Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Local employment multiplier »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Local employment multiplier"
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Huang, Daquan, Han He et Tao Liu. « The Spatial Distribution and Influencing Factors of Employment Multipliers in China’s Expanding Cities ». Applied Sciences 11, no 3 (23 janvier 2021) : 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031016.
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In the process of urbanization in developing countries, creating enough jobs to realize the transition from an agricultural population to a non-agricultural population is a major goal of development. The differences and localities of cities need to be considered in the policymaking process. This study estimated the local employment multipliers of expanding cities in China and calculated the employment multiplier of each city. First, there are obvious differences in the size of employment multipliers across cities; therefore, it is necessary to adopt different policies in employment promotion. Second, an inverted-U-shape relationship is detected between employment multiplier and city size, namely the larger the city, the greater the employment multiplier, but when the city size exceeds a certain value, the employment multiplier begins to decline. Third, different degrees of influence are generated by factors for cities at different levels of economic development. Based on the research results, we suggest that expansion of the trade sector be promoted in small- and medium-sized cities, to give full play to its employment multiplier effect; meanwhile, in large cities, the degree of specialization of the trade sector and diversification of the non-trade sector should be improved.
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MACEDO, GUILHERME, et LEONARDO MONASTERIO. « Local multiplier of industrial employment : Brazilian mesoregions (2000-2010) ». Revista de Economia Política 36, no 4 (décembre 2016) : 827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572015v36n04a09.
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ABSTRACT This paper estimates the local multiplier of manufacturing for Brazil (2000-2010). The method is based on (Moretti, 2010) and on (Moretti and Thulin, 2012), who estimated these multipliers for the U.S. and Sweden. The local multiplier of manufacturing estimates the impacts of employment changes in the industrial sectors on employment in the services sectors, and the impact of changes in employment in the high-tech and low-tech tradable sectors on employment in the services sectors. These estimates help to assess the importance of industrial employment changes over local economies. We created instrumental variables, based on the shift-share method. The employment data cover 21 economic subsectors and 123 regions in 2000, 2005 and 2010. We have estimated that in the Brazilian mesorregions, for each new job in the tradable sectors, almost four jobs were created locally in the services sectors. Additionally, each job in the high-tech industrial sectors was estimated to create approximately seven jobs in the services sectors over the long term.
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Benedek, Zsófia, Imre Fertő et Viktória Szente. « The Multiplier Effects of Food Relocalization : A Systematic Review ». Sustainability 12, no 9 (25 avril 2020) : 3524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093524.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: The purchase of local food is often argued to stimulate local economies through multiplier effects; this argument is questioned in this paper. Methods: The ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Taylor and Francis Online, SpringerLink, AgECON, and Emerald databases were searched systematically. A complementary search in Google Scholar was also carried out. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2019 were identified using multiple search terms. Data about four types of multipliers (output, employment, income, and value-added multipliers) were extracted. Results: Twenty-four papers fit the criteria, allowing for a qualitative assessment only. Sixteen papers found unambiguously that an increase in demand for local food had a directly positive impact on local economies in some way; one paper found no impact at all. The papers were classified into three groups based on their focal areas: marketing channel-focused, farm enterprise-focused, and scenario/impact analysis-focused studies. In terms of the methods of analysis, three major approaches were identified: input–output models, assessments of descriptive statistics, and econometric analyses. Considerations related to the potential overestimation of current approaches are presented. Conclusions: The existence of employment and income multipliers seems to be more evident, while the impacts of output- and value-added multipliers depend more on the actual context. Research gaps are also identified.
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Crompton, John L. « Economic Impact Analysis of Sports Facilities and Events : Eleven Sources of Misapplication ». Journal of Sport Management 9, no 1 (janvier 1995) : 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.9.1.14.
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Many sports events, facilities, and franchises are subsidized either directly or indirectly by investments from public sector funds. The scarcity of tax dollars has led to growing public scrutiny of their allocation; in this environment there is likely to be an increased use of economic impact analysis to support public subsidy of these events. Many of these analyses report inaccurate results. In this paper, 11 major contributors to the inaccuracy are presented and discussed. They include the following: using sales instead of household income multipliers; misrepresenting employment multipliers; using incremental instead of normal multiplier coefficients; failing to accurately define the impacted-area; including local spectators; failing to exclude “time-switchers” and “casuals;” using “fudged” multiplier coefficients; claiming total instead of marginal economic benefits; confusing turnover and multiplier; omitting opportunity costs; and measuring only benefits while omitting costs.
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Karyatun, Subur, Kadek Wiweka, Ramang H. Demolingo, Putu Pramania Adnyana et Iffatunnisa Nurfikriyani. « TOURIST VILLAGE MULTIPLIER EFFECT STUDIES : SMALL SCALE APPROACH ». International Journal of Management, Innovation & ; Entrepreneurial Research 6, no 2 (1 janvier 2021) : 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijmier.2020.6213.
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Purpose of the Study: Tourism stakeholders and academics have begun to question the benefits of developing tourism in rural areas. This study aims to identify tourists, tourism entrepreneurs, and employees' characteristics and measure the multiplier effect for local communities in Nglanggeran tourist village, Yogyakarta. Specifically, this study measures income generation (direct, indirect, and induced), employment generation, and the multiplier effect of both.
Methodology: This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach. Primary data collection was carried out by the non-participant observation method (for four months). While the technique of determining the sample size (100 tourists, 51 entrepreneurs, and 62 employee respondents) used is non-probability sampling, referring to the Slovin formula with a margin of error of 10%.
Main Findings: This study found that local entrepreneurs can be categorized as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Data analysis results show that tourism village had an important economic impact for local communities with a Keynesian income multiplier effect value of 2.57, 1.74 for the Income multiplier type I ratio, and 2.23 for the type II. While the employment multiplier value is 0.0000041.
Implication/Applications: This study's results can answer doubts about the economic benefits received by local communities from the development of the Tourism Village.
The originality of the study: This study is the latest research, especially considering the implementation of the multiplier effect formula on a small scale. However, this study has some limitations, such as the sample area used (Desa Wisata Nglanggeran) and the context of the tourism impacts studied. Further research is expected to reach other tourist villages and expand its studies to environmental and socio-culture issues.
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Corbi, Raphael, Elias Papaioannou et Paolo Surico. « Regional Transfer Multipliers ». Review of Economic Studies 86, no 5 (27 novembre 2018) : 1901–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy069.
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Abstract A series of discontinuities in the allocation mechanism of federal transfers to municipal governments in Brazil allow us to identify the causal effect of public spending on local labour markets, using a “fuzzy” Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD). Our estimates imply a cost per job of about 8,000 US dollars per year and a local income multiplier around two. The effect comes mostly from employment in services and is more pronounced among less financially developed municipalities.
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Suryanata, I. Gusti Ngurah Putra. « Investment multiplier effect expands tourism destinations ». International research journal of management, IT and social sciences 6, no 2 (19 mars 2019) : 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v6n2.606.
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The study is aimed at discussing the investment multiplier effect expands tourism destinations. The main problem is how can multiplier investments in the tourism sector minimize unemployment in Junjungan Village, Ubud, Bali. The results of the analysis and discussion show that the existence of investments influences many of the social and economic life of the community, because there are so many benefits or benefits obtained by both the Gianyar government and the local community as an integral part of the tourism business on the island, both in the form of tax and assistance provided to local communities to improve the quality of life and also training in the human resources. The more investment in this village, it is expected to be able to open as wide employment opportunities as possible. Therefore, unemployment is minimized and public income is expected to continue increasing.
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Wiedermann, Krzysztof. « Koncepcja efektów mnożnikowych w wyznaczaniu wpływu przedsiębiorstw na otoczenie społeczno-gospodarcze ». Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 11 (1 janvier 2008) : 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.11.7.
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The subject of this paper is presentation of a method of calculating multiplier effects in order to determine the influence of enterprises on their environment. Emergence or development of economic activity in a given area may bring about an increase in income and employment in many other enterprises, as well as to an increase taxes collected by the local authority. This increase is labelled multiplier effects, and its value enables the evaluation of the enterprise’s activity on the functioning of neighbouring firms.In literature, the most frequently discussed types of multiplier effects are the supply and income effects. The first result from the demand created by the emerging and developing enterprises, which fosters the development of their goods and services suppliers. The second type, the income effects, result from the increase in purchasing power of the inhabitants, owing to the employees’ remuneration, and this means fostering the development of firms that satisfy consumers’ needs. These enterprises create greater demand themselves, thus triggering new cycles of multiplier effects.The calculation of created workplaces for the supply effects was conducted by using a designed algorithm. It allows calculating the new workplaces in the supplier firms on the bases of data concerning income of enterprises, participation of supply in the revenue, and employment-related costs. The growth of employment and payment is correlated with the increase in the income multiplier effects, generated by single enterprises. This work presents a scheme for calculation of new workplaces created as a result of new investments.
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Prakoso, Jalu Aji, Axel Giovanni et Jihad Lukis Panjawa. « Spatial Patterns, Opportunities and Determinants of MSMEs Employment in Township ». JEJAK 14, no 1 (10 mars 2021) : 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v14i1.26406.
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Research is divided into three sections that contribute to analyse the optimization of employment on large productive population in Magelang, First, to identify the spatial pattern and concentration based on MSME’s sector by considering comparative benefits. Secondly, to analyse the opportunity in its association with employments in MSMEs. Thirdly, the determinants of employment in MSMEs based on the field of industry, trading and service. This research employs quantitative approach by using Location Quotient and Economic Base Model as analysis for local and regional economic, as well as multiple linier regression analysis. The research indicates that each area demonstrates distinctive spatial pattern and concentration, in terms of industrial sector, trading and service. The opportunity for employment could be notified from basic employment and basic multiplier that exist in each area. There are certain areas that have high potential in new employments once the jobs are available in the sector of industry, trading and service. The determinants of employment of above three sectors have distinctive behaviour in responding the addition of new MSMEs and the addition of revenue. Hence, the appropriate stimulus could be formulated to optimize absorption of productive labour population based on the findings.
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Willis, K. G. « Spatially Disaggregated input-output Tables : An Evaluation and Comparison of Survey and Nonsurvey Results ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 19, no 1 (janvier 1987) : 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190107.
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Although nonsurvey input – output (I-O) models have been used to estimate the employment impact of particular industrial aid programmes and policies in terms of their multiplier effects, their accuracy is questionable. Nonsurvey 1 – 0 models are estimated for Wales and Staffordshire and compared with previously published surveyed 1 – 0 tables for these areas. Disaggregating national 1 – 0 tables by location quotients produced biased multiplier estimates when compared with survey results. Incorporating some local information and using constrained (for example, RAS) nonsurvey techniques improved the accuracy and correlation between survey and nonsurvey multiplier estimates. An appreciation of the bias involved in different nonsurvey techniques should allow planners to evaluate the impact of economic events more accurately.
Thèses sur le sujet "Local employment multiplier"
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Martins, Gonçalo José de Brito Gonçalves. « The estimation of local employment multipliers for Portugal ». Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/23434.
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Mestrado Bolonha em EconomiaThis Dissertation analyses the relationship between employment in the “Tradable” and “Non-Tradable” sectors for Portugal. More specifically, the size of the employment multiplier effect between them. To do so, we have conducted a study at two different regional levels: municipalities and NUTS III for the Portuguese economy. The aim is to measure the size of the employment multiplier of the “Tradable” sector onto the “Non-Tradable” sector through multiple econometric methods. We used Pooled OLS estimations, Panel Data estimations with fixed and random effects and Instrumental Variable Regressions. The results from the estimations provide evidence of a statistically significant employment multiplier ranging between 0.4 and 0.9 extra jobs in the “Non-Tradable” sector for each new job in the “Tradable” sector in the average NUTS III region and between 0.32 and 0.77 in municipalities. The results are presented as an interval because the values differ with different econometric methods used. The main conclusion from this Dissertation is that we were able to find a positive and statistically significant employment multiplier which is coherent with previous literature in this topic.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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AURICCHIO, MARTA. « Local Manufacturing Multiplier and Human Capital in Italian Local Labor Markets ». Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200980.
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This paper quantifies the effect of a local labor demand shock in the tradable sector on the
employment in the non-tradable sector for Italy. Following Moretti (2010) and Moretti and
Thulin (2013) we analyse for Italy’s case the effect on the employment in tradable and nontradable
sector due to an exogenous shift in the number of jobs in the tradable sector in local
labor market area. Using Italian census data at LLM level for 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011,
evidences suggest that, on average, the effect of an exogenous shift in local tradable
employment upon non-tradable employment is zero. We believe that in this baseline model
the absence of evidence of a positive impact of new jobs in the tradable sectors on the
remaining parts of the local economy can be explained in particular focusing on excess of
regulation, on labor mobility, on the lack of variability of wages, on the rigidity of housing
supply and on the Italian familistic welfare system. In addition to the baseline model, we
account for the technology level of the manufacturing sector using the EUROSTAT
classification. We want to test if the jobs multiplier effect in the high-tech sector is
significantly different/higher than for almost any other sector. High-tech workers, with their
high opportunity cost of time, are expected to be net buyers of non-tradable goods.
Accounting for the technology level, as Moretti, Moretti and Thulin predict, we find
evidence that high-tech jobs have a positive and significant local employment multiplier of
0.7 additional jobs. These results bear important implications for the Italian growth path and
its regional divide, in terms both of labor market and industry competitiveness.
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Frocrain, Philippe. « Mondialisation et marché du travail : étude sur les emplois exposés et abrités en France ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM060/document.
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On oppose traditionnellement les emplois industriels et les emplois de services. L’interpénétration croissante de l’industrie et des services rend cependant cette distinction de plus en plus inopérante. À l’heure de la globalisation, il apparaît en revanche pertinent de distinguer les emplois exposés à la concurrence internationale de ceux qui en sont abrités, que l’on trouve à la fois dans l’industrie et dans les services. Cette thèse analyse dans un premier temps les évolutions et les caractéristiques des emplois exposés et abrités en France. Quels sont les emplois exposés et abrités ? Se distinguent-ils en termes de qualifications, salaires, évolutions de la productivité ? Comment sont-ils répartis sur le territoire ? Elle étudie ensuite les interdépendances entre ces deux catégories d’emplois, en évaluant empiriquement l’effet d’entraînement de l’emploi exposé sur l’emploi abrité au niveau des zones d’emploi de France métropolitaine. L’étude s’intéresse enfin à un échantillon de salariés licenciés suite à la fermeture d’un site de production. Elle tente de déterminer si le risque de licenciement, et les coûts qui lui sont associés, sont plus élevés dans le secteur exposé que dans le secteur abritéThe distinction between manufacturing and service jobs has lost some of its relevance due to the growing interpenetration between industrial and service activities. On the other hand, globalization has made it increasingly necessary to distinguish between jobs exposed to international competition (tradable jobs) and those not exposed to it (non-tradable jobs), found in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. This thesis begins by analyzing the developments and characteristics of tradable and non-tradable employment in France. Which jobs are tradable and which are non-tradable? Are they different in terms of skills, wages, and productivity? How are they distributed around the country? It then studies the interdependencies between these two categories of employment, making an empirical evaluation of the local multiplier effect of tradable jobs on non-tradable jobs in French local labor markets. Lastly, the thesis focuses on workers laid off due to firm closure. It sets out to determine whether the risk of job displacement, and the associated costs, are higher in the tradable sector than in the non-tradable sector
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Senftleben-König, Charlotte. « Essays on the determinants of changing employment and wage structures ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17304.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Diese Dissertation umfasst vier Essays, die einen Beitrag zur empirischen Literatur über die Determinanten der Veränderungen in der Beschäftigungs- und Lohnstruktur in Deutschland leisten. Im ersten Aufsatz wird der Zusammenhang zwischen technologischem Wandel und Wachstum von Beschäftigung am unteren Ende der Lohnverteilung untersucht. Eine ökonometrische Analyse zeigt, dass technologischer Wandel die Arbeitsnachfrage von routine-intensiven Berufen hin zu Berufen verschiebt, die niedrig entlohnte manuelle Tätigkeiten erfordern und sich nicht zur Substitution durch Informationstechnologien eignen. Damit trägt er zur Polarisierung der Beschäftigungsstrukturen bei. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht die Rolle von technologischem Wandel in der Entstehung räumlicher Lohnungleichheiten. Es wird gezeigt, dass technologischer Wandel zu einem Zuwachs in der Entlohnung von nicht-routine kognitiven Tätigkeiten und zu einem Rückgang der Entlohnung für routine und nicht-routine manuelle Tätigkeiten führte und damit zur Vergrößerung der inter- und intra-regionalen Lohnungleichheit beitrug. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht die Beschäftigungswirkung von Produktmarktderegulierung am Beispiel der Liberalisierung der Ladenschlussgesetze, wobei regionale Variation in der Gesetzgebung zur Identifikation des kausalen Effekts dient. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Beschäftigung im Einzelhandel durch die Deregulierung um etwa 19.000 vollzeitäquivalente Stellen zurückging. Dem zugrunde liegt ein signifikanter Rückgang an kleinen Unternehmen, die personalintensiver arbeiten als große Unternehmen. Im vierten Aufsatz werden die Auswirkungen von öffentlicher Beschäftigung auf die Beschäftigung im Privatsektor untersucht. Ergebnis ist, dass die Schaffung öffentlicher Beschäftigung erhebliche Verdrängungseffekte auf die Gesamtbeschäftigung im Privatsektor hat, wobei hauptsächlich der handelbare Sektor von Beschäftigungsverlusten betroffen ist.This thesis consists of four essays that contribute to the empirical literature on the determinants of recent changes in the employment and wage structure in Germany. The first essay analyzes recent employment growth at the lower tail of the wage distribution and its relation to technological progress. An econometric analysis suggests that tech-nological progress has shifted the demand from routine intensive occupations towards low-paying service occupations that require non-routine manual tasks, which are difficult to be replaced by information technologies, thereby contributing to the polarization of the employment structure. The second essay explores the role of technological change in the evolution of spatial wage inequality. The results indicate technological change is one driver of wage inequality by increasing the compensation for non-routine cognitive tasks, and by decreasing the compensation for routine and non-routine manual tasks. The third essay exploits regional variation in the liberalization of shop-closing legislation in Germany to identify the causal impact of product market deregulation on employment outcomes in the retail sector. The results from the empirical analysis suggest that the deregulation had moderately negative effects on retail employment, leading to a loss of approximately 19,000 full-time equivalent jobs. The reason is that deregulation induced a change in the market structure by significantly decreasing the number of small retail stores which are relatively more personnel-intensive than larger formats. The fourth essay provides an empirical analysis of the impact of changes in public sector employment on employment in the private sector at the level of local labor markets. It shows that expansions in public employment can be associated with a sizeable crowding out effect on private sector employment. Moreover, the results indicate that employment losses are concentrated in the tradable sector.
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FARIA, JÚNIOR Anézio Eugênio de. « Impactos econômicos e financeiros da expansão da UNIFAL-MG para o município de Alfenas no período de 2002 a 2014 ». Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 2015. https://bdtd.unifal-mg.edu.br:8443/handle/tede/685.
Texte intégralRésumé :
O presente trabalho busca apresentar um estudo sobre a importância de uma universidade federal como fonte propulsora do desenvolvimento econômico e social no município em que está inserida. Este estudo utilizou como base o caso da Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG) na cidade de Alfenas-MG, principalmente entre os anos de 2002 a 2014. Com esse objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter quantitativo, a fim de identificar quais setores da economia do município de Alfenas foram mais afetados pela expansão da UNIFAL-MG no período pós REUNI, considerando o aumento no nível de renda e de emprego nesses setores. Para a construção dos dados, foram utilizadas análises documentais, a base de microdados da RAIS e questionários fechados aplicados aos servidores ativos da UNIFAL-MG lotados em Alfenas-MG. Os dados coletados foram tratados na perspectiva de análises econométricas. Para confirmar a existência de uma relação entre as variáveis estudadas foram realizados Testes t, testes de Regressões Lineares Simples e o Critério de Informação de Akaike corrigido para pequenas amostras (AICc). Foi verificado que a transformação da EFOA em UNIFAL-MG gerou um efeito econômico positivo que contribuiu para o crescimento dos setores de Alimentação e Hospitalidade, Construção Civil, Atividades Imobiliárias, os Serviços Profissionais, Técnicos e Científicos, Serviços de Transporte e Correio e Educação. Além disso, foi estimada a movimentação financeira realizada no município de Alfenas em decorrência da UNIFAL-MG no ano de 2014 por meio dos gastos realizados pelos servidores ativos, estudantes vindos de outros municípios e os gastos correntes e de investimentos realizados pela própria universidade que foi de R$ 68.124.332,53. Portanto, apesar de terem sido identificados, além de uma vultosa movimentação financeira, significativos impactos positivos em diversas atividades econômicas do município de Alfenas-MG, fato que comprova a importância de uma instituição de ensino superior pública para a economia de uma cidade de médio porte.This paper aimed at presenting a study over the importance of a federal university as a promoter of social and economic development in the city where it is located. It used as basis the case of Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG) in the city of Alfenas-MG, mainly during the 2002 to 2014. With this aim, a quantitative survey was done in order to identify which sectors of the city's economy were affected the most by UNIFAL-MG's expansion in the period after REUNI, considering the increase in wage and employment rates. To arrange the data, this research included document analyses, the microdata from RAIS and closed questionnaires asked to active civil servants of the university located in Alfenas-MG. The collected data was treated in the perspective of econometrics analysis. To confirm the existence of a relation between the studied variables the t-test and Simple Linear Regressions and the Corrected Akaike Information Criterion to small samples (AICc) were used. After EFOA became UNIFAL-MG, it was verified a positive economic effect which contributed to the growth to the economic sectors of Food and Hospitality, Construction, Real Estate Activities, Vocational Service, Technical and Scientific, Transport Services and Mail and Education. Besides, the financial transactions carried out in 2014 in Alfenas-MG as a result of UNIFAL-MG through the spending by civil servants, students from other cities and expenditures and investments made by the own university was estimated at R$ 68,124,332.53. Although positive economic impacts were found and high financial transactions, significant positive impacts on various economic activities in the city of Alfenas-MG, concluding the importance of a public institution of higher education for the economy of a medium-sized city.
Livres sur le sujet "Local employment multiplier"
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Jenkins, Rob, et James Manor. All Politics is ‘Local’ ? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608309.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the complex interplay between the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) and the multiple levels of political representation that comprise India's system of local government, known as panchayati raj, which includes elected councils at the village, block, and district levels. The analysis of the politics of NREGA implementation assesses the roles played by both politicians and administrators operating at each of these three levels. These interactions are assessed through an examination of three NREGA-related processes: (1) the increased power and resources of elected local councils, and the consolidation of power within these councils by their leaders; (2) the rationing of work opportunities, and the political logic behind the exclusion of certain groups; and (3) the struggles between village- and block-level actors over opportunities to engage in corruption.
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Anderson, Michael, et Corinne Roughley. Scotland's Populations from the 1850s to Today. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The last book-length study of Scottish population history was published in 1977, and it stopped in 1939. This book uses much hitherto unexploited material to throw new light on many topics. It sets current and recent population changes in their long-term context, exploring how the legacies of past demographic change have combined with a history of weak industrial investment, employment insecurity, deprivation and poor living conditions to produce the population profiles and changes of Scotland today. A major argument of this book is that Scotland has had multiple population histories, with great variability in population change, migration patterns, nuptiality, fertility, and mortality, and that these can be directly linked to its wide diversity of topography, climate and natural resources, which are in turn significantly linked to the many differences in local agrarian systems, settlement patterns and housing, transport accessibility, and local industries and other employments. This diversity and these linkages are explored throughout the book. However, the book also shows that, on all the major demographic variables, there have been features that stand out as making Scotland different both from England and Wales and from other parts of Europe. Emigration was higher, nuptiality lower, marital fertility higher until the 1980s, and mortality persistently higher, especially in the West Central Belt of the country; the only exception, in a comparative context, was low infant mortality in the later nineteenth century. The reasons behind these differences are extensively explored.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Local employment multiplier"
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Bühlmann, Felix, Katy Morris, Nicolas Sommet et Leen Vandecasteele. « Vulnerabilities in Local Contexts ». Dans Withstanding Vulnerability throughout Adult Life, 139–52. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4567-0_9.
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AbstractMeso-level contexts (e.g., neighbourhood or community contexts) have a profound influence on vulnerability trajectories. They may mediate, mitigate, or reinforce the impact of variables such as gender, age or social class. This chapter studies how meso-level economic factors cushion or worsen the negative effects of adverse circumstances on people’s socio-economic trajectories, health outcomes, or political attitudes. This chapter showcases four case studies, which show: (1) that meso-level labour market contexts can alter the size of the penalties associated with low levels of educational attainment or a more disadvantaged background for young people seeking employment for the first time; (2) that meso-level social networks act as multipliers of inequality; close social ties in the neighbourhood increase the probability of exiting unemployment in resourceful neighbourhoods, whereas they decrease the probability of unemployment exits in deprived neighbourhoods; (3) that people residing in locations with higher levels of income inequality perceive others as being more competitive, which produces paradoxical effects on their self-rated health and undermines the psychological health of the most economically vulnerable; (4) how the confrontation with meso-level inequality and diversity shapes people’s beliefs in meritocracy and examine how everyday experiences of local inequality reinforces or weakens people’s belief in meritocratic value.
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Hicks, Michael J. « Asymmetric Local Employment Multipliers, Agglomeration, and the Disappearance of Footloose Jobs ». Dans Vulnerable Communities, sous la direction de James J. Connolly, Dagney G. Faulk et Emily J. Wornell, 221–42. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501761324.003.0010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter digs into a different body of data to consider the utility of employment multipliers, a key measure of the impact of business attraction efforts by local economic development leaders. It talks about how traditional economic development thinking has assumed that the value of luring a new business to town or adding a new product line to a local factory extended beyond the new positions it opened up. The added jobs presumably had a multiplier effect as new employees increased spending on local goods and services, thus generating economic growth across the community. The chapter indicates that the benefits from landing a new plant or from the substantial expansion of an existing operation have diminished over time but that the negative impact of losing employment has increased. It analyzes claims that points away from the customary business-attraction model that has dominated small-city economic development thinking.
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Hicks, Michael J. « 9. Asymmetric Local Employment Multipliers, Agglomeration, and the Disappearance of Footloose Jobs ». Dans Vulnerable Communities, 221–42. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501761331-011.
Texte intégral
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Mossberger, Karen, Caroline J. Tolbert, Scott J. LaCombe et Kellen Gracey. « Metros ». Dans Choosing the Future, 65–94. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197585757.003.0003.
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Metropolitan regions are the backbone of the national economy, and while some metros boast robust economic environments, others have languished or are struggling to regain their footing after years of disinvestment. With broadband subscription data for the 50 largest metros for 2000–2017, this chapter provides strong support for the causal power of broadband to shape local opportunity. Using measures from the Brookings Metro Monitor, the chapter finds evidence that broadband subscriptions significantly predict prosperity over years and across multiple models. Broadband use also decreases unemployment and is related to measures of growth. Metros where broadband is combined with more millennials or higher levels of information technology employment fare best, though the significance of information technology employment has decreased over time.
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Sprinson, John, et Ken Berrick. « Place ». Dans Unconditional Care in Context, 63—C3.B2. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197506790.003.0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This chapter is concerned with the role of place or neighborhood in the lives of children and families who become involved with child-serving systems. Like housing, place has both a concrete, physical expression as well as psychological and emotional meanings. The chapter argues that many system-involved families reside in neighborhoods in which multiple ecological challenges are concentrated. This clustering of adversity illustrates how the effects of social context are multidimensional and play out over time. Local communities are described as places in which poverty, racism, deterioration of housing stock, underfunded schools, and environmental risk all interact. Effects on school readiness, academic achievement, exposure to loss and violence, access to supportive social networks and employment are reviewed. This complex machinery of adversity is found to be associated with maltreatment and entry into the child welfare system.
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Stephan, Michelle, et David Pugalee. « The Future of Mathematics Education in the Digital Age ». Dans Building on the Past to Prepare for the Future, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of The Mathematics Education for the Future Project, King's College,Cambridge, Aug 8-13, 2022, 518–21. WTM-Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37626/ga9783959872188.0.097.
Texte intégralRésumé :
How do the mathematics content and processes taught in school today need to change in order to prepare students for participation in the digital and information age? We propose to stimulate a discussion about what mathematics education should aim for in preparing students for employment and local/global citizenship in this ever-changing technological world. Our group will develop a forward-minded agenda on implementation of mathematics content and practices. This will include detailing 1) what content/practices should be kept, changed or deleted from the curriculum, 2) potential impediments to teachers implementing them and possible strategies to address these, and 3) necessary research projects to study implementations in order to make ongoing recommendations. We will aim to start with middle school (ages 12-15) with a vision to continue this working group through multiple conferences.
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Baporikar, Neeta. « Influence of Business Competitiveness on SMEs Performance ». Dans Research Anthology on Small Business Strategies for Success and Survival, 1054–75. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9155-0.ch052.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a pivotal role in fostering socioeconomic development especially in developing countries. They create employment opportunities, empower communities, and make positive contributions towards GDP. The objective of this study is to understand the influence of business competitiveness on SMEs performance through a case study of auto body repairs SME enterprise in Namibia referred to as ABR for confidentiality. The methodology is mixed methods with in depth literature review, and detailed multiple case studies on eleven medium sized auto-body repair enterprises. The analysis is through strategy tools supported by secondary and published data and reports. The findings reflect that although ABR has a sound credit rating with local financial institutions and there are opportunities for growth, ABR also needs to invest in equipment to become more competitive and strengthen its market.
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Gowda, Guru S., Channaveerachari Naveen Kumar, Narayana Manjunatha et Suresh Bada Math. « Clinical care and rehabilitation of homeless individuals with mental illnesses ». Dans Homelessness and Mental Health, sous la direction de João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Antonio Ventriglio et Dinesh Bhugra, 133–56. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198842668.003.0011.
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Homeless mentally ill (HMI) individuals suffer from complex issues. Care for HMI people is an urgent challenge to mental health professionals and is a global problem. Clinical care and rehabilitation of HMI individuals are important and essential with respect to the person’s rights and with regard to ensuring a high-quality healthcare service. The clinical outcomes and rehabilitation of HMI individuals are likely to be influenced by multiple factors such as favourable treatment outcomes, recovery from mental illness, employment, social support, stable housing options, assertive community treatment, integrated physical and mental health services, community-based care, and finally national and local health policies and proactive legislations. Based on the HMI population’s research-driven specific needs, there is a need for developing optimal models of social care and rehabilitation for the HMI individuals in every country. The comprehensive care system for HMI individuals should provide individualized, tailor-made, community-based outreach, based on local and social resources. There is a need for prospective studies for the HMI individuals that can influence public policy. It is important to collaborate with different stakeholders from the community including the public sector, ministries of housing, health, social welfare, labour, women and child development, law and non-governmental organizations, rehabilitation centres, judiciary, and psychiatric facilities to ensure and enhance the quality of services for these very vulnerable individuals.
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Clift, Bryan C., Maria Sarah da Silva Telles et Itamar Silva. « Working the hyphens of artist-academic-stakeholder in Co-Creation : a hopeful rendering of a community organisation and an organic intellectual ». Dans Co-Creation in Theory and Practice, 237–52. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447353959.003.0015.
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Regularly experiencing forced evictions, drug and gang activity, policy brutality, spatial stigmatization, employment and education discrimination, and racism, favela residents are situated at the intersection of multiple power formations and inequalities. Yet, favelados are also known for their distinctive cultural traditions found in music, food, art, religion, and social organisation. Key to the latter of these traditions are the figures and leaders (e.g. Afro-Brazilians, women, labor activists, church officials, and both urban and rural poor) responding to the political and social power dynamics that contour the city’s and country’s iniquitous social life. Some activists intervening into these structures can be framed through Gramsci’s understanding of organic intellectuals. One such organic intellectual, we suggest, is Itamar Silva, whose role in the struggle for equality, power, and social justice is evident within his actions and relationship with Grupo Eco, a community organization in favela Santa Marta, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We illustrate the relevance and consideration of politically-driven local activists, leadership, and context in the process and product of Co-Creation.
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Kisin, Jovana, Jelena Ignjatović et Jelena Vemić Đurković. « Corporate Restructuring in the Economy of the Tourism Sector : A Case Study of Air Serbia ». Dans 6th International Thematic Monograph : Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era, 315–31. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans ; Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2021-2022.315.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The main objective of this research is to analyze the effects of the implemented corporate restructuring process on the example of the Serbian national airline company. In addition, the purpose of this chapter is to discuss the management approaches, forms, specific goals, business performance and results, but also the benefits of the corporate restructuring of Air Serbia on national tourism and the economy. Since competitive national airline contributes to the development of the Serbian tourism sector, this chapter emphasizes the economic dimension and importance of the transformation process, creating new added value and employment, as well as multiple effects on overall local and regional development and complementary activities. Thematically, the content is focused on reviewing various forms of corporate restructuring, change of management model, ownership and organizational structure, application of new strategies, and achieved financial results, as indicators of the success of corporate restructuring, with special reference to the impact of COVID-19 on Air Serbia. The methodological framework includes desk research and a case study method based on data collection and analysis, synthesis of theoretical and empirical facts, and using available sources related to the research topic.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Local employment multiplier"
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Švihlíková, Ilona, Daniel Toth et Iveta Hamarneh. « The Linkages between the Local Economy and Tourism on the Example of the South Bohemian Region ». Dans XXV. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0068-2022-47.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The study aims to show in the conditions of the South Bohemian Region the effectiveness and efficiency of support for the local economy as an endogenous source of employment and business development in tourism support. The methodological procedure is a multiplier including an input-output matrix for the South Bohemian Region. This matrix contains statistical data on aggregated regional - economic resources, production, and consumption. The results of the calculations of final demand and regional gross value added of the region are also presented. The primary data sources for the calculation were the open-source of the Czech Statistical Office, which publishes the Statistical Yearbook every year. The Statistical Yearbook of the South Bohemian Region 2021 contains all the necessary data for processing the input-output analysis of the multiplier effects of the tourism industry. The results of the application of these tools are summarized in a sectoral input-output table for the South Bohemian Region. The output multipliers for the South Bohemian Region show increased tourism scores compared to structurally similar regions. It is, therefore, a promising sector, which is determined by the favorable structure of tourist attractions.
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Farradia, Yuary, Hari Muharam et Salmah Azzubaidi. « AN ANALYSIS OF INTENTION TO DO ECOTOURISM IN THE NEW NORM : A COMPARATIVE STRUCTURAL MODEL BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA ». Dans GLOBAL TOURISM CONFERENCE 2021. PENERBIT UMT, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/gtc.2021.11.031.
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Tourism contributes to the growth of economy of a nation through employment, the multiplier effect, and foreign exchange earnings. It also contributes towards a positive balance of payments. Eco-tourism is the natural evolution of tourism that cares for the environment, culture and local traditions, while promoting environmental education. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant negative effect on the tourism industry in almost all countries in Asia including Malaysia and Indonesia, therefore an analysis of the intention to undertake eco-tourism in the new norm of the post pandemic period is the basis for consideration of this research paper in a bid to turnaround the tourism industry.
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Vilcu, Adrian, Mihaela Cojan et Ion Verzea. « HIERARCHIC PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS METHOD FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF COMPONENTS WEIGHTS IN EMPLOYMENT PROCESS, FROM EMPLOYER PROSPECTIVE ». Dans eLSE 2019. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-19-199.
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The knowledge-based society and the evolutions that mark the Romanian economic and social context require from the graduates of technical higher education a series of specific and transversal competences that will provide them with the potential to adapt to rapid changes, short-term problems that arise in the flow of professional activities, critically analyzing data, correlating them with practical needs, working in parallel to multiple tasks, rapidly integrating into flexible working teams and constantly monitoring your career plan. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify the general, specific and transversal professional competencies that contribute to increasing employability among Romanian higher education graduates. The study should be correlated with the changes in the labor market in the field of engineering, characterized by dynamism and competitiveness, as well as with the need to correlate the educational offer of the technical higher education with the local economic realities. This work responds to the need of an efficient correlation of educational offer with the present employers' demands in terms of competences and professional, technical and transversal (behavior) performances, by optimizing the employability index using a software instrument based on hierarchically implemented Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Study structure is algorithmic: establish the participants in the study (employers), draw up the questionnaire for the three types of competences, validate it, organize statistically the gathered data, systemize them by using the hierarchic PCA method, extract the results and compare them with those from specialized literature. Finally, one proposes the software instrument and the valorization of the systemic analysis results at the main agents involved in the dynamics of educational and labor market: offers of educational and professional training programs, as well as graduates of high level studies.
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Al Jumah, Ali, Abdulkareem Hindawi, Fakhriya Shuaibi, Jasbindra Singh, Mohamed Siyabi, Marya Al Salmi, Safia Hatmi et al. « Optimizing Field Development in South Sultanate of Oman Through Deep Water Disposal Dwd Reclassification ». Dans Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207715-ms.
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Abstract The South Oman clusters A and B have reclassified their Deep-Water Disposal wells (DWD) into water injection (WI) wells. This is a novel concept where the excess treated water will be used in the plantation of additional reed beds (Cluster A) and the farming of palm trees (Cluster B), as well as act as pressure support for nearby fields. This will help solve multiple issues at different levels namely helping the business achieve its objective of sustained oil production, helping local communities with employment and helping the organization care for the environment by reducing carbon footprints. This reclassification covers a huge water volume in Field-A and Field-B where 60,000 m3/day and 40,000 m3/day will be injected respectively in the aquifer. The remaining total excess volume of approx. 200,000m3/d will be used for reed beds and Million Date Palm trees Project. The approach followed for the reclassification and routing of water will: Safeguard the field value (oil reserves) by optimum water injectionMaintain the cap-rock integrity by reduced water injection into the aquifer.Reduce GHG intensity by ±50% as a result of (i) reduced power consumption to run the DWD pumps and (ii) the plantation of trees (reed beds and palm trees).Generate ICV (in-country value) opportunities in the area of operations for the local community to use the excess water at surface for various projects.Figure 1DWD Reclassification benefits Multiple teams (subsurface. Surface, operations), interfaces and systems have been associated to reflect the re-classification project. This was done through collaboration of different teams and sections (i.e. EC, EDM, SAP, Nibras, OFM, etc). Water injection targets and several KPIs have been incorporated in various dashboards for monitoring and compliance purposes. Figure 2Teams Integration and interfaces It offers not only a significant boost to the sustainability of the business, but also pursues PDO's Water Management Strategy to reduce Disposal to Zero by no later than the year 2030 This paper will discuss how the project was managed, explain the evaluation done to understand the extent of the pressure support in nearby fields from DWD and the required disposal rate to maintain the desired pressures. Hence, reclassifying that part of deep-water disposal volume to water injection (WI) which requires a totally different water flood management system to be built around it.
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Fighera, Giorgio, Ernesto Della Rossa, Patrizia Anastasi, Mohammed Amr Aly et Tiziano Diamanti. « Unlocking Ensemble History Matching Potential with Parallelism and Careful Data Management ». Dans Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207606-ms.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Improvements in reservoir simulation computational time thanks to GPU-based simulators and the increasing computational power of modern HPC systems, are paving the way for a massive employment of Ensemble History Matching (EHM) techniques which are intrinsically parallel. Here we present the results of a comparative study between a newly developed EHM tool that aims at leveraging the GPU parallelism, and a commercial third-party EHM software as a benchmark. Both are tested on a real case. The reservoir chosen for the comparison has a production history of 3 years with 15 wells between oil producers, and water and gas injectors. The EHM algorithm used is the Ensemble Smoother with Multiple Data Assimilations (ESMDA) and both tools have access to the same computational resources. The EHM problem was stated in the same way for both tools. The objective function considers well oil productions, water cuts, bottom-hole pressures, and gas-oil-ratios. Porosity and horizontal permeability are used as 3D grid parameters in the update algorithm, along with nine scalar parameters for anisotropy ratios, Corey exponents, and fault transmissibility multipliers. Both the presented tool and the benchmark obtained a satisfactory history match quality. The benchmark tool took around 11.2 hours to complete, while the proposed tool took only 1.5 hours. The two tools performed similar updates on the scalar parameters with only minor discrepancies. Updates on the 3D grid properties instead show significant local differences. The updated ensemble for the benchmark reached extreme values for porosity and permeability which are also distributed in a heterogeneous way. These distributions are quite unlikely in some model regions given the initial geological characterization of the reservoir. The updated ensemble for the presented tool did not reach extreme values in neither porosity nor permeability. The resulting property distributions are not so far off from the ones of the initial ensemble, therefore we can conclude that we were able to successfully update the ensemble while persevering the geological characterization of the reservoir. Analysis suggests that this discrepancy is due to the different way by which our EHM code consider inactive cells in the grid update calculations compared to the benchmark highlighting the fact that statistics including inactive cells should be carefully managed to correctly preserve the geological distribution represented in the initial ensemble. The presented EHM tool was developed from scratch to be fully parallel and to leverage on the abundantly available computational resources. Moreover, the ESMDA implementation was tweaked to improve the reservoir update by carefully managing inactive cells. A comparison against a benchmark showed that the proposed EHM tool achieved similar history match quality while improving the computation time and the geological realism of the updated ensemble.
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Singh, Jasbindra, Mustafa Lawati, Abdulkareem Hindawi, Mohammed Harthi, Abdel Samiee Rady, Mohammed Al Hinai, Marya Al Salmi et al. « Greening the Desert While Helping Business and Caring for the Environment ». Dans Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207307-ms.
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Abstract This paper describes the utilization of produced and treated formation water for planting trees and growing algae in large ponds; in a massive scale in South Oman. A detailed study has been carried out to assess the injection requirements for pressure maintenance in the producing reservoir and using the remaining excess pot-treated water for farming of the palm trees. The produced water has been used as disposal in formations deeper than the producing horizons in the past. The produced water was separated in a processing station that received gross production from a number of fields in South Oman. This water was disposed in the aquifer underlying a producing reservoir that has experienced pressure maintenance due to this disposal. The impact of this excess water disposal on the aquifer was studied to evaluate the risk of breaching cap rock integrity. The risk was not significant but to ensure "no damage to the environment and people" it was decided to reduce or optimize injection rates to maintain the reservoir pressure safeguarding reserves. In addition, the disposal of the water required significant amount of power equivalent to emitting significant amount of CO2 annually just for water disposal. The study was carried out using simple material balance methods to predict the pressure behaviour given an injection profile. The recommendations from the study have already been implemented to convert the deep-water disposal to injection in the aquifer. This has been achieved by the integration of number of interfaces from sub-surface to field operations. All the pieces are in place to take it the next level of execution that is to treat the water at surface for oil removal, hence rendering the water at acceptable quality levels for tree plantation and algae ponds. The project also aims in a future second phase to further treat the water to higher specifications allowing the use of it for agricultural purposes. This would introduce a commercial farm that will depend on this source of water. This would be a novel concept in South Oman where the treated water will be used for farming solving multiple issues at multiple levels namely helping the business achieve its objective of sustained oil production, helping local communities with employment via farming and helping the organization care for the environment by reducing carbon footprints.
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Strasser, Wayne, et Francine Battaglia. « Pulsatile Primary Slurry Atomization : Effects of Viscosity, Circumferential Domain, and Annular Slurry Thickness ». Dans ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53026.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A central theme of our prior experimental and computational work on a transonic self-sustaining pulsatile three-stream coaxial airblast injector involved obtaining spectral content from compressible 2-D models and preliminary droplet size distributions from incompressible 3-D models. The three streams entail an inner low-speed gas, and outer high-speed gas, and an annular liquid sheet. Local Mach numbers in the pre-filming region exceed unity due to gas flow blockage by the liquid. Liquid bridging at somewhat regular intervals creates resonance in the feed streams. The effects of numerical decisions and geometry permutations were elucidated. The focus now shifts to compressible 3-D computational models so that geometric parameters, modeled domain size, and non-Newtonian slurry viscosity can be more elaborately explored. While companion studies considered circumferential angles less than 45°, specific attention in this work is given to the circumferential angles larger than 45°, the slurry annular dimension, and how this annular dimension interacts with inner nozzle retraction (pre-filming distance). Additional metrics, including velocity point spectral analyses, are investigated. Two-stream experimental studies are also computationally studied. Multiple conclusions were drawn. Narrower annular slurry passageways yielded a thinner slurry sheet and increased injector throughput, but the resulting droplets were actually larger. Unfortunately the effect of slurry sheet thickness could not be decoupled from another important geometric permutation; injector geometry physical constraints mandated that, in order to thin the slurry sheet, the thickness of the lip which separates the inner gas and slurry had to be increased accordingly. Increased lip thickness reduced the interfacial shear and increased the thickness of the gas boundary layer immediately adjacent to the slurry sheet. This suppressed the sheet instability and reduced the resulting liquid breakup. Lastly, velocity point correlations revealed that an inertial subrange was difficult to find in any of the model permutations and that droplet length scales correlate with radial velocities. As anticipated, a higher viscosity resulted in larger droplets. Both the incremental impact of viscosity and the computed slurry length scale matched open literature values. Additionally, the employment of a full 360° computational domain produced a qualitatively different spray pattern. Partial azimuthal models exhibited a neatly circumferentially repeating outer sheath of pulsing spray ligaments, while full domain models showed a highly randomized and broken outer band of ligaments. The resulting quantitate results were similar especially farther from the injector; therefore, wedge models can be used for screening exercises. Lastly, droplet size and turbulence scale predictions for two external literature cases are presented.
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Dygert, Joseph P., Melissa L. Morris, Erik M. Messick et Patrick H. Browning. « Feasibility of an Energy Efficient Large-Scale Aquaponic Food Production and Distribution Facility ». Dans ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6567.
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Today the United States is plagued by societal issues, economic insecurity, and increasing health problems. Societal issues include lack of community inclusion, pollution, and access to healthy foods. The high unemployment coupled with the rising cost of crude oil derivatives, and the growing general gap between cost of living and minimum wage levels contribute to a crippled consumer-driven US economy. Health concerns include increasing levels of obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These epidemics lead to staggering economic burdens costing Americans hundreds of billions of dollars each year. It is well-known that many of the health issues impacting Americans can be directly linked to the production, availability, and quality of the food. Factors contributing to the availability of food include reduction of United States farmland, an increase in food imported from overseas, and the cost of goods to the consumer. The quality of food is influenced by the method of growth as well as imposed preservation techniques to support food transportation and distribution. At the same time, it has become increasingly common to implement biotechnology in genetically modified crops for direct human food or indirectly as a livestock feed for animals consumed by humans. Crops are also routinely dosed with pesticides and hormones in an attempt to increase productivity and revenue, with little consideration or understanding of the long term health effects. Research shows that community gardens positively impact local employment, community involvement and inclusivity, and the diets of not only those involved in food production, but all members of their households. The purpose of this work is to determine the feasibility of an energy efficient large-scale aquaponic food production and distribution facility which could directly mitigate growing socioeconomic concerns in the US through applied best practices in sustainability. Aquaponics is a symbiotic relationship between aquaculture and hydroponics, where fish and plants grow harmoniously. The energy efficient facility would be located in an urban area, and employ solar panels, natural lighting, rain water reclamation, and a floor plan optimized for maximum food yield and energy efficiency. Examples of potential crops include multiple species of berries, corn, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, peppers, squash, and carrots. Potential livestock include responsibly farmed tilapia, shrimp, crayfish, and oysters. The large scale aquaponic facility shows a lengthy period for financial return on investment whether traditional style construction of the building or a green construction style is used. However many forms of federal government aid and outside assistance exist for green construction to help drive down the risk in the higher initial investment which in the long run could end up being more profitable than going with a traditionally constructed building. Outside of financial return there are many proven, positive impacts that a large-scale aquaponic facility would have. Among these are greater social involvement and inclusivity, job creation, increased availability of fresh food, and strengthening of America’s agriculture infrastructure leading to increased American independence.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Local employment multiplier"
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Campi, Mercedes, Marco Dueñas et Tommaso Ciarli. Open configuration options Do Creative Industries Enhance Employment Growth ? Regional Evidence from Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003993.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Creative industries are considered highly innovative and productive, constituting an important driver of economic change. For high-income countries, several studies discuss the positive spillovers of creative industries for the local economy, for instance by attracting creative workers, which can benet entrepreneurs and workers in other industries. Like many other activities, creative industries are likely to dier in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. Moreover, the existing evidence is based on correlations between variables likely to be endogenous. This paper contributes to the literature on the role of creative industries in driving economic change in two main ways. First, we make a rst attempt to control for endogeneity and identify the impact of creative industries on local economies. Second, we report evidence for a middle-income country. Using granular employment data, we study the agglomeration patterns of creative industries across Colombian cities between 2008 and 2017. Exploiting the co-location of creative industries with other industries, we estimate the relation between employment growth in creative and non-creative industries in the same city. Using a shift-share instrumental variable approach, we estimate the multiplier eect of employment growth in creative industries on the employment growth in the rest of the economy. Creative industries represented between 2.7 and 3.3 percent of Colombian employment in 2008 and 2017. We nd that creative industries agglomerate mainly in three large cities (Bogota, Medelln, and Cartagena) and in a few smaller cities. Such agglomeration is positively related to an increase in the employment of non-creative services industries. For a positive causal relation to materialize, creative industries should have a larger size or be more connected to other economic sectors. However, after controlling for endogeneity, we nd no signicant impact of an increase of creative industries employment on employment growth in other industries.
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Alexander, Serena E., Mariela Alfonzo et Kevin Lee. Safeguarding Equity in Off-Site Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Mitigation in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2027.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Historically, the State of California assessed the environmental impacts of proposed developments based on how it was projected to affect an area’s level of service (LOS). However, as LOS focused on traffic delays, many agencies simply widened roads, which was an ineffective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). With the passage of Senate Bill (SB)743 in 2013, LOS was replaced by Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) as a more appropriate metric by which to gauge the environmental impacts of proposed development. Additionally, SB 743 presented an opportunity for off-site VMT mitigation strategies through banking and exchanges– allowing multiple development projects to fund a variety of strategies to reduce VMT elsewhere in the city or region. While the shift from LOS to VMT has generally been lauded, concerns remain about how to apply SB 743 effectively and equitably. This study aimed to: 1) understand how local governments are addressing this shift toward VMT while ensuring equity, including its approaches to off-site VMT mitigation; and 2) evaluate the various built environment factors that impact VMT, which should be considered by local governments, using both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The study posited that both micro and macro level aspects of the built environment needed to be considered when evaluating the impacts of proposed development on VMT, not only to ensure higher accuracy VMT models, but also because of the potential equity implications of off-site mitigation measures. Using multiple linear regression, the study shows that macroscale built environment features such as land use, density, housing, and employment access have a statistically significant impact on reducing VMT (35%), along with transit access (15%), microscale features such as sidewalks, benches, and trees (13%), and income (6%). More notably, a four-way interaction was detected, indicating that VMT is dependent on the combination of macro and micro level built environment features, public transit access, and income. Additionally, qualitative interviews indicate that transportation practitioners deal with three types of challenges in the transition to VMT impact mitigation: the lack of reliable, standardized VMT measure and evaluation tools; the lack of a strong legal foundation for VMT as a component of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA); and the challenge of distributing off-site VMT mitigation equitably. Overall, findings support a nuanced, multi-factor understanding of the context in which new developments are being proposed, both in terms of modeling VMT, but also when considering whether offsite mitigation would be appropriate. The results of this study can help California ensure equitable VMT mitigation that better aligns with the state’s climate goals.
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Finkelstain, Israel, Steven Buccola et Ziv Bar-Shira. Pooling and Pricing Schemes for Marketing Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, août 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568099.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In recent years there has been a growing concern over the performance of Israel and U.S. agricultural marketing organizations. In Israel, poor performance of some marketing institutions has led to radical reforms. Examples are the two leading export industries - citrus and flowers. In the U.S., growth of local market power is eliminating competitive row product prices which served as the basis for farmer cooperative payment plans. This research studies, theoretically, several aspects of the above problem and develops empirical methods to assess their relative importance. The theoretical part deals with two related aspects of the operation of processing and marketing firms. The first is the technological structure of these firms. To this end, we formalize a detailed theory that describes the production process itself and the firm's decision. The model accounts for multiple products and product characteristics. The usefulness of the theory for measurement of productivity and pricing of raw material is demonstrated. The second aspect of the processing and marketing firm that we study is unique to the agricultural sector, where many such firms are cooperatives. In such cooperative an efficient and fair mechanism for purchasing raw materials from members is crucial to successful performances of the firm. We focus on: 1) pricing of raw materials. 2) comparison of employment of quota and price regimes by the cooperative to regulate the quantities, supplied by members. We take into consideration that the cooperative management is subject to pressure from member farmers. 3) Tier pricing for raw materials in order to ensure efficiency and zero profits at the cooperative level. This problem is examined in both closed and open cooperatives. The empirical part focuses in: 1) the development of methodologies for estimating demand for differentiated products; 2) assessing farmers response to component pricing; 3) measurement of potential and actual exploitation of market power by an agricultural marketing firm. The usefulness of the developed methodologies are demonstrated by several application to agricultural sub-sectors, including: U.S. dairy industry, Oregon wine industry, Israeli Cotton industry and Israeli Citrus industry.