Thèses sur le sujet « Linguistica, neurolinguistica »

Per molti secoli è stata tramandata l’idea che le emozioni fossero un aspetto bestiale dell’essere umano che andava dominato perché in contrasto con la sua parte razionale. Solo a partire dalla pubblicazione di The Expression of the Emotions in Animals and Men (1872), di Darwin, l’emozione ha riconquistato una dignità, ricavandosi uno spazio proprio di indagine all’interno del vasto panorama di ricerche scientifiche. Da quel momento, l’emozione è diventata uno dei fenomeni più interessanti e controversi per la scienza. Sebbene, infatti, negli anni si sono accumulati moltissimi studi sulla natura, il ruolo ed il funzionamento delle emozioni, non siamo ancora arrivati ad una definizione completa del termine ‘emozione’. Questa impossibilità deriva dal fatto che le emozioni sono fenomeni complessi e multicompositi. Una delle maggiori difficoltà della scienza nei confronti delle emozioni è, infatti, quella di riuscire a descrivere attraverso i rigidi strumenti scientifici un fenomeno dai contorni sfumati. Per questo, negli anni, le ricerche hanno finito per concentrarsi su singoli o pochi aspetti di questo fenomeno, nel tentativo di arrivare ad una spiegazione globale e definitiva. Questa ricerca si apre con un’analisi degli aspetti problematici legati allo studio delle emozioni (storici, linguistici, metodologici e deontologici). Si è passati poi alla descrizione delle teorie più rilevanti in campo neurofisiologico, neuropsicologico e psicologico, con il tentativo di delineare attraverso una prospettiva storica il percorso che ha portato alle conoscenze attuali su questo processo. Un capitolo a parte è dedicato alle ultime ricerche sulla neurofisiologia delle emozioni. Diversamente dai primi studi, che ritenevano l’emozione un processo unitario e riconducibile ad un sostrato neurale unico, un ‘cervello emotivo’, i risultati delle ultime ricerche hanno evidenziato che l’emozione è piuttosto un fenomeno multicomposito che coinvolge non una ma molte strutture cerebrali, sia sottocorticali sia corticali, connesse tra di loro. Infine, l’ultimo capitolo è focalizzato su un aspetto particolare degli studi neurofisiologici, relativo alla prosodia emotiva. Questi studi, relativamente recenti, stanno cercando di capire le connessioni neurali e l’eventuale specializzazione emisferica che è possibile riconoscere nella prosodia emotiva. Poiché alla prosodia emotiva è stata data meno attenzione rispetto ad altri aspetti dell’emozione, si crede che un’attenzione posta su questi studi sia essenziale per contribuire allo scopo più generale di queste ricerche: rispondere alla famosa domanda di James: “Cos’è un’emozione?”.

This thesis is structured as a collection of case studies in clinical linguistics all addressing the relationship between Lexicon and syntax. We have showed that various less-studied aphasic syndromes (e.g. Logopenic Primary Progressive Aphasia, Mixed Trascortical Aphasia, Crossed aphasia), and not only ‘classic’ Broca’s Aphasia can enhance findings worth to be considered in contemporary theoretical debates on the status of traditional categories and particularly on the lexical/functional divide in grammar.
Questa tesi è strutturata come collezione di studi di caso in linguistica clinica, che hanno tutti come focus il rapporto tra lessico e sintassi. In questo lavoro abbiamo mostrato come diverse e poco studiate sindromi afasiche (ad esempio Afasia Lentamente Progressiva Logopenica, Afasia Transcorticale Mista, Afasia crociata) possano essere cruciali per la verifica sperimentale di approcci correnti in linguistica teorica.

Orientador: Maria Irma Hadler Coudry
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de caso de um jovem (RS) que, aos 21 anos, sofreu um grave traumatismo crânioencefálico (TCE) que acometeu todo o hemisfério esquerdo de seu cérebro, além de regiões subcorticais, deixando como principais seqüelas uma hemiplegia à direita e dificuldades relacionadas a linguagem, corpo, gestos e percepção. O estudo visa compreender o funcionamento da linguagem de RS, dadas a extensão e a profundidade da lesão e, a partir do estudo do caso, trazer à reflexão questões neurolingüísticas relevantes como: a importância da orientação para o discurso da prática clínica (o exercício da linguagem de forma ativa); a visão, baseada na teoria de Freud (1891/1973), da afasia como desintegração das associações entre elementos visuais, acústicos e cinestésicos que compõem os processos lingüístico cognitivos (sobretudo em processos superassociativos), mas cuja reconstituição é possível através dos elementos mais preservados que atuam de forma solidária nos processos de significação e no acesso aos elementos mais prejudicados (oferecendo um caminho para a prática clínica); a heterogeneidade da afasia e a problemática da classificação afasiológica; as relações entre a afasia e a aquisição da linguagem; a relevância do letramento na afasia; e a importância do fator social para a melhora dos quadros afásicos, como, no caso de RS, sua (re)inserção nos estudos e no trabalho, aspecto clinicamente restaurador das atividades lingüístico-cognitivas e da subjetividade
Abstract: This study will present the case of a young man (R.S.) who, at 21, suffered a severe cranio-encephalic trauma (CET) which affected his whole left hemisphere as well as sub-cortical regions, leaving as main sequels right-side hemiplegia and difficulties in terms of language, body, gestures and perception. The study will try to understand the workings of R.S.'s language, given the extent and severity of his injuries and, using his case as a springboard, to bring up some considerations on relevant neurolinguistic issues, such as the importance of discourse-oriented clinical practice (the importance of actively exercising language); aphasia, as seen according to Freud's theory (1891/1973), as a dissociation (especially in super-associative processes) between visual, acoustic and kinesthetic elements which make up linguistic-cognitive processes, but whose recovering is possible by means of the more well-preserved elements acting jointly in meaningcreating processes and in accessing the most damaged elements (offering thereby a path to clinical practice); aphasia's heterogeneity and its attendant classification problems; the relationships between aphasia and language-acquisition; the relevance of literacy in aphasia; and the importance of the social factor in the recovering process as, in R.S.'s case, his (re)insertion in the realm of study and work, clinically healing aspects for his linguistic-cognitive activities and his subjectivity
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística

Orientador: Edwiges Maria Morato
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Este estudo explora precisamente aspectos lingüístico-pragmáticos da manipulação enunciativa de piadas, assinalando sua importância para os estudos neurolingüísticos, em especial aqueles que se encontram ancorados numa perspectiva interacionista ou sócio-cognitiva dessa relação. O que se propõe no presente estudo é aprofundar a consideração de que o problema da afasia não pode ser reduzido a uma questão lingüística (stricto sensu), nem a de que o componente ¿meta¿, importante para as ações reflexivas dos sujeitos, reduz-se à ordem cognitiva; por isso, a competência relativamente à linguagem (à qual se vinculam processos meta de várias ordens: lingüística, enunciativa, pragmática, discursiva) não estaria necessariamente destruída nas afasias. Neste trabalho foram analisados dados lingüísticos de 5 sujeitos não-afásicos (grupo controle) e 5 sujeitos afásicos que freqüentam o Centro de Convivência de Afásicos (CCA), que é situado no Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem da UNICAMP. Através de entrevistas individuais, foi solicitado aos sujeitos que, após ouvir as piadas, explicassem ou comentassem seus efeitos de humor. Para a coleta de dados, elaborou-se um Protocolo de Estudos de Piadas com base na relevância de determinado nível lingüístico. Contudo, cumpre ressaltar que uma concepção enunciativa de língua pressupõe a mobilização de processos pragmáticos, contextuais, discursivos. Nesse sentido, ainda que determinados mecanismos léxico-sintático-semânticos fiquem em evidência, todo enunciado chistoso é da natureza dos fenômenos pragmáticos, intersubjetivos, sócio-culturais. A partir da aplicação do Protocolo, observou-se a presença de processos meta relativamente à linguagem (lingüísticos, enunciativos, pragmáticos, discursivos), pois os sujeitos, na interpretação e manipulação das piadas, questionaram e reformularam o texto original, ou seja, produziram comentários, reformulações, recontagens, inserções (pedido de esclarecimentos ou exemplificações), paráfrases; além de terem reconhecido pré-construídos, pressupostos e/ou implícitos culturais envolvidos nas piadas, realizaram ajustes enunciativos sobre os sentidos veiculados, leis conversacionais e regras de etiqueta. Relevante, também, para análise dos dados foi observar diferentes aspectos do ponto de vista da construção e mesmo da explicitação do sentido: a interpretação; a explicação; os marcadores conversacionais; a presença de processos semiológicos co-ocorrentes, como o contexto, o gesto, a melodia etc.; e o riso. Tendo em vista os dados obtidos na pesquisa, ressalta-se que as piadas se constituem, bem como outros fenômenos de ordem meta-enunciativa, em um interessante expediente para a análise da competência pragmático-textual dos sujeitos para produzir e interpretar linguagem. Observou-se essa competência através de manobras lingüísticas e sócio-cognitivas realizadas pelos sujeitos na busca ou na mobilização lingüístico-cognitiva da significação, do conhecimento enciclopédico, da memória cultural e discursiva, de um savoir-faire específico. Com isso, entende-se essa competência como uma espécie de conhecimento sócio-cognitivo dos objetos e estados de coisa no mundo que se constitui e se revela enunciativamente no decorrer das ações dos sujeitos
Abstract: This study explores linguistic-pragmatic aspects of the enunciative manipulation of jokes, designating its importance for the neurolinguistics studies, in special those that were find anchored in an interacionist perspective. What is consider in the present study is to deepen the consideration that the problem of the aphasia cannot be reduced to a linguistic question (stricto sensu), nor of that the component ¿meta¿, important for the reflexives actions of the individuals, reduce to the cognitive order; therefore, the competence relatively to the language (which is connect to ¿meta¿ processes of some orders: linguistics, enunciative, pragmatic, discursive) necessarily would not be destroyed in the aphasias. In this work it had been analyzed linguistic data of 5 not-aphasics individuals (control group) and 5 aphasics individuals that frequent the ¿Centro de Convivência de Afásicos¿ (CCA), that is situated in the Institute of Studies of the Language (IEL/UNICAMP), by individual interviews. The proposal presented was that after hearing the joke, the individuals were requested to explained or commented the jokes. For the collection of data, a Protocol of Studies of Jokes was elaborated on the basis of the relevance of determined linguistic level. However, it fulfills to stand out that an enunciative conception of language estimates the mobilization of pragmatic processes, contextual, discursives. In this direction, despite lexic-syntactic-semantic mechanisms are in evidences, all jokes are a pragmatic, intersubjetive, sociocultural phenomena. From the application of the Protocol, it was observed the presence of ¿meta¿ processes relatively to the language (linguistic, enunciative, pragmatic, discursives), therefore the individuals, in the interpretation and manipulation of the jokes, had questioned and reformulated the original text, that is, had produced commentaries, reformularizations, recount, insertions (asked for of clarifications or exemplifications), paraphrase; beyond having recognized pre-constructed and/or implicit cultural involved in the jokes, carrying through enunciative adjustments about conversational laws and label rules. Also relevant, for data analysis it was to observe different aspects of the construction and explicitation of the sense: the interpretation, the explanation; the conversational markers; the presence of co-ocorrentes semiologics processes (as the context, the gesture, the melody) and the laugh. With the data in the research, it was observe that the jokes are constitute, as well as other phenomena of meta-enunciative order, in an interesting expedient for the analysis of the pragmatic-textual competence of the individuals to produce and to interpret language. This competence through linguistic and socio-cognitives abilities carried through by the individuals in the search or in the linguistic-cognitive mobilization of the signification, the enciclopedic knowledge, the cultural and discursive memory, one specific savoir-faire. With this, the competence is understand as a socio-cognitive knowledge of objects and states of thing in the world that it constitutes and it reveals enunciatively in elapsing of the individuals actions
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística

The purpose of this study proposal is to examine the potential relationship between linguistic creativity and mood disorders, specifically depression and bipolar disorder. Participants will be approximately 67 adults who have either bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, or serve as a healthy control group. Participants will complete prompts in order to measure linguistic creativity and then fill out several questionnaires relating to depressed mood, mania, general creativity, and rumination levels. It is predicted that bipolar disorder will have higher levels of certain types of linguistic creativity, such as lexical and semantic creativity, whereas depression will have more syntactic creativity. Furthermore, it is anticipated that higher rumination levels in the depressed group will be associated with higher levels of linguistic creativity, as opposed to participants in the depressed group with lower levels of rumination. Lastly, it is predicted that the type of writing prompt will influence the amount of creativity exhibited by each participant group. The proposed study has implications for therapeutic benefits, the emergence of a new area of research in two separate fields, and a new way of analyzing shifts in speech patterns of those with mood disorders.

This is a multiple-case study about 16 university students’ (hereafter called participants) learning experience of “six-step reframing” in Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) and an exploration about whether the practice of such reframing (hereafter called the Practice) could be used to enhance the participants’ Type I thinking styles. Each participant was treated as a case on his/her own. The researcher met each voluntary participant individually on three occasions. First, each participant was given a pre-test of thinking styles, a NLP workshop, the first NLP “six-step reframing” practice, a first post-test of thinking styles and a first follow-up interview. One week later, the participant was given a second NLP “six-step reframing” practice, a second post test of thinking styles and a second follow-up interview. One month later, the participant was given a delayed final post test of thinking styles and in-depth interview for review of their experience and validation of the observations and measurements made in the entire process. All measurement results and practice and interview transcripts were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively according to the nature of the data. Results indicated that all participants felt positively towards the experience of the Practice. Through the Practice, they were able to identify their own limiting beliefs in learning and discover some new learning methods to overcome the problems. Furthermore, a desirable increase in Type I thinking styles was observed for most of the participants after the Practice. 8 of the participants showed marked increase (with effect size≥0.8) and 3 showed slight increase (with effect size <0.8). For the remaining 5 participants, 2 of them showed marked decrease (with effect size≥0.8) and 3 showed slight decrease (with effect size <0.8). Case-by-case analysis indicated the marked increase in Type I thinking styles could reasonably be explained by certain characteristics of the methods that the participants discovered in solving their problems, as well as characteristics of the processes they experienced in the Practice, such as the internal dialogue among different sensing “parts” within their awareness and the stimulation of multiple perspective perceptions in generating new insights to overcome their limiting beliefs, which share a lot of commonality with the characteristics of Type I thinking styles. In the 2 cases of marked decrease in Type I thinking style, interfering factors like fear and illness were identified. Based on the results, the researcher argues that in order that the problem solving experience can lead to desirable changes in the participants’ preferred ways of thinking, affective aspects of the experience is also highly important. Salient features in the Practice such as “generation of positive affection”, “provision of serene environment”, “autonomy to choose freely”, “reflection upon past life experiences” and “ownership of the self-identified problems” might have contributed to explain why the Practice was effective to most participants in this research in enhancing their Type I thinking style but similar success had not been observed so far in other intervention studies using problem solving tasks. The thesis also discussed the limitations of the study and implications for further education and psychological research.
published_or_final_version
Education
Doctoral
Doctor of Education

Orientador: Edwiges Maria Morato
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Com base em uma abordagem sociocognitiva da linguagem, esta pesquisa investiga e analisa as construções referenciais da hiperonímia, bem como as estratégias de ativação dos objetos de discurso a elas subjacentes, formuladas por afásicos, por indivíduos com Doença de Alzheimer em fase inicial e por indivíduos pertencentes a casos não patológicos. Como instrumento metodológico, adota-se um protocolo composto por dezoito conjuntos de três co-hipônimos cada. Tal ferramenta tem como intuito focalizar e delimitar o trabalho linguístico e sociocognitivo, assim como o percurso enunciativo realizado pelos sujeitos ao categorizar. Em consonância com esse protocolo, foi elaborado um comando que propõe aos participantes a atividade de agrupar os itens lexicais (co-hipônimos) em um mesmo "conjunto", sendo essa a noção que ampara o conceito da relação semântica de hiperonímia. A análise das estratégias empregadas pelos participantes dos casos patológicos, tal como a comparação entre elas e aquelas mobilizadas por indivíduos não afásicos e não Alzheimer, constitui a investigação científica pretendida propriamente dita. Tendo como principal motivação a necessidade de um melhor entendimento acerca das relações entre linguagem e cognição, a pesquisa fundamenta-se, do ponto de vista teóricometodológico, em três domínios: o da Semântica, o da Linguística Textual e o da Neurolinguística. Partindo da tentativa de categorizar e culminando na elaboração de enquadres cognitivos, apreciações, hiperônimos com diferentes graus de prototipicidade, holônimos, etc., os participantes revelam uma pluralidade de referentes, e explicitam o papel dos objetos de discurso como elementos dinâmicos, que são inseridos, mantidos, identificados, retomados, construindo ou reconstruindo, por esta via, os sentidos no curso da progressão textual (KOCH & MARCUSCHI, 1998; KOCH, 2002). Assim, observando como os indivíduos constroem seus agrupamentos e os representam, podemos inferir as motivações que subjazem a esse procedimento de categorização
Abstract: From a socio-cognitive approach to language, this research aims to investigate and to analyze the constructions of reference through hyperonymy formulated by individuals with aphasia, with Alzheimer's disease (in its early stages) and by individuals without any linguistic disorders from co-hyponyms presented to them. As a methodological resource, we adopt a protocol composed of eighteen sets of three co-hyponyms each. This tool has the intention to focus on and define the social cognitive and linguistic work, as well as the enunciative path used by the subjects in order to categorize. In line with this protocol, we designed a command that proposes to the participants the activity of grouping lexical items (co-hyponyms) in the same "set". This notion of grouping supports the concept of the studied semantic relationship: hyperonymy. The analysis of these strategies and also the comparison among them and those used by the control group (non-aphasic and non- Alzheimer individuals) compose the scientific investigation itself. Taking as main motivation the necessity of a better understanding of the relations among brain, language and cognition, the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of this research rest on works from three sound domains: Semantics, Textual Linguistics and Neurolinguistics. From the attempt to categorize and culminating in the development of cognitive framings, appraisals, hyperonyms with different degrees of prototypicality, holonyms, etc., participants reveal a plurality of referents, and demonstrate the role of objects of discourse as dynamic elements that are inserted, maintained, identified, building or rebuilding, in this way, the meanings in the course of textual progression (KOCH & MARCUSCHI, 1998; KOCH, 2002). Thus, by observing how individuals construct their groups and represent them, we can infer the underlying motivations in this categorization process
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestra em Linguística

Thesis (PhD (SportPsych))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
There has been a greater awareness in the psychological aspects of sport over the past few decades, and in particular, how the psyches of the players affect their performance. The game of cricket has been no exception. Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) has been used successfully in the business world, but very little research has been done in the sport milieu. The motivation for this research was two-fold. First, there was the need for a cricket team to be mentally prepared to play at their highest potential on provincial level; second, the researcher was curious about NLP techniques being successfully applied in sport. NLP is the study of human excellence. It describes human functioning, and focuses on experience and experimenting rather than prescription; it can focus on how to intervene, transform and improve human functioning. NLP uses modelling to identify particular skills in successful people. (They like to say: “If he can do it, then I can do it too”.) Neuro refers to the nervous system and how it processes particular codes in the body through the five senses. Linguistic refers to the use of language and how it gives meaning to the neural processes through communication and symbolic systems. Programming refers to how a person sequences his actions to achieve his goals.

With a growing multilingual global population, it is becoming increasingly important to know how people of varying cultures respond to persuasive appeals. Cross-cultural studies on persuasion have found differences in American and Chinese advertisements that reflect individualistic and collectivist cultural values. However, these studies have ignored the possible effect of language, despite research showing that language can activate specific cultural ideas and behaviors in bilingual individuals. Additionally, differences have been found in thinking and emotionality in the native (L1) versus the non-native language (L2), that seem to parallel the central and peripheral routes of elaboration in persuasion. Therefore, the proposed study will explore relationship between culture, language and attitude change. In stage 1, participants will report their initial attitudes towards the topics of air travel and nuclear power and their L1 preference. In stage 2, participants will read 2 stories that contain a cultural prime (magpie/red light from a lantern) with contrasting cultural association in American and Chinese culture and fictional scenarios about air travel and nuclear power. Participants will report their attitudes after reading the stories and attitude change will be examined. Two possible outcomes for main effects and interactions between Linguistic/Cultural association and L1 preference on the dependent variable of attitude change will be explored with the intent of discovering which processes are dominant in the bilingual brain.

Orientador: Maria Irma Hadler Coudry
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: A observação e análise das perturbações afásicas, acompanhadas ou não por outros sintomas neurológicos e neursicológicos (como as apraxias, as agnosias, as discalculias, etc.), bem como das doenças neurodegenerativas (como a de Alzheimer, por exemplo), tem impulsionado studos específicos na área de Neurolinguística. as pesquisas sobre o agramatismo (Guindaste, 1991, Novaes Pinto, 1991), sobre as alterações de características constitutivas do processo de significação das línguas naturais (Coudry % Possenti, 1991), sobre os mecanismos linguístico-cognitivos das confabulações e sua importância no diagnóstico diferencial das afasias e das demências (Morato & Condry, 1991b) são alguns dos muitos temas que procuram, num quadro relacional, estudar as pontes conceituais e metodológicas estabelecíveis entre discurso mental e discurso verbal. O estudo da Função Reguladora da Linguagem inscreve-se no interior de tais preocupações. Meu objetivo neste trabalho é justificar a pertinência teórica e indicar percursos metodológicos desta noção, depreendida dos postulados vygotskianos acerca do funcionamento da vida mental e redimensionada no contexto das teorias linguísticas do Discurso
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística

Orientador: Edwiges Maria Morato
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Geralmente, os estudos tradicionais sobre a afasia a associam com deficiências incontornáveis na comunicação e com sério comprometimento das estruturas de cognição. Entre outros danos, os portadores de afasia se ressentiriam da perda da metalinguagem e, com ela, da capacidade de referenciar/categorizar o mundo. Contudo, a inclusão de variáveis sócio-cognitivas e situacionais na perspectiva analítica pode minimizar esse veredicto. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo acompanhar o percurso sócio-cognitivo de construção do sentido enunciativo-pragmático em situações de interações face a face, envolvendo sujeitos afásicos e não-afásicos. Está teoricamente fundamentada no pressuposto interacionista (Mondada, Marcuschi, Koch, Morato) de que a construção de sentido é um processo que envolve dinamismo, movimento, interação de várias ordens (entre linguagem e cognição, entre linguagem e outras semioses, entre interlocutores, entre sujeito e linguagem). Este pressuposto ancora-se na análise de três eixos simultâneos: a interatividade, a co-ocorrência de semioses verbais e não-verbais e a subjetividade. Este trabalho conclui em favor dos ganhos heurísticos provenientes da adoção e da mobilização do conceito de referenciação no campo da Neurolingüística. O manejo desse conceito ¿ e do quadro teórico a que ele é vinculado - permite a visualização de fenômenos lingüístico-cognitivos que fortalecem a argumentação segundo a qual não existe um corte tão radical entre a linguagem tida como 'normal¿ e a pertencente ao denominado 'campo patológico¿
Abstract: Generally, the traditional studies about aphasia associate it with insurmountable deficiencies in communication and with a serious damage of the structures of cognition. Among other damages, the sufferers of aphasia would resent with the loss of metalanguage and, with it, of world referencing/categorization capacities. Nonetheless, the inclusion of socio-cognitive and situational variables in the analytical perspective can put this verdict to a minimum. The present research has as its goal to follow the socio-cognitive pathway of enunciative-pragmatic meaning construction in situations of face-to-face interactions, involving both aphasic and non aphasic subjects. It is theoretically based in the interactionist postulate (Mondada, Marcuschi, Koch, Morato) that the construction of meaning is a process that involves several orders of dynamism, movement and interaction (between language and cognition, between language and other semiotic processes, between interlocutors, between subject and language). This postulate is grounded in the analysis of three simultaneous axes: the interactivity, the co-occurrence of verbal and non-verbal processes of semiotic nature and the subjectivity. The present work concludes in favor of the heuristic benefits that came through the adoption and mobilization of the concept of reference making in the neurolinguistics field. The use of this concept ¿ and of the theoretical framework to which it is attached ¿ enables the visualization of linguistic-cognitive phenomena that corroborate the claim according to which there isn¿t a so radical gap between the language understood as ¿normal¿ and the one that belongs to the so-called ¿pathological field¿
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística

This paper looks at the relationship between emotion and vowel length in spontaneous speech, specifically during narratives. It is hypothesized that during emotionally-laden speech, vowel length will be longer in duration than when in non-emotional speech. Data is drawn from the Univerisity of California, Santa Barbara linguistic corpus, with conversations focused on individuals in and around Southern California. The paper builds on work by Dabbs et al., Banse & Scherer, Estes & Adelman, and others regarding the nature of cognitive monitoring, as well as stance as discussed by Ochs & Schieffelin, Ochs, Kärkkainen, Local & Walker, and how emotion is displayed in speech. Tokens chosen for analysis are /ɑ/, /ɑɪ/, and /ə/. Three of each token in first syllable position is collected for analysis from both emotional and non-emotional speech. Analysis of tokens then takes place by (mean) averaging each token's length for each speaker in each stance, then the total vowel average time is calculated again for each speaker in each stance. Beyond intra-vowel, intra-speaker averages, inter-speaker average is calculated to assess consistency of the vowel length changes between stances. The paper finds that the length of tokens shows an average increase during intraspeaker emotional speech.

As vicissitudes no uso do código da língua de indivíduos afásicos requerem do analista de discurso a apreensão dos sentidos de seus dizeres. O objetivo desta dissertação foi interpretar, à luz da análise de discurso de linha francesa, as reformulações que três sujeitos afásicos realizaram na narrativa oral, enfatizando os sentidos das hesitações, pausas e silêncios que esses sujeitos conferiram. O presente trabalho abordou o estudo da afasiologia, da neurolingüística, das narrativas e a interpretação destas no discurso dos sujeitos afásicos à luz da teoria de análise do discurso de linha francesa. A primeira ênfase foi dada ao estudo sobre o sistema nervoso central e suas áreas específicas para a linguagem, pois uma vez lesionadas, levam o sujeito a redescobrir uma maneira de se expressar e compreender o que lhe é dito. Uma outra questão foram os estudos da lingüística em relação à estruturação da língua e o funcionamento do curso da linguagem. Considerando conjuntamente o primeiro e segundo aspectos, foi possível elucidar-se um pouco mais, a respeito do funcionamento de linguagem em sujeitos afásicos
The vicissitudes on the use of language codes of aphasic subjects oblige the discourse analyst to understand the meanings of their speech. The objective of this study was to interpretate, according to French theory for discourse analysis, the reformulations that three aphasic subjects made on their oral narratives, emphasizing the meanings of hesitations, pauses and silences that these subjects attributed. Within this research, the author presented the study of aphasiology, neurolinguistics, narratives and their interpretations on the discourse of aphasic subjects, according to the French theory for discourse analysis. The first emphasis was the study of central nervous system and its language specific areas, which, once injured, oblige the subject to rediscover the ways to express and to understand whatever is said to him. Another aspect was the linguistic studies on language structure as well as on the performance of language flow. By joining the first and the second points of view, it was possible to elucidate a little more the language performance of aphasic subjects

This work highlights specific lexical items that have become racialized in specific contextual applications and tests how these words are cognitively processed. This work presents the results of a visual world (Huettig et al 2011) eye-tracking study designed to determine the perception and application of racialized (Coates 2011) adjectives. To objectively select the racialized adjectives used, I developed a corpus comprised of popular media sources, designed specifically to suit my research question. I collected publications from digital media sources such as Sports Illustrated, USA Today, and Fortune by scraping articles featuring specific search terms from their websites. This experiment seeks to aid in the demarcation of socially salient groups whose application of racialized adjectives to racialized images is near instantaneous, or at least less questioned. As we view growing social movements which revolve around the significant marks unconscious assumptions leave on American society, revealing how and where these lexical assignments arise and thrive allows us to interrogate the forces which build and reify such biases. Future research should attempt to address the harmful semiotics these lexical choices sustain.

M.Com. (Business Management)
The outcome of the study was to explore the use of neuro linguistic programming as a communication tool that enhances communication in the workplace, and the results revealed that NLP business communications differ from the usual workplace communications. They involve communications that identify explicit and achievable outcomes, use sensory awareness to notice responses and flexibly alter behaviour to achieve outcomes. Participants were noticing and discovering new awarenesses to their communications, which they didn't realise, were available to them. Participants revealed their learnings about communication, their realities and experiences. The study discusses NLP as a communicative toolbox for business where different tools are used, depending on the context and outcome desired. It is a toolbox that brings flexibility and adaptability to solving problems and enhances our current communicative faculties. NLP as a communication tool for management is unpacked through the four primary functions of management. Communication is seen at the core. The literature reveals how the NLP tools and models can be applied across these communicative contexts: Planning: delivering strategic value with NLP; Organising: building a dynamic organisation with NLP; Leading: mobilising people with NLP; and Controlling: Dealing with change. The study highlights interpersonal and intrapersonal communications. The external communication takes place where managers, employees and the other various business stakeholders communicate with each other (interpersonal), and the internal communication (intrapersonal), within the environment even more important than the external, the manager’s mind. Internal communication plays an important role in the quality of our communications.

A dichotic listening task was used to investigate the lateralization of sarcasm processing. Thirty-nine right-handed students were asked to identify which ear heard sarcastic and sincere phrases. Prosody and discourse context were simultaneously manipulated. For some trials, participants heard only the short prosodic phrases, while on other trials participants heard short vignettes prior to the phrases, which provided a context that primed either literal (sincere) or non-literal (sarcastic) interpretation. Contrary to Voyer et al. (2008), there were no differences in accuracy between the two hemispheres. However, when discourse context and prosody did not match, there was a significant right hemisphere advantage for sarcasm recognition and a left hemisphere advantage for the recognition of sincere utterances.
Department of Psychological Science

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are frequently associated with communicative impairment, regardless of IQ or mental age. The most significant feature of this impairment tends to be in the dimension of both expressive and receptive prosody, possibly due to reduced neural connectivity between disparate brain areas responsible for language. Despite extensive overlap between the auditory and structural features linking prosody and music as well as extensive shared neural resources, music listening and performance are not impaired. In fact, there is some evidence that these abilities may even be heightened in some ASD individuals. Using behavioral and EEG/ERP methods, the present study sought to investigate this dissociation. A similar electrophysiological response has been observed for both prosody and music, the Closure Positive Shift (CPS), and Music CPS, respectively. This study used language and music stimuli in order to investigate the differences between language and music processing for individuals with ASDs and neuro-typicals. While a CPS was observed for language for the ASD group, it was substantially reduced in its distribution and amplitude. Further, the presence of an offset N1 response to the onset of pauses interfered with the clarity of the CPS response. In music, no music CPS was observed, however, a sustained centrally maximal positivity was observed for both the neuro-typical and ASD groups during the phrase boundary. Additionally, the ASD group showed a similar positivity in response to phrase boundaries in the condition in which the phrase-final note was prolonged. This positivity was similar to the language CPS in duration and amplitude, and suggests similar processing responses to phrase boundaries in language and music. The positivity in response to the second condition suggests that some individuals with ASDs may indeed have heightened processing ability for music. These results support the theories of functional under-connectivity in language and local bias toward sensory features of auditory information at the expense of global prosodic processing. Possible explanations, including the presence of repetition found in music, yet generally absent in language, are considered.
acase@tulane.edu

The master´s thesis is focused on aphasia as a speech disorder. Aphasia is an element of research in many fields of study. The aim of this thesis is to interpret academic background and conclusions. Aphasiology, linguistics, speech therapy, neurology, neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology are interested in aphasia. At the beginning of this thesis we can read about aphasia, its causes, classifications and diagnostics. Other chapters summarize conclusions of mentioned disciplines.

This study focused on multilingualism as the primary linguistic cognitive objective of investigation. An integrative approach focused on second language linguistics in order to acquire a background in the cognitive foundations of language and research methodology and theoretical models for the study of phenomena, such as language planning in multicultural societies and language and ethnic diversity. To design cognitive reading methods, a literature survey was conducted regarding the latest developments in the theories pertaining to cognitive formulas of the second language learner. A quantitative experimental study was conducted, data gathered was scrutinised and a cognitive reading programme was experimentally administered to twenty primary school learners. The responses were coded, the data captured and statistically computed. Conclusions indicated that cognitive reading materials were practical, valid and reliable. Cognitive formulas hold the potential of contributing to the understanding of cognitive reading development in second language proficiency in the Foundation Phase of schooling.
Teacher Education
M. Ed. (Didactics)

abstract: Studies in Second Language Acquisition and Neurolinguistics have argued that adult learners when dealing with certain phonological features of L2, such as segmental and suprasegmental ones, face problems of articulatory placement (Esling, 2006; Abercrombie, 1967) and somatosensory stimulation (Guenther, Ghosh, & Tourville, 2006; Waldron, 2010). These studies have argued that adult phonological acquisition is a complex matter that needs to be informed by a specialized sensorimotor theory of speech acquisition. They further suggested that traditional pronunciation pedagogy needs to be enhanced by an approach to learning offering learners fundamental and practical sensorimotor tools to advance the quality of L2 speech acquisition. This foundational study designs a sensorimotor approach to pronunciation pedagogy and tests its effect on the L2 speech of five adult (late) learners of American English. Throughout an eight week classroom experiment, participants from different first language backgrounds received instruction on Articulatory Settings (Honickman, 1964) and the sensorimotor mechanism of speech acquisition (Waldron 2010; Guenther et al., 2006). In addition, they attended five adapted lessons of the Feldenkrais technique (Feldenkrais, 1972) designed to develop sensorimotor awareness of the vocal apparatus and improve the quality of L2 speech movement. I hypothesize that such sensorimotor learning triggers overall positive changes in the way L2 learners deal with speech articulators for L2 and that over time they develop better pronunciation. After approximately eight hours of intervention, analysis of results shows participants’ improvement in speech rate, degree of accentedness, and speaking confidence, but mixed changes in word intelligibility and vowel space area. Albeit not statistically significant (p >.05), these results suggest that such a sensorimotor approach to L2 phonological acquisition warrants further consideration and investigation for use in the L2 classroom.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation English 2015

Facilitating forgiveness: an NLP approach to forgiving is an attempt at uncovering features of the blocks that prevent people to forgive. These blocks to forgiveness can be detected in the real life situations of the six individuals who told me their stories. The inner thoughts, feelings and the subsequent behaviour that prevented them from forgiving others is clearly uncovered in their stories. The facilitation process highlights the features that created the blocks in the past thus preventing forgiveness to occur. The blocks with their accompanying features reveal what needs to be clarified or changed in order to eventually enable the hurt individuals to forgive those who have hurt them. The application of discourse analysis to the stories of hurt highlights the links between the real life stories of the individuals within their contexts with regard to unforgiveness to the research findings of the existing body of knowledge, thereby creating a complexly interwoven comprehensive understanding of the individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in conjunction with their developmental phases within their socio-cultural contexts. Neuro-linguistic-programming (NLP) is the instrument with which forgiving is facilitated in the six individuals who expressed their conscious desire to forgive, because they were unable to do so on their own. Their emotions had the habit of keeping them in a place in which they were forced to relive the hurtful event as if it were happening in the present. Arresting the process of reliving negative emotions requires a new way of being in this world. The assumption that this can be learnt is based on the results from a previous study, in which forgiveness was uncovered by means of the grounded theory approach as a cognitive process (Von Krosigk, 2000). The results from the previous research in conjunction with the results and insights from this research study are presented in the form of a grounded theory model of forgiveness.
Psychology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)