Data Forecasting Using LSTM and Bi-LSTM Approaches." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (2021): 11820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411820.

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Water, an essential resource for crop production, is becoming increasingly scarce, while cropland continues to expand due to the world’s population growth. Proper irrigation scheduling has been shown to help farmers improve crop yield and quality, resulting in more sustainable water consumption. Soil Moisture (SM), which indicates the amount of water in the soil, is one of the most important crop irrigation parameters. In terms of water usage optimization and crop yield, estimating future soil moisture (forecasting) is an essentially valuable task for crop irrigation. As a result, farmers can base crop irrigation decisions on this parameter. Sensors can be used to estimate this value in real time, which may assist farmers in deciding whether or not to irrigate. The soil moisture value provided by the sensors, on the other hand, is instantaneous and cannot be used to directly compute irrigation parameters such as the best timing or the required water quantity to irrigate. The soil moisture value can, in fact, vary greatly depending on factors such as humidity, weather, and time. Using machine learning methods, these parameters can be used to predict soil moisture levels in the near future. This paper proposes a new Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM)-based model to forecast soil moisture values in the future based on parameters collected from various sensors as a potential solution. To train and validate this model, a real-world dataset containing a set of parameters related to weather forecasting, soil moisture, and other related parameters was collected using smart sensors installed in a greenhouse in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. Preliminary results show that our LSTM-based model performs well in predicting soil moisture with a 0.72% RMSE error and a 0.52% cross-validation error (LSTM), and our Bi-LSTM model with a 0.76% RMSE error and a 0.57% cross-validation error. In the future, we aim to test and validate this model on other similar datasets.

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Song, Jun, Siliang Tang, Jun Xiao, Fei Wu, and Zhongfei Zhang. "LSTM-in-LSTM for generating long descriptions of images." Computational Visual Media 2, no. 4 (2016): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41095-016-0059-z.

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Song, Kyungwoo, JoonHo Jang, Seung jae Shin, and Il-Chul Moon. "Bivariate Beta-LSTM." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (2020): 5818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.6039.

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Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) infers the long term dependency through a cell state maintained by the input and the forget gate structures, which models a gate output as a value in [0,1] through a sigmoid function. However, due to the graduality of the sigmoid function, the sigmoid gate is not flexible in representing multi-modality or skewness. Besides, the previous models lack modeling on the correlation between the gates, which would be a new method to adopt inductive bias for a relationship between previous and current input. This paper proposes a new gate structure with the bivariate Beta distribution. The proposed gate structure enables probabilistic modeling on the gates within the LSTM cell so that the modelers can customize the cell state flow with priors and distributions. Moreover, we theoretically show the higher upper bound of the gradient compared to the sigmoid function, and we empirically observed that the bivariate Beta distribution gate structure provides higher gradient values in training. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the bivariate Beta gate structure on the sentence classification, image classification, polyphonic music modeling, and image caption generation.

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Cain, Chris. "AML takes LSD1." Science-Business eXchange 5, no. 14 (2012): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scibx.2012.352.

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Karyadi, Yadi. "Prediksi Kualitas Udara Dengan Metoda LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM, dan GRU." JATISI (Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi) 9, no. 1 (2022): 671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35957/jatisi.v9i1.1588.

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Kualitas udara menjadi salah satu masalah utama di kota besar. Salah satu cara pengendalian kualitas udara adalah dengan cara memprediksi beberapa parameter utama dengan menggunakan algoritma deep learning. Penelitian ini menggunakan metoda deep learning yang merupakan bagian dari Recurrent Neural network yaitu Long Short Term Memory, Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory, dan Gated Recurrent Unit yang diterapkan pada permasalahan memprediksi data time series kualitas udara dengan parameter suhu, kelembaban, particular matter PM10, dan Indeks Standar Pencemar Udara (ISPU). Dari hasil pengujian 3 jenis model prediksi terhadap 4 variabel berdasarkan kreteria penilain menggunakan RMSE dari data testing dan dibandingkan dengan standard deviasi, maka model LSTM dan LSTM Bidirectional telah menunjukan hasil yang bagus untuk permasalahan data yang bersifat time series kualitas udara, Sedangkan model Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) menampilkan hasil yang kurang bagus.

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Li, Youru, Zhenfeng Zhu, Deqiang Kong, Hua Han, and Yao Zhao. "EA-LSTM: Evolutionary attention-based LSTM for time series prediction." Knowledge-Based Systems 181 (October 2019): 104785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2019.05.028.

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