Articles de revues : « Long-distance signalling »

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Heil, Martin, et Jurriaan Ton. « Long-distance signalling in plant defence ». Trends in Plant Science 13, n^o 6 (juin 2008) : 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.03.005.

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Lake, Janice A., F. Ian Woodward et W. Paul Quick. « Long‐distance CO2 signalling in plants ». Journal of Experimental Botany 53, n^o 367 (1 février 2002) : 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.367.183.

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Turnbull, Colin G. N., Jon P. Booker et H. M. Ottoline Leyser. « Micrografting techniques for testing long-distance signalling inArabidopsis ». Plant Journal 32, n^o 2 (octobre 2002) : 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01419.x.

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Harrington, Anthony W., et David D. Ginty. « Long-distance retrograde neurotrophic factor signalling in neurons ». Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, n^o 3 (20 février 2013) : 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3253.

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Dodd, I., M. Rufino, J. Puertolas et S. Yeboah. « Exploiting plant long-distance signalling mechanisms in agriculture ». New Biotechnology 44 (octobre 2018) : S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.1265.

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Eom, Dae Seok. « Airinemes : thin cellular protrusions mediate long-distance signalling guided by macrophages ». Open Biology 10, n^o 8 (août 2020) : 200039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200039.

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Understanding the mechanisms of cell-to-cell communication is one of the fundamental questions in biology and medicine. In particular, long-range signalling where cells communicate over several cell diameters is vital during development and homeostasis. The major morphogens, their receptors and intracellular signalling cascades have largely been identified; however, there is a gap in our knowledge of how such signalling factors are propagated over a long distance. In addition to the diffusion-based propagation model, new modalities of disseminating signalling molecules have been identified. It has been shown that cells can communicate with direct contact through long, thin cellular protrusions between signal sending and receiving cells at a distance. Recent studies have revealed a type of cellular protrusion termed ‘airinemes’ in zebrafish pigment cell types. They share similarities with previously reported cellular protrusions; however, they also exhibit distinct morphology and features. Airinemes are indispensable for pigment pattern development by mediating long-distance Delta-Notch signalling between different pigment cell types. Notably, airineme-mediated signalling is dependent on skin-resident macrophages. Key findings of airineme-mediated intercellular signalling in pattern development, their interplay with macrophages and their implications for the understanding of cellular protrusion-mediated intercellular communication will be discussed.

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Kondhare, Kirtikumar R., Nikita S. Patil et Anjan K. Banerjee. « A historical overview of long-distance signalling in plants ». Journal of Experimental Botany 72, n^o 12 (3 mars 2021) : 4218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab048.

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Abstract Be it a small herb or a large tree, intra- and intercellular communication and long-distance signalling between distant organs are crucial for every aspect of plant development. The vascular system, comprising xylem and phloem, acts as a major conduit for the transmission of long-distance signals in plants. In addition to expanding our knowledge of vascular development, numerous reports in the past two decades revealed that selective populations of RNAs, proteins, and phytohormones function as mobile signals. Many of these signals were shown to regulate diverse physiological processes, such as flowering, leaf and root development, nutrient acquisition, crop yield, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. In this review, we summarize the significant discoveries made in the past 25 years, with emphasis on key mobile signalling molecules (mRNAs, proteins including RNA-binding proteins, and small RNAs) that have revolutionized our understanding of how plants integrate various intrinsic and external cues in orchestrating growth and development. Additionally, we provide detailed insights on the emerging molecular mechanisms that might control the selective trafficking and delivery of phloem-mobile RNAs to target tissues. We also highlight the cross-kingdom movement of mobile signals during plant–parasite relationships. Considering the dynamic functions of these signals, their implications in crop improvement are also discussed.

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Soler, Roxina, Matthias Erb et Ian Kaplan. « Long distance root–shoot signalling in plant–insect community interactions ». Trends in Plant Science 18, n^o 3 (mars 2013) : 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2012.08.010.

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Kinkema, Mark, Paul T. Scott et Peter M. Gresshoff. « Legume nodulation : successful symbiosis through short- and long-distance signalling ». Functional Plant Biology 33, n^o 8 (2006) : 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06056.

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Nodulation in legumes provides a major conduit of available nitrogen into the biosphere. The development of nitrogen-fixing nodules results from a symbiotic interaction between soil bacteria, commonly called rhizobia, and legume plants. Molecular genetic analysis in both model and agriculturally important legume species has resulted in the identification of a variety of genes that are essential for the establishment, maintenance and regulation of this symbiosis. Autoregulation of nodulation (AON) is a major internal process by which nodule numbers are controlled through prior nodulation events. Characterisation of AON-deficient mutants has revealed a novel systemic signal transduction pathway controlled by a receptor-like kinase. This review reports our present level of understanding on the short- and long-distance signalling networks controlling early nodulation events and AON.

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Turnbull, Colin G. N., et Rosa M. Lopez-Cobollo. « Heavy traffic in the fast lane : long-distance signalling by macromolecules ». New Phytologist 198, n^o 1 (12 février 2013) : 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12167.

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Jackson, Michael B. « Long‐distance signalling from roots to shoots assessed : the flooding story ». Journal of Experimental Botany 53, n^o 367 (1 février 2002) : 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.367.175.

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Godec, Aljaž, et Ralf Metzler. « Active transport improves the precision of linear long distance molecular signalling ». Journal of Physics A : Mathematical and Theoretical 49, n^o 36 (12 août 2016) : 364001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/49/36/364001.

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MUNEKAGE, YURI NAKAJIMA, SHIO INOUE, YUKI YONEDA et AKIHO YOKOTA. « Distinct palisade tissue development processes promoted by leaf autonomous signalling and long-distance signalling inArabidopsis thaliana ». Plant, Cell & ; Environment 38, n^o 6 (17 novembre 2014) : 1116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.12466.

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Luo, Shuitian, Xiao Zhang, Jinfei Wang, Chunyang Jiao, Yingying Chen et Yingbai Shen. « Plant ion channels and transporters in herbivory-induced signalling ». Functional Plant Biology 45, n^o 2 (2018) : 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16318.

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In contrast to many biotic stresses that plants face, feeding by herbivores produces unique mechanical and chemical signatures. Plants have evolved effective systems to recognise these mechanical stimuli and chemical elicitors at the plasma membrane (PM), where this recognition generates ion fluxes, including an influx of Ca2+ that elicits cellular Ca2+ signalling, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and variation in transmembrane potential. These signalling events also function in propagation of long-distance signals (Ca2+ waves, ROS waves, and electrical signals), which contribute to rapid, systemic induction of defence responses. Recent studies have identified several candidate channels or transporters that likely produce these ion fluxes at the PM. Here, we describe the important roles of these channels/transporters in transduction or transmission of herbivory-induced early signalling events, long-distance signals, and jasmonic acid and green leaf volatile signalling in plants.

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Kerkhove, Ray. « Smoke signalling resistance : Aboriginal use of long-distance communication during Australia’s frontier wars ». Queensland Review 28, n^o 1 (juin 2021) : 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2021.3.

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AbstractThis essay reconstructs defensive/offensive mechanisms of Aboriginal communication networks and presents historical examples of their application as a means of resistance during Australia’s frontier wars. The principal focus is on smoke-signalling systems, especially in Queensland.

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Gao, Yi-Qun, Ling-Hua Bu, Mei-Ling Han, Ya-Ling Wang, Zong-Yun Li, Hong-Tao Liu et Dai-Yin Chao. « Long-distance blue light signalling regulates phosphate deficiency-induced primary root growth inhibition ». Molecular Plant 14, n^o 9 (septembre 2021) : 1539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.002.

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Takahashi, Fuminori, Takehiro Suzuki, Yuriko Osakabe, Shigeyuki Betsuyaku, Yuki Kondo, Naoshi Dohmae, Hiroo Fukuda, Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki et Kazuo Shinozaki. « A small peptide modulates stomatal control via abscisic acid in long-distance signalling ». Nature 556, n^o 7700 (avril 2018) : 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0009-2.

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Wilkinson, S., et W. Hartung. « Food production : reducing water consumption by manipulating long-distance chemical signalling in plants ». Journal of Experimental Botany 60, n^o 7 (1 mai 2009) : 1885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp121.

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Roberts, Jeremy A., Ahmed Hussain, Ian B. Taylor et Colin R. Black. « Use of mutants to study long‐distance signalling in response to compacted soil ». Journal of Experimental Botany 53, n^o 366 (janvier 2002) : 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.366.45.

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Roberts, Jeremy A., Ahmed Hussain, Ian B. Taylor et Colin R. Black. « Use of mutants to study long‐distance signalling in response to compacted soil ». Journal of Experimental Botany 53, n^o 366 (janvier 2002) : 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/53.366.45.

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Hartung, W., et F. Jiang. « Long distance signalling of abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA-redistribution within the plant ». Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A : Molecular & ; Integrative Physiology 146, n^o 4 (avril 2007) : S235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.537.

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Gradilla, Ana-Citlali, Eléanor Simon, Gustavo Aguilar et Isabel Guerrero. « From intra- to extracellular vesicles : extracellular vesicles in developmental signalling ». Essays in Biochemistry 62, n^o 2 (15 mai 2018) : 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20180001.

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Signalling from cell-to-cell is fundamental for determining differentiation and patterning. This communication can occur between adjacent and distant cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-based structures thought to facilitate the long-distance movement of signalling molecules. EVs have recently been found to allow the transport of two major developmental signalling pathways: Hedgehog and Wnt. These signalling molecules undergo crucial post-translational lipid modifications, which anchor them to membranes and impede their free release into the extracellular space. Preparation of these ligands in EVs involves intracellular vesicle sorting in an endocytosis-dependent recycling process before secretion. In the present review, we discuss the most recent advances with regard to EV involvement in developmental signalling at a distance. We focus on the role of the protein complexes involved in EV genesis, and provide a comprehensive perspective of the contribution of these complexes to intracellular vesicle sorting of developmental signals for their extracellular secretion, reception and transduction.

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Forde, B. G. « The role of long-distance signalling in plant responses to nitrate and other nutrients ». Journal of Experimental Botany 53, n^o 366 (1 janvier 2002) : 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.366.39.

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Forde, Brian G. « The role of long‐distance signalling in plant responses to nitrate and other nutrients ». Journal of Experimental Botany 53, n^o 366 (1 janvier 2002) : 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/53.366.39.

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Dodd, Ian C. « Root-To-Shoot Signalling : Assessing The Roles of ‘Up’ In the Up and Down World of Long-Distance Signalling In Planta ». Plant and Soil 274, n^o 1-2 (juillet 2005) : 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-0966-0.

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Heerah, Sachin, Roberto Molinari, Stéphane Guerrier et Amy Marshall-Colon. « Granger-causal testing for irregularly sampled time series with application to nitrogen signalling in Arabidopsis ». Bioinformatics 37, n^o 16 (8 mars 2021) : 2450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab126.

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Abstract Motivation Identification of system-wide causal relationships can contribute to our understanding of long-distance, intercellular signalling in biological organisms. Dynamic transcriptome analysis holds great potential to uncover coordinated biological processes between organs. However, many existing dynamic transcriptome studies are characterized by sparse and often unevenly spaced time points that make the identification of causal relationships across organs analytically challenging. Application of existing statistical models, designed for regular time series with abundant time points, to sparse data may fail to reveal biologically significant, causal relationships. With increasing research interest in biological time series data, there is a need for new statistical methods that are able to determine causality within and between time series data sets. Here, a statistical framework was developed to identify (Granger) causal gene-gene relationships of unevenly spaced, multivariate time series data from two different tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to a nitrogen signal. Results This work delivers a statistical approach for modelling irregularly sampled bivariate signals which embeds functions from the domain of engineering that allow to adapt the model’s dependence structure to the specific sampling time. Using maximum-likelihood to estimate the parameters of this model for each bivariate time series, it is then possible to use bootstrap procedures for small samples (or asymptotics for large samples) in order to test for Granger-Causality. When applied to the A.thaliana data, the proposed approach produced 3078 significant interactions, in which 2012 interactions have root causal genes and 1066 interactions have shoot causal genes. Many of the predicted causal and target genes are known players in local and long-distance nitrogen signalling, including genes encoding transcription factors, hormones and signalling peptides. Of the 1007 total causal genes (either organ), 384 are either known or predicted mobile transcripts, suggesting that the identified causal genes may be directly involved in long-distance nitrogen signalling through intercellular interactions. The model predictions and subsequent network analysis identified nitrogen-responsive genes that can be further tested for their specific roles in long-distance nitrogen signalling. Availability and implementation The method was developed with the R statistical software and is made available through the R package ‘irg’ hosted on the GitHub repository https://github.com/SMAC-Group/irg where also a running example vignette can be found (https://smac-group.github.io/irg/articles/vignette.html). A few signals from the original data set are made available in the package as an example to apply the method and the complete A.thaliana data can be found at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE97500. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Morris, Richard J. « On the selectivity, specificity and signalling potential of the long-distance movement of messenger RNA ». Current Opinion in Plant Biology 43 (juin 2018) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2017.11.001.

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Avila, Matías A. « Long distance calling for liver regeneration : Identification of neuroendocrine signalling pathways activated after partial hepatectomy ». Journal of Hepatology 54, n^o 3 (mars 2011) : 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.009.

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McAuley, Emily M., et Susan M. Bertram. « Field Crickets Compensate for Unattractive Static Long-Distance Call Components by Increasing Dynamic Signalling Effort ». PLOS ONE 11, n^o 12 (9 décembre 2016) : e0167311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167311.

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Hartung, Wolfram, Daniela Schraut et Fan Jiang. « Physiology of abscisic acid (ABA) in roots under stress—a review of the relationship between root ABA and radial water and ABA flows ». Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, n^o 11 (2005) : 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05065.

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Abscisic acid (ABA), the universal plant stress hormone, is accumulated in roots subjected to a range of external stresses, including drought, salinity, and nutrient deficiencies. This accumulation is regulated by ABA-metabolism (biosynthesis and degradation), -recirculation, and -exudation. Stress ABA serves as a long-distance signal regulating the water relations of shoots (stomata, meristems) and roots (hydraulic conductivity, root development, desiccation tolerance). Endogenous ABA, radial water flows (JV), and radial ABA flows (JABA) are closely coupled. Here we described the relations between these processes that are crucial factors for the role of ABA as a stress hormone and a long-distance stress signal. Crop varieties with high ABA concentrations exhibit an intensified long distance ABA signalling that reduces water consumption and, in the case of grapevine, improves the quality of the berries.

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Chatterjee, Swagato. « Signalling Service Quality through Price and Certifications ». Global Business Review 21, n^o 1 (14 janvier 2018) : 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150917749291.

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Signalling quality in the service domain and finding optimal strategies for the same have not been explored well in marketing literature. The study proposes a price–certification combination strategy to signal the service quality when the quality level remains unobserved by the consumers. Theoretical modelling has been done in a duopoly setting to determine the possible separating and pooling equilibriums when there is a possible long-term effect of low-quality belief. The separating equilibrium shows that the low-quality firm will not opt for certification and its price will depend on its quality distance from and the price of the high-quality firm. The high-quality firm’s certification costs will also depend on the quality distance of the two firms, its price level and the possible future effects of not participating in the certification programme. The range of possible certification costs of the high-quality firm increases as the future loss of not being certified increases. Moreover, as the quality difference between the firms increases, the high-quality firm can reduce its certification costs and after some level can actually signal only by its high price without any certification. The polling equilibrium of the analysis shows a Bertrand equilibrium, where both the firms set their price and certification costs to zero. The implications and future research directions are suggested in the article.

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GWYNNE, DARRYL T., et E. D. EDWARDS. « Ultrasound production by genital stridulation in Syntonarcha iriastis (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) : long-distance signalling by male moths ? » Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 88, n^o 4 (décembre 1986) : 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1986.tb02253.x.

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Jiang, F., et W. Hartung. « Long-distance signalling of abscisic acid (ABA) : the factors regulating the intensity of the ABA signal ». Journal of Experimental Botany 59, n^o 1 (18 décembre 2007) : 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm127.

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Sukhov, Vladimir, Ekaterina Sukhova, Ekaterina Gromova, Lyubov Surova, Vladimir Nerush et Vladimir Vodeneev. « The electrical signal-induced systemic photosynthetic response is accompanied by changes in the photochemical reflectance index in pea ». Functional Plant Biology 46, n^o 4 (2019) : 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp18224.

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Plants can be affected by numerous environmental stressors with spatially heterogeneous actions on their bodies. A fast systemic photosynthetic response, which is connected with long-distance electrical signalling, plays an important role in the adaptation of higher plants to the action of stressors. Potentially, measurement of the response by using a photochemical reflectance index (PRI) could be the basis of monitoring photosynthesis under spatially heterogeneous stressors; however, the method has not been previously used for investigating the systemic photosynthetic response. We investigated changes in PRI and photosynthetic parameters (quantum yields of PSI and PSII and nonphotochemical quenching) in intact leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) after local heating of another leaf and the propagation of electrical signals through the plant body. We showed that electrical signals decreased the quantum yields of PSI and PSII and increased the nonphotochemical quenching of intact leaves in times ranging from minutes to tens of minutes; the changes were strongly connected with changes in PRI. Additional analysis showed that changes in PRI were caused by an increase of the energy-dependent quenching induced by electrical signals. Thus PRI can be potentially used for monitoring the systemic photosynthetic response connected with long-distance electrical signalling.

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Freeman, M. « Cell determination strategies in the Drosophila eye ». Development 124, n^o 2 (15 janvier 1997) : 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.2.261.

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Cells in the Drosophila eye are determined by inductive signalling. Here I describe a new model of eye development that explains how simple intercellular signals could specify the diverse cell types that constitute the ommatidium. This model arises from the recent observation that the Drosophila homologue of the EGF receptor (DER) is used reiteratively to trigger the differentiation of each of the cell types--successive rounds of DER activation recruit first the photoreceptors, then cone and finally pigment cells. It seems that a cell's identity is not determined by the specific signal that induces it, but is instead a function of the state of the cell when it receives the signal. DER signalling is activated by the ligand, Spitz, and inhibited by the secreted protein, Argos. Spitz is initially produced by the central cells in the ommatidium and diffuses over a small distance. Argos has a longer range, allowing it to block more distal cells from being activated by low levels of Spitz; I have termed this interplay between a short-range activator and a long-range inhibitor ‘remote inhibition’. Since inductive signalling is common in many organisms and its components have been conserved, it is possible that the logic of signalling may also be conserved.

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Küpers, Jesse J., Lisa Oskam et Ronald Pierik. « Photoreceptors Regulate Plant Developmental Plasticity through Auxin ». Plants 9, n^o 8 (24 juillet 2020) : 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080940.

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Light absorption by plants changes the composition of light inside vegetation. Blue (B) and red (R) light are used for photosynthesis whereas far-red (FR) and green light are reflected. A combination of UV-B, blue and R:FR-responsive photoreceptors collectively measures the light and temperature environment and adjusts plant development accordingly. This developmental plasticity to photoreceptor signals is largely regulated through the phytohormone auxin. The phytochrome, cryptochrome and UV Resistance Locus 8 (UVR8) photoreceptors are inactivated in shade and/or elevated temperature, which releases their repression of Phytochrome Interacting Factor (PIF) transcription factors. Active PIFs stimulate auxin synthesis and reinforce auxin signalling responses through direct interaction with Auxin Response Factors (ARFs). It was recently discovered that shade-induced hypocotyl elongation and petiole hyponasty depend on long-distance auxin transport towards target cells from the cotyledon and leaf tip, respectively. Other responses, such as phototropic bending, are regulated by auxin transport and signalling across only a few cell layers. In addition, photoreceptors can directly interact with components in the auxin signalling pathway, such as Auxin/Indole Acetic Acids (AUX/IAAs) and ARFs. Here we will discuss the complex interactions between photoreceptor and auxin signalling, addressing both mechanisms and consequences of these highly interconnected pathways.

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Hadjivasiliou, Zena, Ginger L. Hunter et Buzz Baum. « A new mechanism for spatial pattern formation via lateral and protrusion-mediated lateral signalling ». Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, n^o 124 (novembre 2016) : 20160484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0484.

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Tissue organization and patterning are critical during development when genetically identical cells take on different fates. Lateral signalling plays an important role in this process by helping to generate self-organized spatial patterns in an otherwise uniform collection of cells. Recent data suggest that lateral signalling can be mediated both by junctional contacts between neighbouring cells and via cellular protrusions that allow non-neighbouring cells to interact with one another at a distance. However, it remains unclear precisely how signalling mediated by these distinct types of cell–cell contact can physically contribute to the generation of complex patterns without the assistance of diffusible morphogens or pre-patterns. To explore this question, in this work we develop a model of lateral signalling based on a single receptor/ligand pair as exemplified by Notch and Delta. We show that allowing the signalling kinetics to differ at junctional versus protrusion-mediated contacts, an assumption inspired by recent data which show that the cleavage of Notch in several systems requires both Delta binding and the application of mechanical force, permits individual cells to act to promote both lateral activation and lateral inhibition. Strikingly, under this model, in which Delta can sequester Notch, a variety of patterns resembling those typical of reaction–diffusion systems is observed, together with more unusual patterns that arise when we consider changes in signalling kinetics, and in the length and distribution of protrusions. Importantly, these patterns are self-organizing—so that local interactions drive tissue-scale patterning. Together, these data show that protrusions can, in principle, generate different types of patterns in addition to contributing to long-range signalling and to pattern refinement.

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Wang, Lu, et Yong-Ling Ruan. « Shoot–root carbon allocation, sugar signalling and their coupling with nitrogen uptake and assimilation ». Functional Plant Biology 43, n^o 2 (2016) : 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp15249.

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Roots and shoots are distantly located but functionally interdependent. The growth and development of these two organ systems compete for energy and nutrient resource, and yet, they keep a dynamic balance with each other for growth and development. The success of such a relationship depends on efficient root-shoot communication. Aside from the well-known signalling processes mediated by hormones such as auxin and cytokinin, sugars have recently been shown to act as a rapid signal to co-ordinate root and shoot development in response to endogenous and exogenous clues, in parallel to their function as carbon and energy resources for biomass production. New findings from studies on vascular fluids have provided molecular insights into the role of sugars in long-distance communications between shoot and root. In this review, we discussed phloem- and xylem- translocation of sugars and the impacts of sugar allocation and signalling on balancing root–shoot development. Also, we have taken the shoot–root carbon–nitrogen allocation as an example to illustrate the communication between the two organs through multi-layer root–shoot–root signalling circuits, comprising sugar, nitrogen, cytokinin, auxin and vascular small peptide signals.

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Aziz, Ilaria Abdel, et Maria Rosa Antognazza. « Wireless nanotechnologies light up the next frontier in cell Calcium signalling ». MRS Advances 5, n^o 64 (2020) : 3473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.348.

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AbstractCalcium ions impact nearly every aspect of cellular life, playing crucial roles as secondary messengers in regulation of neurotransmission, cell proliferation, migration and differentiation processes, intracellular homeostasis, long-distance signal propagation and stimuli physiological response. Despite its key-role, available techniques to study and selectively regulate Ca2+ signalling largely rely on chemical and electrical approaches, which often cannot ensure the necessary spatial and temporal resolution, specificity, modulation and reversal capability. In this context, Ca2+ modulation based on physical stimuli, such as magnetic, mechanical and optical tools, are emerging ass promising innovative solutions. Here, we focus our attention on a subclass of these approaches, namely wireless-activated techniques, and on functional materials able to act as non-invasive transduction elements. We present an overview of most recent outcomes in the field, and we critically evaluate their advantages and drawbacks. This work is mainly directed to the material science community, but hopefully it will provide a useful perspective also to the broader readership of biotechnologists, physiologists and clinicians.

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Isner, Jean-Charles, et Frans J. M. Maathuis. « cGMP signalling in plants : from enigma to main stream ». Functional Plant Biology 45, n^o 2 (2018) : 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16337.

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All living organisms communicate with their environment, and part of this dialogue is mediated by secondary messengers such as cyclic guanosine mono phosphate (cGMP). In plants, most of the specific components that allow production and breakdown of cGMP have now been identified apart from cGMP dependent phosphodiesterases, enzymes responsible for cGMP catabolism. Irrespectively, the role of cGMP in plant signal transductions is now firmly established with involvement of this nucleotide in development, stress response, ion homeostasis and hormone function. Within these areas, several consistent themes where cGMP may be particularly relevant are slowly emerging: these include regulation of cation fluxes, for example via cyclic nucleotide gated channels and in stomatal functioning. Many details of signalling pathways that incorporate cGMP remain to be unveiled. These include downstream targets other than a small number of ion channels, in particular cGMP dependent kinases. Improved genomics tools may help in this respect, especially since many proteins involved in cGMP signalling appear to have multiple and often overlapping functional domains which hampers identification on the basis of simple homology searches. Another open question regards the topographical distribution of cGMP signals are they cell limited? Does long distance cGMP signalling occur and if so, by what mechanisms? The advent of non-disruptive fluorescent reporters with high spatial and temporal resolution will provide a tool to accelerate progress in all these areas. Automation can facilitate large scale screens of mutants or the action of effectors that impact on cGMP signalling.

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Liberman, Asaf, Matan Mussel, Danny Kario, David Sprinzak et Uri Nevo. « Modelling cell surface dynamics and cell–cell interactions using Cell Studio : a three-dimensional visualization tool based on gaming technology ». Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, n^o 160 (novembre 2019) : 20190264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0264.

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Predictive modelling of complex biological systems and biophysical interactions requires the inclusion of multiple nano- and micro-scale events. In many scenarios, however, numerical solutions alone do not necessarily enhance the understanding of the system. Instead, this work explores the use of an agent-based model with visualization capabilities to elucidate interactions between single cells. We present a model of juxtacrine signalling, using Cell Studio, an agent-based modelling system, based on gaming and three-dimensional visualization tools. The main advantages of the system are its ability to apply any cell geometry and to dynamically visualize the diffusion and interactions of the molecules within the cells in real time. These provide an excellent tool for obtaining insight about different biological scenarios, as the user may view the dynamics of a system and observe its emergent behaviour as it unfolds. The agent-based model was validated against the results of a mean-field model of Notch receptors and ligands in two neighbouring cells. The conversion to an agent-based model is described in detail. To demonstrate the advantages of the model, we further created a filopodium-mediated signalling model. Our model revealed that diffusion and endocytosis alone are insufficient to produce significant signalling in a filopodia scenario. This is due to the bottleneck at the cell–filopodium contact region and the long distance to the end of the filopodium. However, allowing active transport of ligands into filopodia enhances the signalling significantly compared with a face-to-face scenario. We conclude that the agent-based approach can provide insights into mechanisms underlying cell signalling. The open-source model can be found in the Internet hosting service GitHub.

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Cuin, Tracey, Ingo Dreyer et Erwan Michard. « The Role of Potassium Channels in Arabidopsis thaliana Long Distance Electrical Signalling : AKT2 Modulates Tissue Excitability While GORK Shapes Action Potentials ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, n^o 4 (21 mars 2018) : 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19040926.

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David, Anisha, Sunita Yadav, František Baluška et Satish Chander Bhatla. « Nitric oxide accumulation and protein tyrosine nitration as a rapid and long distance signalling response to salt stress in sunflower seedlings ». Nitric Oxide 50 (novembre 2015) : 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2015.08.003.

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Nedvěd, Daniel, Petr Hošek, Petr Klíma et Klára Hoyerová. « Differential Subcellular Distribution of Cytokinins : How Does Membrane Transport Fit into the Big Picture ? » International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n^o 7 (26 mars 2021) : 3428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073428.

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Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones, signalling molecules specific to plants. They act as regulators of diverse physiological processes in complex signalling pathways. It is necessary for plants to continuously regulate cytokinin distribution among different organs, tissues, cells, and compartments. Such regulatory mechanisms include cytokinin biosynthesis, metabolic conversions and degradation, as well as cytokinin membrane transport. In our review, we aim to provide a thorough picture of the latter. We begin by summarizing cytokinin structures and physicochemical properties. Then, we revise the elementary thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of cytokinin membrane transport. Next, we review which membrane-bound carrier proteins and protein families recognize cytokinins as their substrates. Namely, we discuss the families of “equilibrative nucleoside transporters” and “purine permeases”, which translocate diverse purine-related compounds, and proteins AtPUP14, AtABCG14, AtAZG1, and AtAZG2, which are specific to cytokinins. We also address long-distance cytokinin transport. Putting all these pieces together, we finally discuss cytokinin distribution as a net result of these processes, diverse in their physicochemical nature but acting together to promote plant fitness.

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Raghuram, Hanumanthan, Rittik Deb, Diptarup Nandi et Rohini Balakrishnan. « Silent katydid females are at higher risk of bat predation than acoustically signalling katydid males ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 282, n^o 1798 (7 janvier 2015) : 20142319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2319.

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Males that produce conspicuous mate attraction signals are often at high risk of predation from eavesdropping predators. Females of such species typically search for signalling males and their higher motility may also place them at risk. The relative predation risk faced by males and females in the context of mate-finding using long-distance signals has rarely been investigated. In this study, we show, using a combination of diet analysis and behavioural experiments, that katydid females, who do not produce acoustic signals, are at higher risk of predation from a major bat predator, Megaderma spasma , than calling males. Female katydids were represented in much higher numbers than males in the culled remains beneath roosts of M. spasma . Playback experiments using katydid calls revealed that male calls were approached in only about one-third of the trials overall, whereas tethered, flying katydids were always approached and attacked. Our results question the idea that necessary costs of mate-finding, including risk of predation, are higher in signalling males than in searching females.

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Garcin, Clare, et Anne Straube. « Microtubules in cell migration ». Essays in Biochemistry 63, n^o 5 (29 juillet 2019) : 509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20190016.

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Abstract Directed cell migration is critical for embryogenesis and organ development, wound healing and the immune response. Microtubules are dynamic polymers that control directional migration through a number of coordinated processes: microtubules are the tracks for long-distance intracellular transport, crucial for delivery of new membrane components and signalling molecules to the leading edge of a migrating cell and the recycling of adhesion receptors. Microtubules act as force generators and compressive elements to support sustained cell protrusions. The assembly and disassembly of microtubules is coupled to Rho GTPase signalling, thereby controlling actin polymerisation, myosin-driven contractility and the turnover of cellular adhesions locally. Cross-talk of actin and microtubule dynamics is mediated through a number of common binding proteins and regulators. Furthermore, cortical microtubule capture sites are physically linked to focal adhesions, facilitating the delivery of secretory vesicles and efficient cross-talk. Here we summarise the diverse functions of microtubules during cell migration, aiming to show how they contribute to the spatially and temporally coordinated sequence of events that permit efficient, directional and persistent migration.

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Wilson, Kenneth E., Alexander G. Ivanov, Gunnar Öquist, Bernard Grodzinski, Fathey Sarhan et Norman P. A. Huner. « Energy balance, organellar redox status, and acclimation to environmental stress ». Canadian Journal of Botany 84, n^o 9 (septembre 2006) : 1355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-098.

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In plants and algal cells, changes in light intensity can induce intrachloroplastic and retrograde regulation of gene expression in response to changes in the plastoquinone redox status. We review the evidence in support of the thesis that the chloroplast acts as a general sensor of cellular energy imbalance sensed through the plastoquinone pool. Alteration in cellular energy balance caused by chloroplast or mitochondrial metabolism can induce intracellular signalling to affect chloroplastic and nuclear gene expression in response, not only to light intensity, but to a myriad of abiotic stresses. In addition, this chloroplastic redox sensing also appears to have a broader impact, affecting long-distance systemic signalling related to plant growth and development. The organization of the respiratory electron transport chains of mitochondria and heterotrophic prokaryotes is comparable to that of chloroplast thylakoid membranes, and the redox state of the respiratory ubiquinone pool is a well-documented cellular energy sensor. Thus, modulation of electron transport component redox status by abiotic stress regulates organellar as well as nuclear gene expression. From the evidence presented, we suggest that the photosynthetic and respiratory machinery in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms have a dual function: primary cellular energy transformation, and global environmental sensing.

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Brunner, Rebecca M., et Juan M. Guayasamin. « Nocturnal visual displays and call description of the cascade specialist glassfrog Sachatamia orejuela ». Behaviour 157, n^o 14-15 (12 novembre 2020) : 1257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10048.

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Abstract Although most male frogs call to attract females, vocalizations alone can be ineffective long-range signals in certain environments. To increase conspicuousness and counter the background noise generated by rushing water, a few frog species around the world have evolved visual communication modalities in addition to advertisement calls. These species belong to different families on different continents: a clear example of behavioural convergent evolution. Until now, long-distance visual signalling has not been recorded for any species in the glassfrog family (Centrolenidae). Sachatamia orejuela, an exceptionally camouflaged glassfrog species found within the spray zone of waterfalls, has remained poorly studied. Here, we document its advertisement call for the first time — the frequency of which is higher than perhaps any other glassfrog species, likely an evolutionary response to its disruptive acoustic space — as well as a sequence of non-antagonistic visual signals (foot-flagging, hand-waving, and head-bobbing) that we observed at night.

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Branco, Rémi, et Josette Masle. « Systemic signalling through translationally controlled tumour protein controls lateral root formation in Arabidopsis ». Journal of Experimental Botany 70, n^o 15 (30 avril 2019) : 3927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz204.

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Abstract The plant body plan and primary organs are established during embryogenesis. However, in contrast to animals, plants have the ability to generate new organs throughout their whole life. These give them an extraordinary developmental plasticity to modulate their size and architecture according to environmental constraints and opportunities. How this plasticity is regulated at the whole-organism level is elusive. Here we provide evidence for a role for translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) in regulating the iterative formation of lateral roots in Arabidopsis. AtTCTP1 modulates root system architecture through a dual function: as a general constitutive growth promoter enhancing root elongation and as a systemic signalling agent via mobility in the vasculature. AtTCTP1 encodes mRNAs with long-distance mobility between the shoot and roots. Mobile shoot-derived TCTP1 gene products act specifically to enhance the frequency of lateral root initiation and emergence sites along the primary root pericycle, while root elongation is controlled by local constitutive TCTP1 expression and scion size. These findings uncover a novel type for an integrative signal in the control of lateral root initiation and the compromise for roots between branching more profusely or elongating further. They also provide the first evidence in plants of an extracellular function of the vital, highly expressed ubiquitous TCTP1.

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Simpson, Richard K., Michele A. Johnson et Troy G. Murphy. « Migration and the evolution of sexual dichromatism : evolutionary loss of female coloration with migration among wood-warblers ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 282, n^o 1809 (22 juin 2015) : 20150375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0375.

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The mechanisms underlying evolutionary changes in sexual dimorphism have long been of interest to biologists. A striking gradient in sexual dichromatism exists among songbirds in North America, including the wood-warblers (Parulidae): males are generally more colourful than females at northern latitudes, while the sexes are similarly ornamented at lower latitudes. We use phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis to test three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses for the evolution of sexual dichromatism among wood-warblers. The first two hypotheses focus on the loss of female coloration with the evolution of migration, either owing to the costs imposed by visual predators during migration, or owing to the relaxation of selection for female social signalling at higher latitudes. The third hypothesis focuses on whether sexual dichromatism evolved owing to changes in male ornamentation as the strength of sexual selection increases with breeding latitude. To test these hypotheses, we compared sexual dichromatism to three variables: the presence of migration, migration distance, and breeding latitude. We found that the presence of migration and migration distance were both positively correlated with sexual dichromatism, but models including breeding latitude alone were not strongly supported. Ancestral state reconstruction supports the hypothesis that the ancestral wood-warblers were monochromatic, with both colourful males and females. Combined, these results are consistent with the hypotheses that the evolution of migration is associated with the relaxation of selection for social signalling among females and that there are increased predatory costs along longer migratory routes for colourful females. These results suggest that loss of female ornamentation can be a driver of sexual dichromatism and that social or natural selection may be a stronger contributor to variation in dichromatism than sexual selection.

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