Articles de revues : « Lexicon grammar method »

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Danlos, Laurence, et Benoît Sagot. « Constructions pronominales dans Dicovalence et le lexique-grammaire ». Actes du «27e colloque international sur le lexique et la grammaire» (L'Aquila, 10-13 septembre 2008). Première partie 32, n^o 2 (15 décembre 2009) : 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.32.2.11dan.

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In this paper, we describe how pronominal constructions are represented in Dicovalence and in the lexicon-grammar. We introduce a method for extracting and merging lexical syntactic information about these constructions, and integrating it in the Lefff NLP lexicon.

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LI, LI, et BARRETT R. BRYANT. « AN EFFICIENT PARSING MODEL FOR UNIFICATION CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR WITH OBJECT-ORIENTED KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION AND SELECTION SETS ». International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 07, n^o 02 (juin 1998) : 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213098000093.

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This paper describes an object-oriented lexical representation language based on Unification Categorial Grammar (UCG) that encodes linguistic and semantic information uniformly as classes and objects and an efficient bottom-up parsing method for UCG using selection sets technique. The lexical representation language, implemented in the logic and object-oriented programming language LIFE, introduces several new information sharing mechanisms to enable natural, declarative, modular and economial construction of large and complex computational lexicons. The selection sets are deduced from a transformation between UCG and Context-Free Grammar (CFG) and used to reduce search space for the table-driven algorithm. The experimental tests on a spoken English corpus show that the hierarchical lexicon achieves a dramatic reduction on redundant information and that selection sets significantly improve parsing UCG with a polynomial time complexity.

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Gajjar, Kevin, Aman Agrawal, Arran Gonsalves et Gargi Singh. « Sentence Formation Using NLP on the Basis of American Sign Language ». International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n^o 4 (30 avril 2022) : 3102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41985.

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Abstract: Natural language processing at its core is a method to understand, process and utilize human language that helps in the development of different tools. One such field where this tool can be used for is sign language which is the primary method of communication for the impaired which usually requires a translator to interpret the meaning for those who do not have the knowledge. This paper aims to propose a method that can translate recognized signed words from ASL into proper grammatically correct English sentences with the use of different NLP techniques and parsing it into a Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG) using LALR parser. This approach uses a LTAG which is a lexicon that is organized on grammar and vocabulary of the English language and connects in a group of trees. The output matrix of words from the sign recognition is used as an input for the Parts of Speech (POS) tagger that will be parsed into the grammar tree giving a proper English sentence which will be verified by using Language Tool to check the grammar of the final sentence. Keywords: Sentence Formation, American Sign Language, Natural Language Processing, Sign Language recognition, Grammar mapping

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Lee, Byungseok, Donghwe Lee et Seongah Chin. « Structural Motion Grammar for Universal Use of Leap Motion : Amusement and Functional Contents Focused ». Journal of Sensors 2018 (2018) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6073786.

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Motions using Leap Motion controller are not standardized while the use of it is spreading in media contents. Each content defines its own motions, thereby creating confusion for users. Therefore, to alleviate user inconvenience, this study categorized the commonly used motion by Amusement and Functional Contents and defined the Structural Motion Grammar that can be universally used based on the classification. To this end, the Motion Lexicon was defined, which is a fundamental motion vocabulary, and an algorithm that enables real-time recognition of Structural Motion Grammar was developed. Moreover, the proposed method was verified by user evaluation and quantitative comparison tests.

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Gerken, LouAnn, Elena Plante et Lisa Goffman. « Not All Procedural Learning Tasks Are Difficult for Adults With Developmental Language Disorder ». Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, n^o 3 (17 mars 2021) : 922–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00548.

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Purpose The experiment reported here compared two hypotheses for the poor statistical and artificial grammar learning often seen in children and adults with developmental language disorder (DLD; also known as specific language impairment). The procedural learning deficit hypothesis states that implicit learning of rule-based input is impaired, whereas the sequential pattern learning deficit hypothesis states that poor performance is only seen when learners must implicitly compute sequential dependencies. The current experiment tested learning of an artificial grammar that could be learned via feature activation, as observed in an associatively organized lexicon, without computing sequential dependencies and should therefore be learnable on the sequential pattern learning deficit hypothesis, but not on the procedural learning deficit hypothesis. Method Adults with DLD and adults with typical language development (TD) listened to consonant–vowel–consonant–vowel familiarization words from one of two artificial phonological grammars: Family Resemblance (two out of three features) and a control (exclusive OR, in which both consonants are voiced OR both consonants are voiceless) grammar in which no learning was predicted for either group. At test, all participants rated 32 test words as to whether or not they conformed to the pattern in the familiarization words. Results Adults with DLD and adults with TD showed equal and robust learning of the Family Resemblance grammar, accepting significantly more conforming than nonconforming test items. Both groups who were familiarized with the Family Resemblance grammar also outperformed those who were familiarized with the OR grammar, which, as predicted, was learned by neither group. Conclusion Although adults and children with DLD often underperform, compared to their peers with TD, on statistical and artificial grammar learning tasks, poor performance appears to be tied to the implicit computation of sequential dependencies, as predicted by the sequential pattern learning deficit hypothesis.

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Cmejrek, Martin, et Jan Curín. « Automatic Extraction of Terminological Translation Lexicon from Czech-English Parallel Texts ». Text Corpora and Multilingual Lexicography 6, n^o 3 (17 décembre 2001) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.6.si.02cme.

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We present experimental results of an automatic extraction of a Czech-English translation dictionary. Two different bilingual corpora (119,886 sentence pairs computer-oriented and 58,137 journalistic corpora) were created. We used the length-based statistical method for sentence alignment (Gale and Church 1991) and noun phrase marker working with regular grammar and probabilistic model (Brown et al. 1993) for dictionary extraction. Resulting dictionaries’ size varies around 6,000 entries. After significance filtering, weighted precision is 86.4% for computer-oriented and 70.7% for journalistic Czech-English dictionary.

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Septiana, Dwiani, et Andi Indah Yulianti. « Naming Human Anatomy and Diseases in Maanyan Language ». Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics 7, n^o 2 (24 novembre 2022) : 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v7i2.482.

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The purposes of this research are to describe and document the lexicons related to human anatomy and diseases in the Maanyan language as well as explain their structures and meaning. This research used the theory of ethnolinguistics which focuses on the documentation, description, and classification of indigenous languages by viewing the language as a lexicon and grammar. It deployed an ethnographic research method. It was conducted in the Maanyan community in East Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan. The data were lexicons related to the names of diseases, human anatomy and human body conditions in the Maanyan language. They were analysed by classifying lexicons, explaining their meaning, and describing them based on the word structure. The results indicate that in the Maanyan language there are 179 lexicons associated with the human anatomy and the names of diseases. They are 92 lexicons related to human anatomy, 46 lexicons about the human body’s conditions, and 41 lexicons of disease names. According to the word structure, these lexicons consist of single, derived, and compound forms.

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Goldberg, Yoav, et Michael Elhadad. « Word Segmentation, Unknown-word Resolution, and Morphological Agreement in a Hebrew Parsing System ». Computational Linguistics 39, n^o 1 (mars 2013) : 121–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00137.

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We present a constituency parsing system for Modern Hebrew. The system is based on the PCFG-LA parsing method of Petrov et al. 2006 , which is extended in various ways in order to accommodate the specificities of Hebrew as a morphologically rich language with a small treebank. We show that parsing performance can be enhanced by utilizing a language resource external to the treebank, specifically, a lexicon-based morphological analyzer. We present a computational model of interfacing the external lexicon and a treebank-based parser, also in the common case where the lexicon and the treebank follow different annotation schemes. We show that Hebrew word-segmentation and constituency-parsing can be performed jointly using CKY lattice parsing. Performing the tasks jointly is effective, and substantially outperforms a pipeline-based model. We suggest modeling grammatical agreement in a constituency-based parser as a filter mechanism that is orthogonal to the grammar, and present a concrete implementation of the method. Although the constituency parser does not make many agreement mistakes to begin with, the filter mechanism is effective in fixing the agreement mistakes that the parser does make. These contributions extend outside of the scope of Hebrew processing, and are of general applicability to the NLP community. Hebrew is a specific case of a morphologically rich language, and ideas presented in this work are useful also for processing other languages, including English. The lattice-based parsing methodology is useful in any case where the input is uncertain. Extending the lexical coverage of a treebank-derived parser using an external lexicon is relevant for any language with a small treebank.

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Rousse-Malpat, Audrey, Rasmus Steinkrauss et Marjolijn Verspoor. « Structure-based or dynamic usage‑based instruction ». Instructed Second Language Acquisition 3, n^o 2 (1 novembre 2019) : 181–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/isla.38054.

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This classroom study aims to explore the instructional effects of structure-based (SB) or dynamic usage-based (DUB) instruction with free response, communicative writing tasks after three years of L2-French instruction on linguistic complexity measures in (morpho)syntax and lexicon. We investigated data from forty-three young high school beginner learners of L2-French after three years of instruction with similar amounts of L2 exposure. The SB treatment included a traditional focus on explicit grammar; the DUB group was taught using the Accelerated Integrated Method, a highly communicative, meaningfocused method without explicit instruction, but with a great deal of exposure and repetition to induce frequency effects. Results after three years show that DUB instruction leads to more linguistic complexity in terms of various (morpho)syntactic and some lexical measures (multi-word sequences coverage). On other lexical measures (such as Guiraud index and average word length), no differences were found. The results are discussed using insights from the dynamic usage-based perspective.

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Feizaka, Margarita. « Geografía lingüística : a brief insight into the variety of the Spanish language across Latin America ». Folia Geographica 18 (2020) : 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/fg.18.6.

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While there are studies on differences between traditional Spanish and Latin American Spanish, they tend to either compare Castilian Spanish to one national variation in Latin America (e.g. Mexican Spanish) or assume that the whole region of Latin America is rather linguistically homogenous. This research aims to provide a brief insight into differences between variations of the Spanish language spoken in different countries in Latin America, comparing three local dialects: Mexican, Venezuelan and Chilean. Qualitative content analysis and the comparative method were applied to conduct the research. The findings suggest that there are differences in grammar usage and lexicon between different countries. While phenomena like anglicisms and changing prepositions were detected in all local dialects, Mexican Spanish stood out in terms of grammar, and Mexican and Venezuelan Spanish vocabulary showed specific local expressions.

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Sun, Kun, et Rong Wang. « Using the Relative Entropy of Linguistic Complexity to Assess L2 Language Proficiency Development ». Entropy 23, n^o 8 (20 août 2021) : 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23081080.

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This study applies relative entropy in naturalistic large-scale corpus to calculate the difference among L2 (second language) learners at different levels. We chose lemma, token, POS-trigram, conjunction to represent lexicon and grammar to detect the patterns of language proficiency development among different L2 groups using relative entropy. The results show that information distribution discrimination regarding lexical and grammatical differences continues to increase from L2 learners at a lower level to those at a higher level. This result is consistent with the assumption that in the course of second language acquisition, L2 learners develop towards a more complex and diverse use of language. Meanwhile, this study uses the statistics method of time series to process the data on L2 differences yielded by traditional frequency-based methods processing the same L2 corpus to compare with the results of relative entropy. However, the results from the traditional methods rarely show regularity. As compared to the algorithms in traditional approaches, relative entropy performs much better in detecting L2 proficiency development. In this sense, we have developed an effective and practical algorithm for stably detecting and predicting the developments in L2 learners’ language proficiency.

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Ukka, Syamsir Bin, Andi Miftahul Maulidil Mursyid et Erfin Wijayanti. « ERROR ANALYSIS OF ACADEMIC WRITING PAPERS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDENTS AT IAIN FATTAHUL MULUK PAPUA ». JLE : Journal of Literate of English Education Study Program 2, n^o 2 (29 décembre 2021) : 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47435/jle.v2i2.729.

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This research aims to identify the factors of writing errors and efforts to identify the resolution of errors in writing academic papers for English Education students at IAIN Fattahul Muluk Papua. The theory used to examine the research problem is standard and correct language, grammar theory, and error analysis as the leading theory. The research method is descriptive-qualitative. The results showed that the writing error factor was in morphological errors, lexicon errors, syntactic errors, and systematics of writing. First, morphological errors include punctuation errors, spelling errors, and vocabulary errors. Second, lexicon errors include grammatical errors and conciseness errors. Third, syntactic errors include unclear sentences, sentences that have ambiguous intentions and incomplete sentences. Fourth, systematic errors in writing include the thickness of letters, coherence, the distance between sub-chapters and incompleteness of sentences. Efforts to resolve writing errors, so that its do not happen again by realizing an English version of the academic paper writing module in simple language equipped with systematic explanations, formats, and substance of academic papers.

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Stefanowitsch, Anatol, et Stefan Th Gries. « Collostructions : Investigating the interaction of words and constructions ». International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 8, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2003) : 209–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.8.2.03ste.

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This paper introduces an extension of collocational analysis that takes into account grammatical structure and is specifically geared to investigating the interaction of lexemes and the grammatical constructions associated with them. The method is framed in a construction-based approach to language, i.e. it assumes that grammar consists of signs (form-meaning pairs) and is thus not fundamentally different from the lexicon. The method is applied to linguistic expressions at various levels of abstraction (words, semi-fixed phrases, argument structures, tense, aspect and mood). The method has two main applications: first, to increase the adequacy of grammatical description by providing an objective way of identifying the meaning of a grammatical construction and determining the degree to which particular slots in it prefer or are restricted to a particular set of lexemes; second, to provide data for linguistic theory-building.

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Yinghua, Wu, Meng Shaoxiu et Wang Juan. « Attribute Feature Classification of English Grammar Entry Base Based on Support Vector Machine Classification Algorithm ». Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (13 septembre 2022) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2482989.

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An attribute feature classification method of English grammar vocabulary entry database based on support vector machine classification algorithm is proposed; this method takes news English as the research object and focuses on the classification of attributes and features of the English grammar lexicon database. First, the k-means algorithm is used to cluster the training set, and the one-to-many method is used to train two types of classifiers for the texts that cannot be correctly clustered in each class, that is, the classifiers of the corresponding categories are trained, and then the training set passed through a pair of the classifier generated by multiple SVMs is tested, and the samples that fall in the inseparable area are retrained by a one-to-one method, so as to achieve the purpose of balancing the training samples and reducing the inseparable area. The results show that, compared with the FDAGSVM algorithm, the proposed three multiclass classification algorithms have significantly improved classification speed and classification accuracy, and the macro average accuracy rates are 77.94%, 73.94%, and 72.36%, respectively. While ensuring the classification speed and classification accuracy of the single-label samples, the multiclass classification is realized, and it has high accuracy, recall rate, and value, which better solves the multiclass classification problem and expands the classification capability of the support vector machine. In addition, a comprehensive index based on the SVM classification algorithm is proposed to ensure the specialization of the attribute feature classification.

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Janczukowicz, Karolina. « The role of working memory in acquiring new structures and lexicon when learning English as a second language ». Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching 18, n^o 2 (16 mai 2021) : 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2021.2.05.

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The following paper discusses working memory as it functions during the acquisition of a second language by children. It analyses the results of a study conducted over a 12 month period on a group of 12 Polish children ages 10 to 14, learning English as a second language. The focus of this longitudinal study was the role that the verbal working memory plays in the acquisition of new structures; namely, the extent to which processing new information in working memory is essential to learning grammar and the possibility of developing strategies of using working memory itself during the learning process. The method adopted was a comparison of several oral tasks, including repetition and postponed repetition. As the conclusion to the discussion, certain didactic implications are presented, such as the need to control and modify the didactic process as to the degree to which it relies on working memory.

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Hidayat, Didin Nuruddin, Nur Fitriyani, Alek Alek, Yudi Septiawan et Ismalianing Eviyuliawati. « An Investigation into The Grammatical Errors of Students’ Writing ». EDUVELOP 4, n^o 1 (12 octobre 2020) : 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31605/eduvelop.v4i1.806.

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Writing serves as a tool for students to extend their grammatical composition, enrich their lexicon, and increase other language abilities, such as reading, listening, and speaking. This study intends to examine written features and analyze frequent errors of students' grammar in writing. Employing a qualitative descriptive research method, the samples were chosen based on convenience samples. The participants were high schoolers studying at their Year 10, whose English language competence is at an average grade. The students practiced descriptive writing and grammar rules. Four students submitted their essays analyzed using content analysis. The assessment criteria were analyzed using a framework of grammatical errors by James (1998), which classify errors into nine (9) categories (prepositions, articles, singular/plural, adjectives, irregular verbs, tenses, concord, possessive case, and passive/active). The study found 73 errors in students’ writing. The top three errors found were prepositions, articles, and tenses, in a particular order. The next identified errors were singular/plural, concord, possessive case, and irregular verbs. Some pedagogical implications deriving from the study were also highlighted. The present study suggests the need for EFL teachers to improve their skills in marking and giving feedback toward student writing. This will, in turn, improve students’ writing skills.

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Wicaksono, Endras Setyadi, Djatmika Djatmika et Sumarlam Sumarlam. « Who are Anxious and Supposed to be “Jakarta One” ? : a Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach ». Lingua Cultura 12, n^o 3 (30 août 2018) : 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v12i3.3991.

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The purpose of this research was to know the structure of debate and the difference of usage of modulation by the candidates in the third session debate of Pilkada DKI Jakarta in 2017. The debate in a general election was a new medium in the campaign. This research revealed the form and meaning of dominated modulation used by the candidates by applying Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). This was a descriptive qualitative research using observation method in collecting the data. The source of data was a video of the third session debate of Pilkada DKI Jakarta in 2017. The data contained aspect of grammar and lexicon of the speech. Then, it was analyzed by using identity-method by Sudaryanto and content analysis suggested by Spradely. The result shows that there are two forms of modulation marker. It is modulation of inclination that is dominantly used by the first candidate and third candidate. Then, the second candidate dominantly uses modulation of obligation. The domination is a strategy of each candidate to defend and prioritize their programs for the next five years.

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Sari, Rosdiana Puspita. « OLD JAVANESE ELEMENTS IN BANYUMAS JAVANESE AS A FORM OF LANGUAGE RETENTION ». Jurnal Kata 4, n^o 1 (22 mai 2020) : 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/kata.v4i1.4800.

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This research aims to describe Old Javanese Elements that still exist in The language of the Banyumas Javanese. Banyumas Javanese experiences language retention so that there are several Old Javanese elements in the Banyumas Javanese language. This research uses qualitative approach where the data will not be shown in numeric. Collecting Data method uses “Padan” method where the Determinant Instrument is throughout the language of the research object. The source of the Data of old Javanese are from the book of Old Javanese text, Old Javanese grammar, Old Javanese story etc. The data of Banyumas Javanese are taken from Banyumas Javanese dialect that is commonly Spoken in Banyumas regency. The result of this research shows that there are four Old Javanese elements that experience retention in Banyumas Javanese dialect. Those elements are in phonology (there is “/a/” phoneme), in morphology (there is “-aken” suffix), in lexicon (there is the word “katon”) and in the third singular person pronoun (there is “sira”).

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Figueiredo, Sandra. « Competition Strategies during Writing in a Second Language : Age and Levels of Complexity ». Languages 4, n^o 1 (15 février 2019) : 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4010011.

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(1) Background: Research in second language (L2) writing in the European context is an emerging tendency in L2 studies. European countries have become new hosts to immigrants in very recent years and new applied research is needed to aid schools in their inclusion process. (2) Method: This study examined differences in writing performance by comparing 99 immigrant students in Portugal between 7 and 17 years of age. They were assessed in six distinct aspects by means of a written essay in order to perceive how maturity and language groups impact competencies such as lexicon, grammar, sociolinguistics and use of strategies. (3) Results: The results were examined according to the competition model of MacWhinney and Bates (1989; MacWhinney 2005) and concluded that older students wrote more proficient essays. First language (L1) and parallel instruction in L1 were examined as covariates against their effects. (4) Discussion: Students who received parallel instruction in their L1 had better results in L2 writing, but only age-produced significant differences will be discussed.

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Sahib, Gadimova Laila. « The Conversion in the English Language ». International Journal of English Linguistics 6, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2016) : 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n1p202.

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The article deals with the investigation of the conversion in the English language. It states that the conversion is one of the main methods of enriching the vocabulary of a language. As the English language is an analytical one, the conversion is more specific for English. Many linguists have been interested in the problem of the conversion. The author claims that the conversion is a productive method of word forming in English. The author also investigates the study of new word forms from various parts of speech, such as the nouns, the adjectives, the verbs, the conjunctions and so on. Basing upon different sources the author comments on the term “conversion” and provides examples from such fields of linguistics as lexicon, grammar and phonetics. The phenomenon of conversion is widely spread in English. It is connected with the fact that there are not enough morphological indicators, flexions of parts of speech in this language. The author claims that conversion is one of the main reasons of the rich word stock of the English language.

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Ovchinnikova, Olga, et Maria Rezunova. « Modern types of communication : peculiarities of the word-formation system of SMS language ». Litera, n^o 2 (février 2021) : 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.2.30950.

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  It is hard to imagine interpersonal communication without cell phones: this method of communication not only simplifies the process of data transmission, but also significantly saves time, which is of prime important in the conditions of constant acceleration of the pace of life. This refers not only to oral form of communication using cell phones, but also high use of SMS – a short text messages with a standard of 160 characters or less. The scholars have different opinion on the SMS language: some believe that it negatively affects grammar and spelling of the national language, while others see it as a platform for language games and experiments, which originates new forms of interpersonal communication. Philologists note that examination of this layer of  lexicon allows to not only comprehensively assessment this phenomenon, but due to popularization of different chats and messengers and increasing role of Internet communication, make projections on the development of cyber language, which is an evolutionary continuation of the language of short text messages. This research examines the lexicon of French SMS communication from a formal perspective, clarifies the existing theoretical positions, and gives a detailed description to the mechanisms of formation of the vocabulary. The acquired results can become the foundation for further development of the question on the material of other languages. The presented pattern for describing the SMS language can be used as a basic algorithm for studying this linguistic phenomenon in other language communities , and allow carrying out a comparative analysis of SMS language in other countries.  

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Kabylov, T., et A. Usmanova. « Semantics of Imperative Statements in the Modern Kyrgyz Language ». Bulletin of Science and Practice 8, n^o 1 (15 janvier 2022) : 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/74/46.

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The cognitive features of imperative utterances in the modern Kyrgyz language have been investigated. As you know, the imperative has two different meanings: one means urgency, necessity and importance, and the other - attempts to influence the actions of other people. Imperative means something extremely important or necessary. It also means order. The analyzed imperative statements are considered in the mainstream of conceptual grammar, which allows you to highlight syntactic concepts, or mental images that stand behind linguistic signs and are reflected in the analyzed syntactic structures. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe imperative utterances in the Kyrgyz language, to reveal the mechanisms for changing the prototypical meaning of the verb lexicon in the structure of the imperative using theories such as the theory of functional styles, the theory of discourse, the theory of speech acts and the theory of grammar of constructions. The relevance of the article is due to the need to study the semantic features of the imperative statements of the modern Kyrgyz language. The purpose of this work is to show the features of imperatives, to carefully study the types and functions of imperatives in the Kyrgyz language. The data were analyzed using a comparative analysis to find out the differences and similarities of the imperatives of the Kyrgyz language with other languages. The study belongs to qualitative research, as it was conducted using the method of contrast analysis as a comparison of languages. The object of the research is the data imperatives were taken from the sources that were needed for the research.

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Perez, John Carlo. « Derivational Morphemes in Guihulngan-Visayan ». International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, n^o 7 (30 juillet 2021) : 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.7.6.

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Studies indicate that morphology is vital in examining word systems to understand a specific language better. Morphology helps in assessing the internal structure to discover natural language and linguistics. This study employs a mixed-method design that gives a quantitative analysis of the derivational morphemes and a qualitative approach that examines the corpora made by second-year college students to understand the meanings and functions of derivational morphemes of the Visayan language, specifically the Guihulngan-Visayan because it is believed that word structures and processes can provide an efficient relationship between speakers. Although Guihulngan-Visayan is not an established dialect, significant research proved that the Visayan language is composed of different dialects unique to every place. This present study aims to uncover the features and to distinguish the characteristics of the dialect. After careful analysis of the author and the meticulous attention of the inter-raters, it was revealed that the derivative morphemes used include prefixes, infixes, and suffixes, which shows that the language has contained varied and exciting morphological methods that could influence the message of a speaker, considering that it is 'divided between grammar and lexicon.’ In summary, these kinds of morphemes should not be generalized; instead, critical understanding of the dialect should always be given priority to show proficiency and appropriate communication.

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Chéliz, María del Carmen Horno, et Antonio Sarasa Cabezuelo. « Teachers' Perception of the Students' Foreign Language Learning and the Potential Role of ICT ». International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning 9, n^o 2 (avril 2019) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2019040101.

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This article focuses on the learning problems that arise in the teaching of second languages. Nowadays, the introduction of new technologies in this field has had a relevant effect by offering new possibilities that did not exist in the analogue era. However, many of the learning problems persist, and one of the causes identified is the change in learning styles. The use of new technologies has fostered an experimental learning style among students. This style is incompatible with traditional classes of theory and practice, in which an intellectual effort is required to understand the theory and then put into practice what has been learned. The present work starts from this reality and tries to provide possible improvements. For this, an analysis of the main problems encountered by the learners in the various linguistic acquisition components (lexicon, grammar and processes of comprehension and production, both oral and written) has been carried out. The method used was a questionnaire answered by 113 active language teachers. After the analysis of the answers received, a series of specific problems of the teaching-learning process was enumerated and different IT applications and ICT resources were searched that could solve or at least minimize them.

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De Farias, Jair Gomes. « ANÁLISE COMPOSICIONAL DA VARIAÇÃO ENTRE 'A', 'PARA' E 'EM' EM SENTENÇAS COM VERBOS DO TIPO 'IR' E 'CHEGAR' | COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE VARIATION AMONG 'A', 'PARA' AND 'EM' IN SENTENCES WITH VERBS LIKE 'IR' AND 'CHEGAR' ». Estudos Linguísticos e Literários, n^o 54 (12 janvier 2016) : 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/2176-4794ell.v0i54.18200.

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Neste artigo, analisa-se a variação intra e interlinguistica entre as preposições a, para e em em sentenças com verbos do tipo ir e chegar na gramática do português. São utilizados dados das variedades do Português Brasileiro (PB) e do Português Europeu (PE). Ampara-se no método de abordagem hipotético-dedutivo e no método de procedimento comparativo. Fundamenta-se nas aporias advindas de Chomsky (1981, 1986, 1995) e de Pustejovsky (1998). Conclui-se que apesar da variação entre a, para e em na sintaxe, a estrutura lexical tipo desses predicados é similar, e as possibilidades de predicação distintas estão previstas nas representações dos itens lexicais, instanciadas pelo princípio da co-composição. Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of intra and cross-linguistic variation among the prepositions a ‘to’, para ‘for’, and em ‘in’ in sentences with verbs like ir ‘to go’ and chegar ‘to arrive’ in the Portuguese grammar. Data from Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and European Portuguese (EP) varieties are used. The analysis is supported by the hypothetical-deductive approach and the comparative procedure method. The study is grounded on the logical problem by Chomsky’s (1981, 1986, 1995) and Pustejovsky’s (1998) work. It is concluded that, although there is variation among a, para, and em in the syntax, the lexical-type structure of these predicates is similar, and the distinct possibilities of predication are predictable on the lexical items representations, instantiated by the Co-composition Principle.Keywords: Preposition; Intra and cross-linguistic variation; Lexicon; Syntax.

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Nurdianto, Talqis. « AL FIKR AL BALAGHI FI AL MA’ĂNI ‘INDA AS SAKĂKI FI KITABIHI MIFTAHUL ULUM DIRĂSAH BALAGHIYYAH ». ALSINATUNA 3, n^o 1 (22 février 2018) : 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.28918/alsinatuna.v3i1.1136.

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Miftāhul ‘Ulūm, written by al-Sakākī, especially the third part, was the beginning of a new phase in the development of Arabic rhetoric. Al-Sakākī divided the rhetoric into three fields of study, which are (1) Ma’ānī, (2) Bayān, (3) Badī’. However, his style is influenced by philosophers, theologians and their verbal lexicon, which are difficult to take, especially for the ordinary recipient. Al-Sakākī described that his book containing several types of literature, namely, ‘ilm ṣarf in complete version and its conclusion, derivation science, and the grammatical study in the completeness of Ma’ānī and Bayān. The meaning of Makna is the study of completeness and conclusion. Therefore, books and prose, and poem require al-‘Arūḍ and al-Qawāfī include Ṣarf, Grammar, Ma’ānī, Bayān, limitation, reasoning, al’Arūḍ, and al-Qawāfī. He argued that the fields of study were influential in delivering knowledge to the student in order to reach the goal of the author towards his book.This research was an analytical descriptive study of al-Sakākī rhetoric that focused on the normative aspect represented by rhetorical rule and aesthetic aspects. Those aspects were shown by the feeling. Al-Sakākī rhetoric thought is a method based on mental division and has conducted in the construction of many factors, which the most important of them are philosophy and logic. Keywords: thought, rhetoric, meanings, sakkaki, study

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Gamallo Otero, Pablo, et Isaac González López. « A grammatical formalism based on patterns of Part of Speech tags ». International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 16, n^o 1 (11 mars 2011) : 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.16.1.03gam.

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In this paper, we describe a grammatical formalism, called DepPattern, to write dependency grammars using patterns of Part of Speech (PoS) tags augmented with lexical and morphological information. The formalism inherits ideas from Sinclair’s work and Pattern Grammar. To properly analyze semi-fixed idiomatic expressions, DepPattern distinguishes between open-choice and idiomatic rules. A grammar is defined as a set of lexical-syntactic rules at different levels of abstraction. In addition, a compiler was implemented so as to generate deterministic and robust parsers from DepPattern grammars. These parsers identify dependencies which can be used to improve corpus-based applications such as information extraction. At the end of this article, we describe an experiment which evaluates the efficiency of a dependency parser generated from a simple DepPattern grammar. In particular, we evaluated the precision of a semantic extraction method making use of a DepPattern-based parser.

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Puerto, Eduard, Jose Aguilar et Tatiana Rodriguez. « Automatic Learning of Ontologies for the Semantic Web : experiment lexical learning ». Respuestas 17, n^o 2 (1 juillet 2012) : 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.418.

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Resumen Este artículo propone el diseño de un sistema para el aprendizaje automático de ontologías e información léxica (System for Automatic Learning of Ontologies and Lexical Information - SALOX) para un Marco Ontológico Dinámico Semántico para la Web Semántica (Dynamic Semantic Ontological Framework for the Semantic Web – DSOFSW). DSOFSW interpreta consultas en lenguaje natural (español) para la Web, y está compuesta por cinco partes: una ontología lingüística para la gramática del español, un lexicón para la información léxica, una base de datos de hechos sobre el sistema de experiencias, una ontología de tareas para los procesos de análisis lingüísticos, y una ontología interpretativa para el contexto. SALOX integra varios métodos, enfoques y técnicas para la extracción de información, descubrimiento y actualización (pragmática (perfil de usuario, conocimiento de contexto), información léxica y de lingüística semántica, etc.) con el fin de actualizar el conocimiento usado para DSOFSW. SALOX tiene un componente que mapea las fuentes de aprendizaje con los métodos de aprendizaje, y otro que actualiza la ontología lingüística y el lexicón del DSOFSW. Específicamente, en este artículo presentamos el diseño de la unidad de aprendizaje de información léxica. Palabras clave: Procesamiento de lenguaje natural, semántica ontológica, aprendizaje de máquina, aprendizaje ontológico, web semántica.AbstractThis paper proposes the design of a System for Automatic Learning of Ontologies and Lexical Information (SALOX) for the Dynamic Semantic Ontological Framework for the Semantic Web (DSOFSW). DSOFSW interprets query in natural language (Spanish) to the web, and is composed by five parts; a linguistic ontology for the grammar of Spanish, a lexicon for the lexical information, a database of facts about the system experiences, a task ontology for the linguistic analysis process, and an interpretative ontology of the context. SALOX integrates several methods, approaches and techniques for information extraction, discovery and actualization (pragmatic (user profile, context knowledge), lexical and semantic linguistic information, etc.) in order to update the knowledge used for DSOFSW. SALOX has a component to map the sources of learning with the learning methods, and another to update the linguistic ontology and the lexicon of the DSOFSW. Specifically, in this paper we present the design of the learning unit of lexical information. Keywords: Natural language processing, ontological semantic, machine learning, ontological leaning, semantic web.

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BASIRAT, A., H. FAILI et J. NIVRE. « A statistical model for grammar mapping ». Natural Language Engineering 22, n^o 2 (20 février 2015) : 215–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324915000017.

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AbstractThe two main classes of grammars are (a) hand-crafted grammars, which are developed by language experts, and (b) data-driven grammars, which are extracted from annotated corpora. This paper introduces a statistical method for mapping the elementary structures of a data-driven grammar onto the elementary structures of a hand-crafted grammar in order to combine their advantages. The idea is employed in the context of Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars (LTAG) and tested on two LTAGs of English: the hand-crafted LTAG developed in the XTAG project, and the data-driven LTAG, which is automatically extracted from the Penn Treebank and used by the MICA parser. We propose a statistical model for mapping any elementary tree sequence of the MICA grammar onto a proper elementary tree sequence of the XTAG grammar. The model has been tested on three subsets of the WSJ corpus that have average lengths of 10, 16, and 18 words, respectively. The experimental results show that full-parse trees with average F1-scores of 72.49, 64.80, and 62.30 points could be built from 94.97%, 96.01%, and 90.25% of the XTAG elementary tree sequences assigned to the subsets, respectively. Moreover, by reducing the amount of syntactic lexical ambiguity of sentences, the proposed model significantly improves the efficiency of parsing in the XTAG system.

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Verkhovykh, Lyudmila N. « TO THE STUDY OF THE ORIGINS OF DOMESTIC LINGUISTIC LOCAL HISTORY STUDIES AND REGIONAL ONOMASTICS ». Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 26, n^o 1 (20 mars 2022) : 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2022-1-81-93.

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The article presents an analysis of scientific literature devoted to the study of the linguistic local history direction of language learning. The aim of the work is to describe the origins of Russian linguistic local history, regional onomastics based on the use of textological analysis, descriptive method, elements of comparative and comparative-historical methods. The material of the research is presented by works that have a linguistic local history character, starting from the 30s of 18th century. Based on the analysis of scientific works of the 18th and early 19th centuries, including the linguistic local history component, the author comes to the following conclusions. Since the first third of the 18th century in Russia, there have been some fragmentary attempts at linguistic local lore commenting when describing settlements by historians, geographers, physicians, and biologists who participated in research expeditions across Russia. Of particular importance in this respect was the historical and regional studies activities of V.N. Tatishchev, who compiled detailed questions for the study of settlements in Russia, prepared the first part of the “Lexicon of Russian historical, geographical, political and civil”. The material of the research shows that the origins of scientific linguistic regional studies in Russia are associated with the activities of V.K. Trediakovsky and M.V. Lomonosov. M.V. Lomonosov consistently introduced the linguistic local history component into the research methodology, which was applied in practice in the compilation of the “Russian grammar”, in the organization of centralized work on the historical and geographical study of Russian settlements, in the development of the foundations of teaching Russian students in their native language. M.V. Lomonosov is the founder of the linguistic local history direction in Russian linguistics. The beginning of scientific regional onomastic research is associated with the activities of E.A. Bolkhovitinov, who for the first time in 1800 gave a detailed historical and linguistic description of the toponymy and microtoponymy of the Voronezh Territory.

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Grigoryan, Ashot, et Alla Grigoryan. « ON A LEXICAL VECTOR IN TEACHING ENGLISH GRAMMAR ». Ivanovo state university bulletin. Series «The Humanities», n^o 3 (1 octobre 2020) : 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46726/h.2020.3.4.

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There exist quite a few methods of teaching English grammar. Probably, the most traditional and at the same time the most widely spread one is the so-called rule-based teaching of grammar. The method consists in students transferring the formally learnt rules to the real life practice. Our hands-on experience in teaching grammar proves that while the method works for some students, it definitely does not work for everybody. There are quite a number of students who find mastering grammar easier through creating close associations of certain grammatical constructions with certain lexical components.

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Sporova, Irina P. « Pragmatic Potential of Basic Lexical and Grammar Categories in Political Direct Email Genre ». Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, n^o 3 (25 septembre 2022) : 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-3-208-224.

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The article examines basic lexico-grammatical categories of modality, temporality and personality contributing pragmatic functions in political direct email genre. There is the lack of research that has explored the language means forming these categories in the new multimedia genre of political discourse. The study aims to identify common to all genres of political media discourse and specific to political direct email genre lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality, temporality and personality. The data of research are lexical and grammatical units used for representing modality, temporality and personality in the political direct email genre by continuous sampling method. This study is based on the methods of contextual and linguo-pragmatic analysis. The main types of modal meanings in political direct email genre are necessity need, should), obligation (must) and possibility (may). The credibility of the statement is ensured by the derivative modal words really, clearly, truly. In the political direct email genre reference to the present and future tenses is expressed both grammatically (the present and future tenses) and lexically (lexical markers ‒ today, now, still). Other lexical means of conveying temporality are direct temporal nominators (time, year, month, week, hour, by age of …, deadline + date ) and indirect indicators of temporality (once, soon). in political direct email genre. Personal pronouns represent a number of pragmatic purposes: create a positive image, express personal opinion, show the significance of being involved in the events, exclusion of the addressee from the mentioned events, indicate special achievements and institutional identity, express ‘other’ opinion.

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Drozdova, Julia A., et Maria N. Zubkova. « Peculiarities of using exclamatory constructions in headlines of French economic articles ». Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, n^o 25 (2021) : 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-2-25-142-147.

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The following article is dedicated to certain grammar, lexical and stylistic particularities in headlines of French economic articles with exclamatory constructions. Authenticity of received results is ensured by the analysis of important corpus of factual material, headlines of French economic press articles of the last three years, chosen by continuous sampling method. Headlines of articles with exclamatory constructions clearly demonstrate a full variety of means to draw reader’s attention to the problems described in the text of the article. The authors specify strong interdependence of extralinguistic reality and lexico-grammatical means in headlines. The research shows that French economic press headlines with exclamatory meaning are the most frequent nominative constructions, but verbal elements are also present. The analysis helps to find out some regularities in the choice of verbal tenses and modalities, syntax construction in headlines of articles. The article highlights the most important lexical, grammar and orthographical expressive means used by authors in headlines of articles. The research results can be used in teaching of French press language and in special courses at the bachelor and master levels. It can be quite interesting to study grammar, lexical and stylistic means in exclamatory headlines of economic articles in contrastive-comparative aspect, based on the press of different countries.

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Leber, Žiga, Matej Črepinšek, Marjan Mernik et Tomaž Kosar. « RNGSGLR : Generalization of the Context-Aware Scanning Architecture for All Character-Level Context-Free Languages ». Mathematics 10, n^o 14 (13 juillet 2022) : 2436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10142436.

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The limitations of traditional parsing architecture are well known. Even when paired with parsing methods that accept all context-free grammars (CFGs), the resulting combination for any given CFG accepts only a limited subset of corresponding character-level context-free languages (CFL). We present a novel scanner-based architecture that for any given CFG accepts all corresponding character-level CFLs. It can directly parse all possible specifications consisting of a grammar and regular definitions. The architecture is based on right-nulled generalized LR (RNGLR) parsing and is a generalization of the context-aware scanning architecture. Our architecture does not require any disambiguation rules to resolve lexical conflicts, it conceptually has an unbounded parser and scanner lookahead and it is streaming. The added robustness and flexibility allow for easier grammar development and modification.

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Variot, Estelle. « Correspondances étymologiques, lexicales et sémantiques dans le processus de féminisation de noms de profession, métiers et activités dans les sociétés française et roumaine ». Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, n^o 4 (30 octobre 2020) : 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.24.

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"Etymological, Lexical and Semantic Correspondences in the Process of Feminization of Professional Names, Trades and Activities in French and Romanian Societies. The feminization of thought represented by language and of its varieties in the Roman World has allowed to highlight some convergences that come from a common linguistic heritage, often from Greek and Latin and some hesitation about adapting society to its realities. The feminization of some words which comes from an ancient process illustrates on the one hand the potential of the language and on the other hand some constraints sometimes linked to the society itself, which creates transitional periods, between matching grammatical correction and the evolution of linguistic uses over time. The possibilities of lexical enrichment (internal creation or loan) show the means available in French and Romanian and some convergences in the area of derivation, of lexical units and their etymologies. The grammatical perspective and word constructing methods make it possible to give keys for the feminization of names of trades or professions. Likewise, recording entries in the lexicon, their evolution, their assimilation or sometimes their forgetfulness, for the benefit of new constructions highlight the existence of objective and subjective criteria which teach us a lot about society as a whole. Keywords: feminization of professions, internal and external enrichment, suffixal match, use of words, grammar, lexicon, French and Romanian."

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Anthonissen, Lynn, et Tanja Mortelmans. « German modals in second language acquisition : A constructionist approach ». Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 4, n^o 1 (1 novembre 2016) : 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gcla-2016-0004.

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Abstract Descriptions of modal verbs in learner grammars often evoke quite abstract semantic categories (focusing on dynamic, deontic and epistemic modality) in generalized usage contexts. Yet, in concrete utterances, modal verbs not only serve highly specific pragmatic and discourse-structural functions, but can also be shown to occur in (quasi-)formulaic sequences with specific lexical elements. These more idiosyncratic functional and formal properties are often insufficiently addressed in learner grammars. The article demonstrates, on the basis of two case studies, how insights and methods from Construction Grammar can help to improve the presentation of this topic. More specifically, it elaborates on the key determinants of L2 construction learning (involving frequency, proto-typicality and form-function mapping, among others) and illustrates what statistical techniques such as collostructional analysis and conditional inference trees can reveal about the intricacies involved in learning modal verb constructions.

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Zhu, Hao, Yonatan Bisk et Graham Neubig. « The Return of Lexical Dependencies : Neural Lexicalized PCFGs ». Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 (novembre 2020) : 647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00337.

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In this paper we demonstrate that context free grammar (CFG) based methods for grammar induction benefit from modeling lexical dependencies. This contrasts to the most popular current methods for grammar induction, which focus on discovering either constituents or dependencies. Previous approaches to marry these two disparate syntactic formalisms (e.g., lexicalized PCFGs) have been plagued by sparsity, making them unsuitable for unsupervised grammar induction. However, in this work, we present novel neural models of lexicalized PCFGs that allow us to overcome sparsity problems and effectively induce both constituents and dependencies within a single model. Experiments demonstrate that this unified framework results in stronger results on both representations than achieved when modeling either formalism alone. 1

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CHOLAKOV, KOSTADIN. « Lexical acquisition and semantic space models : Learning the semantics of unknown words ». Natural Language Engineering 20, n^o 4 (5 mars 2013) : 537–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000053.

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AbstractIn recent studies it has been shown that syntax-based semantic space models outperform models in which the context is represented as a bag-of-words in several semantic analysis tasks. This has been generally attributed to the fact that syntax-based models employ corpora that are syntactically annotated by a parser and a computational grammar. However, if the corpora processed contain words which are unknown to the parser and the grammar, a syntax-based model may lose its advantage since the syntactic properties of such words are unavailable. On the other hand, bag-of-words models do not face this issue since they operate on raw, non-annotated corpora and are thus more robust. In this paper, we compare the performance of syntax-based and bag-of-words models when applied to the task of learning the semantics of unknown words. In our experiments, unknown words are considered the words which are not known to the Alpino parser and grammar of Dutch. In our study, the semantics of an unknown word is defined by finding its most similar word incornetto, a Dutch lexico-semantic hierarchy. We show that for unknown words the syntax-based model performs worse than the bag-of-words approach. Furthermore, we show that if we first learn the syntactic properties of unknown words by an appropriate lexical acquisition method, then in fact the syntax-based model does outperform the bag-of-words approach. The conclusion we draw is that, for words unknown to a given grammar, a bag-of-words model is more robust than a syntax-based model. However, the combination of lexical acquisition and syntax-based semantic models is best suited for learning the semantics of unknown words.

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Janda, Laura A. « Cognitive Linguistics in the Year 2015 ». Cognitive Semantics 1, n^o 1 (11 mars 2015) : 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00101005.

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Cognitive linguistics views linguistic cognition as indistinguishable from general cognition and thus seeks explanation of linguistic phenomena in terms of general cognitive strategies, such as metaphor, metonymy, and blending. Grammar and lexicon are viewed as parts of a single continuum and thus expected to be subject to the same cognitive strategies. Significant developments within cognitive linguistics in the past two decades include construction grammar and the application of quantitative methods to analyses.

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Pornwiriyakit, Pornchai, et Warinthon Dandee. « Translation Problems Analysis and Application of the Grammar-Translation Method in EFL Class ». Journal of Educational Issues 8, n^o 1 (18 juin 2022) : 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v8i1.19825.

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This research aims to study the problems of translating word and sentence structures from English into Thai made by students and to solve the English-to-Thai translation problems occurred in the paper test. The samples consisted of 127 students majoring in English for International Communication at Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-Ok. The research instrument was an English-to-Thai translation test covering grammatical and lexical aspects. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics with frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation and interferential statistics. The data were analyzed and compared the differences of scores obtained from the pretest and the posttest with a confidence interval at 0.05. The results showed that the samples made more mistakes of grammatical aspect than the lexical aspect before the experiment. The grammatical aspect was at the low level representing 16.38% while the lexical aspect showed 70.30%. After applying the grammar-translation method into the samples, the posttest results showed the better scores on English grammatical structures at 78.8% while the lexical knowledge at 97.53%. It is clear that the grammar-translation method made less translation problems.

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Serkebayeva, Gaukhar, et Sandybai Boranbaev. « THE USE OF ADVERBS IN THE «CODEX CUMANICUS» MANUSCRIPT ». Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2022) : 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2022-4.05.

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The article aims to identify the formation of a system of morphological changes of adverbs in the modern Kazakh language. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set: to distinguish lexical and semantic groups, to determine the use of adverbs in the «Codex Cumanicus» manuscript, to identify the influence of centuries-old language development on the lexical composition of words and the processes of acquiring various forms by the modern Kazakh language, depending on the communicative function and meaning in other Turkic languages. Depending on the goals and features of the work, methods of description, comparison, contrast, structural, synchronous and diachronic analysis, generalization, systematization were used. As a result, the stages of formation of the system of morphological changes of adverbs are determined, lexico-semantic groups are differentiated, individual features are described. Comprehensively analyzing the conclusions that adverbs have the main feature – immutability in all Turkic languages, it is proved that the ongoing evolution and various development processes in the language also affect adverbs, acquiring various forms depending on the communicative function and meaning in modern Kazakh and Turkic languages. The results of the research are aimed at the implementation of actual problems, theoretical and applied problems in the history of language, comparative grammar and historical word formation, etc. The result of determining the use of the class of adverbs in the «Codex Cumanicus» manuscript is the theoretical basis for the historical systematization of the features of the origin, development, lexico-semantic, morphological and syntactic features of other parts of speech. On this side, this research work can be aimed at solving topical problems in the field of historical grammar, expanding the field of general and applied linguistics, systematization of opinions related to the history of language.

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Sudarianti, Sri. « FOLKLORE AMAQ SETOWEQ : SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUSITIC-BASED STUDY ». International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics 1, n^o 2 (1 février 2018) : 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.55637/ijsfl.1.2.450.53-61.

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Abstract This research is carried on to obtain the complete and comprehensive description about the Lombok Folklore Texs entitled Amaq Setoweq by using the SFL (Systemic Functional Linguistic) theory and make it relevant towards learning discourse analysis at college. The research emphasizes on textual and contextual analysis of the Amaq Setoweq folklore. Textual analysis covers 3 (three) language meta-fungctions where are describe into lexico-grammar structure system and the Lombok Folklore Texs entitled amaq Setoweq or “Teks Cerita Rakyat Lombok Amaq Setoweq (TCRLAS)” nonlinguistic contextual analysis. The result of the research on the lexico-grammmar structure system shows: (1) referring to the ideasional description, narrative texs dominantly use behavioral process (30,43%), material process (26%), verbal process (18,26%), mental process (20%), relational process (8,69%), form process (5,21%), (2) referring to the interpersonal process description, texs is dominated by declarative mood (62,72%), exclamation mood (32%), imperative mood (1,7%), interogative mood (3,7%), and circumstansial adjunction (68,69%), mood adjunction (4,34%), polariy adjunction (0%), comment adjunction (0,8%), vocative adjunction (0,8%), conjungtive adjunction (2,6%), and continuity adjunction (6%), (3) referring to the textual description: topical theme (56,95%), interpersonal finite theme (0%), interpersonal mood adjunction theme (26,95%), interpersonal vocative adjunction theme (2,6%), interpersonal polarity adjunction theme (0%), interpersonal comment adjunction theme (5,2%), textual continuituity adjunction theme (6,8%), and textual conjungtive adjunction theme (2,6%). The analysis of nonlinguistic context covers situasional context analysis, cultural context, idelogy context identifies the closely relation between the textual meaning which is described into lexico-grammar structure system and its clauses with lombok society in general. The clause forms a text showsthe realityu of thecultural and social condition of here inafter is related with the study of discourse analysis lecture at collage using the constructivist study method. The relevance is acceptedto relate the content and technic or how to anayzethe discourse/text by usingsystemic functional linguistics (SFL) theory interpersonal comment adjunction Keywords: Text, context, Systemic Funfcional Linguistics, Amaq Setoweq Folklore, The Theory of Constructivist Study

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Hovakimyan, Hovhannes. « GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PECULIARITIES OF V. SIRADEGYAN'S PROSE LANGUAGE AND VISUALIZATION TOOLS ». Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology 21, n^o 1 (25 avril 2022) : 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/miopap.v21i1.429.

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ABSTRACT The work analyzes the peculiarities of Vano Siradeghyan, who is one of the most outstanding prose writers of modern Armenian literature.This analysis utilizes the viewpoint of stylistic vocabulary. In addition, the opinions from other scholars are considered regarding the author. Furthermore, the author’s use of lexicon and grammar, multilayered language are also discussed in this analysis. Lastly, a detailed study of Vano Siradeghyan’s prose is considered, the means of illustration used by him, the various methods by which the author received the literary text, the use of certain grammar and literary structure, and also the author's sophisticated word choices.

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Hlebec, Boris. « Lexical Definitions of Some Performative Verbs ». Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 50, n^o 1 (1 mars 2015) : 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2015-0015.

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Abstract The author upholds Anna Wierzbicka’s opinion that unless strict scientific definitions of performatives are reached, no successful classification of these verbs can be made. The article compares definitions of the verb elect and four performative verbs (appoint, declare, excommunicate and pronounce) as presented in four English dictionaries, as well as in the form of Wierzbicka’s explicatives and the author’s formulations reached by means of the collocational method. This method seeks to gain a realistic insight into the semantic structure of lexemes because most metalinguistic elements are drawn from facts offered by the language itself. The definitions of the performative verbs, like of any other verb, can be marshalled by combining and incorporating semantic definitions of the collocating grammar words and constructions. The latter task is done by extracting the common content of the grammar words and constructions in the relevant meanings as appearing in collocations of their own. The same procedure is carried out for the noun collocates occurring in the subject and object slots of the verbs in question. The performative force within this small lexical field manifests gradation, depending on the presence of a person in authority.

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Litvishko, Olga M., Natalia S. Rudenko et Yulia P. Chalaya. « Linguistic Creativity in Electronic Mass Media Discourse : Means and Methods ». Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, n^o 1 (25 mars 2022) : 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-1-117-130.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the means of linguistic creativity verbalization in the discourse of electronic mass media. Aiming at the detection and analysis of these means, realized by employing devices of various language levels, the authors emphasize the necessity of using a complex of research methods, such as content analysis, descriptive, semiotic and classification method to identify, analyze, classify the detected lexical, graphic, grammar and stylistic techniques to highlight the most widely used means of actualizing linguistic creativity in mass media discourse. The overview of the approaches to the analysis of electronic mass media is included. The authors also point out at multi-disciplinary character and complexity of the category of linguistic creativity, which involves activity, cognitive and communicative aspects. The research material is comprised of texts of mailing lists devoted to the topic of pandemic. In the result of conducted research the authors come to conclusion that means of actualization of linguistic creativity include verbal and non-verbal mechanisms which create psycho-emotional effect, exactly, lexical, grammar, stylistic and graphic means; lexical units of certain subject areas – medicine, telecommunications – used in the transformed meaning, which is achieved by employing a number of stylistic expressive means; visual elements which help to identify implicit meanings present in the texts; lexical deviations functioning as occasionalisms as an additional factor of attracting attention to the information in the texts.

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Méndez, Lucía I., et Gabriela Simon-Cereijido. « A View of the Lexical–Grammatical Link in Young Latinos With Specific Language Impairment Using Language-Specific and Conceptual Measures ». Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, n^o 6 (19 juin 2019) : 1775–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-18-0315.

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Purpose This study investigated the nature of the association of lexical–grammatical abilities within and across languages in Latino dual language learners (DLLs) with specific language impairment (SLI) using language-specific and bilingual measures. Method Seventy-four Spanish/English–speaking preschoolers with SLI from preschools serving low-income households participated in the study. Participants had stronger skills in Spanish (first language [L1]) and were in the initial stages of learning English (second language [L2]). The children's lexical, semantic, and grammar abilities were assessed using normative and researcher-developed tools in English and Spanish. Hierarchical linear regressions of cross-sectional data were conducted using measures of sentence repetition tasks, language-specific vocabulary, and conceptual bilingual lexical and semantic abilities in Spanish and English. Results Results indicate that language-specific vocabulary abilities support the development of grammar in L1 and L2 in this population. L1 vocabulary also contributes to L2 grammar above and beyond the contribution of L2 vocabulary skills. However, the cross-linguistic association between vocabulary in L2 and grammar skills in the stronger or more proficient language (L1) is not observed. In addition, conceptual vocabulary significantly supported grammar in L2, whereas bilingual semantic skills supported L1 grammar. Conclusions Our findings reveal that the same language-specific vocabulary abilities drive grammar development in L1 and L2 in DLLs with SLI. In the early stages of L2 acquisition, vocabulary skills in L1 also seem to contribute to grammar skills in L2 in this population. Thus, it is critical to support vocabulary development in both L1 and L2 in DLLs with SLI, particularly in the beginning stages of L2 acquisition. Clinical and educational implications are discussed.

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Holme, Randal. « Construction grammars ». AILA Review 23 (9 décembre 2010) : 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.23.07hol.

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Constructions are the central unit of grammatical analysis in cognitive linguistics. In formal linguistics ‘construction’ referred to forms that were projected from lexical items rather than from an autonomous syntax. Thus, an expression, ‘I danced the night away’ requires an intransitive verb in a transitive construction provided ‘away’ is present. In cognitive linguistics, constructions comprise any grouping of words or morphemes that in combination possess meanings that cannot be predicted from the parts in isolation. This meaning belongs to the construction itself and is not necessarily dependent upon the presence of a given item of lexis. If this definition is accepted by second language teachers the fundamental interest is that language learning is about learning lexis, constructions, and the text types by which constructions are combined. This article first distills a concept of a construction useful to a pedagogical grammar and considers the relationship of this concept of form to better known language content ‘packets’ such as the structure and the lexical phrase. Last, it discusses how a CL concept of construction does and does not propose different pedagogical methods.

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Ariskina, Olga. « Terms of morphemic and word-formation in the East Slavic grammars of the 16th century ». Terminological Bulletin, n^o 4 (2017) : 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2017-4-4.

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The work is devoted to a multidimensional consideration of the terminology of morphology and word-formation in the East Slavic grammars of the 16th century. (The Grammar of 1586, The Grammar "Adelfotis" in 1591, The Grammar of Lavrеntii Zizanii in 1596) The term is a linguistic unit for special purposes, which is the verbalized result of professional thinking, which denotes the concept of a certain scientific theory and serves to coding (concentration, fixation, storage), transmission (transfer of information), communicate, transmutation of knowledge (cognition: comprehension, processing, augmentation) and orientation in a certain special area, therefore an important place in describing the terminology of the past is assigned to the orientational aspect, which allows us to analyze the terms not only from the perspective of origin, word-formation, functioning, but also from the perspective of the explanation of the rationality of the author's nomination and the appropriateness of the perception of it by the addressee. Terminology is explored through the prism of the linguistic persona of grammarians by using the method of logical-semantic analysis. At the stage of generation of the terminology of the doctrine of morphemic and word formation, the large number of calquing terms (almost 50% of the total number) was used. The Russian basis of the calquing was found out, which consists in the existence in the Russian language of the lexical-semantic method of derivation. Also for this stage, the functioning of terms formed by substantivation is characterized. Dynamics of the exponent of terms of morphology and word-formation of the XVI century is due to the variation and synonymy, the dynamics of significatum – the reality (changes in language) and the development of scientific knowledge. In the XVI century the terminological system in the field of word-formation is formed as a system, with enough clearly appeared hypo-hyperonical relations.

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Mykhailivna Bogush, Alla, Tetiana Mykhailivna Korolova et Oleksandra Volodymyrivna Popova. « A Comparative Analysis of English and Chinese Reading : Phonetics, Vocabulary and Grammar ». Arab World English Journal, n^o 3 (15 novembre 2020) : 255–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/elt3.22.

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The article covers the issues related to the development of reading skills of the students majoring/minoring in English and Chinese (as non-native languages). In the backdrop of linguistic differences between English and Chinese, this action research was conducted to investigate the components of the reading skills, which are to be developed within the Bachelor programs. The primary purpose of the article is to analyze the methodological background for teaching Ukrainian students to perceive information from authentic texts. The methods of induction and deduction enabled us to analyze and generalize the theoretical bases for the investigated topic, to systemize the results of the study (the reading tactics and strategies, classification of reading activities). The study was based on focused observation using the register as a tool for data collecting for two semesters each in three groups of third-year students at Ushynsky University. The total sample size was 54. The article presents an analysis of difficulties in reading English and Chinese texts: 1) phonological level – differences in sound pronunciation (English: /T/, /D/ /w/, /N/, /x/, etc.; Chinese: the alveolo-palatal consonants j, q, x; affricates zh, z; consonant r, etc.), the phonetic phenomena (English: nasal plosion, lateral plosion, loss of plosion, assimilation, reduction/elision, etc.; Chinese: tone, erization); 2) lexical level – conversion (in English) and transposition (in Chinese), homonymy, polysemy; 3) grammatical level – the division of lexicon into parts of speech, different word order in English and Chinese sentences, (non)segmentation of English and Chinese syntagms/clauses/compound sentences, use of tenses, etc. The article contains some recommendations for English and Chinese reading classrooms.

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Murtisari, Elisabet Titik. « ENHANCING ISOLATED GRAMMAR TEACHING THROUGH TRANSLATION : SENTENCE LEVEL AND BEYOND ». LLT Journal : A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 23, n^o 1 (15 avril 2020) : 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v23i1.2416.

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Associated with grammar-translation method, translation is still often seen as a mere replacement of linguistic forms, which is a far cry from its nature as an act of communication. On the other hand, while being criticized for not assisting learners enough to use grammar in a communication context, isolated grammar teaching has its own merits and is still widely practiced. By implementing translation for meaning-making, this action research seeks to examine how translation may be integrated into the traditional grammar teaching to assist tertiary EFL students to learn L2 forms in communicative contexts. With translation employed at the sentence and discourse levels after the practice session, it was revealed through the participants reflections that translation exercises may further consolidate students knowledge of how to use specific forms in various contexts, especially as it relates to lexico-grammatical aspects, help deal with L1 interferences, and are an effective way to raise students awareness of the essential role of grammar in meaning-making.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230112

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