Thèses sur le sujet « LOCAL NEIGHBOURHOOD »
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1
Khan, Usman Awais. « Neighbourhood forums and the #new left' in local government ». Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282119.
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David, Daniel Basil. « The Impacts Of Neighbourhood Traffic Management ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8180.
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A major traffic-related problem faced by residents is speeding, which not only causes safety concerns, but also noise issues. Traffic calming is a much favoured traffic management tool employed by road controlling authorities to primarily reduce vehicle speed, hence improve community liveability.
This research aimed to investigate the impacts of traffic calming on speed, safety and traffic noise. The objectives included developing models for the prediction of speed and noise on traffic-calmed streets, and providing guidance for good design practices.
Speeds of individual vehicles as they approached and crossed traffic calming devices were observed in order to identify the behaviour of individual drivers. Results indicated that the speed hump and the raised angled slow point produced the largest speed reductions and least variation in speeds, while mid-block narrowings had no significant speed changes. Inter-device speed was found to be mainly controlled by the separation between devices.
85th percentile speeds at distances from calming devices were 40 – 45 km/h for vertical deflections and 45 – 55 km/h for horizontal deflections. Speeds on approach to speed humps were found to be influenced by the distance available on the approaches, while operating speed at the speed humps were partly influenced by the hump width relative to the road width.
There was evidence of safety benefits of traffic calming overall, despite mid-block crashes increasing post-calming. However, there was no association between the traffic calming and the crashes, which appeared to probably be due to other factors, human factors in particular.
Noise levels produced by light vehicles across speed humps were in fact lower than on a flat section of road, given their respective mean speeds. At a reference speed of 25 km/h, noise levels produced over the 100 mm hump were 3.6 dBA higher than those produced by the 75 mm hump.
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Colson, Justin. « Local communities in fifteenth century London : craft, parish and neighbourhood ». Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2011. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/022998f6-8295-56c4-acb7-f0e109d48fbe/10/.
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This thesis explores structural changes to the institutions of urban life within the City of London during the fifteenth century. While the late medieval period posed many challenges, London fared well. Profound changes gripped its economic and social infrastructure: traditional medieval forms of social organisation and control changed into formalised structures and procedures, with implications for the social makeup of the City itself. Using an innovative combination of methodologies, including GIS mapping and Social Network Analysis, social topography and sociability are investigated to reconstruct changes in ‘civil society'. Focusing upon four neighbouring parishes, the thesis is particularly concerned with personal interaction and locations of residence and trade. Archival study of hundreds of wills and deeds has created a dataset detailing legal and personal relationships between 4,000 Londoners. Social transformations are revealed at a local level by reconstructing and mapping property boundaries, and chronologies of ownership, as well as social relationships expressed in wills. Early in the century the City was still segregated into relatively homogenous ‘trade quarters', for both customary and pragmatic reasons. Bridge Street, for example, was a natural focus for Fishmongers. Prosopographical study of that Company has revealed a ‘quasi-federal' structure, simultaneously reflecting neighbourhood identities and wider commercial interests. Yet, by the close of the century, a fundamental shift in the nature of Companies, from a ‘personal', to a formal social basis, transformed the social topography of the City into a much more heterogeneous form. The erosion of localised Craft structures coincided with the diversification of social activities of parish churches, revealed in the volume and breadth of community participation. Furthermore, the strength of informal sociability within the neighbourhood remained constant in the face of these changes. The neighbourhood thus remained a fundamental element in the infrastructure of the late-medieval City, both defining, and reflecting, local sociability.
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Gunnarsson, Liisa. « Place Lalla Yeddouna : A Neighbourhood Regeneration in Fez, Morocco ». Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-35248.
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The project includes a concept for the renewal of the urban situation of Place Lalla Yeddouna in Fez, Morocco, along side with the design of an Artisan's House. Suitable local materials and techniques has been used to create adequate, interesting and sensible rooms. The building by the square will allow the local artisans to work, exhibit, study and teach.
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Diamond, John. « Local socialism as decentralisation : a study of the neighbourhood services initiative in Manchester 1984 -1988 ». Thesis, University of Salford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358421.
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Monaco, Sara. « Neighbourhood Politics in Transition : Residents' Associations and Local Government in Post-Apartheid Cape Town / ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Uppsala universitetsbibliotek [distributör], 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8434.
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Patterson, Corinna. « Wales in a global neighbourhood : perception of, and reactions to, local and global citizenship ». Thesis, Bangor University, 2009. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/wales-in-a-global-neighbourhood--perception-of-and-reactions-to-local-and-global-citizenship(2a2db9bc-ebcf-4475-84cc-ce95ecee69f8).html.
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An examination of how two rural Welsh market towns, Llangefni and Machynlleth, have been affected by the processes of globalization and in particular how their local residents and local business owners perceive and experience these changes, shows the uneven effects of globalization on locations, economies and cultures, resulting in some locations becoming homogenized, losing their identity and purpose for their citizens, whilst others become hybridized, developing for themselves new identities, purpose and social structures. This thesis contributes to the understanding of how people living in small rural historic market towns engage with the local and the global in their day-today lives, and consequently how empowered they are and feel as local and/or global citizens. It reveals how the social inequalities of education, class and culture exclude some and include others, resulting in what Bauman (2000) refers to as the `global' and the `globalized', empowering some and disempowering others. The inequality and unevenness of globalization is further compounded by contradictory policy objectives that seek to encourage civic participation and responsibility in local and global issues, but which are often at odds with the economic objectives set out for areas, leading to uneven development and implementation between areas. Through gaining a better understanding of how places, people and businesses are affected by and engage with globalization and by helping to identify what facilitates better and more meaningful local and global civic engagement and empowerment, the thesis aims to enable more appropriate policy directives, that will engage citizens meaningfully and equally in both local and global issues.
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Bentley, Lee. « Engagement in the local community and civic socialisation : an analysis of neighbourhood and household context using the British Household Panel Survey ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/engagement-in-the-local-community-and-civic-socialisation-an-analysis-of-neighbourhood-and-household-context-using-the-british-household-panel-survey(8659c2bc-75c6-4a1b-8035-6112cf112099).html.
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This thesis sets out to examine the notion that social context throughout the life course plays an important role in the development of social capital. It explores this using the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), a longitudinal data set, using data from England and Wales. It argues that social capital can be thought of as being composed of different dimensions which develop differentially over time. It frames the research within the context of the local community and examines three distinct dimensions of social capital: participation in local groups, neighbourhood attachment, and interpersonal trust. Frameworks are developed within which each is hypothesised to develop at different times and within different contexts. Different expectations are outlined which suggest how they should develop within a view of social capital based on Putnam (2000) and his predictions concerning social participation and trust. These are contrasted with theories and findings form the literature on political socialisation and Uslaner’s (2002) conception of trust as a deep rooted moral trait. It is shown that participation in local groups, neighbourhood attachment and interpersonal trust, do develop at different stages and in different contexts. Moreover, it is shown that growing up in a highly trusting environment may predict participation and engagement later in life.
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Thomas, Garry. « A critical analysis of the use of community intelligence in local neighbourhood policing in South Wales ». Thesis, University of South Wales, 2014. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/a-critical-analysis-of-the-use-of-community-intelligence-in-local-neighbourhood-policing-in-south-wales(22f48737-ce51-4e95-8c32-b76b0b97eaec).html.
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This research critically analyses the use of community intelligence in the delivery of local neighbourhood policing in South Wales and the police service in general. It examines in detail the development of policing and intelligence, particularly neighbourhood policing and community intelligence from its early beginnings and evaluates the contemporary definitions and police officer and staff perceptions of neighbourhood policing and community intelligence. This research also proposes a new definition of community intelligence and analyses how community intelligence is gathered, recorded and processed, and its relationship to the Intelligence Cycle and the National Intelligence Model. It further examines the operational application of community intelligence, including in counter terrorism and tackling organised crime, and the competing priorities, tensions and contradictions between performance management, neighbourhood policing, problem-oriented policing and intelligence-led policing. This research also evaluates the decision making process and how that may be affected by organisational issues such as, organisational culture, behaviour, management, leadership, information and knowledge. It examines the importance of community engagement in developing community intelligence and providing cohesive policing services to the public. Furthermore, this research considers the future directions of community intelligence and research on policing. The findings from this research indicate that some community intelligence is used to direct policing patrols and operations. However, there is some confusion by police officers and staff as to what constitutes community information and intelligence and thus it is not always recorded correctly limiting its use in the delivery of local neighbourhood policing and resulting in the loss of intelligence. This serves to highlight some of the areas for improvement in the policies, procedures, systems and management of intelligence. The findings also indicate the potential use of community intelligence in counter terrorism and in the provision of improved policing services to the public.
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Lee, Peter. « Neighbourhood trajectories and social exclusion : towards a citizenship of place ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1314/.
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This submission develops a set of arguments around the path dependency of places – how previous policy eras shape the trajectory and outcomes of places - and the tensions between social inclusion policies and practices on the one hand and competitiveness on the other. Path dependency results from previous legacies of the built form and access and eligibility rights. The "narrative" of places, the categories and descriptions used in delineating neighbourhoods and shaping policy is also influential. A coherent line of research is demonstrated which has revolved around the definition, measurement and scale of deprivation and housing's role in social exclusion and competitiveness debates. Originally focused at household and individual level, the enquiry shifted to the role of neighbourhoods and places in terms of their "compositional" and "environmental" meaning. The thesis revolves around the concept of participation standards and the underpinning principles of citizenship arising from denial of access to relative "norms and standards". This highlights tensions in the competing goals of competitiveness and inclusion in housing and urban policy at different scales resulting in differential speeds and experiences of place. Logically this would suggest that the evolution of citizenship and participation can legitimately embrace the concept of citizenship of place.
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Roe, Miranda, et manroe@aapt net au. « FAMILIES AT RISK � A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND SERVICES ». Flinders University. Politics and International Studies, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20061025.100933.
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This thesis examines policy and service delivery issues in the development of health and support for families at risk. The research focuses on families with children less than 7 years of age living in some of the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods of metropolitan Adelaide. The thesis draws on evidence of (a) barriers to service support perceived by these families and (b) their strengths and resources in order to identify and develop arguments related to key issues of policy and service delivery.
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Kwok, Ngai-kuen, et 郭毅權. « Strategies and tactics of a district board election campaign and implications for community/neighbourhood development ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31248135.
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Castello, Sveva. « A Tension between the Early and Late Universe : Could Our Underdense Cosmic Neighbourhood Provide an Explanation ? » Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446960.
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In recent years, the increasingly precise constraints on the value of the Hubble constant, H0, have highlighted a discrepancy between the results arising from early-time and late-time measurements. A potential solution to this so-called Hubble tension is the hypothesis that we reside in a cosmic void, i.e. an underdense cosmic neighbourhood characterized by a faster local expansion rate. In this thesis, we model this scenario through the Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi formalism for an isotropic but inhomogeneous universe containing matter, curvature and a cosmological constant, which we denote by ΛLTB. We numerically implement this framework with two different formulations for the local matter density profile, respectively based upon a more realistic Gaussian ansatz and the idealized scenario of the so-called Oppenheimer-Snyder model. We then constrain the background cosmology and the void parameters involved in each case through a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis with a combination of recent data sets: the Pantheon Sample of type Ia supernovae, a collection of baryon acoustic oscillations data points from different galaxy surveys and the distance priors extracted from the latest Planck data release. For both models, the resulting bounds on the investigated parameter space suggest a preference for a -13% density drop with a size of approximately 300 Mpc, interestingly matching the prediction for the so-called KBC void already identified on the basis of independent analyses using galaxy distributions. We quantify the level of improvement on the Hubble tension by analyzing the ΛLTB constraints on the B-band absolute magnitude of the supernovae, which provides the calibration for the local measurements of H0. Since no significant difference is observed with respect to an analogous fit performed with the standard ΛCDM model, we conclude that the potential presence of a local void does not resolve the tension.
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Derrick, Deborah Chippington. « Models, methods and algorithms for supply chain planning ». Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6024.
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An outline of supply chains and differences in the problem types is given. The motivation for a generic framework is discussed and explored. A conceptual model is presented along with it application to real world situations; and from this a database model is developed. A MIP and CP implementations are presented; along with alternative formulation which can be use to solve the problems. A local search solution algorithm is presented and shown to have significant benefits. Problem instances are presented which are used to validate the generic models, including a large manufacture and distribution problem. This larger problem instance is not only used to explore the implementation of the models presented, but also to explore the practically of the use of alternative formulation and solving techniques within the generic framework and the effectiveness of such methods including the neighbourhood search solving method. A stochastic dimension to the generic framework is explored, and solution techniques for this extension are explored, demonstrating the use of solution analysis to allow problem simplification and better solutions to be found. Finally the local search algorithm is applied to the larger models that arise from inclusion of scenarios, and the methods is demonstrated to be powerful for finding solutions for these large model that were insoluble using the MIP on the same hardware.
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He, Jun. « Constraints for Membership in Formal Languages under Systematic Search and Stochastic Local Search ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för datalogi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-196347.
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This thesis focuses on constraints for membership in formal languages under both the systematic search and stochastic local search approaches to constraint programming (CP). Such constraints are very useful in CP for the following three reasons: They provide a powerful tool for user-level extensibility of CP languages. They are very useful for modelling complex work shift regulation constraints, which exist in many shift scheduling problems. In the analysis, testing, and verification of string-manipulating programs, string constraints often arise. We show in this thesis that CP solvers with constraints for membership in formal languages are much more suitable than existing solvers used in tools that have to solve string constraints. In the stochastic local search approach to CP, we make the following two contributions: We introduce a stochastic method of maintaining violations for the regular constraint and extend our method to the automaton constraint with counters. To improve the usage of constraints for which there exists no known constant-time algorithm for neighbour evaluation, we introduce a framework of using solution neighbourhoods, and give an efficient algorithm of constructing a solution neighbourhood for the regular constraint. In the systematic search approach to CP, we make the following two contributions: We show that there may be unwanted consequences when using a propagator that may underestimate a cost of a soft constraint, as the propagator may guide the search to incorrect (non-optimum) solutions to an over-constrained problem. We introduce and compare several propagators that compute correctly the cost of the edit-distance based soft-regular constraint. We show that the context-free grammar constraint is useful and introduce an improved propagator for it.
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Crouse, Daniel. « On the associations between local concentrations of ambient air pollution, neighbourhood-scale deprivation, and postmenopausal breast cancer in Montreal, Canada ». Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86805.
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Abstract Urban air pollution is a complex mixture composed of hundreds of different solids, liquids, and gases. Some pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, are highly variable at a local scale, such that the variability in concentrations within cities can be greater than the variability between cities. Long-term exposures to air pollution have been associated with many health outcomes, and there is evidence that individuals of lower socioeconomic status may be more vulnerable to the effects of exposure. Associations between exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of breast cancer have not been investigated adequately despite findings from occupational studies that have suggested increased risks among women exposed to some contaminants found also in ambient pollution. Only about one-third of new cases of breast cancer are attributable to known risk factors; thus much breast cancer aetiology remains unexplained. The task of assigning exposure to air pollution to individuals is the principal challenge in studying associations between air pollution and health, due in part to the fact that levels of pollution vary over small areas. Thus, this dissertation develops and describes improved methods for modelling local-scale variations in concentrations of ambient air pollution. First, samples of nitrogen dioxide were collected at 129 locations across Montreal, Quebec, Canada on three occasions. A spatial model was developed that described approximately 80% of the variability in concentrations of nitrogen dioxide across Montreal. Next, spatial associations were identified at the neighbourhood scale between patterns of ambient air quality and indicators of social deprivation (e.g., percentage of people living alone) and material deprivation (e.g., low income households). Lastly, this dissertation demonstrates an association between the incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer and long-term exposure to concentrations of intra-urban air pollution. WomenRésumé La pollution atmosphérique urbaine est un mélange complexe d'une centaine de différents polluants primaires et secondaires. Certains polluants, dont le dioxyde d'azote, sont présents en quantités très variables localement. Ainsi, la variabilité des concentrations à l'échelle intra-urbaine peut être plus prononcée que celle des concentrations à l'échelle inter-urbaine. Une exposition prolongée à la pollution atmosphérique a été associée à plusieurs effets néfastes sur la santé dont la réduction de l'espérance de vie et un taux de mortalité plus élevé chez les personnes atteintes de maladies cardio-pulmonaires et de cancer du poumon. Les liens entre l'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique et l'incidence du cancer du sein n'ont pas été étudiés adéquatement, malgré les conclusions d'études professionnelles qui indiquent une augmentation du risque de développer le cancer du sein lors de l'exposition à certains contaminants présent dans l'air ambiant. Environ seulement un tiers des nouveaux cas de cancer du sein sont imputables aux facteurs de risque connus. L'étiologie du cancer du sein demeure donc inexpliquée. Le principal défi d'une étude concernant les liens entre la pollution atmosphérique et la santé est de quantifier l'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique ambiante au niveau de l'individu. Cela est dû en partie à la variabilité des concentrations de polluants à une échelle géographique réduite. Cette dissertation a pour but de (1) développer et décrire une méthodologie améliorée pour modéliser les variations locales des concentrations de pollution atmosphérique à petite échelle; (2) identifier des liens entre la qualité de l'air ambiant et des indicateurs de privation sociale et matérielle à l'échelle local pour la ville de Montréal (Québec, Canada); (3) démontrer le lien entre l'incidence du cancer post-ménopausique du sein et l'exposition prolongée à la pollution at
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Hajjar, Iman. « The implications for neighbourhood social sustainability of the governance process in the provision of local facilities : case studies in Aleppo, Syria ». Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2927.
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Providing local facilities is one of the important aspects of planning sustainable neighbourhoods, while governance process is a key factor for achieving sustainable development. This research is concerned to establish the relationship between the governance process for the provision of local facilities and neighbourhood social sustainability in Syria. The research adopts a case study approach, choosing three relatively new neighbourhoods in Aleppo/Syria as case studies for their distinctive characteristics, and applies two analytical frameworks to examine the impact of local facilities on social sustainability at the neighbourhood level as a process and as an outcome. The governance process for providing local facilities is analysed, focusing on actors, roles, relationships, rules, resources and rationalities. The impact of this provision on neighbourhood social sustainability is analysed, focusing on accessibility, travel mode, social interaction, safety and security, and sense of place. On the one hand, findings from the research reveal poor implementation of local facilities, which turn out quite different from what is specified in plans. The status of local facilities is due mainly to the governance processes for providing them being hampered by many challenges. These include the state continually attempting to control the provision process yet failing to deliver adequately, and the weak formal participation of the market and civil society in the governance process. On the other hand, the findings also reveal the limited potential of the local facilities provided to enhance social sustainability at the neighbourhood level in the three case study neighbourhoods which is attributable mainly to their poor provision. The research thus supports the view of governance process as a key element of sustainable development and specifically of social sustainability. It concludes that improvement of the governance process of delivering local facilities is a must if social sustainability at the neighbourhood level is to be improved.
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Pardo, Sierra Oscar. « The governance of the European Union in its Eastern neighbourhood : the impact of the EU on Georgia ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1708/.
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The European Union (EU) has set itself ambitious objectives in order to transform its neighbourhood. It aims to induce domestic reforms in order to promote democracy, good governance and prosperity. Theoretical-oriented empirical analyses on the impact of the EU’s attempts to trigger institutional, regulatory and normative changes in domestic policies remain scarce. It is necessary to increase our understanding of the EU’s potential, limitations, and the conditions under which it may have an impact. This thesis contributes to closing this empirical and theoretical gap by examining the impact of the EU on Georgia, a country included in the Eastern dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). This evaluation is derived from original empirical research of four different modes of EU governance in the context of the ENP: Governance by conditionality (access to the single market regarding economic issues); intergovernmental governance (cooperation in foreign and security policies); external governance (energy security); and cooperative governance (Security Sector Reform). This thesis suggests that we can explain the responses to EU policies in neighbouring countries if we use a synthetic ideational/rationalist analytical framework which takes into account additional variables in the EU–neighbour relations in the domestic and regional context. The findings indicate that the impact of the EU is slowly increasing, even in areas dominated by geopolitics such as energy security. Although the impact has been uneven at policy level, the EU has become an important external influence in Georgia. The thesis argues that, although important, EU incentives and geopolitical pressures are less decisive than the existing literature would predict. In contrast, the role of ideas in bilateral relations has had a crucial role across the case studies, showing in some instances the limitations of the alluring power of the EU as a ‘normative power’. Thus, EU impact is based on the existence of a coherent institutional framework of relations; embedded in social, political and economic links that are locked into favourable path-dependence processes and where ideational convergence is present.
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Verelzen, Wessel. « The effects of 'going local' during the planning process for onshore wind power development ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448710.
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In 2015 a Written Ministerial Statement (WMS) expanded the Localism Act in England which effectively gave neighbourhoods the power to decide on onshore wind power development in their area. By doing so, the planning process for such development ‘went local’. Literature on the effects of ‘going local’ during the planning process for onshore wind power development is conflicting. On the one hand, the involvement of local communities can lead to a higher level of trust and hence a higher success rate of development processes. On the other hand, it appears that people are often reluctant to accept wind power develompent in their own area even though they are in favour of the technology in general. This thesis explores the effects of ‘going local’, in the form of the WMS of 2015 in England, on onshore wind power development by investigating the local and neighbourhood plans, as well as the planning applications, in the administrative County of Cornwall with the help of qualitative document analysis and a thematic analysis framework provided by Braun & Clarke (2006). The results show that currently 4 out of the 213 Parish and Town Councils in the ceremonial county of Cornwall truly comply with the WMS, which means that onshore wind power development will only be possible in these areas. The development in these and all the other neighbourhoods is limited to small-scale clusters of turbines. In addition to this, the results show that there are four over-arching aspects that play a role in the decision-making process of neighbourhoods: i) benefits for the neighbourhood, ii) negative impacts on the neighbourhood area, iii) socio-political attitude, and iv) conditions set by the neighbourhoods or local authorities. The results show that, with the current planning policy framework in England, onshore wind power development will be limited to a significant extent in terms of size and possible locations. The conflicting literature on ‘going local’ reappears in the planning documents and a broad range of factors plays a role for all the neighbourhoods. The given weighting to the different factors is what determines a neighbourhood’s stance on onshore wind power development.
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Maargab, Rafik. « Revendications citoyennes et réalité de la gouvernance urbaine locale : les acteurs associatifs locaux à l'épreuve du projet de requalification urbaine de la rue de la République à Marseille ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1078.
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Cette recherche traite du sujet de la gouvernance urbaine locale au delà de son aspect conceptuel ou analytique. Il est question d'appréhender la gouvernance urbaine locale à travers : le projet urbain, les moyens et mécanismes de la gestion de la chose publique aussi bien législatifs que techniques, ainsi qu'à travers les pratiques des acteurs publics et l'ensemble des parties prenantes dont les acteurs de la société civile locale. En s'appuyant sur l'exemple du projet de la requalification urbaine de la rue de la République à Marseille, l'étude s'intéresse également à montrer la capacité et l'apport des associations de quartier dans la défense des intérêts des citoyens et la promotion de la démocratie participative locale. Par ailleurs, la recherche aborde la question de l'impact des mutations scocio-économiques, dues au croisement des politiques publiques, et l'intervention des acteurs économiques aussi bien sur l'espace micro-local, en l'occurrence la rue, que sur le milieu urbain et les citoyens. C'est tout l'intérêt de cette recherche de montrer l'impact des logiques économiques et politiques sur la gestion du projet urbain et la place qu'occupent les citoyens et les acteurs associatifs dans le processus décisionnelThis research deals with the subject of local urban governance beyond its conceptual or analytical aspect. It is question to understanding the local urban governance through: the urban project, the means and mechanisms for the management of the public affairs as well as techniques and practices of public and all stakeholders, including local civil society actors. Based on the example of urban regeneration project in the street of the République in Marseille, the study also showed the ability and the contribution of neighbourhood associations in the interests of citizens and promotion of local participatory democracy. Furthermore, the research addresses the question of the impact of mutations scocio-economic due to the crossing of public policy and the intervention of economic actors on the micro-local space, namely the street, and on the urban citizens. It's the whole interest of this research to show the impact of economic and political logics on the urban project and to show the place of citizens and civil society actors in decision making
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Nilufar, Farida. « The spatial and social structuring of local areas in Dhaka City : a morphological study of the urban grid with refernce to neighbourhood character within naturaly grown areas ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406833.
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Kolam, Kerstin. « Lokala organ i Norden 1968-1986 : från idé till verklighet ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 1987. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-67657.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Neighbourhood councils are sub-municipal committees which operate within a geographically delimited area of a municipality or a municipal department. Their activities cover a single established policy area such as social services (single functioned committee) or several areas such as education, leisure, and social issues (multi-functioned committee). The thesis includes a comparative analysis of the origin, occurance, and performance of multi-functioned neighbourhood councils in Finland, Norway, and Sweden during the period 1968-1986. In the case of Denmark, the debate is analyzed and the question posed as to why neighbourhood councils were not introduced during this period.It is the interplay between a number of factors which determines how and why neighbourhood councils occur and in some cases endure and are developed further. The countries' traditions and characteristics - such as the size of the public sector and local government's share of it, size of municipalities, and political culture - are important in this context. Increased democracy and greater effectivity were the main aims of the reform and these have been achieved to some extent. The occurance of neighbourhood councils also means that participation, recruitment, articulation of demands, and communication between elector and elected are changed and somewhat improved. Where neighbourhood councils exist, greater consideration is given to geographical (rather than departmental) principles in the distribution and redistribution of services and welfare. Neighbourhood councils are clearly a source of further variation between and within the Nordic countries. It is, however, too early to judge whether the variation within countries will develop into inappropriate deviations from the principal of equal services for all or if they, on the contrary, are indications of greater future responsiveness.digitalisering@umu
23
Francová, Klára. « Vliv sociálních změn ve vybrané lokalitě města Zlín na cenu nemovitosti ». Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-446762.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this proposal is socialogical analysis, interpretation, construction and urbanistic recommendation related to an impact of social changes in specific neighborhood on life standarts and real estates‘ costs in the area. Social changes could be negative, such as social degradation of certain area, worsening of quality of the environment, worsening relationships and also social deviation (for example criminality). Positive changes represents mostly gentrification, which includes positive changes of social and tangible environment. These are followed by price encrease of life standarts which is displacing old settlers. In our experience these areas of life standarts and real estates prices are linked and it is possible to use synergistic influence of changes to adjust tangible and social environment.
24
Kizildag, Yelda. « Housing Management Models And Household Behaviour ». Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/652/index.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A significantly large stock of housing has been realised In Turkey during the past five decades, building the cities almost entirely anew. This has shifted the central concern from production, design and ownership issues in the housing sector to that of housing management. The major problem in housing for the coming decades is not how to maintain the growth of the stock further, but how to efficiently use and improve the existing assets.
Currently, no central or local authority is responsible for the management, running or control at any scale, but only the residents and property owners responsibilities exist at the individual plot scale. There is evidence of greater efficiency however, for the need of housing management at supra-plot scales. The hypothesis of the study in this context is that no part of the stock is without problems in terms of management. This is empirically investigated by two complementary analyses based on two distinct surveys.
The first analysis demonstrated that the role of tenure and income on expenditures on housing, especially expenditures for repairs and maintenance are dominant. A three-fold difference is observed between tenants and owner-occupiers, and 10 times between households of highest and lowest incomes. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance is 1.9 times greater in the apartment stock and 1.2 times more in the ‘
gecekondu&
#8217
dwellings than in individual &
#8216
houses&
#8217
. Lowest levels of expenditures are observed in oldest part of the stock, in less developed neighbourhoods, and in stock with lowest rental values. According to the results of the second analysis, organisational tendencies of household groups varying in their characteristics are not sharply differentiated as in their expenditures. One most significant factor is tenure. Tenants are observed to have a weaker sense of dedication and identity in the dwellings they occupy and in neighbourhoods they live. Current management problem issues could then be identified as: low-income households, tenant households, stock with low rental values, aged stock and undeveloped neighbourhoods. Some of the most significant policy tools for tackling these problems are credit opportunities to be made available to households for repairs and maintenance in such problem areas, subsidies in terms of tax deductions, material incentives, technical support and public investments in degraded localities to boost economic activities which are eventually to initiate private investments.
25
Duncan, Sarah P. « An evaluation of local retail sites in Calgary's suburban neighbourhoods ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0001/MQ42325.pdf.
Texte intégral
26
Walsh, Peter E. « Local governance and public policy : the dynamics of renewing disadvantaged neighbourhoods ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/104757/4/Peter_Walsh_Thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Responding to local areas with entrenched social and economic disadvantage has been a significant public policy issue in many parts of the world. A key challenge has been to establish appropriate governance arrangements to support an effective response. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the development of place-based governance theory in the context of responding to local disadvantaged areas. The thesis draws together a number of research findings to develop a set of place-based governance principles as a contribution to theory development as well as to future policy and program efforts to address spatial disadvantage.
27
Pegoraro, Denise Bonat. « A implementação institucional do Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança e as práticas consolidadas de outros estudos de impacto ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/27852.
Texte intégralRésumé :
O trabalho versa sobre a clareza das finalidades e dos papéis dos instrumentos de análise de impacto, a fim de ampliar e consolidar a implementação do Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança - EIV, como um componente importante na aplicação de políticas urbanas. Práticas profissionais mais consolidadas na administração pública, no caso em análise vinculadas à política ambiental, como a aplicação dos Estudos de Impacto Ambiental - EIA, afetam, direta ou indiretamente, a delimitação de campos de aplicação atribuíveis a esses dois tipos de estudo de impacto. A pesquisa começa com a identificação da gênese do EIV e do EIA e procura, através de uma visão histórica, o reconhecimento dos principais conceitos e das definições legais de âmbito federal, utilizando referências nacionais com algumas citações de experiências internacionais. A seguir, é realizada uma análise de cunho conceitual, tendo como método a interpretação da formação de conceitos e das definições operacionais e diretivas de aplicação do EIA e do EIV, reportando-os a uma tipologia das principais vertentes do planejamento urbano. O estudo de caso é realizado pela análise das legislações municipais das cidades de São Paulo e de Porto Alegre, a fim de identificar a implementação dos dois instrumentos de impacto.The work aims at the clarification of impact assessment tools intents and roles in order to extend and consolidate the Neighbourhood Impact Assessment (NIA) implementation as a meaningful resource in public policies administration. Better consolidated professional practices used in public administration and in our case related to environmental policies such as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) affect directly or indirectly the definition of usage fields for both types of impact assessments. Our research starts by identifying the origins of NIA and EIA and through a historical point of view tries to establish the main concepts and legal definitions in the federal realm using national references and also some international sources. Next a concept based analysis on the interpretation of concepts formation and operational and directive definitions of NIA and EIA is carried out based on the typology of the main strands of urban planning. The case study to identify the practice of both assessment tools is conducted analyzing local government laws from the cities of Porto Alegre and São Paulo.
28
Lee, Amanda J. « A case study of survival and presentation of gastroesophageal cancer in local neighbourhoods ». Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16547.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis presents a quantitative case study on incidence, survival and presentation of patients diagnosed with gastroesophageal cancer to evaluate whether where people live affects how they present and survive with a gastroesophageal cancer diagnosis. The focus research evolved from studies on gastroesophageal cancer’s ‘geographic affiliation’ and a desire to review whether patient and population attributes could be harnessed to reveal potential ‘hotspots’ to inform targeted health intervention strategies. As the most crucial stage for intervention was associated with patients detecting symptoms early enough for intervention, the focus of this case study was narrowed to survival and presentation. This research analysed data from 2785 patients who presented to a regional referral specialist cancer treatment centre between the years 2000 and 2013. Cohort analysis revealed common attributes and survival, and data were merged with demographic information in a geographic information system to present findings in mapped format. Descriptive analysis revealed an association between later stage presentation and reduced survival outcome. Emergency presentations tended to have worse outcomes. Survival deteriorated with advancing age. Gastroesophageal cancer diagnoses in the under 54 age group was more common in lower socioeconomic groups and survival outcomes were marginally lower than in those patients from the least deprived areas. Spatial analysis revealed variation in incidence, presentation and survival across the region. Though this case study revealed several new findings on gastroesophageal cancer presentation and survival, there remains no single solution to informing and encouraging earlier diagnosis interventions. Though presenting data at finer scales of resolution is more clinically relevant, it threatens patient confidentiality.
29
Ågren, Magnus. « Set Constraints for Local Search ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för datalogi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8373.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Combinatorial problems are ubiquitous in our society and solving such problems efficiently is often crucial. One technique for solving combinatorial problems is constraint-based local search. Its compositional nature together with its efficiency on large problem instances have made this technique particularly attractive. In this thesis we contribute to simplifying the solving of combinatorial problems using constraint-based local search. To provide higher-level modelling options, we introduce set variables and set constraints in local search by extending relevant local search concepts. We also propose a general scheme to follow in order to define what we call natural and balanced constraint measures, and accordingly define such measures for over a dozen set constraints. However, defining such measures for a new constraint is time-consuming and error-prone. To relieve the user from this, we provide generic measures for any set constraint modelled in monadic existential second-order logic. We also theoretically relate these measures to our proposed general scheme, and discuss implementation issues such as incremental algorithms and their worst-case complexities. To enable higher-level search algorithms, we introduce constraint-directed neighbourhoods in local search by proposing new constraint primitives for representing such neighbourhoods. Based on a constraint, possibly modelled in monadic existential second-order logic, these primitives return neighbourhoods with moves that are known in advance to achieve a decrease (or preservation, or increase) of the constraint measures, without the need to iterate over any other moves. We also present a framework for constraint-based local search where one can model and solve combinatorial problems with set variables and set constraints, use any set constraint modelled in monadic existential second-order logic, as well as use constraint-directed neighbourhoods. Experimental results on three real-life problems show the usefulness in practice of our theoretical results: our running times are comparable to the current state-of-the-art approaches to solving the considered problems.
30
Kummel, Olivia [Verfasser], Philipp [Akademischer Betreuer] Misselwitz, Ninjgarav [Akademischer Betreuer] Enebish, Sonja [Gutachter] Nebel, Purev-Erdene [Gutachter] Ershuu, Philipp [Gutachter] Misselwitz et Gonchigbat [Gutachter] Ishjamts. « Local governance practices in so-called 'informal' urban neighbourhoods : Comparative investigation in Cairo, Kathmandu, and Ulaanbaatar / Olivia Kummel ; Gutachter : Sonja Nebel, Purev-Erdene Ershuu, Philipp Misselwitz, Gonchigbat Ishjamts ; Philipp Misselwitz, Ninjgarav Enebish ». Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156335817/34.
Texte intégral
31
Norng, Sorn. « Statistical decisions in optimising grain yield ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15806/1/Sorn_Norng_Thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis concerns Precision Agriculture (PA) technology which involves methods developed to optimise grain yield by examining data quality and modelling protein/yield relationship of wheat and sorghum fields in central and southern Queensland.
An important part of developing strategies to optimisise grain yield is the understanding of PA technology. This covers major aspects of PA which includes all the components of Site-
Specific Crop Management System (SSCM). These components are 1. Spatial referencing, 2. Crop, soil and climate monitoring, 3. Attribute mapping, 4. Decision suppport systems and 5. Differential action. Understanding how all five components fit into PA significantly aids the development of data analysis methods.
The development of PA is dependent on the collection, analysis and interpretation of information. A preliminary data analysis step is described which covers both non-spatial and spatial data analysis methods. The non-spatial analysis involves plotting methods (maps, histograms), standard distribution and statistical summary (mean, standard deviation). The spatial analysis covers both undirected and directional variogram analyses.
In addition to the data analysis, a theoretical investigation into GPS error is given. GPS plays a major role in the development of PA. A number of sources of errors affect the GPS and therefore effect the positioning measurements. Therefore, an understanding of the distribution of the errors and how they are related to each other over time is needed to complement the understanding of the nature of the data. Understanding the error distribution and the data give useful insights for model assumptions in regard to position measurement errors.
A review of filtering methods is given and new methods are developed, namely, strip analysis and a double harvesting algoritm. These methods are designed specifically for controlled traffic and normal traffic respectively but can be applied to all kinds of yield monitoring data.
The data resulting from the strip analysis and double harvesting algorithm are used in investigating the relationship between on-the-go yield and protein. The strategy is to use protein and yield in determining decisions with respect to nitrogen managements. The agronomic assumption is that protein and yield have a significant relationship based on plot trials. We investigate whether there is any significant relationship between protein and yield at the local level to warrent this kind of assumption.
Understanding PA technology and being aware of the sources of errors that exist in data collection and data analysis are all very important in the steps of developing management decision strategies.
32
Norng, Sorn. « Statistical decisions in optimising grain yield ». Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15806/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis concerns Precision Agriculture (PA) technology which involves methods developed to optimise grain yield by examining data quality and modelling protein/yield relationship of wheat and sorghum fields in central and southern Queensland. An important part of developing strategies to optimisise grain yield is the understanding of PA technology. This covers major aspects of PA which includes all the components of Site- Specific Crop Management System (SSCM). These components are 1. Spatial referencing, 2. Crop, soil and climate monitoring, 3. Attribute mapping, 4. Decision suppport systems and 5. Differential action. Understanding how all five components fit into PA significantly aids the development of data analysis methods. The development of PA is dependent on the collection, analysis and interpretation of information. A preliminary data analysis step is described which covers both non-spatial and spatial data analysis methods. The non-spatial analysis involves plotting methods (maps, histograms), standard distribution and statistical summary (mean, standard deviation). The spatial analysis covers both undirected and directional variogram analyses. In addition to the data analysis, a theoretical investigation into GPS error is given. GPS plays a major role in the development of PA. A number of sources of errors affect the GPS and therefore effect the positioning measurements. Therefore, an understanding of the distribution of the errors and how they are related to each other over time is needed to complement the understanding of the nature of the data. Understanding the error distribution and the data give useful insights for model assumptions in regard to position measurement errors. A review of filtering methods is given and new methods are developed, namely, strip analysis and a double harvesting algoritm. These methods are designed specifically for controlled traffic and normal traffic respectively but can be applied to all kinds of yield monitoring data. The data resulting from the strip analysis and double harvesting algorithm are used in investigating the relationship between on-the-go yield and protein. The strategy is to use protein and yield in determining decisions with respect to nitrogen managements. The agronomic assumption is that protein and yield have a significant relationship based on plot trials. We investigate whether there is any significant relationship between protein and yield at the local level to warrent this kind of assumption. Understanding PA technology and being aware of the sources of errors that exist in data collection and data analysis are all very important in the steps of developing management decision strategies.
33
Graaff, A. J. (Alexander Jakobus). « A local network neighbourhood artificial immune system ». Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28799.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As information is becoming more available online and will forevermore be part of any business, the true value of the large amounts of stored data is in the discovery of hidden and unknown relations and connections or traits in the data. The acquisition of these hidden relations can influence strategic decisions which have an impact on the success of a business. Data clustering is one of many methods to partition data into different groups in such a way that data patterns within the same group share some common trait compared to patterns across different groups. This thesis proposes a new artificial immune model for the problem of data clustering. The new model is inspired by the network theory of immunology and differs from its network based predecessor models in its formation of artificial lymphocyte networks. The proposed model is first applied to data clustering problems in stationary environments. Two different techniques are then proposed which enhances the proposed artificial immune model to dynamically determine the number of clusters in a data set with minimal to no user interference. A technique to generate synthetic data sets for data clustering of non-stationary environments is then proposed. Lastly, the original proposed artificial immune model and the enhanced version to dynamically determine the number of clusters are then applied to generated synthetic non-stationary data clustering problems. The influence of the parameters on the clustering performance is investigated for all versions of the proposed artificial immune model and supported by empirical results and statistical hypothesis tests. AFRIKAANS: Soos wat inligting meer aanlyn toeganglik raak en vir altyd meer deel vorm van enige besigheid, is die eintlike waarde van groot hoeveelhede data in die ontdekking van verskuilde en onbekende verwantskappe en konneksies of eienskappe in die data. Die verkryging van sulke verskuilde verwantskappe kan die strategiese besluitneming van ’n besigheid beinvloed, wat weer ’n impak het op die sukses van ’n besigheid. Data groepering is een van baie metodes om data op so ’n manier te groepeer dat data patrone wat deel vorm van dieselfde groep ’n gemeenskaplike eienskap deel in vergelyking met patrone wat verspreid is in ander groepe. Hierdie tesis stel ’n nuwe kunsmatige immuun model voor vir die probleem van data groepering. Die nuwe model is geinspireer deur die netwerk teorie in immunologie en verskil van vorige netwerk gebaseerde modelle deur die model se formasie van kunsmatige limfosiet netwerke. Die voorgestelde model word eers toegepas op data groeperingsprobleme in statiese omgewings. Twee verskillende tegnieke word dan voorgestel wat die voorgestelde kunsmatige immuun model op so ’n manier verbeter dat die model die aantal groepe in ’n data stel dinamies kan bepaal met minimum tot geen gebruiker invloed. ’n Tegniek om kunsmatige data stelle te genereer vir data groepering in dinamiese omgewings word dan voorgestel. Laastens word die oorspronklik voorgestelde model sowel as die verbeterde model wat dinamies die aantal groepe in ’n data stel kan bepaal toegepas op kunsmatig genereerde dinamiese data groeperingsprobleme. Die invloed van die parameters op die groepering prestasie is ondersoek vir alle weergawes van die voorgestelde kunsmatige immuun model en word toegelig deur empiriese resultate en statistiese hipotese toetse.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Computer Science
unrestricted
34
Armstrong, Sharon J. « Local governments and neighbourhood groups : an investigation of existing models ». Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5168.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis was undertaken to examine existing models of municipal
government linked neighbourhood organisation structure and thereby to generate
lessons for future practice. Four municipalities participated in this research. All were
chosen because of their reputation for successfully promoting true democracy through
citizen participation. Each neighbourhood organisation structure is explored in detail
allowing the reader to learn of their complex infrastructure.
In each of the four municipalities two groups of participants were involved; office
of neighbourhoods directors and neighbourhood association members. The
involvement of the two groups results in the presentation of structures from both a top
down and bottom up perspective. Responses are compared so that similarities and
differences in perception between the two groups of respondents are illustrated.
Effective citizen participation offers an ongoing challenge for governments,
particularly at the municipal level, and ways of improving citizen participation are
constantly being explored. Citizen participation has evolved in this country from the
gaining of franchisement to varying degrees of direct involvement in government
affairs. Current methods of citizen participation in local government often remain
reflective of the reluctance of government officials to let go of their 'power' and this can
be seen when initiatives are restricted to 'informing' or 'consulting' with the public
regarding government endeavours. Other attempts to empower communities have
moved beyond informing and consulting. In British Columbia actual partnerships have
been formed between local governments and community members for the purposes of
making decisions about the development of programmes. Although successful on
some level, these efforts are at best temporary, involving participants on a short term
basis only. More permanent, progressive models of citizen participation do exist in
both Canada and the United States and these are models through which true
participatory democracy is not only promoted but also maintained. The models
referred to are those which involve citizens organised into neighbourhood
associations which are linked with local government and which play an ongoing and
expected role in local government decision making. Specific examples of these
models are the four structures which are examined within this thesis.
A vast amount of information developed from this research. The examples of
neighbourhood organisation structure examined fall within the consultation (where
citizen groups are consulted but government reserves the right to make decisions) and
partnership (where citizen power is expressed in the form of negotiation and sharing
decision making tasks with local government) levels.
In light of modern and postmodern theories it was found that local governments
exist within a very modern framework while citizens and neighbourhood associations
exist within a more postmodern framework. This makes it difficult for government and
citizens to work cooperatively and to share in decision making tasks. Because three of
the four neighbourhood organisation structures examined exist as departments within
their respective local governments, participants remarked that they must be very
cautious not to become engulfed by the modernist principles with which they are so
closely linked.
Finally, a number of recommendations developed from this research that will
hopefully be of use for those municipalities wishing to initiate neighbourhood
organisation structures of their own. Neighbourhood association respondents stressed
the necessary independence of neighbourhood associations from respective offices of
neighbourhoods, the desire for a partnership level of citizen participation, the
importance of a flat, non-hierarchical organisational neighbourhood organisation
structure framework and the benefits of informal, impromptu communication between
citizens, neighbourhood associations, office of neighbourhoods and city officials.
Participants operating at the office of neighbourhoods level emphasised the necessity
of liaising with many other community organisations and city hall departments stating
that an abundance of connections results in greater knowledge and therefore greater
power to influence local government decisions. This group of participants also
stressed that ongoing encouragement of citizens to participate at the local government
level must be an inherent aspect of the overall design of the neighbourhood
organisation structure and that criteria for recognition of neighbourhood associations
are effective if they are as minimal as possible. Finally, it was mentioned that when
initiating a neighbourhood organisation structure it is important to start where the
citizens are rather than where you would like them to be.
35
Purdie, Jocelyn. « The neighbourhood imaginary : considerations of local art production in unconventional spaces ». Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1051.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines contemporary art projects that are installed in unconventional sites
in urban neighbourhoods. Using the conceptual framework of the neighbourhood
imaginary, I propose that these local art practices utilize neighbourhood spaces to engage
with nation, identity and citizenship practices within the contemporary discourse of
globalization. The three art projects I investigate address different aspects of
neighbourhood. Cuban artist René Francisco Rodriguez’s (René Francisco) project, El
Patio de Nin, foregrounds the citizen in an urban neighbourhood. His project merges
creativity and pedagogy with social service, and blurs the boundaries between art and life
in order to comment on social conditions and citizenship practices. The Legacy of Joseph
Wagenbach (2006), by Toronto artist Iris Häussler, uses a home in an urban
neighbourhood as a physical space in which to create an imaginary life to explore aspects
of community, human behaviour and social values. The Swamp Ward Window, a
Kingston-based curatorial project, takes advantage of the intimacy of the private home
and the immediacy of the street to present artworks that explore the interface between
public and private and everyday life in the community.
Cornelius Castoriadis argues that the social imaginary emerges when the subconscious,
the symbolic and action interact, not merely to reflect the outside world, but to create new
meanings from which social change is possible. In my analysis, the neighbourhood
imaginary resonates with the social imaginary, functioning as a conceptual laboratory for
artists to experiment with the different meanings associated with neighbourhood,
community and citizenship. I propose that a reengagement with the local, as part of a
iii
global discourse, provides an opportunity to examine art projects that manifest in
neighbourhoods. And, while taking place in different socio-political circumstances, the
shared condition of locality, I argue, provides a window through which the three projects
envision linkages between aesthetic practices and public life. Finally, in order to
critically consider local artistic practices in relation to globalization and the
commodification of culture, this thesis engages those discourses of globalization that see
culture as integral in new global economies.Thesis (Master, Art History) -- Queen's University, 2008-02-29 13:04:52.207
36
PANT, MALLIKA. « DIGITAL SPLICING DETECTION USING LOCAL INVARIANT FEATURES ». Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14798.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Digital images have become the most important source of information. Due to presence of various image editing tools, images can be easily changed and altered. Therefore, the authentication of digital images has become an important issue. Forgery is performed by copying one part of an image somewhere else in same image. Copied part can be rotated, scaled or cropped while duplicating. So it is necessary to distinguish between authentic and forged images. These techniques are divided into two varieties- one being active i.e. intrusive. It means one needs to embed something in image example watermark, if the image is modified then the embedded data is also modified. Another one is passive i.e non-intrusive. It is a signature based technique. The work presents and compares feature selection algorithms for the detection of image forgery in tampered images. Various features are extracted from normal and spliced using spatial gray level dependence method and many more. Support vector machine has been used for classification. A very difficult problem in classification techniques is the choice of features to distinguish between classes. The feature optimization problem is addressed using a genetic algorithm (GA) as a search method. Classical sequential methods and floating search algorithm are compared against the genetic approach in terms of the best recognition rate achieved and the optimal number of features.
37
Cowling, Peter I., et R. Keuthen. « Embedded Local Search Approaches for Routing Optimisation ». 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3654.
Texte intégralRésumé :
NoThis paper presents a new class of heuristics which embed an exact algorithm within the framework of a local search heuristic. This approach was inspired by related heuristics which we developed for a practical problem arising in electronics manufacture. The basic idea of this heuristic is to break the original problem into small subproblems having similar properties to the original problem. These subproblems are then solved using time intensive heuristic approaches or exact algorithms and the solution is re-embedded into the original problem. The electronics manufacturing problem where we originally used the embedded local search approach, contains the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) as a major subproblem. In this paper we further develop our embedded search heuristic, HyperOpt, and investigate its performance for the TSP in comparison to other local search based approaches. We introduce an interesting hybrid of HyperOpt and 3-opt for asymmetric TSPs which proves more efficient than HyperOpt or 3-opt alone. Since pure local search seldom yields solutions of high quality we also investigate the performance of the approaches in an iterated local search framework. We examine iterated approaches of Large-Step Markov Chain and Variable Neighbourhood Search type and investigate their performance when used in combination with HyperOpt. We report extensive computational results to investigate the performance of our heuristic approaches for asymmetric and Euclidean Travelling Salesman Problems. While for the symmetric TSP our approaches yield solutions of comparable quality to 2-opt heuristic, the hybrid methods proposed for asymmetric problems seem capable of compensating for the time intensive embedded heuristic by finding tours of better average quality than iterated 3-opt in many less iterations and providing the best heuristic solutions known, for some instance classes.
38
Beaulieu, Nadine. « Food and the City : An Examination of the Role of Food in Local Neighbourhood Revitalization ». Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5271.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The majority of people in North America have lost not only the knowledge of how to successfully sustain themselves from the land but, even more troubling, the basic knowledge of where the food comes from, what real food is, or even what to do with it. It is not only basic knowledge of food that is being lost in the consumer culture; many of the private and public spaces that were central to the social fabric of the city, street, and family are changing and losing their significance. The mass marketing of the consumer lifestyle has led to the disappearance of home gardens, local restaurants, neighbourhood coffee shops, and farmers’ markets. It has altered the fine grain of our city, streets, and homes, thereby reducing the social interactions that once created lively streets in the past.
This thesis examines both the historical and current relationship and influence of food in cities, streets and homes in relation to the growing issues of access to fresh whole food and the dispersed city form. In addition, it will investigate how food orientated developments such as Community Food Centres can act as a catalyst for urban revitalization in failing urban cores and provide a resiliency to the economies of the city. The analysis of the influence of food, challenges that midsized cites are facing, and a series of precedents will provide a set guidelines for architects and planners developing urban projects. Three main themes are explored as a means to revitalization of urban neighbourhood through food: reuse of under used or abandoned land, our cultural connection to food, and the activities and culture that the two create together. These themes will explore the use and cultural significance of kitchens, markets, and restaurants and public space as architectural spaces that create community as a means to better understand what mechanisms of these aspects are the keys to the building of vibrant communities. This concept will be explored through the design of a community food centre in St. Patrick’s Ward in Guelph, Ontario.
39
Edelman, Valerya. « There goes the neighbourhood : a case study of social mix in Vancouver's downtown eastside ». Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/10827.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Social mix is a highly contested global trend in urban planning as it can result in some of the same negative social consequences as gentrification, such as displacement and social polarization. In 2014, the City of Vancouver approved a social mix strategy for one of its low-income neighbourhoods in their Downtown Eastside (DTES) Local Area Plan (LAP). With this plan, the city aimed to increase mid- and high-income residents in a predominately low-income neighbourhood. Included were Social Impact Objectives to mitigate harm to existing low-income residents, and assurances the approach would benefit all community members. The LAP provoked questions of whether social mix could, indeed, benefit low-income residents. This qualitative single-case research study investigates the experiences of residents with low incomes in the DTES neighbourhood, three years after the implementation of the LAP. The study is grounded in an anti-oppressive framework, with attention to anti-colonization and the unique experiences at the intersection of gender and colonial oppression. Three key findings emerged from neighbourhood observations and semi-structured focus groups conducted in 2017 with twenty-four research participants. First, experiences of displacement in the DTES were reported; second, experiences of social polarization within their neighbourhood were described; and, third, most participants demonstrated strong community connections despite the social mix changes. The findings suggest low-income residents did not benefit from social mix and, if further displacement and polarization were to continue, the negative impact on low-income residents would increase.Graduate
40
Mkwanazi, Eulenda. « On the ground/from the ground : The construction of neighbourhood visions by two local leaders : a comparative study of Yeoville and Dobsonville ». Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12869.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The
systems
put
into
place
to
make
local
government
developmental
and
which
foster
participation
have
been
seen
as
failing
communities.
The
elected
local
councillors
who
are
the
face
of
local
government
have
been
targeted
as
being
disconnected
from
their
constituencies.
The
notion
that
having
local
councillors
to
offer
proximity
to
local
communities
and
to
better
engage
the
government
on
behalf
of
communities
has
also
been
criticised,
as
often
processes
are
undemocratic,
and
the
powers
and
functions
of
local
activists
are
limited.
More
and
more
communities
are
seeking
representatives
with
whom
they
are
able
to
identify
with,
and
who
have
vested
interests
in
community
wellbeing.
There
has
been
an
increase
lately
in
the
number
of
candidates
running
independently
for
positions
as
councillors,
in
response
to
community
action.
The
research
aims
to
understand
the
dynamics
and
challenges
of
leaders
who
work
closely
with
communities.
The
role
of
leaders
working
on
the
ground
becomes
more
and
more
pertinent
as
communities
seek
out
leaders
who
can
relate
to
their
needs
and
translate
them
into action.
The
thesis
looks
essentially
at
what
is
means
for
activists
to
work
closely
with
communities,
and
how
this
positioning
on
the
ground
allows
them
to
influence
spatial
change.
It
looks
at
the
role
of
two
grounded
activists
Maurice
Smithers
and
Japhta
Lekgetho
who
reside
in
Yeoville
and
Dobsonville
respectively
and
the
strategies
they
employ
in
order
to
be
able
to
impact
their
communities.
The
study
looks
at
how
these
two
activists
construct
neighbourhood
visions
and
translate
them
into
action.
Key
Terms:
On
the
ground,
vision,
community
activism,
local
leadership,
Maurice
Smithers,
Japhta
Lekgetho
41
Karuri-Sebina, JoAnne Wangechi. « Applying the Systems of Innovation approach to neighbourhood planning : assessing local development analysis through an appreciative study of two South African townships ». Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17611.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis presents an appreciative application of the Systems of Innovation (SoI) approach to local development analysis (LDA) practice as applied in the context of a transformative approach to neighbourhood planning. The study’s point of departure is in interrogating what “lenses” conventional planning applies in making sense of neighbourhood-level realities in the first place, and therefore to recognise what it is that planning might “see” or fail to see in its analyses and prescripts. The researcher proposed to test this by undertaking an appreciative application of the Systems of Innovation (SoI) approach to neighbourhood planning to explore whether SoI contributes any additional perspective or insight beyond what conventional practice may have seen or found.
The research undertaken was exploratory and inductive, involving data collection through intensive local observation and interviewing in two South African township neighbourhoods: T-Section in Mamelodi Township, and Saulsville node in Atteridgeville Township. The data was then analysed using an SoI model.
The study found that the application of the SoI model identified additional key development considerations which were not previously recognised by conventional plans. Specifically, the findings highlight key social, economic and institutional factors which distinguish the two neighbourhoods from each other, and suggest different development intervention opportunities. The study also in addition identified an enhancement to the SoI model by introducing a spatial dimension which would strengthen the model’s application for planning and neighbourhood analysis. At the same time, however, the study also demonstrated the difficulty of applying the SoI framework to relatively deprived neighbourhood contexts, such as those in South African townships (or of describing these places as “systems of innovation” in the conventional sense) due to characteristic gaps and weaknesses, particularly their low technology base.
The results of this study suggest that there are possible gaps in how conventional planning practices see local development contexts. It concludes that consideration should be given to what planning could glean from other disciplines which are grappling with similar transformational challenges, and adopting a transdisciplinary approach is motivated. Further research to support this continued exploration would have to address the main limitations of this study, which include the lack of generalizability, and limited interrogation of the limitations of SoI itself.
Keywords: Local development analysis, System of Innovation, planning and transformation, neighbourhood development, township economy, transdisciplinarity
42
Hurmuses, April Dea. « Transportation planning as if the neighbourhood mattered : Part II a case study of the Broadway Skytrain Station in Vancouver, BC, Canada ». Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9659.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Although the region has acquired expertise in the physical dimensions of rapid transit
implementation, that expertise has not translated into a better understanding of social
impacts on communities which host this regional amenity. The Broadway Station area is
such a community. Although the City of Vancouver is responsible for planning the
Broadway Station area community, many provincial decisions have had far-reaching
consequences and do not correspond with municipal policy for the community. The
province has introduced region-serving programs and facilities into the community
despite municipal policy that the Broadway Station area would not serve a regional role.
As a consequence, the community is becoming increasingly unlivable. There is a de facto
policy vacuum. Moreover, there is a lack of coordination and an absence of protocols for
managing and sharing data. There is little, if any, coordination of senior government
actions, and the actions of various levels of government and their agencies have resulted
in the Broadway Station Area failing to achieve the goal of community livability, for the
resident community.
The City of Vancouver, within which the case study station resides, has so far been
unable to respond to the challenge that the station poses. The degree to which the station
area is becoming dysfunctional is not known to the city. Consequently, the thesis question
"Is the Broadway Station Area worse off than before SkyTrain" posed a significant
challenge. In addition to a review of the case study planning process, which was
conducted by the thesis researcher in the latter half of 1996, this thesis adds interviews
with professional planners and a limited empirical study to answer the thesis question.
By looking at a limited number of key census indicators, and cross comparing that with
other data sources, the thesis found that the community's perception has merit, although a
great deal more data must be compiled. To better understand what works in the Canadian
context of transit-oriented planning, we need to support ongoing qualitative community
planning with the empirical work that would assist in monitoring the effect of policies
and program implementation and can address the dynamism of this regional transit node.
43
Kelleher, William. « Linguistic landscape and the local : a comparative study of texts, visible in the streets of two culturally diverse urban neighbourhoods in Marseille and Pretoria ». Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis concerns the linguistic landscape (LL) of two neighbourhoods, one in Pretoria,
South Africa, and the other in Marseille, France. This is a longitudinal study whose data was
collected over two years of site visits. LL are explored in terms of both space and place. In
terms of place, they are seen to be constitutive of a sense of place, allowing insights into
memory, aspiration, and familial and cultural networks. Spatially, they are seen to realise a
politics where design and distribution of LL are markers of power and modality. Analysis
takes its point of departure in geosemiotics. Artefacts of LL are interpreted as sites of
encounter of four cycles of discourse: the interaction order, habitus, semiotics of place and
visual semiotics. The focus is on understanding LL artefacts, their production and reception,
as a nexus of practice. Methodologically, walking - as a creative practice, and as an
actualisation of the place and space of the neighbourhood - is chosen for photographing LL,
for observing interactions and for meeting participants to the research. In examining
habitus, the discourses, literacy and narratives of the people who live, work and pass
through the site are compared. Deep social and economic similarities are noted between
the two sites. Exploration of the semiotics of place brings to light regularities in the features
of formal and informal LL, the nature of participation with and subversion of these texts, but
also disparities among producers and receivers in terms of literacy, access, the socio-cultural
and the socio-economic. Visual semiotic analysis continues these findings and it is noted
that global and local discourses of identification, aspiration and self-stylisation circulate
transversally in the sites. LL are taken to realise a politics of space when multimodal analysis
of composition and modality is extended to the streetscape, as LL ensemble. A key facet of
the research is the interpretation of informal LL. Their inclusion challenges existing LL
methodologies by flagging the necessity to ground quantitative findings ethnographically.
44
Suarez, Cesar Augusto. « COSINE : A tool for constraining spatial neighbourhoods in marine environments ». Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4941.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Spatial analysis methods used for detecting, interpolating or predicting local patterns require a delineation of a neighbourhood defining the extent of spatial interaction in geographic data. The most common neighbourhood delineation techniques include fixed distance bands, k-nearest neighbours, or spatial adjacency (contiguity) matrices optimized to represent spatial dependency in data. However, these standard approaches do not take into consideration the geographic or environmental constraints such as impassable mountain ranges, road networks or coastline barriers. Specifically, complex marine landscapes and coastlines present common problematic neighbourhood definitions for standard neighbourhood matrices used in the spatial analysis of marine environments. Therefore, the goal of our research is to present a new approach to constraining spatial neighbourhoods when conducting geographical analysis in marine environments. To meet this goal, we developed methods and software (COnstraining SpatIal NEighbourhoods - COSINE) for modifying spatial neighbourhoods, and demonstrate their utility in two case studies. Our method enables delineation of neighbourhoods that are constrained by coastlines and the direction of marine currents. Our software calculates and evaluates whether neighbouring features are separated by land, or are within a user defined angle that excludes interaction based on directional processes. Using decision rules a modified spatial weight matrix is created, either in binary or row-standardized format. Within open source software (R), a graphical user interface enables users to modify the standard spatial neighbourhood definition distance, inverse distance and k-nearest neighbour. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the new approach for detecting spatial patterns: the first case study observes marine mammals’ abundance and the second, oil spill observation. Our results indicate that constraining spatial neighbourhoods in marine environments is particularly important at larger spatial scales. The COSINE tool has many applications for modelling both environmental and human processes.Graduate
0463
0366
suarezc@uvic.ca
45
Horta, Patrícia. « Estratégia de acção colectiva iniciativa bairros críticos : operação Cova da Moura ». Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/3766.
Texte intégralRésumé :
O presente estudo analisa, em termos qualitativos (análise de conteúdo), a Estratégia de Acção Colectiva conduzida a cabo pelo programa Iniciativa Bairros Críticos – Cova da Moura, entre o grupo de actores. O referido programa visa a qualificação urbana e social do bairro em questão, mediante a aplicação de um modelo de intervenção participativo.
A partir da análise, conclui-se que embora exista uma evidência sobre os factores que influenciam positivamente a eficácia da Estratégia de Acção Colectiva, o caminho para o sucesso terá que passar por encontrar novas formas de estruturação, ou dinâmicas de participação dos actores. Verifica-se que o modelo actual de sistema de intervenção conjunta de Acção Colectiva, pelos quais os actores se regem, poderá estar a discriminar ferramentas e a desfavorecer os resultados.
Por outro lado, os resultados demonstram que apesar do desafio associado às questões metodológicas salienta-se que existe uma manifestação de que a acção tem conduzido a mudanças efectivas, no que se refere à relação entre os actores da Iniciativa Bairros Críticos – Cova da Moura.The present study examines, in qualitative terms (content analysis), the Strategy for Collective Action carried out by the programme Critical Neighbourhoods Initiative – Cova da Moura (Iniciativa Bairros Críticos – Cova da Moura), as one of the players. The aforesaid programme aims to foster the urban and social regeneration of the neighbourhood in question through the implementation of a participative intervention model. The analysis undertaken allows us to conclude that although there is evidence of factors that influence positively the efficacy of the Strategy for Collective Action, the pathway to success necessarily involves identifying new structuring forms, or ways to engage the players in question. It is equally visible that the current model of joint intervention for Collective Action, by which players are governed, may be discriminating tools and undermining results. On the other hand, results demonstrate that, despite the challenge associated to issues of a methodological nature, there is evidence that the initiative has led to effective change with regard the players involved in the Critical Neighbourhoods Initiative – Cova da Moura (Iniciativa Bairros Críticos – Cova da Moura).
46
Philibert, Mathieu. « Facteurs socioenvironnementaux associés à la prévalence des limitations d’activités au Québec ». Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9715.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Objectifs : Cette thèse porte sur l’association entre les caractéristiques socioenvironnementales des voisinages (milieux locaux) et la prévalence des limitations d’activités (ou handicap) dans la population québécoise. Elle a trois objectifs principaux : (1) clarifier les enjeux conceptuels et méthodologiques relatifs à l’étude des déterminants socioenvironnementaux des limitations d’activités; (2) décrire les contributions respectives de la composition socioéconomique des voisinages et de facteurs contextuels à la variabilité locale de la prévalence des limitations d’activités; (3) évaluer la présence d’interactions entre la santé fonctionnelle des personnes (incapacité) et des caractéristiques des voisinages en lien avec la prévalence des limitations d’activités.
Méthodes : Une analyse de la littérature scientifique a été effectuée en lien avec le premier objectif de la thèse. En lien avec le deuxième objectif, des données pour le Québec du recensement canadien de 2001 (échantillon de 20% de la population) ont été utilisées pour estimer l’association entre la prévalence des limitations d’activités et des caractéristiques des voisinages : classification urbain-rural, composition socioéconomique (défavorisation matérielle et sociale) et facteurs contextuels (qualité des habitations, stabilité résidentielle et utilisation des transports actifs et collectifs). En lien avec le troisième objectif, des données pour la population urbaine du Québec issues de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (2003, 2005 et 2007/2008) ont permis de tester la présence d’interaction entre la santé fonctionnelle des personnes et des caractéristiques des voisinages (défavorisation matérielle et sociale, qualité des habitations, stabilité résidentielle et densité des services). Pour les analyses associées aux deux derniers objectifs, l’analyse des corrélats de la prévalence des limitations d’activités a été effectuée à l’aide de régressions logistiques multiniveaux.
Résultats : Différents éléments conceptuels et opérationnels limitent la possibilité de faire une synthèse des analyses épidémiologiques portant sur les influences socioenvironnementales sur les limitations d’activités. Les résultats des analyses empiriques suggèrent que : (1) la variation géographique de la prévalence des limitations d’activités s’explique en grande partie par la composition socioéconomique des voisinages; (2) des facteurs contextuels sont associés à cette variation géographique; (3) les mesures relatives d’inégalités sous-estiment les disparités contextuelles dans la distribution des nombres absolus de personnes ayant une limitation d’activités; et (4) l’association entre la prévalence des limitations d’activités et la défavorisation sociale pourrait varier selon la santé fonctionnelle des personnes.
Conclusions : Différentes caractéristiques socioenvironnementales sont potentiellement associées aux variations géographiques des limitations d’activités au Québec. Le développement d’indicateurs socioenvironnementaux favoriserait une connaissance plus précise de l’influence de ces caractéristiques socioenvironnementales sur les limitations d’activités et des mécanismes par lesquels s’exerce cette influence. L’établissement d’un système national de surveillance des aménagements territoriaux est proposé afin de soutenir la recherche et la prise de décision. Des indicateurs locaux d’accessibilité aux transports, aux espaces publics ainsi qu’aux services de proximité devraient être priorisés. Ces aspects de l’aménagement du territoire sont susceptibles de rejoindre plusieurs enjeux de santé publique et ils ont comme autre avantage d’être inclus dans différentes orientations québécoises ciblant le vieillissement en santé et la réduction des limitations d’activités.Objectives: This thesis explores the socioenvironmental features of neighbourhoods (local areas) associated with disability prevalence in Québec. It has three main objectives: (1) clarify conceptual and operational issues relevant to the study of socioenvironmental determinants of disability; (2) describe the particular contribution of neighbourhoods’ socioeconomic composition and contextual features to the local variability in disability prevalence; (3) test for interactions between individual-level functional health and neighbourhoods’ characteristics in relation to disability prevalence. Methods: A literature review of the epidemiological literature was undertaken in relation with the first objective. Analyses of correlates of disability prevalence were conducted using multi-level logistic regressions. Per the second objective, data for Québec from the 2001 Canada census (sample of 20% of the population) were used to estimate the associations between disability prevalence and neighbourhoods’ characteristics: urban-rural classification, socioeconomic composition (material and social deprivation) and contextual features (housing quality, residential stability, and collective and active commuting). In relation with the third objective, data for the Québec urban population from the Canadian community heath survey (2003, 2005 and 2007/2008) were used for assessing the presence of interactions between individuals’ functional health and neighbourhoods’ characteristics (material and social deprivation, housing quality, residential stability, and density of services). Results: Various conceptual and operational aspects prevent a straightforward synthesis of epidemiological studies analysing socioenvironmental influences on disability. Results from empirical analyses suggest that (1) geographic variability of disability prevalence is largely attributable to neighbourhood composition; contextual factors are associated to such variability; (3) relative measures of inequality under-estimate the contextual disparities in the distribution of absolute numbers of disabled individuals; and (4) the association between disability prevalence and social deprivation could vary according to individuals’ functional health. Conclusions: Various socioenvironmental characteristics are potentially associated with local variability of disability in Québec. The development of socioenvironmental indicators could contribute to a refined understanding of neighbourhood characteristics’ influence on disability as well as how their influence operates. The creation of a local land-use planning surveillance system is recommended for supporting research and decision-making. Local indicators of access to transportation, to public spaces as well as to proximity services should be prioritised. These features of territorial planning are likely to be associated with many public health issues and they are common to initiatives undertaken in Québec to promote healthy aging and to reduce disability.