Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Life cycle emission (LCE) »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Life cycle emission (LCE)"
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Li, Qiangnian, Tongze Han, Changlin Niu, and Ping Liu. "Life Cycle Carbon Emission Analyzing of Rural Residential Energy Efficiency Retrofit-A Case Study of Gansu province." E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901063.
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Objective To study and analyze the life-cycle carbon emissions of existing rural residential energy retrofit projects to provide theoretical and data support for local rural green development and sustainable construction. Methods Life cycle analysis (LCA) was used to analyze and compare the life cycle carbon emissions (LCE) of a rural residential envelope energy efficiency retrofitting project in central Gansu. Results It was found that rural dwellings have a very high potential for energy efficiency retrofitting, and the contribution of retrofitted homes to CO2 emissions reduction can reach more than 30% over the whole life cycle. Secondly, during the retrofitting process, neglected in previous studies, carbon emissions account for about a quarter of the LCE. It is concluded that introducing LCA into evaluating rural residential energy retrofit projects' energy-saving and emission reduction benefits is more scientific, reasonable, and necessary.
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Kumar, Ashok, Pardeep Singh, Nishant Raj Kapoor, et al. "Ecological Footprint of Residential Buildings in Composite Climate of India—A Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (2021): 11949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111949.
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Buildings are accountable for waste generation, utilization of natural resources, and ecological contamination. The construction sector is one of the biggest consumers of resources available naturally and is responsible for significant CO2 emissions on the planet. The effects of the buildings on the environment are commonly determined using Life Cycle Assessments (LCA). The investigation and comparison of the Life Cycle Ecological Footprint (LCEF) and Life Cycle Energy (LCE) of five residential buildings situated in the composite climatic zone of India is presented in this study. The utilization of resources (building materials) along with developing a mobile application and a generic model to choose low emission material is the uniqueness of this study. The utilization of eco-friendly building materials and how these are more efficient than conventional building materials are also discussed. In this investigation, the two approaches, (a) Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA) and (b) Life Cycle Ecological Footprint (LCEF), are discussed to evaluate the impacts of building materials on the environment. The energy embedded due to the materials used in a building is calculated to demonstrate the prevalence of innovative construction techniques over traditional materials. The generic model developed to assess the LCEA of residential buildings in the composite climate of India and the other results show that the utilization of low-energy building materials brings about a significant decrease in the LCEF and the LCE of the buildings. The results are suitable for a similar typology of buildings elsewhere in different climatic zone as well. The MATLAB model presented will help researchers globally to follow-up or replicate the study in their country. The developed user-friendly mobile application will enhance the awareness related to energy, environment, ecology, and sustainable development in the general public. This study can help in understanding and thus reducing the ecological burden of building materials, eventually leading towards sustainable development.
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Thaipradit, Pipat, Nantamol Limphitakphong, Premrudee Kanchanapiya, Thanapol Tantisattayakul, and Orathai Chavalparit. "The Influence of Building Envelop Materials on its Life Cycle Performance: A Case Study of Educational Building in Thailand." Key Engineering Materials 780 (September 2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.780.74.
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The analysis of life cycle energy (LCE) and life cycle carbon (LCC) of building were performed in this study in order to identify the solutions for reducing energy-related carbon emission throughout building life time. The influence factors associated with building envelop materials (wall, insulation, window, window-to-wall ratio) were evaluated. The result showed that operation phase contributed a vast majority (>90%) of LCE and LCC. Only 4% emissions saving could be achieved if autoclaved aerated concrete block, cellulose insulation and triple glazing were implemented with WWR of 0.17. The finding suggested that reducing carbon emission should not only be prioritized through use of high energy efficient materials/technologies but should also integrate energy saving measures since energy demand in tropical country is quite high for cooling building. In addition, increasing a possibility and feasibility for supplying renewable energy should be further investigated importunately.
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Santamaria, Belen Moreno, Fernando del Ama Gonzalo, Matthew Griffin, Benito Lauret Aguirregabiria, and Juan A. Hernandez Ramos. "Life Cycle Assessment of Dynamic Water Flow Glazing Envelopes: A Case Study with Real Test Facilities." Energies 14, no. 8 (2021): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082195.
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High initial costs hinder innovative technologies for building envelopes. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) should consider energy savings to show relevant economic benefits and potential to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Life Cycle Energy (LCE) should focus on investment, operation, maintenance, dismantling, disposal, and/or recycling for the building. This study compares the LCC and LCE analysis of Water Flow Glazing (WFG) envelopes with traditional double and triple glazing facades. The assessment considers initial, operational, and disposal costs and energy consumption as well as different energy systems for heating and cooling. Real prototypes have been built in two different locations to record real-world data of yearly operational energy. WFG systems consistently showed a higher initial investment than traditional glazing. The final Life Cycle Cost analysis demonstrates that WFG systems are better over the operation phase only when it is compared with a traditional double-glazing. However, a Life Cycle Energy assessment over 50 years concluded that energy savings between 36% and 66% and CO2 emissions reduction between 30% and 70% could be achieved.
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Moazzen, Nazanin, Mustafa Erkan Karaguler, and Touraj Ashrafian. "Assessment of the Life Cycle Energy Efficiency of a Primary School Building in Turkey." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.335.
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Energy efficiency has become a crucial part of human life, which has an adverse impact on the social and economic development of any country. In Turkey, it is a critical issue especially in the construction sector due to increase in the dependency on the fuel demands. The energy consumption, which is used during the life cycle of a building, is a huge amount affected by the energy demand for material and building construction, HVAC and lighting systems, maintenance, equipment, and demolition. In general, the Life Cycle Energy (LCE) needs of the building can be summarised as the operational and embodied energy together with the energy use for demolition and recycling processes.Besides, schools alone are responsible for about 15% of the total energy consumption of the commercial building sector. To reduce the energy use and CO2 emission, the operational and embodied energy of the buildings must be minimised. Overall, it seems that choosing proper architectural measures for the envelope and using low emitting material can be a logical step for reducing operational and embodied energy consumptions.This paper is concentrated on the operating and embodied energy consumptions resulting from the application of different architectural measures through the building envelope. It proposes an educational building with low CO2 emission and proper energy performance in Turkey. To illustrate the method of the approach, this contribution illustrates a case study, which was performed on a representative schoold building in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy used for HVAC and lighting in the operating phase and the energy used for the manufacture of the materials are the most significant parts of embodied energy in the LCE analyses. This case study building’s primary energy consumption was calculated with the help of dynamic simulation tools, EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder. Then, different architectural energy efficiency measures were applied to the envelope of the case study building. Then, the influence of proposed actions on LCE consumption and Life Cycle CO2 (LCCO2) emissions were assessed according to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method.
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Shoaib-ul-Hasan, Sayyed, Malvina Roci, Farazee M. A. Asif, Niloufar Salehi, and Amir Rashid. "Analyzing Temporal Variability in Inventory Data for Life Cycle Assessment: Implications in the Context of Circular Economy." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010344.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used frequently as a decision support tool for evaluating different design choices for products based on their environmental impacts. A life cycle usually comprises several phases of varying timespans. The amount of emissions generated from different life cycle phases of a product could be significantly different from one another. In conventional LCA, the emissions generated from the life cycle phases of a product are aggregated at the inventory analysis stage, which is then used as an input for life cycle impact assessment. However, when the emissions are aggregated, the temporal variability of inventory data is ignored, which may result in inaccurate environmental impact assessment. Besides, the conventional LCA does not consider the environmental impact of circular products with multiple use cycles. It poses difficulties in identifying the hotspots of emission-intensive activities with the potential to mislead conclusions and implications for both practice and policy. To address this issue and to analyze the embedded temporal variations in inventory data in a CE context, the paper proposes calculating the emission intensity for each life cycle phase. It is argued that calculating and comparing emission intensity, based on the timespan and amount of emissions for individual life cycle phases, at the inventory analysis stage of LCA offers a complementary approach to the traditional aggregate emission-based LCA approach. In a circular scenario, it helps to identify significant issues during different life cycle phases and the relevant environmental performance improvement opportunities through product, business model, and supply chain design.
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Grenz, Julian, Moritz Ostermann, Karoline Käsewieter, et al. "Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (2023): 10041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310041.
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The development of automotive components with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is needed to reduce overall vehicle emissions. Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) supports this by providing holistic information and improvement potentials regarding eco-efficient products. Key factors influencing LCAs of automotive components, such as material production, will change in the future. First approaches for integrating future scenarios for these key factors into LCE already exist, but they only consider a limited number of parameters and scenarios. This work aims to develop a method that can be practically applied in the industry for integrating prospective LCAs (pLCA) into the LCE of automotive components, considering relevant parameters and consistent scenarios. Therefore, pLCA methods are further developed to investigate the influence of future scenarios on the GHG emissions of automotive components. The practical application is demonstrated for a vehicle component with different design options. This paper shows that different development paths of the foreground and background system can shift the ecological optimum of design alternatives. Therefore, future pathways of relevant parameters must be considered comprehensively to reduce GHG emissions of future vehicles. This work contributes to the methodological and practical integration of pLCA into automotive development processes and provides quantitative results.
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Tighnavard Balasbaneh, Ali, Abdul Kadir Bin Marsono, and Emad Kasra Kermanshahi. "Balancing of life cycle carbon and cost appraisal on alternative wall and roof design verification for residential building." Construction Innovation 18, no. 3 (2018): 274–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-03-2017-0024.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe life cycle cost (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluation for single story building house in Malaysia. Two objective functions, namely, LCA and LCC, were evaluated for each design and a total of 20 alternatives were analyzed. Two wall schemes that have been adopted from two different recent studies toward mitigation of climate change require clarification in both life cycle objectives. Design/methodology/approach For this strategic life cycle assessment, Simapro 8.3 tool has been chosen over a 50-year life span. LCC analysis was also used to determine not only the most energy-efficient strategy, but also the most economically feasible one. A present value (PV)-based economic analysis takes LCC into account. Findings The results will appear in present value and LC carbon footprint saving, both individually and in combination with each other. Result of life cycle management shows that timber wall−wooden post and beam covered by steel stud (W5) and wood truss with concrete roof tiles (R1) released less carbon emission to atmosphere and have lower life cycle cost over their life span. W5R1 releases 35 per cent less CO2 emission than the second best choice and costs 25 per cent less. Originality/value The indicator assessed was global warming, and as the focus was on GHG emissions, the focus of this study was mainly in the context of Malaysian construction, although the principles apply universally. The result would support the adoption of sustainable building for building sector.
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Islam, Hamidul, Muhammed Bhuiyan, Quddus Tushar, Satheeskumar Navaratnam, and Guomin Zhang. "Effect of Star Rating Improvement of Residential Buildings on Life Cycle Environmental Impacts and Costs." Buildings 12, no. 10 (2022): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101605.
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A diagnostic framework is proposed to assess the influence of star rating improvement for residential buildings on life cycle environmental impacts and life cycle costs (LCEI and LCC) using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing methods, respectively, on all life cycle phases (i.e., construction, operation, maintenance, and disposal). A reference house was modified on the basis of six alternative designs to deliver a particular star rating in order to demonstrate the analysis framework. Two LCIA methods (i.e., material flows/add masses and eco-indicator 99 Australian substances) were used to estimate ten LCEI indicators under two categories: seven from problem-oriented (i.e., raw material, air emission, water emission, eco-toxicity, acidification/eutrophication potential, ozone depletion, and climate change) and three from damage-oriented (i.e., resource depletion, ecosystem quality, and effect on human health) categories. The three damage-oriented indicators were combined to evaluate environmental and economic wellbeing on a single eco-point basis. All these combinations of impact indicators can offer three lines of analytical options along with star rating: problem-oriented, damage-oriented, and a variety of problem and damage-oriented LCEIs with LCCs. Hence, the optimum house selection is-based not only on cost or star rating, but also on LCEIs.
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Betten, Thomas, Shivenes Shammugam, and Roberta Graf. "Adjustment of the Life Cycle Inventory in Life Cycle Assessment for the Flexible Integration into Energy Systems Analysis." Energies 13, no. 17 (2020): 4437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174437.
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With an increasing share of renewable energy technologies in our energy systems, the integration of not only direct emission (from the use phase), but also the total life cycle emissions (including emissions during resource extraction, production, etc.) becomes more important in order to draw meaningful conclusions from Energy Systems Analysis (ESA). While the benefit of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into ESA is acknowledged, methodologically sound integration lacks resonance in practice, partly because the dimension of the implications is not yet fully understood. This study proposes an easy-to-implement procedure for the integration of LCA results in ESA based on existing theoretical approaches. The need for a methodologically sound integration, including the avoidance of double counting of emissions, is demonstrated on the use case of Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell photovoltaic technology. The difference in Global Warming Potential of 19% between direct and LCA based emissions shows the significance for the integration of the total emissions into energy systems analysis and the potential double counting of 75% of the life cycle emissions for the use case supports the need for avoidance of double counting.
Thèses sur le sujet "Life cycle emission (LCE)"
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Andersson, Lucas, and Tim Fjällström. "LCC och LCA-baserad jämförelse mellan batteridriven och bensindriven produkt." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96203.
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Många länder försöker minska sitt användande av fossila bränslen och istället använda sig utav förnyelsebara alternativ. Ett vanligt sätt att göra detta är att gå från bensindrivna motorer till eldrivna. Denna studie undersöker därför produkter ur samma produktsortiment som har samma grundfunktion och användningsområde men olika drivmedel. Syftet med detta är att få ökad förståelse för produkternas kostnader samt öka förståelsen för hur deras drift påverkar miljön. Studien genomfördes som en fallstudie på Swepac i Ljungby. Studiens genomförande följer delar ur LCC, LCA, CELA och break-even metoder för att kunna uppnå syftet. Miljöpåverkan mäts i koldioxidekvivalenter och en omräkningsfaktor används för att omvandla utsläppen till ett monetärt värde som går att använda i beräkningar av kostnader. Resultatet visar att ett break-even mellan maskinerna uppstår efter 6.9 år, livslängden är dock 5 år. Både miljöpåverkan, drift- och underhållskostnader är lägre för den eldrivna, dock gör den stora skillnaden i inköpspris att det tar lång tid innan ett break-even uppstår.<br>Many countries are trying to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and instead they are trying to find renewable alternatives. A common way to do this is to go from gasoline engines to electric engines. The purpose of the study is to gain a greater understanding of the products costs and environmental impact during their usage. The study was conducted as a case study at Swepac, Ljungby. The study’s implementation follows parts from LCC, LCA, CELA and the breakeven method in order to achieve the purpose. The environmental impact is measured in carbon dioxide equivalents and a conversion factor is used to convert the emissions to a monetary value that can be used in calculations of costs. The result shows that breakeven between the machines arises after 6.9 years, however, the service life is only 5 years. Both environmental impact, operating and maintenance costs is lower for the electrical option, however, the big difference in purchase price makes it take a long time for a breakeven to occur.
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Krbalová, Maria. "Posuzování vlivu na životní prostředí při konstrukci výrobních strojů z pohledu emise vybraných skleníkových plynů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-256573.
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The presented doctoral thesis is focused on environmental impact assessment of basic engineering materials used in a production machine construction. Ecological profile of the machine itself develops already in the phase of its design. It is not only about the choice of future machine parameters and materials that it is built from, but also about technologies used for its manufacture and operation conditions of the finished machine (consumption of energy and service fluids). The thesis occupies in detail with environmental impact analysis of the production machine design from the viewpoint of material production that mentioned machine consists of. The output from the performed analysis is methodology for evaluating of machine design from the viewpoint of greenhouse gas emissions. Created methodology enables evaluating of machine ecological profile and its possible adjustments even during pre-production stage. In the first part of the thesis the analysis of current legislation in the field of fighting against climate changes, reducing of products energy consumption and increasing of production machines energy efficiency is presented. Also in this part of the thesis description of methods that were used to achieve thesis goals is stated. Furthermore analysis of production machine as a system of structural components that fulfil the certain functions and description of used basic engineering materials are presented. The second part of the thesis is devoted to environmental impact analysis of the production machine design process. There the design process and environmental impact of machine design are described. This is followed by description of production machine life cycle and detailed analysis of undesirable substances emissions emitted during pre-production phases of machine life cycle (i.e. during the raw materials extraction and materials production). From this analysis the particular constituents’ pre-production phases which are sources of undesirable substances emissions (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions) were derived. The thesis also includes analysis of these constituents’ life cycles and description of electric power generation as a basic constituent of any phase of product life cycle. In this part of the thesis calculations of particular fuel type’s amounts that is required to produce 1 MWh of electric power and carbon dioxide amount produced during electric power generation are presented. The third part of the thesis contains created models of manufacturing processes of basic engineering materials and calculations of related emissions of selected greenhouse gases. The practical output from this part of the thesis is methodology that enables environmental impact assessment of machine design from the viewpoint of engineering materials used in its construction.
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Unsbo, Hanna. "Update of the LCA-software WAMPS : Proposing new emission factors and investigating the implications." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302402.
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In recent decades, life cycle assessment (LCA) has become a commonly used approach worldwide when studying environmental impacts linked to waste management systems. These systems are of a complex nature which includes everything from technical solutions, the environmental influence, and various stakeholders. To facilitate studies within this area of research, different LCA models are often utilised. WAMPS is a software specifically developed for assessing the environmental and economic impacts for a waste management system. During recent years, the work to bring the model up to date has begun as the software has not been modernised since it was developed in the early 2000s. The purpose of this degree project is to propose new emission factors for recycling and virgin production of glass, aluminium, steel, and plastic. In addition to this, the study intends to investigate how the implementation of the new figures may affect the results obtained in WAMPS. To fulfil the purpose of the thesis, LCI datasets were collected for each material and evaluated according to three DQIs (Temporal representativeness, geographical representativeness, and documentation). New emission factors were developed based on the evaluation and discussions within the project group, to ensure that all relevant activities of the studied life cycles were included. The implications from implementing the new emission factors were investigated through a comparison with the old values. This was conducted through comparing the obtained results from WAMPS per one tonne of material as well as for a simple scenario. The evaluation of the collected LCI data shows that many of the datasets represent average production in countries within Europe and that the data were generally older than five years old. The results show that the datasets were primarily well documented according to the criterion utilised in this study. Processes from EcoInvent were mainly used to develop the proposed emission factors. The implementation of the new emission factors in WAMPS resulted in significant change in potential environmental impact per tonne of material. Especially for the impact category photooxidation formation. For the scenario, the results indicated that a significant change in potential environmental burden is received when implementing the new emission factors. A reduction in total impact was obtained for all categories where eutrophication showed the largest absolute difference. The developed emission factors are considered appropriate based on the design of this thesis. However, it is concluded that these have several limitations that are important to take into account if these were to be implemented in WAMPS in the future. In addition, it is considered established that an update may be considered reasonable based on the result obtained.<br>Under de senaste decennierna har livscykelanalys (LCA) blivit ett vanligt tillvägagångssätt världen över vid analyser av potentiella miljöeffekter kopplade till avfallshanteringssystem. Dessa system är av komplex natur och inkluderar allt från teknologiska lösningar, miljöpåverkan samt flera intressenter. För att underlätta dessa studier används idag ofta olika LCA-modeller. WAMPS är ett program som är särskilt utvecklad för att bedöma både miljömässiga- och ekonomiska konsekvenser kopplat till avfallshanteringssystem. Under de senaste åren har arbetet med att uppdatera modellen påbörjat eftersom programvaran inte har uppdaterats sedan början av 2000-talet. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att föreslå nya emissionsfaktorer för återvinning och jungfrulig produktion av glas, aluminium, stål, och plast. Utöver detta avser studien att studera hur implementeringen av de nya siffrorna inverkar på resultatet som erhålls i WAMPS. För att uppfylla tesen av detta arbete samlades LCI data in för varje material och utvärderades enligt tre DQI:er (Temporal representativitet, geografisk representativitet och dokumentation). Nya utsläppsfaktorer utvecklades baserat på utvärderingen och genom diskussioner inom projektgruppen. Framförallt för att säkerhetsställa att alla relevanta aktiviteter i de studerade livscyklerna är inkluderade. Konsekvenserna av implementeringen av utsläppsfaktorerna undersöktes genom en jämförelse av resultat som erhölls i WAMPS då de nya samt de tidigare faktorerna nyttjas. Detta gjordes både per ton material samt genom ett enkelt scenario. Utvärderingen av den insamlade LCI datan påvisar att många av dataseten representerar genomsnittlig produktion inom Europa och att datan generellt var insamlad för minst 5 år sedan. Resultatet påvisar att dataseten är väldokumenterad enlig indikatorn som ställts upp i denna studie. Främst användes processer från EcoInvent för att utveckla de nya emissionsfaktorerna. Implementeringen av emissionsfaktorerna i WAMPS resulterade i signifikanta skillnader i potentiell miljöpåverkan per ton material, främst för bildning av fotooxid. För fallet med scenariot indikerade studiens resultat att en betydande förändring av den potentiella miljöbelastningen erhålls när de nya utsläppsfaktorerna implementeras. Dessutom påvisades en minskning av miljöeffekterna för alla kategorier varav eutrofiering visade den största absoluta skillnaden. Slutligen anses de utvecklade emissions faktorerna vara lämpliga utifrån utformningen av denna tes. Dock dras slutsatsen att dessa har flertalet begränsningar som är viktiga att ta i hänsyn ifall dessa implementeras i WAMPS i framtiden. Dessutom anses det vara fastställt att en fortsatt uppdatering kan anses rimlig utifrån det erhållna resultatet.
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Dicksen, Jesper. "Skillnaden i koldioxidutsläpp mellan limträ och stål : En studie som jämför två olika stommaterial." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-38146.
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Idag görs livscykelanalyser (LCA) för att identifiera de byggkomponenter somorsakar stora koldioxidutsläpp i byggbranschen.Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av livscykelanalysverktyget One ClickLCA jämföra hur stora koldioxidutsläpp som bildas av materialen i enlimträstomme, som tillhör en inomhusarena jämfört med materialen i en fiktivstålstomme, som är dimensionerad för att klara samma laster och funktion somlimträstommen. Detta görs i syfte att lyfta fram skillnaderna mellankoldioxidutsläppen i produktskedet (A1-A3) mellan en limträstomme och enstålstomme.En konstruktör har konstruerat stålstommen för jämförelsen. Konstruktören togfram dimensionerna och byggmaterialen, men stålstommen blev inte tillräckligtgenomarbetad och projekterad för att jämförelsen skulle kunna göras direkt.I One Click LCA behövs mängderna och byggkomponenterna för båda stommarnaför att kunna göra fullständiga livscykelanalyser. Med mängder menas volymeroch vikter för byggkomponenterna. I studien saknades från början mängder förvissa av byggkomponenterna och en del av syftet blev därför att ta fram allamängder för stommarna. För att få rätt mängder i studien användes bland annat tvåprogram, Bluebeam och Excel. Med dessa program togs längdmåtten för olikabyggkomponenter från ritningar. Tillsammans med de övriga uppgifterna ombyggkomponenterna kunde mängderna sedan tas fram.I One Click LCA behöver resurser väljas. Dessa kan vara kopplade till specifikabyggkomponenter och innehåller data om hur stora koldioxidutsläpp sombyggkomponenter orsakar. Med byggkomponenter och mängder som grund valdessedan resurser i One Click LCA. När resurser väljs räknar programmet ut hur storakoldioxidutsläpp som bildas i produktskedet (A1-A3) för byggkomponenterna.Med mängder och resurser kunde två resultat erhållas i programvaran. Resultatetvisar att 55 ton koldioxid bildas av limträstommen och 779,9 ton koldioxid bildasav stålstommen. I stålstommen är det fackverken som orsakar mestkoldioxidutsläpp och i limträstommen är balkarna i högdelen av inomhusarenansom orsakar mest koldioxidutsläpp.<br>Today, life-cycle assessment (LCA) are performed to identify the buildingcomponents that cause large carbon dioxide emissions in the construction industry.The purpose of this study is to use the life-cycle assessment tool One Click LCA tocompare how large carbon dioxide emissions are formed by the materials in aglulam frame, which belongs to an indoor arena compared to the materials in afictitious steel frame, which is dimensioned to withstand the same loads andfunction as the glulam frame. This is done in order to highlight the differencesbetween the carbon dioxide emissions in the product phase (A1-A3) between aglulam frame and a steel frame.A designer has designed the steel frame for comparison. The designer producedthe dimensions and building materials, but the steel frame was not sufficientlyworked out and projected for the comparison to be made directly.In One Click LCA, the quantities and building components for both frames areneeded to be able to make complete life-cycle assessment. By quantities is meantvolumes and weights for the building components. The study initially lackedquantities for some of the building components and part of the purpose wastherefore to produce all quantities for the frames. To get the right amounts in thestudy, two programs were used, Bluebeam and Excel. With these programs, thelength measurements for different building components were taken from drawings.Together with the other information about the building components, the quantitiescould then be produced.In One Click LCA, resources need to be selected. These can be linked to specificbuilding components and contain data on how large carbon dioxide emissions thatbuilding components cause. Based on building components and quantities,resources were then selected in One Click LCA. When resources are selected, theprogram calculates how large carbon dioxide emissions are formed in the productphase (A1-A3) for the building components. With quantities and resources, tworesults could be obtained in the software. The results show that 55 tonnes ofcarbon dioxide are formed by the glulam frame and 779.9 tonnes of carbon dioxideare formed by the steel frame. In the steel frame, it is the trusses that cause themost carbon dioxide emissions and in the glulam frame, the beams in the upperpart of the indoor arena cause the most carbon dioxide emissions.
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Cangini, Francesco. "Valutazione della sostenibilità economico-ambientale della sopraelevazione di un edificio residenziale tramite l'applicazione dei metodi LCA e LCC." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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L’elaborato si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare, sia sul piano economico che su quello ambientale, un intervento di manutenzione straordinario che ha previsto l’ampiamento e la sopraelevazione di un fabbricato esistente, sull’intero ciclo di vita della nuova struttura.
Dapprima sono state presentate le due metodologie utilizzate, rispettivamente il Life Cycle Assessment per la valutazione ambientale e il Life Cycle Cost per la valutazione economica, esaminando le tecniche in maniera teorica, dall’evoluzione storica alle normative odierne.
Dopodiché è stato esposto il caso di studio, presentando tre differenti metodologie costruttive ipotizzate per l’intervento: la prima stratigrafia è stata ipotizzata in blocchi di laterizio portante e isolamento in polistirene espanso, la seconda alternativa consiste in una struttura a telaio in calcestruzzo armato con blocchi di laterizio con funzione di tamponamento e isolante in polistirene espanso mentre l’ultima stratigrafia prevede una struttura portante in legno XLAM con isolante in lana di legno.
Al fine di poter computare al meglio le prestazioni economiche ed ambientali delle tre differenti strutture è stato effettuato anche un calcolo dei consumi e delle prestazioni in fase di utilizzo delle metodologie costruttive con l’ausilio di un software di certificazione energetica.
Il comportamento dell’intera vita utile delle tre stratigrafie è stato infine analizzato e confrontato utilizzando la tecnica LCA per valutare le performance energetiche, gli impatti ambientali e le emissioni inquinanti, e tramite la metodologia LCC per analizzare prestazioni economiche.
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Du, Guangli. "Life cycle assessment of bridges, model development and case studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-161196.
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In recent decades, the environmental issues from the construction sector have attracted increasing attention from both the public and authorities. Notably, the bridge construction is responsible for considerable amount of energy and raw material consumptions. However, the current bridges are still mainly designed from the economic, technical, and safety perspective, while considerations of their environmental performance are rarely integrated into the decision making process. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive, standardized and internationally recognized approach for quantifying all emissions, resource consumption and related environmental and health impacts linked to a service, asset or product. LCA has the potential to provide reliable environmental profiles of the bridges, and thus help the decision-makers to select the most environmentally optimal designs. However, due to the complexity of the environmental problems and the diversity of bridge structures, robust environmental evaluation of bridges is far from straightforward. The LCA has rarely been studied on bridges till now. The overall aim of this research is to implement LCA on bridge, thus eventually integrate it into the decision-making process to mitigate the environmental burden at an early stage. Specific objectives are to: i) provide up-to-date knowledge to practitioners; ii) identify associated obstacles and clarify key operational issues; iii) establish a holistic framework and develop computational tool for bridge LCA; and iv) explore the feasibility of combining LCA with life cycle cost (LCC). The developed tool (called GreenBridge) enables the simultaneous comparison and analysis of 10 feasible bridges at any detail level, and the framework has been utilized on real cases in Sweden. The studied bridge types include: railway bridge with ballast or fix-slab track, road bridges of steel box-girder composite bridge, steel I-girder composite bridge, post tensioned concrete box-girder bridge, balanced cantilever concrete box-girder bridge, steel-soil composite bridge and concrete slab-frame bridge. The assessments are detailed from cradle to grave phases, covering thousands of types of substances in the output, diverse mid-point environmental indicators, the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and monetary value weighting. Some analyses also investigated the impact from on-site construction scenarios, which have been overlooked in the current state-of-the-art. The study identifies the major structural and life-cycle scenario contributors to the selected impact categories, and reveals the effects of varying the monetary weighting system, the steel recycling rate and the material types. The result shows that the environmental performance can be highly influenced by the choice of bridge design. The optimal solution is found to be governed by several variables. The analyses also imply that the selected indicators, structural components and life-cycle scenarios must be clearly specified to be applicable in a transparent procurement. This work may provide important references for evaluating similar bridge cases, and identification of the main sources of environmental burden. The outcome of this research may serve as recommendation for decision-makers to select the most LCA-feasible proposal and minimize environmental burdens.<br><p>QC 20150311</p>
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Facibeni, Gabriele. "Emissioni da uso dei pesticidi negli studi di Life Cycle Assessment: calcolo dell’inventario." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Questo lavoro di tesi si inserisce nell'ambito del progetto LIFE+ AGRICARE, il cui obiettivo è quello di dimostrare come l’applicazione di avanzate tecniche di agricoltura di precisione, abbinate a diversi tipi di coltivazione conservativa, possa avere un effetto importante in termini di riduzione di gas climalteranti e di protezione del suolo.
In particolare la tesi aveva come obiettivo quello di studiare come il software PestLCI risponde quando varia la lavorazione del terreno, informazione che è inserita fra le variabili di input. Il software PestLCI calcola il frazionamento fra i diversi comparti ambientali (aria, suolo, acque sotterranee) di un pesticida sparso su un campo coltivato. Per tale motivo PestLCI può essere definito un software di supporto al calcolo dell’inventario nell’applicazione della metodologia Life Cycle Assessment.
I risultati di questo studio hanno evidenziato come PestLCI vari le frazioni di pesticida emesse nei diversi comparti ambientali in base alla lavorazione del terreno. In particolare, considerando gli scenari in cui viene applicata la Terbutilazina, è stato possibile mostrare come le frazioni emesse nelle acque sotterranee siano strettamente collegate alla lavorazione del campo. Infatti queste emissioni aumentano se diminuisce la lavorazione del campo; ciò è causato principalmente dall’incremento dei macropori presenti nel suolo dato dalla minor lavorazione del terreno, i quali permettono un collegamento diretto verso le acque sotterranee e quindi facilitano le emissioni in questo comparto ambientale.
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Almutairi, Badriya L. "Investigating the feasibility and soil-structure integrity of onshore wind turbine systems in Kuwait." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27612.
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Wind energy technologies are considered to be among the most promising types of renewable energy sources, which have since attracted broad considerations through recent years due to the soaring oil prices and the growing concerns over climate change and energy security. In Kuwait, rapid industrialisation, population growth and increasing water desalination are resulting in high energy demand growth, increasing the concern of oil diminishing as a main source of energy and the climate change caused by CO2 emissions from fossil fuel based energy. These demands and challenges compelled governments to embark on a diversification strategy to meet growing energy demand and support continued economic growth. Kuwait looked for alternative forms of energy by assessing potential renewable energy resources, including wind and sun. Kuwait is attempting to use and invest in renewable energy due to the fluctuating price of oil, diminishing reserves, the rapid increase in population, the high consumption of electricity and the environment protection. In this research, wind energy will be investigated as an attractive source of energy in Kuwait.
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Miliutenko, Sofiia. "Life Cycle Impacts of Road Infrastructure : Assessment of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-89885.
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Road infrastructure is essential in the development of human society, but has both negative and positive impacts. Large amounts of money and natural resources are spent each year on its construction, operation and maintenance. Obviously, there is potentially significantenvironmental impact associated with these activities. Thus the need for integration of life cycle environmental impacts of road infrastructure into transport planning is currently being widely recognised on international and national level. However certain issues, such as energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the construction, maintenance and operation of road infrastructure, are rarely considered during the current transport planning process in Sweden and most other countries.This thesis examined energy use and GHG emissions for the whole life cycle (construction, operation, maintenance and end-of-life) of road infrastructure, with the aim of improving transport planning on both strategic and project level. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to two selected case studies: LCA of a road tunnel and LCA of three methods for asphalt recycling and reuse: hot in-plant, hot in-place and reuse as unbound material. The impact categories selected for analysis were Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and Global Warming Potential (GWP). Other methods used in the research included interviews and a literature review.The results of the first case study indicated that the operational phase of the tunnel contributed the highest share of CED and GWP throughout the tunnel’s life cycle. Construction of concrete tunnels had much higher CED and GWP per lane-metre than construction of rocktunnels. The results of the second case study showed that hot in-place recycling of asphalt gave slightly more net savings of GWP and CED than hot in-plant recycling. Asphalt reuse was less environmentally beneficial than either of these alternatives, resulting in no net savings of GWP and minor net savings of CED. Main sources of data uncertainty identified in the two case-studies included prediction of future electricity mix and inventory data for asphalt concrete.This thesis contributes to methodological development which will be useful to future infrastructure LCAs in terms of inventory data collection. It presents estimated amounts of energy use and GHG emissions associated with road infrastructure, on the example of roadtunnel and asphalt recycling. Operation of road infrastructure and production of construction materials are identified as the main priorities for decreasing GHG emissions and energy use during the life cycle of road infrastructure. It was concluded that the potential exists for significant decreases in GHG emissions and energy use associated with the road transport system if the entire life cycle of road infrastructure is taken into consideration from the very start of the policy-making process.<br>QC 20120229
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Miliutenko, Sofiia. "Consideration of life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for improved road infrastructure planning." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-184163.
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Global warming is one of the biggest challenges of our society. The road transport sector is responsible for a big share of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, which are considered to be the dominant cause of global warming. Although most of those emissions are associated with traffic operation, road infrastructure should not be ignored, as it involves high consumption of energy and materials during a long lifetime. The aim of my research was to contribute to improved road infrastructure planning by developing methods and models to include a life cycle perspective. In order to reach the aim, GHG emissions and energy use at different life cycle stages of road infrastructure were assessed in three case studies using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). These case studies were also used for development of methodology for LCA of road infrastructure. I have also investigated the coupling of LCA with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the possibility to integrate LCA into Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). The results of the first case study indicated that operation of the tunnel (mainly, lighting and ventilation) has the largest contribution in terms of energy use and GHG emissions throughout its life cycle. The second case study identified the main hotspots and compared two methods for asphalt recycling and asphalt reuse. The results of the third case study indicated that due to the dominant contribution of traffic to the total impact of the road transport system, the difference in road length plays a major role in choice of road alternatives during early planning of road infrastructure. However, infrastructure should not be neglected, especially in the case of similar lengths of road alternatives, for roads with low volumes of traffic or when they include bridges or tunnels. This thesis contributed in terms of foreground and background data collection for further LCA studies of road infrastructure. Preliminary Bill of Quantities (BOQ) was identified and used as a source for site-specific data collection. A new approach was developed and tested for using geological data in a GIS environment as a data source on earthworks for LCA. Moreover, this thesis demonstrated three possible ways for integrating LCA in early stages of road infrastructure planning.<br><p>QC 20160329</p>
Livres sur le sujet "Life cycle emission (LCE)"
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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE World Congress (2006 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Emission: Measurement, testing & modeling. Society of Automotive Engineers, 2006.
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Horne, Ralph E., Tim Grant, and Karli Verghese. Life Cycle Assessment. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097964.
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has developed in Australia over the last 20 years into a technique for systematically identifying the resource flows and environmental impacts associated with the provision of products and services. Interest in LCA has accelerated alongside growing demand to assess and reduce greenhouse gas emissions across different manufacturing and service sectors. 
 
 Life Cycle Assessment focuses on the reflective practice of LCA, and provides critical insight into the technique and how it can be used as a problem-solving tool. It describes the distinctive strengths and limitations of LCA, with an emphasis on practice in Australia, as well as the application of LCA in waste management, the built environment, water and agriculture. Supported by examples and case studies, each chapter investigates contemporary challenges for environmental assessment and performance improvement in these key sectors.
 
 LCA methodologies are compared to the emerging climate change mitigation policy and practice techniques, and the uptake of ‘quick’ LCA and management tools are considered in the light of current and changing environmental agendas. The authors also debate the future prospects for LCA technique and applications.
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Sadiq, Rehan, Kasun Hewage, Rajeev Ruparathna, and Hirushie Karunathilake. Life Cycle Thinking for Net-Zero Energy and Emission Transformation. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2020.
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Environmental life cycle cost analysis: A review of economic, energy and green house gas emission impacts of asphalt and concrete pavements. National Library of Canada, 2000.
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Paulson, CAJ. Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies. Edited by RA Durie, DJ Williams, AY Smith, and P. McMullan. CSIRO Publishing, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105027.
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The control of greenhouse gas emissions continues to be a major global problem. It is inter-disciplinary, both in substance and approach, and covers technical, political and economic issues involving governments, industry and the scientific community.
 These proceedings contain 220 papers presented at the 5th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-5) held in August 2000 at Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
 The papers cover the capture of carbon dioxide, geological storage of carbon dioxide, ocean storage of carbon dioxide, storage of carbon dioxide with enhanced hydrocarbon recovery, utilisation of carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases, fuel cells, alternative energy carriers, energy efficiency, life cycle assessments and energy modelling, economics, international and national policy, trading and accounting policy, social and community issues, and reducing emission from industry and power generation.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Life cycle emission (LCE)"
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Holst, Jens-Christian, Katrin Müller, Florian Ansgar Jaeger, and Klaus Heidinger. "City Air Management: LCA-Based Decision Support Model to Improve Air Quality." In Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_4.
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AbstractSiemens has developed an emission model of cities to understand the root cause and interactions to reduce air emissions. The City Air Management (CyAM) consists of monitoring, forecasting and simulation of measures. CyAM model aims to provide formation on air pollution reduction potential of short-term measures to take the right actions to minimize and avoid pollution peaks before they are likely to happen. The methodology uses a parameterized life cycle assessment model for transport emissions and calculates the local impact on air quality KPIs of individual transport measures at the specific hotspot. The system is able to forecast air quality and by how it is expected to exceed health or regulatory thresholds over the coming 5 days.In this paper, the LCA model and results from selected cities will be presented: Case studies show how a specific combination of technologies/measures will reduce the transport demand, enhance traffic flow or improve the efficiency of the vehicle fleet in the vicinity of the emission hotspot/monitoring station.
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Lange, Nora, David Moosmann, Stefan Majer, et al. "Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Biogas Supply Chains in Germany in Context of a Newly Implemented Sustainability Certification." In Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29294-1_6.
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AbstractLife cycle assessments (LCA) approaches, analysing potential impacts associated with the production and use of biomass for energy and material purposes, have become increasingly important in recent years. An internal project at the Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum- DBFZ is investigating, which priority areas have been addressed at the institute with LCA. The preliminary results of the study show mostly practice-linked applications with a focus on the assessment of fuels, their production and technical feasibility. In this publication, we present one of the studies analysed, in which a simplified LCA approach defined in the renewable energy directive (RED II), was applied. Based on primary data from 10 biogas and biomethane supply chains in Germany, the applicability of the RED II greenhouse gas (GHG) emission calculation approach was analysed. Most of the biogas plants assessed were found to be compliant with the required minimum GHG emissions reduction. Storage of digestate, N-fertilization and the use of fossil diesel were identified as the main factors, influencing the GHG intensity of the respective value chains. Additionally, individual calculation requires a high effort for data collection. The availability of tools and default values could therefore support market actors with an efficient implementation of the RED II.
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Aggarwal, Neeraj K., Naveen Kumar, and Mahak Mittal. "Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in GHG Emission and Techno-economic Analysis (TEA) of Bioethanol Production." In Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05091-6_14.
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Cerdas, Felipe. "LCE and Electromobility." In Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82934-6_2.
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Keller, Heiko, Horst Fehrenbach, Nils Rettenmaier, and Marie Hemmen. "Extending LCA Methodology for Assessing Liquid Biofuels by Phosphate Resource Depletion and Attributional Land Use/Land Use Change." In Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_11.
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AbstractMany pathways towards reaching defossilization goals build on a substantially increased production of bio-based products and energy carriers including liquid biofuels. This is, amongst others, limited by land and phosphorous availability. However, it is challenging to adequately capture these limitations in LCA using state-of-the-art LCI and LCIA methods. We propose two new methods to overcome these challenges: (1) attributional land use and land use change (aLULUC) evenly attributes LU-/LUC-related burdens (emissions) occurring in a country to each hectare of cropland used in that country and (2) phosphate rock demand as a stand-alone resource indicator for a finite resource that cannot be replaced. Approach, calculations and used factors are described for both methods, and exemplary results for biofuels are presented. We conclude that both methods can yield additional insight and can support finding solutions for current challenges in agriculture.
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Cerdas, Felipe. "State of Research—Review on LCE Modelling and Assessment Approaches for Electromobility." In Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82934-6_3.
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Alkhawaldeh, Ayah, Nour Betoush, Ansam Sawalha, Mohammad Alhassan, and Khairedin Abdalla. "Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability Characteristics of Built Environment Systems." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57800-7_48.
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AbstractThe sustainable built environment concept has recently gained enormous attention from academic and industrial organizations. The growth in climate-related disasters and pandemics, continuing difficulties in the energy sector, and consumer awareness regarding resources’ conservation and sustainability are considered the driving factors influencing participants toward supporting sustainable engineering applications. Furthermore, numerous professional standards and requirements for implementing and rating sustainable practices have been generated, such as life cycle assessment (LCA), cost analysis, project development (i.e., from planning through construction up to demolition), recycling, material preservation, and utilizing reusable materials. The LCA is a great method for examining and integrating a wide variety of environmental elements to provide a comprehensive picture of system sustainability. The research presented in this study covered significant environmental elements that are essential to deciding between two or more choices and improving the system. This research compared the OPC and AABC based on CO2 emissions. The results showed that the AABC produces positive sustainability outcomes in terms of CO2 emissions. The AABC emits substantially less CO2 than the OPC, indicating that it is preferable for greenhouse buildings.
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Cerdas, Felipe. "Exemplary Application: Analysis of Variability in the LCE of Batteries for Electric Vehicles." In Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82934-6_5.
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Tippett, Arron Wilde. "Life Cycle Assessment of Fishing and Aquaculture Rope Recycling." In Marine Plastics: Innovative Solutions to Tackling Waste. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31058-4_7.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we assess the environmental footprint of the production of recycled plastic granulate made of waste ropes from the fishing/aquaculture industries. The end-of-life treatment of waste fishing and aquaculture gear is an important factor in solving the marine plastic crisis. The improvement of waste management on land is thought to be one of the key strategies for tackling marine plastic challenges. Moreover, in terms of the circular economy, recycling is viewed as a more desirable end-of-life treatment than incineration and landfilling. Meanwhile, it is important to understand the environmental impacts of recycling processes to avoid problem shifting. The publication of environmental impact data on the recycling of fishing/aquaculture gear can assist policy makers and waste managers, amongst other stakeholders, in making decisions about end-of-life treatments. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a standardised methodology for the assessment of the environmental impacts of a product across its full life cycle, from raw material acquisition through to end-of-life phases. In this chapter, we perform an LCA of fishing and aquaculture rope recycling. We begin with the acquisition of waste polypropylene/polyethylene (PP/PE) ropes from the fishing and aquaculture industries, move to the production of recycled granulate and end with delivery to the customer. We assess the environmental footprint of 1000 kg of PP/PE granulate across a range of impact categories, including global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). The core processes account for 40% of the total GWP emissions with the upstream and downstream processes accounting for 30% of the emissions each. A critical contributor to GWP emissions from PP/PE rope recycling comes from diesel production and consumption across the product life cycle. Finally, the global warming potential, acidification potential, and eutrophication potential of recycled PP/PE are significantly lower when compared to virgin PP and PE.
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Dalla Valle, Anna. "Life Cycle Assessment at the Early Stage of Building Design." In The Urban Book Series. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_42.
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AbstractIn view of the urgent need to construct informed and advanced vision of the built environment in terms of environmental impacts, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is even more emerging as the most recognized supporting tool for Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) practices. This is proved by Level(s), a voluntary framework established in Europe that is fully life cycle-based, looking buildings beyond energy performance to the whole life cycle, while fostering the implementation of circular economy strategies. To face buildings complexity, it recommends applying life cycle approach with an increasing level of detail and accuracy, shifting from the assessment of carbon emissions to complete cradle to grave LCA. In this context, many calls for competitions at the reach of environmentally sustainability include Level(s) measures as reference frame to deal with. The paper provides insights of building LCA application performed during the preliminary design phases, since crucial for the decision-making process especially if operating into competition aimed at minimizing environmental impacts. In particular, a sample of building projects developed to address an international architecture competition specifically committed to decarbonization issues in compliance with Level(s) is discussed. Starting from a concrete in situ scenario, the attention is on integrating dry assembled solutions composed of environmental-friendly materials. Results show range of carbon footprint of low-carbon buildings in relation to building shape and volume, outlining building parts that generally contribute to highest release of CO2 and providing effective technological solutions. The aim is to support AEC practitioners in the design and implementation of buildings embracing a life cycle approach starting from the early design process.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Life cycle emission (LCE)"
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Wen, Ching-Mei, Charles Foster, and Marianthi Ierapetritou. "Exploring Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas Emission Routes for Bio-Production of Triacetic Acid Lactone: An Evaluation through Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design. PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.182968.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Triacetic acid lactone (TAL) is a bio-privileged molecule with potential as a chemical precursor, traditionally synthesized from petroleum. Current trends are shifting towards the use of renewable biomass or CO2-derived feedstocks to enhance sustainability. However, comprehensive studies on the techno-economic viability and carbon life cycle of such methods are limited. This study assesses TAL production from conventional glucose and a novel approach co-feeding Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) with glucose and formic acid (FA), aiming for a more cost-effective and eco-friendly process. We confront the inherent challenges in this process by exploring different technology scenarios using kinetic bioprocess modeling underpinned by techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to identify the most cost-effective and sustainable routes to TAL production. A noteworthy component of our investigation centers around the prospect of recycling and utilizing the CO2 emitted from the YL bioreactor to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions inherent in aerobic fermentation processes. The study combines TEA and LCA to dissect the proposed TAL bio-production routes, evaluating the sustainability of the process and the implications of net-zero greenhouse gas emission manufacturing. We employed SuperPro Designer and Aspen software for process simulation and energy balance computations. The results underscore the benefits of CO2 recycling in TAL production, with an estimated minimum selling price (MSP) slightly increasing by 6.21-7.80% compared to traditional methods, but significantly undercutting the market price of $51000/mt-TAL and achieving net-negative CO2 emissions. This research illustrates a viable route to bio-production with net-zero emissions, providing a model for future bioprocessing and industrial practices.
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Leon, David, David Bolonio, Isabel Amez, Roberto Paredes, and Blanca Castells. "LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS OF FIREWORKS: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s17.18.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The increasing focus on sustainability necessitates the examination of environmental impacts across all sectors, including pyrotechnics. Pollutant emissions have been extensively studied, but information on sustainability in the pyrotechnics sector is scarce. Thus, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to study two widely used pyrotechnic devices: bangers and shells was carried out, in order to analyze the environmental footprint and detect points where action can be taken. Using SimaPro software and the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) methodology, the analysis includes all the processes involved from the manufacture of the devices up to their use and end of life, including their distribution. Although the impact on climate change of the devices studied is minimal compared to other products in everyday use, the acquisition of raw materials and their distribution is the stage that contributes the most to the overall environmental impact (60%), while the use of hazardous raw materials, especially potassium perchlorate, and plastics as containers for pyrotechnic compositions, also present important environmental problems. Therefore, measures to reduce the effects of these fireworks should focus on the selection and reduction of raw materials and the elimination of plastic compounds in their designs.
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Lokesh, Kadambari, Atma Prakash, Vishal Sethi, Eric Goodger, and Pericles Pilidis. "Assessment of Life Cycle Emissions of Bio-SPKs for Jet Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94238.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Bio-Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (Bio-SPK) is one of the most anticipated renewable energy to conventional Jet kerosene (CJK). Bio-SPK is plant lipid which is thermo-chemically converted to kerosene like compositions to serve as “Drop-in” biojet fuel. The environmental impact of Bio-SPK is to be understood to determine its potential as a carbon neutral / negative fuel. Assessment of Life Cycle Emissions of Bio-SPKs (ALCEmB) aims to deliver a quantitative, life cycle centered emissions (LCE) model, reporting the process related-carbon footprint of Bio-SPKs. This study also encompasses the key emission-suppressing feature associated with biofuels, termed as “Biomass Credit”. The Bio-SPKs chosen for this analysis and ranked based on their “Well-to-Wake” emissions are Camelina SPK, Microalgae SPK and Jatropha SPK. The Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted at each stage of their life cycles have been represented in the form of CO2 equivalents and the LCE of each of the Bio-SPKs were weighed against that of a reference fuel, the CJK. Camelina SPK among the three Bio-SPKs analyzed, was determined to have a relatively lower carbon footprint with a <70% carbon reduction relative to CJK followed by Jatropha SPK and Microalgae SPK respectively. In general, Bio-SPKs were able to reduce their overall LCE by 60–70%, at baseline scenario, relative to its fossil derived counterpart.
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Kalluri, Sumanth, Pasi Lautala, and Robert Handler. "Toward Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Road and Multimodal Transportation Alternatives: A Case Study of the Highland Copper Project." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5841.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Freight transportation of goods and commodities is a necessity and is often a significant portion of the overall investment in industrial development, especially in the natural resource industry. The economic costs of developing infrastructure have long been factored into the project costs, but environmental or social impacts have received less attention. In addition, alternative transportation modes are rarely compared from both economic and environmental perspectives. This paper performs a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for truck-only, multimodal and rail transportation options to transport ore and concentrate. In this paper, LCA is performed in SimaPro for construction/manufacturing, operations, maintenance, and end of life phases to obtain the overall Global Warming Potential (GWP) in terms of kilogram equivalents of CO2 (kg CO2eq). After emissions from alternative options have been defined, the cost of each option can be investigated through Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) This paper also discusses the past work on LCCA and its application to transportation projects. The final part provides a methodology to convert the emission results from LCA for integration with the costs from LCCA.
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Deru, Michael. "Establishing Standard Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36105.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Energy use in buildings is most commonly analyzed by using the energy measured at the site. Some analysts also calculate the source energy and emissions from the site energy. Source energy use and emission profiles offer better indicators of the environmental impact of buildings and allow other metrics for comparison of performance. However, there are no standard factors for calculating the source energy and emissions from the site energy. The energy and emission factors used are derived from different data using different methods resulting in wide variations, which makes comparisons difficult. In addition, these factors do not include the full life cycle of the fuels and energies, but only the combustion and transmission portions of the life cycle. The recently available U.S. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database provides LCI data for energy, transportation, and common materials. The LCI data for fuels include all the energy and emissions associated with the extraction, transportation, and processing of the fuels. This paper describes how the LCI data, along with other emissions data and energy consumption data from the Energy Information Administration, were used to generate source energy and emission factors specifically for energy use in buildings. The factors are provided on national, interconnect, and state levels. This effort was part of the U.S. Department of Energy Performance Metrics Project, which worked to establish standard procedures and performance metrics for energy performance of buildings.
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Al‐Gburi, Majid, Jaime Gonzalez‐Libreros, Gabriel Sas, and Martin Nilsson. "Quantifying the Environmental Impact of Railway Bridges Using Life Cycle Assessment: A Case Study." In IABSE Symposium, Prague 2022: Challenges for Existing and Oncoming Structures. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/prague.2022.1796.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<p>As emission regulations in the EU are becoming stricter, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the construction industry has become a pressing need. As part of the efforts related to this issue, it has been found that Environmental Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) approaches are required to optimize the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of buildings and infrastructure assets. In this paper, The Institution of Structural Engineers guidance on how to calculate the embodied carbon in structures is used as LCA model and evaluated in a case study. The guidance divides the structure´s life cycle into five stages (A1‐A3: Product, A4‐A5: Construction process, B1‐ B7: Use, C1‐C4: End of live and D: Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary) and the environmental impact is measured in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (kgCo2e) or global warming potential (GWP). The model was applied to an existing reinforced concrete trough bridge, which is a structure type commonly used in Swedish railways. Results show that that the model was effective and simple for investigating the environmental impact of the studied structure.</p>
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Kominiarz, Mathis, and Zeina Al-Nabulsi. "Life-cycle analysis of the Colne Valley Viaduct and assessment of optimised solutions." In IABSE Symposium, Manchester 2024: Construction’s Role for a World in Emergency. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/manchester.2024.0451.
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<p>The Colne Valley Viaduct (CVV), a 3.4km precast post-tensioned segmental viaduct with 57 spans is set to become the UK's longest railway viaduct. This study aims to carry out a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the CVV. The carbon analysis will focus on the 462m long constant depth deck section of the viaduct, and this will be compared against alternative materials and deck types. The LCA calculations will concentrate on product modules (A1 to A3), the construction process (A4 and A5), the replacement (B4) as per the global warming potential (GWP) indicator in kgCO2e. Calculations will be based on activity data from the CVV Bill of Quantities, selected carbon emission factors (i.e. for electricity or fuel) and generic Environmental Product Declarations for materials purchased. This study intends to highlight any bridge structural components with high carbon emissions, that will need to be tackled in future projects to reach the 2030 and 2050 ambitious UK carbon targets.</p>
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Fu, Yang, Buyu Wang, and Shijin Shuai. "Life-cycle Analysis of Methanol Production from Coke Oven Gas in China." In Energy & Propulsion Conference & Exhibition. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-1646.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The growing demand for transportation fuels and the global emphasis on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have led to increased interest in analyzing transport GHG emissions from the life-cycle perspective. Methanol, a potentially carbon-neutral fuel synthesized from CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>, has emerged as a promising candidate. This paper conducts a comprehensive life-cycle analysis (LCA) of the GHG emissions associated with the methanol production process, utilizing data inventory from China in 2019. To simulate the synthesis and distillation process of methanol, Aspen Plus is employed, using parameters obtained from actual plants. GHG emissions are then calculated using the GREET model, incorporating updated industry statistics and research findings. The CO<sub>2</sub> necessary for methanol production is captured from factory flue gas. Two different sources of H<sub>2</sub> are considered: one from Coke Oven Gas (COG) and the hydrogen-rich gas byproduct resulting from COG methanation (Case 1), and the other via water electrolysis (Case 2). The GHG emissions of methanol production for Case 1 and Case 2 are found to be -0.08 and 6.36 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq/kg methanol, respectively. However, if wind power is the sole source of electricity, the GHG emissions for both cases are reduced to -0.68 and -0.65 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq/kg methanol, respectively. The adoption of CO<sub>2</sub> capture technology is the main reason for both systems to achieve negative emissions. The lower GHG emissions in Case 1 are attributed to the energy and emission allocation of byproducts. To achieve net zero GHG emissions in Case 2, the GHG emissions of electricity generation need to be reduced by 88% of the current level. This reduction is expected to be achieved by 2050, based on projected power generation mixes and efficiency improvements in water electrolysis in China.</div></div>
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Morita, Yasutomo, Kenji Shimizu, Hirokazu Kato, Naoki Shibahara, and Toshihiro Yamasaki. "A Study for the Measurement of Environmental Impact Resulting From Railway Construction." In 2011 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2011-56006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study shows how to measure CO2 emissions caused by railways during its life span from construction to disposal. It is now a common global concern that CO2 reduction is vital for conserving the global environment. Amidst this growing awareness, rail transport has attracted significant attention as an environmentally-friendly transportation mode due to its low emission of CO2 gas. But in many studies the amount of CO2 is calculated only during operation and doesn’t include emissions during the phase of construction of related infrastructure and rolling stocks. Rail transport can not be a truly environmentally-friendly transportation mode if it isn’t proven to emit less gases compared with other modes during a modes whole life cycle. In this paper, we introduce the method to calculate CO2 emission from the construction of infrastructure with the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the result of a case study.
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Léonard, Angélique, and S. Gerbinet. "Using Life Cycle Assessment methodology to minimize the environmental impact of dryers." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7851.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Drying is known as a high energy consuming unit operation, representing between 12 to 25% of the global industrial energy consumption in developed countries. Consequently, drying contributes to several environmental impacts mainly associated to its heat or electricity requirements. One can cite global warming, emission of particles, acidification, photochemical ozone formation, … Based on a literature review and some dedicated case studies, this work will illustrate how Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be used to evaluate the environmental impacts associated to a drying operation. The results will be presended in a way to indicate some eco-design strategies for dryers. Keywords: drying; eco-design; Life cycle assessment; environmental impact.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Life cycle emission (LCE)"
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Koroma, Michael Samsu, Xun Xu, and Abdulrahman Alwosheel. Life Cycle Assessment of Road Freight Decarbonization in Saudi Arabia. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2024. https://doi.org/10.30573/ks--2024-dp63.
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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is committed to transitioning towards a diversified, low-carbon economy, necessitating the decarbonization of its road freight sector, which is a significant source of domestic energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study addresses the critical need to evaluate and compare the life cycle climate impacts of current and alternative truck powertrain technologies within KSA. We conducted a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of various truck powertrains, including internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs).
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Sharma, Bhavna, Bryan Swanton, Joseph Kuo, et al. Use of Life Cycle Assessment in the Healthcare Industry: Environmental Impacts and Emissions Associated With Products, Processes, and Waste. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb48.
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Objectives. The objective of this Technical Brief is to assess the current use of life cycle assessment (LCA) frameworks in healthcare research and practice, understand the components of those frameworks, review LCA studies that have been conducted, and assess gaps in research and practice to guide future directions. Review methods. A scoping review combined with Key Informant interviews provided the input for the report. We searched a combination of biomedical (PubMed®); environmental (Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection, Environmental Science Database, Environment Index); and technical research (Web of Science, Scopus) databases for this interdisciplinary research topic. Gray literature sources included the research registries ClinicalTrials.gov, National Institutes of Health (NIH) RePORTER, Environmental Protection Agency Health and Environmental Research Online (HERO), European Research Council projects, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) for ongoing research. Citation screening involved two independent reviewers who screened full text, supported by machine learning. Data were abstracted in a pilot-tested database. Key Informants included experts in LCA frameworks, healthcare operations, developers of tools for healthcare organizations/providers, researchers, organizational policy, and industry. Findings. Searches identified 5,430 citations, of which 836 were obtained as full text; 178 publications met eligibility criteria. We identified nine LCA frameworks, the majority of which were adapted rather than developed for healthcare, using existing frameworks for LCA on residential construction, financial reporting, health technology assessment, and handprint analysis. The frameworks were published in the last 5 years and were not found to be applied in any other study. In total, we identified 164 LCAs published in the scientific literature, primarily originating in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Additional literature originated from Canada and Asian, European, and Latin American countries. Approximately a third of the studies were published by U.S.-based researchers. The studies explored a wide range of topics, from medical devices, products, and surgeries, to emissions from healthcare systems. The majority of studies addressed the full life cycle, from cradle to grave. Key Informants emphasized the importance of LCA to support reduction of healthcare emissions and waste, but noted time and resource limitations for conducting LCAs in clinical practice. The registered studies on frameworks and future research is sparse; we identified eight relevant projects. Conclusion. LCA frameworks were mainly adapted for healthcare and there is a need to develop a healthcare-specific LCA framework. Future research may need to focus on less resource intensive LCA methods to address the multitude of timely decisions that need to be made in routine healthcare operations. Future work should focus on developing scalable solutions that can be rapidly adopted and implemented in disparate healthcare settings. To address gaps, research should include development of a healthcare-specific life cycle inventory database, a healthcare-specific LCA methodology, and study reporting guidelines to ensure robustness of the LCA studies. It is critical for healthcare to understand the sector’s role in climate change, to assess the impacts from healthcare delivery, and to address healthcare industry waste and greenhouse gas emissions.
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Shen, Bo, and Zhenning LI. Perform Life Cycle Energy and GHG Emission Analysis, Select Candidate Refrigerant(s). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819592.
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Gathorne-Hardy, Alfred. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from SRI and Flooded Rice Production in SE India. Taiwan Water Conservancy Journal, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii250.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Hasan Ozer, Mouna Krami Senhaji, et al. A Life-Cycle Methodology for Energy Use by In-Place Pavement Recycling Techniques. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-018.
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Worldwide interest in using recycled materials in flexible pavements as an alternative to virgin materials has increased significantly over the past few decades. Therefore, recycling has been utilized in pavement maintenance and rehabilitation activities. Three types of in-place recycling technologies have been introduced since the late 70s: hot in-place recycling, cold in-place recycling, and full-depth reclamation. The main objectives of this project are to develop a framework and a life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate maintenance and rehabilitation treatments, specifically in-place recycling and conventional paving methods, and develop a LCA tool utilizing Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to help local and state highway agencies evaluate environmental benefits and tradeoffs of in-place recycling techniques as compared to conventional rehabilitation methods at each life-cycle stage from the material extraction to the end of life. The ultimate outcome of this study is the development of a framework and a user-friendly LCA tool that assesses the environmental impact of a wide range of pavement treatments, including in-place recycling, conventional methods, and surface treatments. The developed tool provides pavement industry practitioners, consultants, and agencies the opportunity to complement their projects’ economic and social assessment with the environmental impacts quantification. In addition, the tool presents the main factors that impact produced emissions and energy consumed at every stage of the pavement life cycle due to treatments. The tool provides detailed information such as fuel usage analysis of in-place recycling based on field data.
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Linan, Dun. Research on carbon emission of urban residents’ three types of dining based on the whole life cycle. Envirarxiv, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55800/envirarxiv276.
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Alwosheel, Abdulrahman, and Michael Samsu Koroma. Environmental Performance of Passenger Cars in the KSA: Comparison of Different Technologies via a Life Cycle Assessment Approach. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2024. https://doi.org/10.30573/ks--2024-dp69.
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Analyzing the environmental performance of alternative vehicle technologies in the current energy landscape of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is very important given their expected role in future transportation systems. This study presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of sedans and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) powered by different propulsion systems to analyze their environmental performance in the KSA context. The LCA examines multiple impact categories, with a particular focus on global warming potential (GWP). The results reveal that hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) consistently demonstrate the lowest GWP across both sedan and SUV vehicle classes, achieving reductions of approximately 30%, 28%, and 22%, respectively, compared with the baseline gasoline-powered internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) also exhibit lower GWP (approximately 16%) than do conventional ICEVs but to a lesser extent than do other advanced powertrains. The energy supply chain plays a crucial role for BEVs, including FCEVs and PHEVs, underscoring the importance of decarbonizing electricity and hydrogen (H2) production to realize the full environmental advantages of these technologies in the KSA. In terms of deployment feasibility, PHEVs and HEVs have a distinct advantage over FCEVs, as they can leverage the existing electricity grid and fueling infrastructure, making them a more practical and readily available solution for reducing near-term emissions in the KSA transportation sector. Policymakers and industry stakeholders are encouraged to develop targeted incentives, regulations, and support mechanisms to accelerate the market penetration of these technologies while also considering strategies to address their multifaceted environmental implications.
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Kester, Josco, Ji Liu, and Ashish Binani. Carbon Footprint of Floating PV Systems. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69766/jgaz9626.
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This report, conducted by the Dutch research organization TNO, presents the first detailed life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis of operational floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems. The study, focusing on two operational systems in Western Europe, reveals that FPV systems on small inland water bodies can be a valuable complement to ground-mounted PV systems in terms of greenhouse gas emissions reduction. If PV module degradation is limited, these systems’ carbon footprint is 3-4 times lower than the EU grid mix target for 2030. The report compares two FPV systems with different floater compositions (HDPE and steel/HDPE) to hypothetical ground-mounted systems, using comprehensive background data. The findings highlight the necessity for long-term monitoring and thorough environmental assessments. Josco Kester, a scientist at TNO, underscores the potential environmental benefits of these systems, which could enhance the adoption of renewable energy technologies.
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Fact Sheet: Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity from PV Systems. IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69766/algs2169.
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This fact sheet provides an overview of the environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It outlines the stages from manufacturing to end-of-life management, focusing on an average residential PV system. The study compares four PV technologies and highlights that emissions are primarily from manufacturing, with significantly lower carbon emissions than fossil fuel generators. The environmental impact of PV systems has improved markedly compared to 2015 values, particularly in non-renewable energy payback time.