Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Life and times of a very british man »

At a time of when the global crises of pandemic and climate change could be said to offer sufficient challenges to life in the British and Irish Isles, the implementation of Brexit provides a further gargantuan difficulty. Borders, bureaucracies and belief systems dissolve like the certainty that subjects once felt to their connection to states or Unions. Or new borders and systems appear, bringing with them unwieldy new protocols and practices. Shelves empty, goods sit locked in containers; caught up in the holding pattern of another new normal of online retail inertia. Dislocation, fear and anger rise. The epicentre of the Brexit shambles can be said to be located in the ever betwixt and between location of Northern Ireland. Here with its newly imposed sea border with Great Britain and its maintenance of European Union relations with the Republic of Ireland we see a fractured and fractious society struggling as ever to come to terms with how to balance the aspiration of opposing ideologies and national ambitions with an additional level of chaos. In a time of catastrophe what can literature do? This question, often posed during “The Troubles” has very much come back to be painfully reiterated to writers, readers and critics at a time of multiple lockdowns. However, if an examination is made of publishing in Ireland in the last couple of years, we see a buoyant press offering a number of intriguing responses to the significance and efficacy of literature to respond to the current human predicament. In this article I will examine the work of three contemporary writers, Gerald Dawe, Angela Graham, and Dara McAnulty. I will argue that their use of genre (memoir, short story, nature diary) provides a fresh and robust response to the chaotic present of Northern Irish political life. In their separate ways they contest the fixed, static and impermeable political echo chamber of Northern Ireland. Dawe, I contend, seeks a means through his autobiographical work to retrace time and space in the history of the province and articulate alternative ways of interpreting the past. He is able to draw sustenance and restoration from often overlooked times of possibility in his own and the wider story of Belfast. In Graham’s case, I would suggest that her bold and assertive first collection of short stories provides an acerbic and raw inspection of the past but one that also provides glimpses of reconciliation and genuine hope in the face of trauma. I conclude by exploring the work of McAnulty. Ostensibly a diary that traces his engagements with nature, his book is a tour de force that reimagines Ireland as a location gripped in the ravages of the Anthropocene startlingly brought to life by a young man faced with the challenges of autism. Part memoir, part praise poem to nature, it is a remarkable coming of age non-fiction work, which along with Dawe’s and Graham’s writing suggests that Northern Irish literature offers a broad and brilliant retort to the current local and global calamities that we face.

Sir Frederick Page was all round the most able member of the British aeronautical industry, a man of exceptional ability and integrity. Promoted rapidly in early life, he developed into a very progressive and innovative company manager, mastering all aspects as the industry went through a succession of painful mergers. Finally, as Chief Executive of the Aircraft Group of British Aerospace he developed very perceptive industrial strategies with excellent financial and risk management. The sum total of his contribution to the British aerospace community over a period of 45 years until his retirement in 1983 was greater than that of any other individual.

In the process of the development of more than five thousand years, the Chinese nation has created a glorious history of civilization, gradually forms the traditional values with The “Unity between Heaven and Man” as the core. It systematically expounds the relationship among “Heaven, Earth and Man”, establishing the ecological concept that “Heaven, Earth and Man” must be in harmonious coexistence, “Humanity” must abide by “Providence”, and Man must treat Nature with the heart of “benevolence”. It is a kind of brand-new universe view, world view, life view and moral values, and also a kind of lofty ideals pursued by the human society since ancient times. It has very important practical significance and enlightened function for the construction of contemporary ecological civilization, and the maintenance of human overall interests.

It is known that modern philosophy understands death as a denial of the reality of life (human being) and, on the contrary, the establishment of non-being. Death fixes the existence of specific manifestations of life on Earth (nature, society, man as an individual). For a long time (from ancient culture to modern times), the explanation of the phenomenon of human death was dominated by a religious point of view, which presented death not as an end but as a prerequisite for the further transformation of life (immortality). In the future, we present the very Christian-theological vision of the problem.

Morality is one of the fundamentals of human life. It is this morality that separates man and animals. When an individual is ethical, the society and country that are dependent to him become moral. But human beings do not follow the moral code at all times and in all circumstances. Murder, robbery, rape, alcohol, prostitution, lying, and fraud have been indelibly imprinted on mankind since time immemorial. Our forefathers have long sought to make man aware of their evils and to bring him to the right path. In that sense Munseep Mayuram Vedanayakam Pillai (1826-1889 AD) wrote a book of justice, that was a magnificent book that taught the Tamils the morals of human life. He is the celebrated son of Goddess Tamil. He was the great person who introduced new literary techniques in the world of Tamil literature after the arrival of the British. Until today, it seems that whole-hearted recognition has not been bestowed for the contributions he has made Goddess Tamil. The reason for this is still not understood till today. The book of justice written by that great person with social concern is a wonderful book that teaches the Tamils, social morals, virtues and well-being. This article explores the virtues of human life that it embodies.

AbstractThis article, a companion piece to that on Kwame Tua, traces the life history of his elder full brother Kwasi Apea Nuama (c.1862–1936) as he too sought purchase and place in the new colonial order in Asante. Temperamentally a very different man from his brother, Kwasi Apea Nuama set out to make himself indispensable as the interpreter of Asante history and custom to the uncomprehending British. Both brothers, then, were mediators or translators between the old and new worlds in which they found themselves. Their heyday was the often anarchic early colonial period. Thereafter, and most especially after the British restored the office and some of the prerogatives of Asante kingship, their influence fell away. They found themselves caught between a colonial order that had little further need of their services, and a restored Asante polity that demonized them as collaborators.

Abstract Thunderstorms A disaster, a divine punishment, or a sublime spectacle? Thunderstorms often had disastrous consequences in former times, especially when gun powder magazines were struck. After the invention and implementation of Franklin’s lightning rod, the interpretation of these disasters as divine punishments seemed less obvious. Technology and science changed relations between the concepts of God, nature, and man. Very generally speaking, a religion of fear gave way to a religion of love. Nature was considered less a menace than a friend, a shift subtly foreshadowing the Romantic period. Put in more safe life conditions, man tended to hold more optimistic views of himself and dared to play artistically even with dangerous, sublime subjects such as thunderstorms.

In an 1885 article on ‘Roman Catholics and Parliamentary Representation,’ The Times suggested ‘it is a strange thing that although the Catholic Emancipation Bill was passed in 1829, very few members of that faith have succeeded in holding seats for English constituencies.’ During the past few decades a number of historians have published important studies of the electoral influence of Catholics in the nineteenth century, but most of these works have paid little attention to the Catholics who were Members of Pariliament. But any attempt to understand the Catholic contribution to public life in the nineteenth century surely requires an analysis of the Catholic M.P.s.

Margaret Fuller was an American philosopher, writer, journalist and one of the first gender theorists. The article examines Fuller’s work and life in the context of 19th century American culture and social determinants influencing women’s lives. From a very early age, Fuller perceived her role in society different from the role designed for her as a biological girl by the cultural model of the times she lived in. The article focuses on Fuller’s achievements in the context of the self-made man/woman concept.

Aim of this study is to present the extraordinary case of a 45-year-old man with very short bowel syndrome and ileostomy, who is currently engaged in a long hospitalization module of life because of the constant need for parenteral nutrition which he has developed due to Crohn's disease treatments. Case presentation: A Russian young man, with low education, a borderline intellectual functioning and a low socio-economic status, was operated numerous times due to breakouts of Crohn's disease. For the last year, he stays mostly in the hospital. Practically he needs constant intravenous parenteral nutrition due to his very short bowel syndrome, otherwise he cannot live outside the hospital. The patient was advised by his surgeon to eat any kind of food but had the limitation to drink not more than 500 ml of water per day, (the rest of water was taken IV). During the first months, the patient seemed willing to do anything needed, but when he started to get tired, he started to drink more than 2 litres of water per day, ignoring his doctor's advice. One of his main problems was that he was able to see that eggs, meat and other food he was eating were very soon appearing in the ileostomy bag and this led him to think that he would die soon. Neither the patient himself nor his wife and relatives asked for help from supervisory bodies of the National Health System and are not at all aware of his need for transplantation.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

ABSTRACT The city has always played a pivotal role in human history because, as Henry Lefebvre reminds us, the physical structure of the urban place is not just a neutral container of social and historical events, but it acts as a sort of dialogic dimension based on symbols, sets of values, and customs, in which people can give order to their reality, anchoring their identity in a sort of collective memory, and in a network of reciprocal human bonds: a community. Despite the vast theoretical background and narrative tradition, the enormous changes that the urban dimension underwent over the last century have brought new challenges and the necessity for new theorizations to the fore. This dissertation aims to offer a glimpse of such a complex contemporary challenge, particularly narrowing the focus on the relationship between the city and the post-multicultural society, taking into consideration the particular case of London. The choice to focus the research on London is based on the fact that the English capital provides a unique example of a post-multicultural city. The study specifically looks into how the concrete local dimension of the city interacts with the complexity of a transcultural and transnational society, whose heterogeneity exponentially increased in the last century, imposing a pervasive condition of superdiversity, as Steven Vertovec defined it. Given this peculiar condition, the study endeavours to investigate, on one hand, how the idea of citizenship and community changes together with the question of "who is the alien?", and, on the other hand, how urban narrations influence the way people live and perceive such changes. The research method employed is based on an interdisciplinary approach, which aims to combine a historical overview with the philosophical and scientific perspective of urban studies, and the sociological points of view of post-multicultural studies. Theoretical evidence provided by the different disciplines is integrated into the literary analysis of three contemporary narrative works. The first chapter outlines the concept of city from an etymological, historical, philosophical and literary point of view. This overview explores several aspects: why belonging to the same city gave people a particular identity, with particular symbols and customs; and finally, how the idea of city has changed together with its conformation, function, and rhythm as a unique organic system, following the evolution of historical and human changes. The second chapter deals with contemporary post-migration societies, specifically that of London, looking into the most important processes and theoretical reconfigurations at stake such as the idea of citizenship, integration, Britishness and identity. The third chapter will open the literary analysis of this dissertation by presenting Kamal Ahmed’s work The Life and Times of a Very British Man. The Anglo-Sudanese British journalist Kamal Ahmed sheds light not only on the present condition of contemporary post-multicultural London, but also investigates the facts and narrations that modern London is rooted in. In the fourth chapter the focus will shift to post-multicultural London seen as a gigantic economic machine, through the analysis of John Lanchester’s novel Capital. The aim is to describe how the increasing commodification of the city has influenced the idea of community and citizenship, profoundly characterised by obliviousness and disconnectedness. The fifth chapter will discuss these questions by narrowing the focus on how the commodified society influence people's perception of the self and the city, leading to a progressive alienation of its inhabitants. Tibor Fischer's Voyage to the End of the Room particularly problematises the idea of the ‘alien,’ by dealing with the problem of self-alienation, which seems increasingly to affect a large part of urban inhabitants.

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted the cross-border mobilities of people and materials. The ramifications of such a sudden large-scale disruption of mobilities were hugely significant for migrants’ and diasporic citizens’ transnational way of life. Being ‘here’ and ‘there’ and maintaining intimate personal, familial and social ties between people and places transnationally suddenly became virtually impossible, and some of these blockages and brakes to mobility continue. National lockdowns by many countries across the globe and the virtual halting of international travel severely limited people’s capacity to physically travel. Visiting geographically distant relatives and friends, meeting them face-to-face and fulfilling cultural obligations and duties, such as providing care or attending a funeral, became very challenging. In this chapter, I examine the disruptions of human spatial-temporal mobilities of visiting friends and relatives (VFR) between members of the British-Bangladeshi diaspora in London and their home country, Bangladesh. Drawing from interviews both in-person and online via Zoom and WhatsApp, I analyse and interpret the complex experiences of their visits and the consequences of enforced immobilities for individuals and families during the pandemic.

AbstractRobert Leslie Ellis was born in Bath on 25 August 1817. His father, Francis Ellis (1772–1842), had held a position in the Admiralty, but resigned when he became the principal heir of his uncle Henry Ellis, formerly Governor of Nova Scotia, who on his death in 1806 left him £10,000 and extensive landholdings in Ireland and elsewhere. Francis and his wife Mary, née Kilbee (1777–1847), had six children, of whom Robert, born in 1817, was the youngest. The family lived in a succession of large houses in Bath, where Francis Ellis, a well-known local figure, was one of the founders of the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution, founded in 1823. The Institution had a well-stocked library which took in both British and continental books and periodicals, and the teenaged Ellis frequented it regularly, reading avidly and conversing with the adult members, who included scholars and scientists of some distinction. His father involved himself in Ellis’s education and was himself a well-educated and inquiring man; his uncle had described him as ‘really a very deserving young man of uncommon abilities and possessed of more scientific and other knowledge than [one] could expect at his years.’ In an account of the Bath literati published in 1854, Francis Ellis was included in a list of ‘men with intelligent and well-informed minds’, and a later supplement stated that ‘Francis Ellis had an enlarged mind, was a good classic, a superior mathematician, and a generally well-informed man’. Ellis’s library contained several hundred books in 1841, when an inventory was taken.

In February 2002, the Financial Times ran a full-page article on the dangers posed by excessive “food miles.” It was written by the editor of Country Life, a magazine dedicated to the preservation of “the British way of life.” Like many critics of food globalization, the author argued that the cheap food policies that originally drove the United Kingdom to import much of its food had hidden costs and posed grave risks both at home and abroad. The article noted that the United Kingdom, despite its experience of mad cow and foot-and- mouth diseases, still imported meat from countries known to be “breeding grounds for killer plagues”—in particular, species-jumping pathogens such as AIDS and the Ebola virus. Despite Britain’s capacity to produce many kinds of fresh fruits and vegetables, supermarkets imported them from countries where, the article said, export farming “deprived” hungry people of land for their own food crops. The airfreight transport of such foods consumed huge quantities of fossil fuel, which drove global warming, which might, the article implied, hasten the onset of geopolitical conflict over increasingly scarce farmland. To avert this dark future, the author called on “concerned shoppers” to use their buying power to “force supermarkets” to purchase and promote more local foods. And, to make perfectly clear who was to blame for burning all these food miles, the accompanying illustration featured two cartoonish characters, one a businesslike carrot wearing the brand of Tesco, the country’s biggest food retailer, and the other a Zambian green bean dressed as an ugly tourist (Aslet 2001). In turn-of-the-21st-century Britain, countryside preservationists were among the many activists who saw the African green bean and “baby veg” as symbolic of food globalization gone wrong, and who called on shoppers to help make things right. The supermarkets that stocked these petite, prepackaged vegetables intended, of course, a very different message—namely that convenient, novel fresh foods belonged in the British way of life, ideally 365 days a year. Yet this marketing strategy had a paradoxical payoff.

The objective evidence for the deception at Piltdown was overwhelming. The frauds extended to every aspect of the discovery—geological, archaeological, anatomical, and chemical—so that proof could be adduced three or four times over. Moreover, every time a new line of investigation was applied, it confirmed, as we have seen, what all previous evidence had established. The two Piltdown ‘men’ were forgeries, the tools were falsifications, the animal remains had been planted. The skill of the deception should not be underestimated, and it is not at all difficult to understand why forty years should have elapsed before the exposure; for it needed all the new discoveries of palaeontology to arouse suspicion, and completely new chemical and X-ray techniques to prove the suspicion justified. Professor Le Gros Clark, Dr. Oakley, and I wrote in our report that ‘Those who took part in the excavation at Piltdown had been the victims of an elaborate and inexplicable deception’. Inexplicable, indeed, for the principals were known to us as men of acknowledged distinction and highly experienced in palaeontological investigation. Woodward, in 1912, was a man of established reputation. Dawson enjoyed a solid esteem. Teilhard de Chardin was, of course, only at the beginning of his palaeontological career. Knowing their place in the world of science, we felt sure that these investigators, whose integrity there was not the slightest reason to question, had been victims—like the scientific world at large—of the deception. Arthur Smith Woodward (who was of an age with Dawson) at the time of the discovery had been Keeper of the Department of Geology at the British Museum since 1901, the year of his election to the Royal Society, and had scores of papers of very great merit to his credit. His work on fossil reptiles and fishes was on a monumental scale, and he had also made discoveries in mammalian palaeontology. He was without doubt the leading authority in his own field. His position was abundantly recognized by many awards and by appointment to many high offices—for example, Secretary, and in the Piltdown years successively Vice-President and President, of the Geological Society.

Abstract This chapter studies the wartime films of 1940s Britain. It starts with Goodbye Mr Chips (1939) and The Lion Has Wings (1939). For officials learning to use films as propaganda, Mr Chips seemed an ideal model, celebrating ‘British life and character’. The chapter then considers Love on the Dole (1941); The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943); In Which We Serve (1942); Millions Like Us (1943); The Way Ahead (1944); and The Way to the Stars (1945). It also studies I Know Where I’m Going (1945); The Wicked Lady (1945); Brief Encounter (1945); A Matter of Life and Death (1946); Great Expectations (1946); and The Third Man (1949).

The much-anticipated unwrapping of Takabuti in 1835 by members of the Belfast Natural History Society created huge interest and excitement, but the event was delayed to ensure the presence of one man to decipher the hieroglyphs (see Chapter 1, pp. 32–35). He was not a professor from the British Museum or even a professional Egyptologist. He was a country parson, an amateur Orientalist, the Revd Dr Edward Hincks, Church of Ireland rector of Killyleagh, Co. Down (...

The last decades have witnessed a gathering scepticism about traditional humanism. The very idea of man often serves as ideological cover for domination by race, gender, culture, or species. “Man” is a loaded term, caught up in various legitimation narratives. Yet we are a distinct species: homo sapiens. While acknowledging the varying impacts of different farming methods, urban life, indigenous lifestyles, hunting practices, and so on, we humans are responsible for a sharp rise in the extinction of other species on the planet. The animal man has a biological reality beyond color and creed. What, then, can be said about the distinctive features of human beings as a species? How far can we get in giving such an account without introducing normative considerations, covertly blowing our own trumpet? In fact geological consciousness adds to the list of “wounds to the human psyche” by displacing our sense of human sovereignty in the course of developing a new species-consciousness. Anthropogenic climate change can legitimately be blamed on corporations, industrialization, the West, and so on. But it is as a species that we need to address it.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) lived an extraordinarily rich and varied intellectual life in troubled times. Although remembered as a great thinker, he was a man who more than anything else wanted to improve the life of his fellow human beings through the advancement of science, and to establish a stable and just political order in which the divisions amongst the Christian churches could be reconciled. ‘Who was Leibniz?’ considers the scintillating intellectual development of the young Leibniz and then outlines the next forty years of Leibniz’s life, which were characterized by his attempts to stretch the narrow brief of his official duties to further his all-embracing plan of reform.

Distinguished Australian Latinist Henry David Jocelyn was a character larger than life. He was warm hearted and amusing and extremely loyal to his friends, of whom there were many, and equally he inspired great affection and loyalty in those with whom he came into close contact. It may be some time before his achievements as one of the foremost Latin scholars of his time can be properly assessed, as his articles are scattered far and wide and in many cases difficult to access. A collection of some of his major pieces would reveal important contributions to the study of a very wide range of Latin authors, particularly but not exclusively of the Republic, and particularly in some of the less fashionable genres. Jocelyn also devoted an immense amount of time to reviews, of which he published more than 130 between 1965 and 1988. Many are of books on or editions of Republican Latin authors, particularly Plautus.

I have a Hardin cartoon on my office door. It shows a series of animals thinking about the meaning of life. In sequence, we see a lobe-finned fish, a salamander, a lizard, and a monkey, all thinking, “Eat, survive, reproduce; eat, survive, reproduce.” Then comes man: “What's it all about?” he wonders. Organisms live to reproduce. The ultimate selective pressure on any organism is to survive long enough and well enough to pass genetic material to a next generation that will also be successful in reproducing. In this sense, then, every morphological, physiological, biochemical, or behavioral adaptation contributes to reproductive success, making the field of life cycle evolution a very broad one indeed. Key components include mode of sexuality, age and size at first reproduction (Roff, this volume), number of reproductive episodes in a lifetime, offspring size (Messina and Fox, this volume), fecundity, the extent to which parents protect their offspring and how that protection is achieved, source of nutrition during development, survival to maturity, the consequences of shifts in any of these components, and the underlying mechanisms responsible for such shifts. Many of these issues are dealt with in other chapters. Here I focus exclusively on animals, and on a particularly widespread sort of life cycle that includes at least two ecologically distinct free-living stages. Such “complex life cycles” (Istock 1967) are especially common among amphibians and fishes (Hall and Wake 1999), and within most invertebrate groups, including insects (Gilbert and Frieden 1981), crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods, polychaete worms, echinoderms, bryozoans, and corals and other cnidarians (Thorson 1950). In such life cycles, the juvenile or adult stage is reached by metamorphosing from a preceding, free-living larval stage. In many species, metamorphosis involves a veritable revolution in morphology, ecology, behavior, and physiology, sometimes taking place in as little as a few minutes or a few hours. In addition to the issues already mentioned, key components of such complex life cycles include the timing of metamorphosis (i.e., when it occurs), the size at which larvae metamorphose, and the consequences of metamorphosing at particular times or at particular sizes. The potential advantages of including larval stages in the life history have been much discussed.

English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.