Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Liability (Law) – European Union countries »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Liability (Law) – European Union countries"
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Andenas, Mads, et Duncan Fairgrieve. « Misfeasance in Public Office, Governmental Liability, and European Influences ». International and Comparative Law Quarterly 51, no 4 (octobre 2002) : 757–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/51.4.757.
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The protection offered to individuals by remedies in public law and tort law is developing in all jurisdictions. The past few years have witnessed an increasingly important European dimension to the tort liability of public authorities. European Union law and European Human Rights law have added to the constitutional protection of tort claims against public authorities already established as a matter of domestic law in many European countries.
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Betlem, Gerrit. « Standing for Ecosystems—Going Dutch ». Cambridge Law Journal 54, no 1 (mars 1995) : 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300083197.
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Traditionally, common lawyers are used to examining other jurisdictions of their legal family as a source of inspiration for law reform or even as persuasive authority for the development of case law. Developments in continental civil law jurisdictions are less noted. However, particularly in the field of public law, English law is now being influenced by civil law concepts through the mediation of Community law.1 Product liability provides an example in private law of rules shared by the civil and common law jurisdictions of the European Union due to harmonisation by the Product Liability Directive. An important new area of non-contractual liability is environmental liability. Firmly established in the United States, liability for damage to the environment is increasingly being introduced in many countries around the world.3 In the European Union, the first step towards Community-wide legislation was taken in March 1993 with the publication of a Green Paper by the Commission.4 One of the many controversial aspects of a possible environmental liability regime is the issue of standing to sue.
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Napierała, Jacek. « Impact of European law on Polish company law ». Pravovedenie 65, no 2 (2021) : 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2021.202.
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Since Poland’s accession to the European Union, European law has become part of the legal system in force in Poland. Treaties and regulations are directly applicable, whereas directives and recommendations require implementation into Polish law. Polish courts are obliged to apply and interpret European company law and to interpret Polish company law in such a way that it complies with European law. If in doubt as to the interpretation of European company law, the courts may — and in some cases must — refer a question to the Court of Justice of the European Union for a preliminary ruling. The judgment of the Court is binding on the courts of all Member States. Polish companies may conduct business activity in another Member State and foreign companies may conduct business activity in Poland. Companies of the Member States may conduct their business activities by establishing companies under the provisions of European law, e. g., Societas Europaea. Societas Europaea (SE) is a European public limited company whose capital is divided into shares. The European company is a cross-border company that can operate in the EU countries alongside national public limited companies. The autonomous status of an SE in relation to domestic public limited-liability companies is determined by two circumstances: first, the SE’s personal statute (lex societatis), legal capacity and other elements of the SE’s legal status are determined by the regulation either directly or by indicating the ways to fill in the gaps in the regulation; second, the content of the regulation, which contains specific rules for the creation and operation of the SE, distinguishes it from national public limited-liability companies. European law also influences the legal situation of Russian citizens and companies who are partners (shareholders) of a company registered in a Member State.
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Thiet, Tran Cong, et Vu Thi Duyen Thuy. « Some legal issues on compensation for environmental damage under Vietnamese law and the law of the European Union ». Studia Prawnicze KUL, no 3 (28 septembre 2021) : 277–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/sp.10660.
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In recent years, the law on environmental damage compensation has been a burning issue in many countries around the world, especially in developing nations where the dilemma concerns the balance between economic development and environmental protection. The issue of liability for environmental damage can be considered from many perspectives, and the focus of this study will be civil liability compensation. Learning and studying the regulations of developed countries like the European Union plays an important role in the development and improvement of environmental laws in general and the law on environmental compensation in particular for Vietnam. In this article, the authors provide insights on some legal provisions on compensation for environmental damage based on comparison with the laws of the European Union to determine how to develop legal regulations in the field of environmental damage compensation. This creates a foundation that contributes to the introduction of solutions to improve the efficiency of the law on environmental damage compensation in Vietnam.
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Goncharova, A. V. « European rules of liability for inherited debts experience for Ukraine ». Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no 3 (20 février 2022) : 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.03.6.
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This research examines the procedure for establishing liability for inherited debts of the testator. It is noted that the inheritance law of some European countries is undergoing transformation. Discussions on the future of inheritance law in Europe have not yet been completed, and it remains to be seen whether it has begun at all. One of the key issues is the area of liability for inheritance debts, which is present in any system of inheritance law and occupies an important place.
The article highlights the main problems of European practice on the basis of Polish law and suggests that this may be the starting point for resolving this issue on a wider European scale. Modern problems are caused by the fact that most of the principles of settlement of inheritance law were borrowed from Roman private law. Daily practice shows that the solutions developed by the legislator are not always able to satisfy modern realities. Disputes over the settlement of inheritance relations are particularly noticeable in countries that have historically been part of the so-called Eastern bloc. In the light of the ever-growing demand for the unification of substantive law, inheritance in the European Union, as well as the entry into force of Regulation (EC) № 650/2012 of the European Union and the creation of a European Certificate of Inheritance, it is interesting to study. Debt inheritance research is currently lacking in a study by scholars.
We state the fact that inheritance law is a branch of civil law. In some countries, there is a principle that no one should maintain an inheritance against their own. Legislators create opportunities for potential heirs in different ways. Therefore, we propose to create a mechanism in legal systems that uphold the principle of universal succession, according to which the passive attitude to the inheritance of any heirs is equated to the submission of an application for acceptance of the inheritance. In fact, this is natural, as renunciation of inheritance is less common in practice than acceptance.
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Shestak, Viktor, Sergei Katsuba, Tatiana Kvasnikova et Yuri Bokov. « Liability for Violation of Environmental Legislation in the EU ». European Energy and Environmental Law Review 30, Issue 1 (1 mars 2021) : 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2021002.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the ratio of the legislative mechanisms of administrative and criminal liability for violation of environmental legislation in the legal system of the European Union. Using the methods of political and legal analysis, the comparative legal method and the structure designmethod, the study examines the features of the formation and structure of EU legislative mechanisms in the field of legal regulation of liability for violations of environmental legislation. At the same time, existing problems faced by legislators from the point of view of law enforcement practice in different countries of the European Union are also considered. In the EU, considerable attention is paid to the vector of environmental protection at the supranational level, as well as to the implementation of the acquis communautaire of the environmental legislation into national legislative norms. Nevertheless, the institutions of the European Union have not yet been able to fully achieve complete uniformity with regard to the established environmental liability regime and, accordingly, overcome the difficulties associated with the effective interaction of EU legislation and the realities of national legal systems. At the same time, in European law enforcement practice, administrative measures in matters of environmental responsibility are given preference over measures of criminal responsibility. To date, as evidenced by the study, EU legislators adhere to the position regarding the assignment of criminal prosecution obligations to the national authorities, which is due to the flexibility of law enforcement measures. environmental damage, environmental law, environmental legislation, environmental protection, environmental responsibility, European Union, supranational policy
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Sääksjärvi, Sanna C. « Positioning the Nordic Countries in European Union Environmental Policy ». Journal of Environment & ; Development 29, no 4 (23 juin 2020) : 393–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496520933324.
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The influence of the Nordic countries on the European Union’s (EU's) policy processes has been researched from various angles, but there is a lack of research that comprehensively examines all policy positions advanced by Nordic actors within a given policy context. This article introduces a new design for studying policy positions and influence in the EU and examines the phenomenon from a multilevel perspective using an original data set compiled in connection to three directives: the Floods Directive on the assessment and management of flood risks, the Environmental Liability Directive, and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. The analysis reveals that the Nordic countries follow a certain pattern of influencing EU policy that deviates from other states participating in the consultations. Nordic governmental actors exert a strong technical but weak directional influence in the chosen context but are, overall, more successful than Nordic organizational actors at influencing the policy process.
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Dremliuga, Roman, et Alexander Korobeev. « A Fight Against the Dissemination of Deepfakes in Other Countries : Criminal and Criminological Aspects ». Russian Journal of Criminology 15, no 3 (2 juillet 2021) : 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(3).372-379.
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The authors analyze a relatively new phenomenon of spreading realistic audiovisual fake materials (deepfakes). This socially dangerous phenomenon is not reflected in the Russian criminal legislation as a separate offence. At the same time, some countries have started developing a criminal policy in this sphere. The methodology of the study presupposes a comparative law analysis of current legislations of the USA, China and the European union regarding the liability for the dissemination of realistic audiovisual fakes. The analysis of criminal legislation is aimed at the identification and systematization of key approaches to criminalizing the dissemination of realistic audiovisual fakes in the countries that are the leaders in digitizing their social and economic life. It showed that there are radically different approaches to regulating criminal liability for the actions under consideration. The authors analyzed criminal policy of the United States at the federal and state levels on the criminal law protection against infringements through deepfakes. They found that the first action to be recognized as criminal is the use of realistic audiovisual fakes for electoral intervention. The legislations of some states strictly regulate the procedure of posting such content before elections, the most serious violations leading to criminal liability. Besides, the United States recognizes as criminally punishable the use of deepfakes for creating materials of intimate nature and for identity theft. The People’s Republic of China establishes liability, including criminal liability, for posting any fake realistic-looking audiovisual materials without mentioning that they are fake. Currently there are no special criminal law norms regulating liability for the dissemination of deepfakes in the law of the European Union. This action should be viewed as infringement of the lawful use of personal data. The authors give their assessment of some criminological characteristics of the analyzed publicly dangerous phenomenon in Russia and in the world. In spite of the relative novelty of the deepfake technology, realistic fake videos are quite common. The society supports the necessity of criminalizing this publicly dangerous action.
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Movchan, Roman, Andrii Vozniuk, Maria Burak, Vitalii Areshonkov et Dmitriy Kamensky. « Criminal law counteraction to land pollution in the EU countries : searching for the optimal model ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no 42 (30 juillet 2021) : 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.2.
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The main goal of the article is to study both advantages and disadvantages of the approaches of the European Union (EU) states to criminal law prevention of land pollution. As a result of this an optimal legislative model should be developed to protect this element of the environment from criminal encroachment, which can be further used by the EU states in improving existing or creating new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution or the creation of new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution. The following research methods have been used to study criminal law provisions of the selected countries, to prove the stated hypotheses and to formulate conclusions: comparative law, system analysis, formal-logical, dialectical and modeling method. As a result of the study of various models of criminal law protection of land resources embodied in the legislation of nineteen European Union states, it has been proved that: 1) such protection should be carried out by a single universal rule on criminal liability for pollution not only of land but also of other components of the environment (water, air, forest); 2) only such land pollution shall be considered criminal, which has led to real (non-potential) damage to the environment, human health or property damage; 3) liability for land pollution should be differentiated depending on: a) weather guilty person’s act was intentional or negligent; b) what the consequences of land pollution have been.
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Papp, Nikolett. « A munkahelyi egészségsérelmek kompenzációjának felelősségbiztosítási modellje Magyarországon és az Európai Unióban ». Erdélyi Jogélet 3, no 4 (26 janvier 2021) : 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/erjog.2020.04.09.
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"One of the most important issues in the design of national work injury compensation systems is how the two main possible routes of liability relate: on the one hand, the non-tort compensation (social security) model and, on the other, the tort compensation (employers’ liability under civil or labour law) model. In the Hungarian system of accident compensation in labour law, the employee is primarily entitled to certain benefits within the framework of social insurance and may claim damages in excess of this in damages lawsuits. Employers’ liability schemes can be supplemented by voluntary liability insurance solutions. Liability insurance contracts protect both parties: employers are protected against unplanned payments, possibly large amounts of compensation, and the outcome of potentially unpredictable compensation lawsuits, while it means guaranteed coverage for the employee in case of damage. The introduction of compulsory liability insurance for employers is an issue that arises from time to time. In some countries, employers are required to take out liability insurance, such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Austria. In insurance-based models, the route of compensation plays a marginal role. In Hungary, the penetration of liability insurance is low; however, there is currently no legislative intention to make liability insurance more extensive or mandatory for employers. In general, however, there is no universal model for accident compensation in labour law. There is no such benchmark at the European Union level either, and it can be said that there is no explicit intention to fully harmonize Member State regulations. In this study, I examine the consequences of the mandatory or wider application of liability insurance, the regulatory concepts that exist, and the role that the European Union plays in regulating the issue."
Thèses sur le sujet "Liability (Law) – European Union countries"
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MOTA, PINTO Alexandre Cardoso. « The Europeanization of legal capital : searching for new ways of protecting creditors in limited liability companies ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13174.
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Palao, Moreno Guillermo. « Cross-border Products Liability in the European Union ». Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116164.
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Liability for defective products meets a modern legal framework applicable to cases which have an international nature in the European Union. However, the new regulatory developments have not solved the existing coordination problems and offer an unjustified complexity, so there is a certain risk that the objectives pursued by the European legislator in this strategic sector for the EU internal market are not going to be fulfilled. The objective of this study is to analyze the solutions contained in Regulation (EC) 442001, relating to jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters and Regulation (EC) 8642007, concerning the law applicable to non-contractual obligations («Rome II»), aswell as their interrelationship with other conventional instruments.La responsabilidad por productos defectuosos cuenta en la Unión Europea con un moderno marco legal aplicable a los casos que cuenten con una naturaleza internacional. Sin embargo, los nuevos desarrollos normativos no han suprimido los problemas de coordinación existentes y ofrecen una injustificada complejidad, por lo que existe un cierto riesgo de que se malogren los objetivos perseguidos por el legislador europeo en este estratégico sector para el mercado interior de la Unión Europea. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las respuestas contenidas en el Reglamento (CE) 44/2001, relativo a la competencia judicial, el reconocimiento y la ejecución de resoluciones judiciales en materia civil y mercantil y el Reglamento (CE) 864/2007, relativo a la ley aplicable a las obligaciones extracontractuales («Roma II») asícomo su interrelación con otros instrumentos convencionales.
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Shi, Feng. « Principles of European Union water law ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1944040.
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FELD, Leonard. « From soft law to hard law : the concept and regulation of human rights due diligence in the EU legal context ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74341.
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Defence date: 14 March 2022Examining Board: Professor Stefan Grundmann (Humboldt University Berlin); Professor Mathias Siems (European University Institute); Professor Karin Buhmann (Copenhagen Business School); Professor Robert McCorquodale (University of Nottingham)
This dissertation examines the concept of human rights due diligence (HRDD) under international soft law and its transposition into business regulation, with a particular focus on the European Union context. It traces the evolution of HRDD – starting from the work of the United Nations to the recent contributions of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The inquiry finds that HRDD is a concept of remarkable depth, whose features make it suitable to address human rights abuse in the globalised economy. Yet, there are also a number of practical and conceptual concerns. For instance, it is argued that the concept of HRDD features a high level of abstraction, which leads to ambiguities at the stage of implementation. In view of these findings, the transposition of HRDD into business law provides an opportunity, not only to build on the strengths of the concept, but also to counter some of its weaknesses. In addition, the thesis addresses two questions of international law concerning, first, the legality of HRDD legislation in view of its extraterritorial implications and, second, the relationship between relevant legal acts and the duties of states under international human rights law. It is held that regulators enjoy considerable leeway under international law to facilitate or require HRDD even beyond their own borders. Yet, states are presently under no international obligation to regulate HRDD processes – even though new developments are in sight. Finally, drawing on the findings of this research, the dissertation reviews Directive 2014/95/EU and Regulation (EU) 2017/821 as two precedents of HRDD legislation in the European Union. The two legal acts pursue very different strategies to promote HRDD processes with, it is argued, a varying degree of success. Through these assessments, the thesis provides a set of recommendations that may inform the transposition of the concept into business law.
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Fee, Emma. « 'A Europe without dividing lines' : the normative framework of the European neighbourhood policy - emergent jus gentium or consolidation of jus civile ? » Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83952.
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The primary focus of this work is Article 57 of the Draft European Constitution, concerning the constitutionalisation of a new aspect in EU external relations law, 'the European Neighbourhood Policy'. No comprehensive study of this constitutional article has yet been undertaken in EU legal research. Through the medium of the title of my thesis I wish to examine whether it amounts to an emergent jus gentium for the EU or its antithesis, the consolidation of jus civile. In parallel with the nature of the subject, this study is necessarily a legal-political one. Key points identified are the strategic use of human rights, extraterritoriality of law, foreign direct investment and legal imperialism. A number of recent developments, both judicial and legislative, have provoked this study.
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BARANSKI, Marcin. « Constitutional pluralism in the European Union : a critical reassessment ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/72280.
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Defence date: 26 July 2021Examining Board: Professor Dennis M. Patterson (European University Institute); Professor Gábor Halmai (European University Institute); Professor Jan Komárek (University of Copenhagen); Professor Alexander Somek (University of Vienna)
The aim of this thesis is to offer a comprehensive and critical analysis of one of the most popular and prolific strands in European legal scholarship, i.e., constitutional pluralism. Specifically, the thesis seeks to challenge the central claim advanced by pluralist scholars with regard to the legal structure of the European Union: namely that the relationship between the EU and national legal orders is best conceptualized and understood as a heterarchical rather than hierarchical one. To that purpose, the thesis examines the work of leading scholars of pluralism– –Neil MacCormick, Kaarlo Tuori, Mattias Kumm, and Miguel Poiares Maduro–– all of whom advanced such heterarchical rather than hierarchical understandings of the aforesaid relationship. In so doing, the thesis attempts to address two main questions: first, does pluralism succeed in offering a descriptively and analytically sound account of the common European legal ordering; and second, how do the traditional, positivist, and hierarchical accounts of law fare in comparison with their pluralist contenders? The thesis concludes that while pluralist scholars should be given credit for bringing to light certain distinctive features of the European legal ordering, upon closer examination, their analyses appear to confirm (rather than deny) some crucial insights of said positivist theories, along with their allegedly outdated and distorting, hierarchical understanding of law and legality. Furthermore, it is argued that the pluralist attempts to set aside the positivist questions about the ultimate grounds of law, final authority and constitutional supremacy in the European Union prove unsuccessful in view of the growing constitutional disagreement therein. Finally, the thesis suggests that the nature of the current European legal or constitutional setting is better captured by the notion of national constitutional supremacy, rather than the core pluralist idea of heterarchy.
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CERAN, Olga. « Cross-border child relocation : national law in a united Europe ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74359.
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Defence date: 17 March 2022Examining Board: Prof. Stefan Grundmann (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & European University Institute); Prof. Martijn Hesselink (European University Institute); Prof. Katharina Boele-Woelki (Bucerius Law School); Dr. Ruth Lamont (University of Manchester)
Cross-border child relocation cases are among the most difficult disputes that family judges need to face. Commentators across the globe disagree on the interpretation of the child's best interests and the relevance of adults' autonomy in this context. As relocations are directly concerned with free movement, the literature has expressed an interest also in the European Union's influences in this area. However, considering its lack of competence in family law and the limited jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union on such issues, some questions about the scope and nature of obligations imposed by EU law remain open. This thesis investigates, therefore, the following question: What is the (nature of) EU law's influence on cross-border child relocation and what are its effects on national legal systems? Its contribution is two-fold. Methodologically, it proposes a constructively oriented investigation of European influences in child relocation law. Cross-border movement constitutes the main raison d'être of EU law, and a defining feature of its community. Hence, a mixture of traditional values and new ways of life - sanctioned by a supranational entity - might lead to new dilemmas regarding children's interests and adult autonomy and complicate relocation decisions. The suggested approach allows contextual influences to be analysed together with legal doctrines, at both the EU and the national level. Substantively, the thesis builds on existing research to refine the understanding of child relocation in the context of supranational fundamental rights and freedoms in the EU, in their doctrinal and ideational dimensions. Finally, using case law from Germany, Poland, and England and Wales, it qualitatively investigates how national judges encounter the EU and draw from its ideational and legal features. This thesis demonstrates how the normatively inflicted EU context is occasionally used in courts but does not seem to consistently reorient national approaches towards the EU.
Chapter 3 ‘Child relocation and the European framework of human rights' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Child relocation, soft law, and the quest for umiformity at the European court of human rights : part one' (2020) in the journal ‘Prawa prywatnego’
Chapter 3 ‘Child relocation and the European framework of human rights' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Child relocation, soft law, and the quest for umiformity at the European court of human rights : part two' (2021) in the journal ‘Prawa prywatnego’
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D'ANDREA, Sabrina. « Fluctuating conceptions of gender equality in EU law : a conceptual, legal and political analysis of EU policy, law and case law concerning work and care (1980-2020) ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/70998.
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Defence date: 27 April 2021Examining Board: Professor Claire Kilpatrick (European University Institute); Professor Ruth Rubio Marín (Universidad de Sevilla); Professor Sophie Robin-Olivie (Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Professor Annick Masselot (University of Canterbury)
Gender equality is a complex and debated concept; feminist scholarship and legal philosophy still struggle to define this notion. The EU context is no exception, as within the European project and literature, conceptions of gender equality have fluctuated. Existing literature has only given limited accounts of the different meanings of gender equality and has failed to identify the variables and reasons for this fluctuation in EU policy and case-law. In order to fill this gap, the present thesis takes onboard the challenge to uncover how the meaning of gender equality has shifted in the EU, across time, policy field and institutions. It starts by developing a theoretical frame which distinguishes between the possible aims of gender equality policy and the legal strategies employed by gender equality policy. It then applies this frame to four decades of EU policy regarding work and care, from 1980 to 2020, and questions to which extent these different gender equality conceptions and strategies have served the aim of women’s emancipation, assessing their effect on the gendered division of care and on the provision of social protection. The thesis shows that the main variable of fluctuation of gender equality conceptions has been the policy issue at stake: while the EU has employed formal equality in certain areas of law, it has been more prone to allow for substantive strategies for equality in others, depending on political priorities and opportunities. The conclusion explains these findings and reflects on the political conveniences of gender equality conceptions. It makes a theoretical, political and normative contribution to existing literature and debates concerning gender equality in the EU and gives directions for future gender equality policy.
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KARAGIANNIS, Yannis. « Preference heterogeneity and equilibrium institutions : The case of European competition policy ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/15460.
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Defence date: 21 December 2007Examining board: Prof. Adrienne Héritier (EUI)(Supervisor) ; Prof. Christian Joerges (EUI, Law Department) ; Prof. Jacint Jordana (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona) ; Prof. Hussein Kassim (Birkbeck College, University of London)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
One characteristic of European competition policy is its complex governance structure. On the one hand, the European competition regulator has always enjoyed a high degree of formal autonomy from national governments. On the other hand, that regulator has always been embedded in a multi-task and collegial organisation that mirrors intergovernmental politics. Although the literature has often disapprovingly noted this complexity, it has not been explained. Part I elaborates on the theoretical lens for understanding the governance structures of EC competition policy. Despite the prominence of principal-agent models, transaction cost economics seems to offer a more promising venue. The assumption that Member States maximise their total expected gains and postpone excessive bargaining costs leads to the following hypothesis: the greater the preference heterogeneity (homogeneity) between Member States, the higher (lower) the asset-specific investments involved, hence the higher (lower) the risk of post-contractual hold-ups, and hence the more (less) integrated the governance structures created to sustain future transactions. Alternatively, this logic leads to a deterministic hypothesis about the sufficiency of preference heterogeneities for the production of complex governance structures. Part II examines this deterministic hypothesis. Using various sources, and conducting both within- and comparative case- studies, it analyses three important cases: the negotiations of the Treaty of Paris (1951), of the Treaty of Rome (1957), and of the two implementing Council Regulations (1962 and 2003). The evidence shows that (a) the relevant actors do reason in terms of transaction cost-economising, and (b) in the presence of preference heterogeneity, actors create complex governance structures. Nevertheless, it is also found that (c) the transaction cost-economising logic is not as compelling as it may be in private market settings, as bargaining costs are not systematically postponed to the post-contractual stage, and (d) the transaction costs between Member States are not the only relevant costs.
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SCHOLTES, Julian. « The abuse of constitutional identity : Illiberal constitutional discourse and European constitutional pluralism ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/73873.
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Defence date: 21 January 2022Examining Board: Professor Gábor Halmai, (EUI); Professor Martijn Hesselink, (EUI); Professor Alexander Somek, (University of Vienna); Professor Neil Walker, (University of Edinburgh)
‘Constitutional identity’ has become a key argument in the negotiation of authority between national legal orders and the legal order of the European Union. Many national constitutional courts have declared that the reach of EU law is limited by certain core elements of the national constitution, often labelled ‘constitutional identity’. However, the rise of ‘illiberal democracies’ within the European Union, especially exemplified by the democratic backsliding of Hungary and Poland, has put constitutional identity into a questionable spotlight. Both countries have been leaning on the constitutional identity to both erode European legality and defend their authoritarian constitutional projects againstEuropean criticism. This dissertation deals with the question of how to delimit legitimate invocations of constitutional identity from abuses of constitutional identity. It develops a typology of constitutional identity abuse in three dimensions: The generative, the substantive, and the relational. The generative dimension is concerned with how a constitutional identity claim has come about, its relation to constituent power, constitutional enactment and amendment, the independence of courts, and the regulation of historical memory. The substantive dimension deals with what a constitutional identity claim entails, digging into the normative expectations invoked by the concept and the ways in which it ought to be regarded as intertwined with and embedded in a normative conception of constitutionalism. Finally, the relational dimension is concerned with how a constitutional identity claim is advanced. Advancing a constitutional identity claim in the European legal space evokes notions of diversity, dialogue, recognition, and pluralism, which need to be reciprocated. In each of these dimensions, ways in which constitutional identity can be abused will be identified, using Europe’s ‘backsliding democracies’ Hungary and Poland as the primary case studies, while discussing other countries where appropriate.
Livres sur le sujet "Liability (Law) – European Union countries"
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Bertelmann, Heiko. Die Europäisierung des Staatshaftungsrechts : Eine Untersuchung zum Einfluss des Europäischen Gemeinschaftsrechts auf das deutsche Staatshaftungsrecht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Haftung für judikatives Unrecht. Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 2005.
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1952-, Bar Christian von, Drobnig Ulrich, Alpa Guido et European Commission. Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection., dir. The interaction of contract law and tort and property law in Europe : A comparative study. München : Sellier, 2004.
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Aalto, Pekka. Public liability in EU law : Brasserie, Bergaderm and beyond. Oxford : Hart Pub., 2011.
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Immenga, Ulrich. Unlimited liability of state-owned banks under the EC-rules of state aids. Berlin : Springer, 1998.
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University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies., dir. Shifting responsibility : Carriers' liability in the Member States of the European Union and North America. Stoke-on-Trent : Trentham Books and School of Oriental & African Studies, 1995.
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Staatshaftung für judikatives Unrecht : Eine Untersuchung zum deutschen Recht, zum Europa- und Völkerrecht. Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck, 2011.
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M, Verhey L. F., Kiiver Philipp et Loeffen Sandor 1979-, dir. Political accountability and European integration. Groningen : Europa Law Pub., 2009.
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Wachs, Stephan. Flucht aus der kartellrechtlichen Bussgeldverantwortung ? : Unternehmensrestrukturierung und Haftungsnachfolge im deutschen und europäischen Bussgeldrecht. Frankfurt am Main : PL Academic Research, 2013.
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Pasa, Barbara. The harmonization of civil and commercial law. Budapest : Central European University Press, 2005.
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Balboni, Paolo. Trustmarks in e-commerce : The value of web seals and the liability of their providers. The Hague : T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Liability (Law) – European Union countries"
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Shaw, Jo. « Non-Contractual Liability and Compensation for Loss Caused by the EU ». Dans Law of the European Union, 350–66. London : Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14127-2_14.
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Radoniewicz, Filip. « Cybercrime in Selected European Countries ». Dans Cybersecurity in Poland, 419–39. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78551-2_25.
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AbstractThis study does not claim to exhaust all the abundant comparative legal issues. Therefore, it has been limited to discussing the penal provisions of eight European countries, without going into detailed considerations on issues related to e.g. form of offences committed or the liability of legal persons. The overarching intention was to present as diverse regulations as possible.All countries whose regulations were discussed have signed and ratified the Convention on Cybercrime and are members (except United Kingdom) of the European Union, which resulted in their obligation to implement Framework Decision 2005/222 on attacks against information systems, and the need to adapt their regulations to the provisions of Directive 2013/40, which has replaced this decision.
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Greggi, Marco. « Revisiting “Schumacker” : The Role of Limited Tax Liability in EU Law ». Dans Allocating Taxing Powers within the European Union, 43–62. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34919-5_2.
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Inan, Nurkut, et Gamze Öz. « Turkish Competition Law and the Impact of the Customs Union Decision ». Dans Turkey and Central and Eastern European Countries in Transition, 259–67. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-333-97800-9_12.
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Matthes, Claudia-Y. « Safeguarding Democracy and the Rule of Law by Civil Society Actors ? The Case of Poland ». Dans Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 263–81. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54674-8_11.
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Abstract A growing body of literature examines the EU’s reactions to illiberal trends in ECE countries. These studies predominantly focus on political instruments such as Article 7 and the Commission’s new rule of law mechanism, and there is a broad consensus on the view that these tools are too weak to combat breaches of liberal principles. This chapter therefore explores the potential of alternative strategies, namely the involvement of civil society actors in backsliding countries. By looking at the Polish case, it explores how much Polish civil society interacts with the European institutions in order to address violations of the rule of law and which strategies these actors unfold. It examines whether this cooperation may help to safeguard democracy in a bottom-up manner. The overall goal of the chapter is to investigate how much the EU’s instruments against democratic backsliding could and should be accompanied effectively by strategies aiming at collaboration with liberal forces within the backsliding member states.
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Tomini, Luca, et Seda Gürkan. « Contesting the EU, Contesting Democracy and Rule of Law in Europe. Conceptual Suggestions for Future Research ». Dans Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 285–300. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54674-8_12.
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Abstract In ECE countries, democratisation and Europeanisation seemed to exist in a mutually reinforcing relationship and both concepts provided the main analytical lenses for studying these states. In the light of recent illiberal and anti-EU politics, two different concepts have started to receive increasing scholarly attention, namely the concepts of de-Europeanisation and autocratisation. Their exact meaning, however, remains unclear and the causal link between these specific processes and the rule of law has largely remained understudied. Against this backdrop, this chapter first summarises the state-of-the-art research on autocratisation and de-Europeanisation, and then examines the interaction and causal link between these two phenomena in times of declining democracies in Europe and rule of law problems.
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Naef, Tobias. « The Restrictive Effect of the Legal Mechanisms for Data Transfers in the European Union ». Dans European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 115–230. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19893-9_3.
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AbstractThe right to data protection in Article 8 CFR has an extraterritorial dimension, which requires continuous protection for personal data that is essentially equivalent to the protection guaranteed within the EU. This right to continuous protection of personal data is an unwritten constituent part of the right to data protection in Article 8 CFR. Primary Union law in Article 16(2) TFEU instructs the European Parliament and the Council to establish rules relating to the protection of individuals regarding the processing of their personal data. This mandate also extends to the extraterritorial dimension of the right to data protection. Accordingly, Chapter V GDPR sets out the system for the transfer of personal data from the EU to third countries. The first section of this chapter defines the legal concept of “data transfers” and introduces the three legal mechanisms for the transfer of personal data in Chapter V GDPR (Sect. 3.1). The following sections address the three legal mechanism and their role in guaranteeing the right to continuous protection for personal data. Each section entails a fundamental rights analysis for the transfer of personal data on the basis of a legal mechanism in Chapter V GDPR. The second section is dedicated to data transfers based on adequacy decisions for third countries following Article 45 GDPR (Sect. 3.2). The third section is dedicated to data transfers based on the instruments providing appropriate safeguards in Article 46 GDPR such as standard data protection clauses and binding corporate rules (BCRs) (Sect. 3.3). Finally, the fourth section is dedicated to data transfers subject to contract-based and consent-based derogations in Article 49 GDPR (Sect. 3.4).
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Frosio, Giancarlo. « Intellectual Property Law and Extra-Contractual Liability ». Dans Handbook of Intellectual Property Research, 82–95. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826743.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses intellectual property (IP) and extra-contractual liability by highlighting general comparative analysis issues within civil and common law systems, with some consideration given also to major theoretical clusters that might influence the different legal regimes. The chapter focuses on emerging issues of extra-contractual liability for intellectual property infringement in the platform economy, with special emphasis on copyright and trademark infringement, seeking to co-ordinate miscellaneous approaches from the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and selected European countries’ experiences. In doing so, this chapter highlights research and methodological issues related to limited harmonization at a regional level in secondary and extra-contractual liability doctrines when applied to IP. Finally, this chapter describes the World Intermediary Liability Maps (WILMap) as an attempt to provide consistency within a fragmented research framework while also presenting other miscellaneous endeavours seeking the same goal.
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Brković, Radoje. « Specific of the Civil Service System of Serbia to the Civil Service Systems of the European Union Countries ». Dans Law in the process of globalisation, 553–64. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lawpg.553b.
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In this paper, the author deals with the issues and challenges regarding the general state of civil service of Serbia, analysing it through the most important institutions – fulfillment of free job positions, assessment and promotion of civil servants, realisation and protection of rights of state civil servants, subordination as an element of civil service relation, conflict of interests, disciplinary responsibility, liability for damage etc. There is also a brief comparative presentation of civil service relations in Germany, Great Britain and Slovenia as other examples of civil service systems.
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Foster, Nigel. « 3. The Sources, Forms, and Individual Remedies of EU Law ». Dans Concentrate Questions and Answers EU Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198745280.003.0013.
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The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter includes questions on a wide variety of often overlapping points concerned with the sources of European Union (EU) law. The sources of law are the Treaties which are regarded as primary sources and secondary legislation which can be enacted by the institutions of the Union by virtue of the powers given by the Member States and which are contained in the Treaties. Additional sources of law in the EU legal order are agreements with third countries, general principles and the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) establishing, amongst other case law developments, the doctrine of direct effects, supremacy of EU law and state liability.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Liability (Law) – European Union countries"
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Macerinskiene, Irena. « INTANGIBLES ASSESSMENT IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Dans SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b24/s7.050.
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Ostapovich, Igor Yu, et Alexander Yu Ulyanov. « Liability of Legal Entities for Corruption Offenses in Russia and Foreign Countries : Comparative Legal Analysis ». Dans XIV European-Asian Congress "The value of law" (EAC-LAW 2020). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201205.049.
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Montvilaite, Kristina. « ASSESSMENT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT CONVERGENCE POSSIBILITIES IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Dans SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b22/s6.009.
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Zemguliene, Jolanta. « THE PRODUCTIVITY SPILLOVERS AS THE SOURCE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH � AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES� DATA ». Dans SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b23/s7.084.
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Gorsheneva, Irina Arkadyevna, et Serafima Evgenyevna Zaitseva. « DIRECTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF THE POLICE OF RUSSIA AND THE NORDIC COUNTRIES ». Dans Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference «Trends in the development of science and Global challenges» by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP. April 2022. – Managua (Nicaragua). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/man2.2022.25.67.007.
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The article talks about the main directions of criminal law policy in the field of environmental protection in Russia and the Nordic countries. The mechanism of implementation of criminal liability for environmental crimes in Russia and some European countries (Norway, Finland, Sweden) is considered.
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Li, Xiao Ding, Yu Gong, Guang Hui Li, Gang Bai, Jie Ying Zheng, Yun Huan Qu et Zhe Li. « Research on Liability Insurance for Radioactive Sources and Suggestions to China ». Dans 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-93505.
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Abstract Radioactive source liability insurance refers to the form of insurance in which the insurer shall be liable for compensation according to law when the insured uses radioactive sources to cause radiation damage or environmental pollution to a third party and is claimed for compensation. This paper deeply investigates the practical experience of various countries in the field of radioactive source liability insurance; this type of insurance has a lot of mature application experience in Europe & US, the two major nuclear damage compensation convention systems have not yet stipulated the liability insurance of radioactive sources, European countries have a strong awareness of applying for radioactive source liability insurance. Then it makes a detailed analysis of the current laws and regulations in the field of nuclear technology utilization and the current situation of liability insurance in the field of radioactive sources in China. At present, there is no special law on liability insurance in the field of radioactive sources, there are still several problems, including the weak awareness of risk prevention of enterprises using nuclear technology, the lack of social responsibility of some enterprises and their unwillingness to buy insurance. In order to solve the above problems, the following four recommendations are made. First, improve the legal and policy system of radioactive source liability insurance in China. Second, pilot the implementation of radioactive source compulsory liability insurance in high-risk industries or enterprises. Third, promote personalized insurance rates and insurance limits. Fourth, carry out health damage insurance for employees in the field of radioactive sources at an appropriate time. Finally, it provides a strong and valuable reference for the future radioactive source liability insurance in China.
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Vodenicharov, Asen. « CIVIL LAW STATUS OF THE SUPERVISORY ORGAN IN EUROPEAN BUSINESS COMPANIES ». Dans 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.303.
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The Supervisory organ is a compulsory element in the governance structure of the European Structures for Business Association, namely the European Company (Societas Europaea) and the European Cooperative Society (Societas Cooperativa Europaea) that have chosen a two-tier system for their organizations. The organ under consideration presents a hybrid regulatory framework. On the one hand, these are the provisions in the regulations of the European Union, and, on the other, the national law regulations. The organ in question has specific characteristics. Its members are elected by the General meeting. The staff of the first supervisory board may be appointed in the statues. This should apply without prejudice to any employee participation arrangements determined pursuant to Directive 2003/72 / EC. The members of the Supervisory organ are elected for the term specified in the Statute of the association. Their maximum term of office after the expiry mandate date may not exceed six months. The package of powers includes constitutional, authoritative and controlling rights and obligations. The supervisory organ shall elect and dismiss members or an individual member of the management organ. In cases explicitly provided for in the statute of the association, a certain category of legal transactions cannot be concluded by the management organ without the permission of the supervisory organ. Its controlling functions are particularly important. The supervisory organ shall supervise the duties performed by the management organ. It may not itself exercise the power to manage the associations. The supervisory organ may not represent the associations in dealings with third parties. It shall represent the associations in dealings with the management body, or its members, in respect of litigation or the conclusion of contracts. The management organ shall report to the supervisory body at least once every three months on the progress and foreseeable developments of the association’s business, taking into account any information relating to undertakings controlled by the association that may significantly affect the progress of the association business. The members of the Supervisory organ are holders of Civil liability. Its legal basis is the relevant rules in the national law relating to joint stock companies or cooperative organizations in the Member States in which they have registered their office. This liability is based on the possible damage caused by illegal or incorrect acts or actions.
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Yumagulova, E. R., A. A. Norekyan et E. V. Yumadilova. « KEY ASPECTS OF THE NEW FOREST STRATEGY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ». Dans webinar. Nizhnevartovsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/es-2020/05.
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The paper describes problem features of deforestation and solutions in the EU countries and Russian Federation. The effectiveness of the EU policy and law in the field of forestry is supported by the steady growth of forest area for more than 60 years. Forest complex of Russia is in a major crisis now. Wood recourses insecurity of planned export performance of the timber industry complex and internal consumption is the main mistake of the Development Strategy for the Forestry Complex of the Russian Federation until 2030.
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Mantrovs, Vadims. « Tiešā prasība apdrošināšanas līgumtiesībās un tās regulējuma pilnveides nepieciešamība Latvijā ». Dans Latvijas Universitātes 80. starptautiskā zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.80.07.
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The present article deals with direct claim in insurance contract law in Latvia in conjuncture with a discussion of necessity for its modernization. At the beginning, the article provides review of direct claim in Latvian legal environment by analysing its aim and character. Furthermore, the article analyses regulation of direct claim in Latvian civil liability insurance law, particularly Article 53 of theLatvian Insurance Contract Law, in conjuncture with existing Latvian court practice by providing insight in the perception of Latvian courts in respect of application of this regulation. Likewise, this discussion is carried out closely with analysis of regulation of direct claim in other European countries, especially other Baltic states. The article proceeds with characterising modernization of Latvian civil liability insurance regulation on direct claim. Particularly, the author of the article argues that direct claim should be envisaged in Latvia at least in compulsory insurance by following the modern approach and an example of other European countries including the Baltic states. The article finishes with the conclusion summarising the discussion reflected in the article and emphasising the legislative proposal to express Article 53 of the Latvian Insurance Contract Law in a new wording envisaging direct claim at least in compulsory insurance cases.
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Bukovavc Puvača, Maja. « NOVA EU OPĆA UREDBA O ZAŠTITI OSOBNIH PODATAKA – PRAVO NA NAKNADU ŠTETE I ODGOVORNOST ZBOG NjENOG KRŠENjA (čl. 82. Uredbe) ». Dans 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.755bp.
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In European Union, the right to personal data protection is recognized as one of the fundamental rights. The increasing availability of personal data to private and public entities and the possibility of their rapid and global exchange and use entail the risk of their unauthorized collection, processing and transfer. The General Data Protection Regulation will begin to apply on May 25, 2018. It is fully binding and directly applicable in all Member States. This paper deals with some issues of liability for damage due to violation of General Data Protection Regulation. Focus is on changes that could be brought in the Croatian law, regarding liability rules for infringements of personal data protection.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Liability (Law) – European Union countries"
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Kira, Beatriz, Rutendo Tavengerwei et Valary Mumbo. Points à examiner à l'approche des négociations de Phase II de la ZLECAf : enjeux de la politique commerciale numérique dans quatre pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Digital Pathways at Oxford, mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/01.
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Realities such as the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the move to online operations, highlighting the undeniable fact that the world is continuing to go digital. This emphasises the need for policymakers to regulate in a manner that allows them to harness digital trade benefits while also avoiding associated risk. However, given that digital trade remains unco-ordinated globally, with countries adopting different approaches to policy issues, national regulatory divergence on the matter continues, placing limits on the benefits that countries can obtain from digital trade. Given these disparities, ahead of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Phase II Negotiations, African countries have been considering the best way to harmonise regulations on issues related to digital trade. To do this effectively, AfCFTA members need to identify where divergencies exist in their domestic regulatory systems. This will allow AfCFTA members to determine where harmonisation is possible, as well as what is needed to achieve such harmonisation. This report analyses the domestic regulations and policies of four focus countries – South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal – comparing their regulatory approaches to five policy issues: i) regulation of online transactions; ii) cross-border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection; iii) access to source code and technology transfer; iv) intermediary liability; and v) customs duties on electronic transmissions. The study highlights where divergencies exist in adopted approaches, indicating the need for the four countries – and AfCFTA members in general – to carefully consider the implications of the divergences, and determine where it is possible and beneficial to harmonise approaches. This was intended to encourage AfCFTA member states to take ownership of these issues and reflect on the reforms needed. As seen in Table 1 below, the study shows that the four countries diverge on most of the five policy issues. There are differences in how all four countries regulate online transactions – that is, e-signatures and online consumer protection. Nigeria was the only country out of the four to recognise all types of e-signatures as legally equivalent. Kenya and Senegal only recognise specific e-signatures, which are either issued or validated by a recognised institution, while South Africa adopts a mixed approach, where it recognises all e-signatures as legally valid, but provides higher evidentiary weight to certain types of e-signatures. Only South Africa and Senegal have specific regulations relating to online consumer protection, while Nigeria and Kenya do not have any clear rules. With regards to cross border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection, the study shows that all four focus countries have regulations that consist of elements borrowed from the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, this was regarding the need for the data subject's consent, and also the adequacy requirement. Interestingly, the study also shows that South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria also adopt data localisation measures, although at different levels of strictness. South Africa’s data localisation laws are mostly imposed on data that is considered critical – which is then required to be processed within South African borders – while Nigeria requires all data to be processed and stored locally, using local servers. Kenya imposes data localisation measures that are mostly linked to its priority for data privacy. Out of the four focus countries, Senegal is the only country that does not impose any data localisation laws. Although the study shows that all four countries share a position on customs duties on electronic transmissions, it is also interesting to note that none of the four countries currently have domestic regulations or policies on the subject. The report concludes by highlighting that, as the AfCFTA Phase II Negotiations aim to arrive at harmonisation and to improve intra-African trade and international trade, AfCFTA members should reflect on their national policies and domestic regulations to determine where harmonisation is needed, and whether AfCFTA is the right platform for achieving this efficiently.