Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Legal services – Great Britain »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Legal services – Great Britain"
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Murjan, S., M. Shepherd et B. G. Ferguson. « What services are available for the treatment of transsexuals in Great Britain ? » Psychiatric Bulletin 26, no 6 (juin 2002) : 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.26.6.210.
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AIMS AND METHODWe conducted a questionnaire survey of all 120 health authorities and boards responsible for the commissioning of services for the assessment and treatment of transsexual people in England, Scotland and Wales, in order to identify the nature of the input offered and assess conformity to current international standards of care.RESULTSEighty-two per cent of the commissioning authorities responded and confirmed that most health authorities/boards provide a full service for the treatment of transsexuals, although this would be delivered at a local level in only 20% of cases. However, 11 commissioning authorities gave confused and inaccurate responses and three other health authorities appear to hold views on the commissioning of these specialist services that are not in keeping with the current legal situation and a recent High Court ruling, which establishes the right of transsexual people to NHS assessment and treatment.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSThere are discrepancies in prioritisation and provision of clinical services for this group that are not standard across Great Britain.
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Weed, Matthew. « Discourse on Embryo Science and Human Cloning in the United States and Great Britain : 1984–2002 ». Journal of Law, Medicine & ; Ethics 33, no 4 (2005) : 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2005.tb00546.x.
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There is a stark difference between American and British policy on embryo science and research cloning. The following survey of the discourse offered both in support of and in opposition to research cloning and embryo science in the United States and Great Britain will show that the same arguments were made in both countries. The fact that similar ethical argumentation occurred in environments where different policy was set is an indicator that current frames for ethical discourse on embryonic stem cell research and human cloning do not effectively capture the debate in the form that politicians and possible consumers of services to be derived from embryo science face.The ethics surrounding embryo research and human cloning have been presented from virtually every possible viewpoint in all forms of medium. It is impossible to reprise every argument made on embryo science and research cloning; therefore, this survey will focus on some of the arguments made during the time leading up to the enactment of Great Britain's Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990 and the Human Fertilisation and Embryology regulations added to it in 2001.
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Khurshid, Botirov. « COMPARATIVE-LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF PARLIAMENTARY RESEARCH SERVICES ». Jurisprudence 1, no 2 (10 décembre 2021) : 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.1.2./vgoi6209.
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"This article analyzes the activities of parliamentary research services on the example of foreign experience. It highlights the need and sources of objective and reliable information for the legislature. The structure and functions of parliamentary research services of developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and France have been studied to provide scientific and information-analytical support to their parliamentary activities. Deep analysis of the activities of scientific services of parliaments (USA, Great Britain, South Korea, The Republic of Turkey), which have the most advanced experience in this field, is of particular importance in understanding the essence and content of providing scientific and information-analytical activities of the parliament. The analysis of the practice of scientific services of foreign parliaments shows that their status, content, object and subject of study and research methods are somewhat different. An important role in their activities is played by the scientific examination of decisions adopted by the Parliament and draft laws prepared, as well as the scientific justification for conducting parliamentary control. The method of comparative analysis given in this article will cover the history of the existence of Parliamentary Research Services and will serve to improve the provision of scientific and information-analytical activities of the chambers of the Oliy Majlis. "
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Gusakova, Yuliya S., Tatyana L. Adrianovskaya, Valentina V. Chuksina, Aleksej N. Nifanov et Michael V. Presnyakov. « Legal regulation of service and labor relations in various legal systems ». LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-D (10 juillet 2021) : 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-d1064p.35-40.
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The article provides a comparative characteristic of the concepts of labor relations in some foreign countries. The article analyzes the legal regulation of labor relations, dividing states into two groups. The first includes Russia, France, Germany and a number of other European states. In the second - the USA, Great Britain, Australia and other countries of the Anglo-Saxon legal system. The author denotes the similarities and differences in choosing one of the two models, namely: European (continental) and Anglo-Saxon (Anglo-American). The conclusion is drawn that the borrowing of the experience of the countries adhering to the Anglo-Saxon model is unacceptable for the Russian state, since in them the labor contract is presented not as a tool capable of guaranteeing the rights of workers, but as a legal way to create conditions that can infringe on their interests. In turn, at the moment these countries are moving towards the socialization of labor relations.
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Schmid, F. « Control and operation of tilting train services ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F : Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 212, no 1 (1 janvier 1998) : 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409981530698.
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Discussions on the best way forward to achieve reductions in journey time without the investment normally associated with the construction of new high-speed railways tend to concentrate on the technical issues to be resolved rather than on the very significant operational, legal and human issues that affect the economies of any high-speed railway operation. Many engineers and operators associated with long-established railway systems (1-4) view the introduction of tilting trains as the best way forward in situations where speed limits are imposed by track built with the objective of minimizing expenditure on civil works. Although there are instances where the introduction of tilting trains has yielded the benefits sought, there are many situations where the environment of the railway business effectively excludes this option. The author of the present paper has attempted to review the tilt debate from an operations angle, stimulated by some comments by Meyer (5), and focuses on developments in Great Britain.
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Furgała, Agata. « POLICE COOPERATION OF POLAND AND GREAT BRITAIN IN SCOPE OF BREXIT ». PRZEGLĄD POLICYJNY 141, no 1 (12 juillet 2021) : 241–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0407.
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Leaving the UE by the UK has brought a number of consequences for bilateral Polish-British police and justice cooperation. The subject of the article was to present legal regulations, which provide the basis for international cooperation for British law enforcement agencies. The author analyzed and then evaluated the effectiveness of instruments of mutual cooperation. The articles focuses also on the assessment of Brexit consequences and its possible impact on the Polish-British police cooperation. It is worth emphasising that cross-border law enforcement cooperation - which includes police, customs, secret services and other law enforcement agencies, mainly concerns the most serious threats such as terrorism, organised crime, human traffi cking, money laundering, drug traffi cking or cybercrime. The article shows that the most unfavourable changes result from dropping the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom - is disconnection from the second generation Schengen Information System. The article includes also information about The Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which has retained a number of important mechanisms for effective police cooperation between EU Member States and the United Kingdom. But although, as mentioned in the article, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom provides upgrades of the tools of police and judicial cooperation, it is a matter of practise to verify these as sufficient.
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Sopilko, Iryna M., Roza M. Vinetska, Nataliia B. Novytska et Oleksandr Lyubchik. « Principles of Proper Procedure Formation for the Provision of Administrative Services in the Field of Health Care ». Cuestiones Políticas 39, no 68 (7 mars 2021) : 399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3968.25.
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The article bases and determines the principles of the formation of appropriate procedures for the provision of administrative services in the field of health care. The deductive methodology used ensures the formation of non-conflict statements on the principles built on European democratic values. The desirability of classifying these principles into three groups has been demonstrated according to the criterion of the limits of the formation of the fundamentals (principles) of regulation: general legal principles, regulatory principles of good governance. Improving existing legislation underpins the importance of considering the principle of legal certainty, which stipulates the need to avoid the priority of regulating procedures for the provision of administrative services in general and in the field of health, in particular through the use of statutes. It is concluded that the further development of e-government is proposed as one of the implementing directions of the European experience, as well as the experience of the United States and Great Britain in organizing the provision of administrative services in the field of health care.
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Arsalidou, Demetra, et Alison Lui. « Post-Brexit Britain and the pay culture : challenges and opportunities ». Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 69, no 2 (11 mai 2018) : 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v69i2.84.
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This paper examines the impact of Brexit on financial services regulation in relation to three areas linked to executive remuneration. They are: the bonus cap; the clawback of pay; and the level of disclosure required by shareholders with regard to details of directors’ remuneration. It will be argued that legally Brexit will have little impact on any of the three areas. UK legislation has already incorporated a great deal of EU legislation. The status quo of retaining such legal restrictions seems sensible in light of public sentiment towards unfairness in executive compensation and uncertainty towards the Brexit negotiations. Nevertheless, London faces stiff competition from other major international financial centres in a post-Brexit era. The loss of single passporting rights is also encouraging major banks to invest in other European financial centres. Brexit creates opportunities too. With the integration of digital technology, it is possible to create convenient platforms where investors can access reports on executive remuneration.
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Patcheva, Jasmina, Kristina Mladenovska et Lidija Petrusevska Tozi. « Legal status of the pharmacy practice in the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia ». Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 58 (septembre 2012) : 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2012.58.007.
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From a historical point of view, one can notice that the role of the pharmacists employed in community and hospital pharmacies became more complex. Today, they do not only supply, store, prepare and dispense medicines with ensured quality, but they also provide professional services based on the concept of pharmaceutical care and good pharmacy practice. In this paper, detailed review on the current legislative regulating the status and practice of the community and hospital pharmacies in some EU-member countries and in Macedonia is given. The implementation of the concept of pharmaceutical care and good pharmacy practice in selected EU member-countries, Great Britain, Germany and Slovenia, and in Croatia as a future EU member as well as in Macedonia is also discussed. In addition, set of recommendations for establishing the good pharmacy practice standards is prepared and presented. At the end, an attempt is made to establish a basis for development a modern Law on Pharmacy Practice in the Republic of Macedonia.
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Tsibikov, V. A. « The foreign experience in training public procurement specialists on the example of the USA, Great Britain and China ». Upravlenie 7, no 4 (27 janvier 2020) : 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-4-16-23.
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The article reveals the features of the training of specialists in public procurement in countries with different types of economies and forms of state power in terms of the training system, applied pedagogical forms, methods and tools. The training programs for training foreign educational institutions, which are characterized by sufficient variability and adaptability in accordance with the needs of students, the intensity of the use of various forms of training: full-time (classroom), distance (in the mode of video conferencing during webinars), as well as by sending educational material and monitoring performance via email have been analyzed. The content of other educational documents and official publications in the media, as well as the results of correspondence (through chatting and e-mail) with representatives of training courses and leading training centers, answers to information requests to state authorities responsible for functioning contract system, – have been taken into account.Based on the results of the analysis, the following key positions, allowing us to observe fundamental differences in the training of public procurement specialists in the West and East countries: the degree of state participation in the regulation of the training system and the degree of severity of the educational function in the formation of the necessary level of legal awareness of procurement specialists have been highlighted. It has been established, that in the United States and Great Britain, private licensed organizations compete with each other in providing such educational services to those involved in the training of public procurement specialists. In China, due to the presence of problems in the fight against corruption in the actions of state customers, the closest attention is paid to the formation of the necessary personality traits of officials to minimize the risks of committing offenses in contractual legal relations.
Thèses sur le sujet "Legal services – Great Britain"
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Mcglashan, Derek. « Dynamic coasts and legal issues : perspectives from Great Britain ». Thesis, University of Dundee, 2003. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e1ce6ef1-b8b6-4cbc-b380-cc6c006cbffe.
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Kelly, Margaret Rose Louise Leckie. « King and Crown an examination of the legal foundation of the British king / ». Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/71499.
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"27 October 1998"Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of Law, 1999.
Bibliography: p. 509-550.
Thesis -- Appendices.
'The Crown' has been described as a 'term of art' in constitutional law. This is more than misleading, obscuring the pivotal legal position of the king, which in modern times has been conveniently ignored by lawyers and politicians alike. -- This work examines the legal processes by which a king is made, tracing those processes from the earliest times to the present day. It concludes that the king is made by the selection and recognition by the people, his taking of the Oath of Governance, and his subsequent anointing. (The religious aspects of the making of the king, though of considerable legal significance, are not examined herein, because of space constraints.) -- The Oath of Governance is conventionally called the 'Coronation Oath'-which terminology, while correctly categorising the Oath by reference to the occasion on which it is usually taken, has led by subliminal implication to an erroneous conclusion by many modern commentators that the Oath is merely ceremonial. -- This work highlights the legal implications of the king's Oath of Governance throughout history, particularly in times of political unrest, and concludes that the Oath legally :- conveys power from the people to the person about to become king (the willingness of the people so to confer the power having been evidenced in their collective recognition of that person); - bestows all the prerogatives of the office of king upon that person; - enshrines the manner in which those prerogatives are to be exercised by the king in his people(s)' governance; and that therefore the Oath of Governance is the foundation of the British Constitution. -- All power and prerogative lie with the king, who as a result of his Oath of Governance is sworn to maintain the peace and protection of his people(s), and the king can not, in conscience or law, either do, or allow, anything that is in opposition to the terms of that Oath.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xxvii, 818 p
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French, Katherine Meriel. « The geography of avoidable and premature mortality in Great Britain : 1981 - 1998 ». Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271979.
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Barnes, Jonavan. « Measuring service quality in the low-cost airline industry ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24938.
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Since the end of World War II, the service sector has expanded to encompass over 80% of the economy of most developed nations. This places an immense importance on the ability to accurately measure service outputs. However, the most precise method of measuring these outputs is still unclear. This thesis examines Service Quality as a measurement of service outputs, and tests this within an industry-specific context: the low-cost sector of the UK airline industry. This is an industry that has been facing serious challenges since market liberalisation began in 1976. This thesis recognises that offering superior quality may allow airlines to gain a competitive advantage; despite this, there is still no preferred method of measuring Service Quality in this specific context. This PhD therefore examines three methods of Service Quality measurement in the context of the low-cost sector of the UK airline industry: a qualitative method (content analysis), a quantitative survey approach (HiQUAL) and an indexing approach (ALSI). The first study provides an in-depth analysis of the determinants of airline quality through a content analysis study. The second study uses a neglected measurement of Service Quality (HiQUAL) to take a quantitative measurement of Service Quality in the low-cost airline industry. The third study uses measurement (ALSI), an indexing approach, to provide an indication of airline quality. The results of this PhD define the determinants of Service Quality in the low-cost airline industry and confirm the hierarchical nature of Service Quality. This PhD also develops a novel objective metric that represents a shift in ontology from subjective to objective measurements of Service Quality.
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Wiedner, Rene. « The side effects of strategic change : an in-depth case study of an attempt to 'liberate' the English National Health Service ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709463.
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McCall, Vikki. « The 'chalkface' of cultural services : exploring museum workers' perspectives on policy ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9798.
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The difficulties faced by services in the cultural sector have been immediate and challenging. Public services that are cultural in nature have faced funding cuts, closures and redundancies. Museum services are low in political importance and unable to provide clear evidence of their policy impact. Despite these challenges, there has been limited evidence about the policy process at ground-level. This thesis builds on theoretical and empirical ideas in social and cultural policy to present museum workers’ perspectives within a cultural theory framework. Following Lipsky’s (1980) work on street-level bureaucrats, this thesis presents an analysis of street-level workers’ roles in delivering social and cultural policy. Museum workers’ perspectives are presented through a series of case studies (drawing on qualitative interviews and observations) from three local-authority museum services in England, Scotland and Wales. The findings showed evidence that top-down cultural and social policies have had an influence on workers actions, but service-level workers’ understandings were central to the policy process. Museum workers actively shaped museum policy through ground-level interactions with visitors and groups. Workers experienced policy in the cultural sector as fragmented, vague and difficult to engage with at the ground-level. Workers mainly viewed policy as meaningless rhetoric. Despite this, those working at ground-level often utilised policy rhetoric effectively to gain funding and manipulate activities towards their own needs and interpretations. Policy evaluation was also fragmented and underdeveloped within the services studied. Workers found themselves under pressure to fulfil policy objectives but were unable to show how they did this. Furthermore, there was a perceived distance from managers and local authority structures. This allowed a space for workers to implement and shape policy towards their own professional and personal ideals. Vague policies and a lack of formal mechanisms for evaluation led to high levels of worker discretion at ground-level. Economic policy expectations were resisted by workers, who tended to have more egalitarian views. Museum workers effectively managed policy expectations through a mixture of discretion and policy manipulation. Delivery at the ground-level was seen as effective – despite, not because of, cultural sector policies.
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Ansari, Hina. « Inequities in access to health care by income and private insurance coverage : a longitudinal analysis ». Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112378.
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In 1997, the UK's Labour government introduced several health policy changes, including plans for greater collaboration with private providers. Building on previous cross-sectional research, we explore longitudinal inequities in physician access as these policy changes were materializing. Using GEE models we examine the effect of income and private health insurance (PHI) coverage on access to physicians in the general UK population from 1997 to 2003. The study finds no income inequities in GP access. In contrast, those in the highest income quintile are more likely to access consultants overall (OR:1.10, CI: 1.01,1.19), particularly private consultants (OR:2.49, CI:1.80,3.44). Not surprisingly, PHI is a strong predictor of private consultant access (OR:8.72 CI: 7.04,10.82), but a weak predictor of overall consultant access (OR:1.09, CI:1.01, 1.17). None of these findings exhibited significant time trends across the years of study, thus indicating that the existing inequities remained stable in the UK, despite the aforementioned reforms.
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Cheng, Meng. « Dynamic demand for frequency response services in the Great Britain power system ». Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/74743/.
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Dynamic Demand Technology (DDT) developed by Open Energi Ltd. adjusts the power consumption of demand to react rapidly to changes in grid frequency without undermining the inherent control of loads. In this thesis, DDT is used to regulate the power consumption of domestic refrigerators and industrial bitumen tanks for grid frequency control. The feasibility of the loads to participate in frequency response services is studied. Refrigerators are connected throughout the power system and thus have great potential to be used for frequency control. A frequency controller based on the DDT is applied to refrigerators so that their power consumption varies with frequency deviations autonomously and proportionally. The technique maintains the temperature control of refrigerators and causes little adverse impact on their cold storage of food. A thermodynamic model of refrigerators is developed and validated through field tests on a number of refrigerators at the premises of the Indesit Company. The refrigerator models equipped with frequency control are then integrated into a simplified Great Britain (GB) power system model to investigate their capability for grid frequency control. Results show that the refrigerators change their power consumption in order to reduce deviations of grid frequency. Approximately 500 MW of frequency response is provided by 40 million refrigerators when frequency dropped to below 49.5 Hz. The frequency control is faster than that provided by frequency-sensitive generation. DDT is also applied to bitumen tanks. Frequency control is developed which is similar to refrigerators. A thermodynamic model of bitumen tanks equipped with the frequency control is developed and validated through field tests. The tank models are then connected to the GB power system model to study the capability of industrial heating loads for grid frequency control. Results show that tanks provide frequency control in a manner similar to and faster than that of frequency-sensitive generation. Approximately 72 MW of frequency response is provided by 5,000 bitumen tanks. A participant in the Firm Frequency Response (FFR) service is required to deliver a minimum response of 10 MW. Loads with low power consumption need to be aggregated in order to participate. The availability of refrigerators and of tanks for ABSTRACT ii frequency response varies over a day and is measured through field tests at different times of the day. Based on the measurements of availability, the number of refrigerators and tanks to be aggregated for delivering more than 10 MW of response over a day is calculated. Simulations are carried out with an aggregation of 591 bitumen tank and 622,980 refrigerator models. Results show that more than 10 MW of response is able to be delivered. For the future GB power system, fast control of frequency is required because of the reduction in system inertia caused by the large-scale use of converter connected generation. A case study is carried out to test the impact of the fast control of loads on the frequency of the future power system. Refrigerator models representing 40 million refrigerators and 500 tank models are connected to the GB power system model with reduced system inertia of 3.1 s. Results show that with the use of DDT, the frequency drop after a sudden loss of 1.8 GW generation is halted quickly and the magnitude of the drop reduced significantly (from 1 Hz to 0.4 Hz).
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Komporozos-Athanasiou, Aris. « Policies of representation in hybrid space : the case of patient and public involvement ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648199.
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Hubbard, M. M. « School leavers with multiple disabilities : an exploratory study of the issues and problems relating to the planning and provision of formal post-school services ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22864.
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This research is an exploratory study of the issues and problems encountered by Young People with multiple disabilities when they leave school and for whom formal post-school service provision is relevant within the Scottish setting. The research problem is tackled by a qualitative and an empirically grounded study with a central focus was on the way in which decisions about the nature and range of services are made and their potential for making a major impact on quality of life. From conception, the study was innovatory and it was necessary to combine methods of data collection and to analyse in ways that had previously not been used in the field. The design and methods are eclectic with an emphasis on in-depth case-studies. The research process began with the development of a functional classification used to define the sub-population. This was followed by an investigation of the structure and organisation of the Future Needs Assessment process which is central to the planning of formal post-school provision. together with Carer perspectives and opinions of the process. The next phase was to examine the nature and range of formal post-school service provision in relation to the issue of quality of life and in the meeting of developmental needs. Discussion then took place with the Young People and the Carers about their judgements of post-school provision and 'ideal' provision. The final phase developed recommendations on the practical application of, the research findings. The major research findings, derived from the fieldwork evidence. indicate that there is a radical change in emphasis in the transition from school to adult-based formal service provision which result in the limitation of services and of personal choice. There is a major disjunction in the quality of life experienced by the Young People. The Future Needs Assessment process fails to adequately plan for the transition to formal post-school provision which fails to meet individual personal and social development. The major recommendations, derived from the research, state that the Future Needs Assessment process must play a more effective role in identifying the post-school needs of the School-leavers to ensure that formal post-school provision and delivery planning is individually-centred and 'needs-led'. In addition, there should be greater choice of provision which follows the 'independent /enabling /empowering model and which will offer the School leaver the potential to experience a high quality of life.
Livres sur le sujet "Legal services – Great Britain"
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Conference, JUSTICE Members'. Access to legal services. London : [JUSTICE], 1990.
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Robert, Andrew. Review of government legal services. London : H.M.S.O., 1989.
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Merricks, Walter. The Courts and Legal Services Act : A solicitor's guide. London : Law Society, 1991.
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Zeidman, Martyn. A short guide to the courts and legal services act 1990. London : Temple lectures, 1990.
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Blacksell, Mark. Justice outside the city : Access to legal services in rural Britain. Harlow, England : Longman Scientific & Technical, 1991.
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Francis, Andrew. At the edge of law : Emergent and divergent models of legal professionalism. Burlington, VT : Ashgate, 2011.
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Service, Northern Ireland Court, et Great Britain. Lord Chancellor's Dept., dir. The future of legal aid in Northern Ireland. London : Stationery Office, 2000.
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Office, Northern Ireland Audit. Managing criminal legal aid. Belfast : Stationery Office, 2011.
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Council, National Consumer. Ordinary justice : Legal services and the courts in England and Wales : a consumer view. London : H.M.S.O., 1989.
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Josephine, Sheehan, Thomas Philip A. 1940- et Cardiff Law School, dir. The Human Rights Act 1998 : An impact study in South Wales. Cardiff : Cardiff Law School, Cardiff University, 2004.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Legal services – Great Britain"
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Schofield, John, John Carman et Paul Belford. « Legal and Administrative Frameworks ». Dans Archaeological Practice in Great Britain, 83–114. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09453-3_4.
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Fergus, T. D. « Women and the Parliamentary Franchise in Great Britain ». Dans The Legal Relevance of Gender, 80–101. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19353-0_5.
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Campos, Ivandro Aguiar. « Health-Care System Regulation in Brazil and in Great Britain ». Dans Legal and Forensic Medicine, 223–43. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32338-6_46.
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Best, Antony. « Monarchy, the Armed Services and Royal Alliances : The Case of Britain and Japan, 1902–1975 ». Dans Monarchies and the Great War, 277–96. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89515-4_10.
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Palmer, Jerry. « Nurses and the Military Medical Services in the Great War ». Dans Nurse Memoirs from the Great War in Britain, France, and Germany, 47–71. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82875-2_3.
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Wasylkowska-Michór, Magdalena. « The Impact of Brexit on the Arbitration Procedure in Great Britain ». Dans Cofola International 2021, 102–27. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-8639-2021-4.
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The current position of the UK as the most frequently chosen place for international commercial arbit-ration is the result of long period of growth and development of arbitration proceedings in this country. As of 31 December 2020, the UK ceased to be a member of the EU, the problem arose how would in-ternational arbitration in this country look like. The main aim of this contribution is firstly to show how the arbitration procedure in the UK works and what is its legal basis. The paper then focuses on the procedure for the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, which is particularly impor-tant now in the view of Brexit. Next, the author presents issues that may be problematic in connection with Brexit, i.e., so called anti-suit junctions and public policy.
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Shumilina, Vera, et Alexander Kim. « ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET FOR "MAGIC" SERVICES AND THE PROBLEMS OF ITS LEGAL REGULATION ». Dans Socio-economic and legal problems of modern society, 121–30. au : AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_61e7f12a9d8368.63513269.
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Since antiquity, magic and the occult have had great popularity among all walks of life. Nowadays, by its popularity, magic and its elements are extremely popular. Because of this, this field is crowded with a large number of fraudsters who take advantage of people's "naivety" and their belief in miracles. This article will examine the relationship between science, magic and religion, separating each concept from the other. Legal ways of regulating this type of activity and ways of dealing with such an unusual phenomenon, which can neither be seen nor touched, will be considered
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Yvrande-Billon, Anne. « Franchising Public Services An Analysis of the Duration of Passenger Rail Franchises in Great Britain ». Dans Contributions to Management Science, 174–87. Heidelberg : Physica-Verlag HD, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2662-3_10.
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Fingleton, Bernard, Danilo Camargo Igliori et Barry Moore. « Employment Growth of Small Computing Services Firms and the Role of Horizontal Clusters : Evidence from Great Britain 1991–2000 ». Dans European Regional Growth, 267–91. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07136-6_10.
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Zwicklhuber, Thomas, et Mario Kaufmann. « EURIS (European River Information Services System) – The Central European RIS Platform ». Dans Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 850–56. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_75.
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AbstractThe development and implementation of the River Information Services (RIS) concept started in the end 1990s with various research projects followed by national or regional implementation projects in the first decade of this century. The resulting national RIS systems haven’t been able to exploit the full potential of RIS when it comes to cross-border data exchange and interoperability. To overcome these gaps the concept of RIS Corridor Management was established aiming at linking the fragmented services together on a corridor to supply RIS along the complete route or network. The concept of RIS Corridor Management was taken up by the CEF (Connecting Europe Facility Programme) co-funded multi-beneficiary project RIS COMEX (www.riscomex.eu) with the goal to implement harmonized RIS services on European level. Within the RIS COMEX project the consortium of 13 countries realized a common and centralized single access point to Inland Waterway Information, the European River Information Services (EuRIS) System. EuRIS acts as European RIS platform fulfilling a great variety of information needs of inland waterway stakeholders like skippers, vessel and infrastructure operators, logistics and authorities. The system gathers relevant RIS information from the national systems in order to provide optimized fairway-, infrastructure- and traffic-related services in a single point of access for the users enabling reliable route- and voyage planning and sharing as well as traffic- and transport management on pan-European level. EuRIS provides access to its services via a user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) or machine-readable Open Application Programming Interfaces (API).In order to guarantee sustainable operation of EuRIS a legal, organizational and financial framework has been setup by the partners. The core aspects concern the joint governance of the system operation as well as the legal basis for RIS data exchange and usage. The full operation and further development of EuRIS is a major milestone in the sector enhancing attractiveness and competitiveness of Inland Waterway Transport in Europe and setting the basis for connectivity to other transport modes and synchro modal logistic operations.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Legal services – Great Britain"
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Shapovalova, O. « Development of pedagogical education of Great Britain in conditions of improving the quality of educational services ». Dans Pedagogical comparative studies and international education – 2020 : a globalized space of innovation. NAES of Ukraine ; Institute of Pedagogy of the NAES of Ukraine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32405/978-966-97763-9-6-2020-410-412.
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Matúš, Peter, et Matúš Materna. « Approaches of chosen air navigation services providers to UAV integration into air traffic control systems ». Dans Práce a štúdie. University of Zilina, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2021.2.26.
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In this article are approaches of Air Navigation Services (ANS) providers in chosen countries to UAV integration into Air Traffic Control Systems identified and described. Firstly we made a synpaper of theoretical information about ANS and UAV. Product of ANS providers has 11 parts. For UAV traffic control and management are important ATC, CNS, AIS, MET, ATFCM and ASM services. The volume of ANS provided depends on UAV operation development in the country, and on the level of integration of UAV into ATC systems. The biggest problem of UAV operation is the risk of collision with piloted aircraft, and potential threat of people and property on the ground. The biggest risk is during UAV operation close to airports, because there are many aircrafts flying in low altitudes (after take-off and on approach to landing). The consequences of collision in this altitudes in the most serious. Because of this, 4 ways to detect and 2 ways to mitigate an unauthorized UAV close to airport are currently in use. Various combinations of UAV detection and mitigation ways create complex airport UAV protection systems. Secondly, we chose 7 countries (Poland, Hungary, Germany, Great Britain, USA, India, and United Arab Emirates), and analysed their approaches to UAV integration. In all of the analysed countries can remote pilots use a mobile application, which allows them to create a flight plan, and receive all the information, necessary for the flight. Differences between these countries are for example if the permission in required for every UAV flight (in Hungary and India yes), if the ANS provider has an opportunity to watch UAV during flight (in Poland, India, and partly in Germany), if the UAV operation without direct visual contact between remote pilot and UAV is allowed (in Poland and Germany), and if are UAV operations included into airspace capacity management systems (in Poland, Hungary, Germany, and Great Britain). UAV integration process in next years will relate to development of communication systems between UAVs, between UAV and ATC, and between UAV and piloted aircraft. The process will also relate to development of technologies to avoid mid-air collisions.
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Dušek, Jiří, et Štěpán Kavan. « Management a implementace programů územní spolupráce na příkladu ESÚS ». Dans XXV. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0068-2022-26.
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European Groupings of Territorial Cooperation (EGTCs) were set up to facilitate cross-border, transnational and interregional cooperation between Member States or their regional and local authorities. EGTCs enable these partners to implement joint projects, share expertise and improve coordination of spatial planning. Unlike the older cooperation structures which governed cross-border, transnational and interregional cooperation before 2007, the European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation is a legal entity and as such, will enable regional and local authorities from different European states, to set up cooperation groupings with a legal personality. The contribution deals with an analysis of European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation, new form of cross-border cooperation in the European Union. The main objective of the submitted contribution is to analyse historical development of this cooperation between years 2008–2022, based on own research and study of relevant Committee of Regions documents (for example EGTC Monitoring Report). The assessment of the EGTC can be described as a comparative time and space analysis, because different units are being compared not just in time, but also from the point of view of their geographical location. The contribution discussed the growing relevance of the EGTC as instrument of regional development, uneven development in individual countries (Hungary, France, Slovakia x Scandinavia, the Baltic States, Great Britain and Ireland), terminological problems and validity of EGTC databases.
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Jovanović, Zoran. « DRŽAVNI CENTAR ZA UPRAVLJANJE I ČUVANJE PODATAKA ». Dans XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.711j.
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Digitization of public services implies the use of a great number of data of different nature which are used by public authorities. The importance of the information that this data carries requires an appropriate way of storing it, but also readiness for quick and efficient use in case of a need. For that purpose, the Republic of Serbia established the State Center for Data Management and Storage. This Center provides unique public data storage services for a large number of state authorities and organizations. Also this Center stores data entrusted by business entities. The importance of the Center is reflected in the strategic determination of the Republic of Serbia to invest in the secondary data storage, one of the largest in the region. Important activity of state data management and storage includes different legal and security aspects of Center and data. In this paper author tries to analyze the legal aspects of the State Center for Data Storage and Management, forms of services that this center provides to other public authorities and business entities. In addition, the analysis will indicate possible positive and negative aspects of data centralization within such a system. Moreover, the author gives recommendations for improving the information security of the center, from the legal aspects.
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Gavrilović, Biljana. « PRAVNOISTORIJSKI POGLED NA ZELENAŠKE USLUGE U SRPSKOM PRAVU ». Dans XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.1055g.
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The paper analyzes the state reaction to usurer services, starting from the 1830s until the Second World War. At the time of the transition from the natural to the money economy, the need for money was great. Since agricultural loans were not still regulated, the money could only be requested from usurers. Thanks to that, the usurers become richer and peasants perished. Therefore, the state begins to take certain legal measures, first in the field of civil law and after that in the field of criminal law. In the Principality and Kingdom of Serbia, the range of civil law measures was rich, while the criminal law reaction of the state against usurer services was modest. However, with the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and due to the process of unifications, the focus of the state actions on usurer services is shifted from civil to criminal law.
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Zyder, Vaclav, Marian Piecha et Daniela Mosova. « PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL WASTE OF A SELECTED COMPANY ». Dans 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s18.27.
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Municipal waste is defined as waste from households and other sources, such as retail, administration, education, health, accommodation and food services and other services and activities, which is similar in nature and composition to household waste. Municipal waste should therefore include, inter alia, waste from park and garden maintenance, such as leaves, grass and tree clippings, and waste from market and street cleaning, such as the contents of rubbish bins and rubbish, with the exception of materials such as sand, stones, mud or dust. The rules and guidelines for municipal waste management are, of course, set by the relevant legal regulations, first of all the regulations and directives of the European Union, then the laws, government regulations and decrees. The Czech Republic is obliged to implement all EU regulations. The number of regulations adopted at the level of the European Union has been so great in recent years that they no longer even "roll over" into Czech Act No. 1852001 Coll. on waste, but only references to the relevant EU standards are inserted. The aim of the presented article is to define the procedures for waste treatment of a selected municipal company operating in the city of Havirov.
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Kambovski, Igor. « RAČUNARSTVO U OBLAKU – PRAVNA PITANjA I DILEME ». Dans XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.379k.
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Cloud computing is a part of our everyday life, a revolutionary invention of the 21st century that overcomes perhaps the biggest problem since the advent of the Internet and online communications and transactions - the problem of secure data transfer and storage. Cloud Computing is a modern technology that enables the use of IT services remotely, over the Internet and a network of physically remote servers. This type of computing provides great opportunities for consumers, customers, companies, all interested parties to communicate and do business online, with a significant reduction in costs and investment in hardware and software. Cloud computing services are accessible and attractive to users, primarily because they are either free or the price for their use is symbolic. Cloud computing, compared to the standard model of using home or office computers at work, differs in that the entire load for storing data and applications from the computer is transferred to the network and then to the cloud servers, so that all information and applications which we need can be found in the cloud. Servers are located in several locations around the world, on so-called "server farms" and guarantee continuous and stable access to applications, data storage and protection and control of all data and background processes. Users of cloud computing services need a computer with an Internet browser, a stable Internet connection and a concluded subscription agreement with a provider that provides such services. Cloud computing agreements and contracts are usually made online. The contract may also specify security measures (eg requests for cleaning or deleting data on damaged media, storage of customer data on private hardware, storage and diversification of data in different locations, etc.). The legal rules applicable to cloud computing contracts may require that the contract be in written form, especially when it comes to the processing and storage of personal data, and that all supporting documents be attached to the main contract. Even when no written form is required, for reasons of legal certainty, ease of reference, clarity, completeness, enforceability and efficiency of the contract, the parties may decide to conclude the contract in writing.
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Kucina, Irena. « Effective Measures Against Harmful Disinformation in the EU in Digital Communication ». Dans The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.11.
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Digitalisation has opened new technological horizons before society in terms of creating a better physical world and personal life. Impact of technologies on medicine, reduction of environmental pollution, resource savings and other areas is obvious. Digital technologies kept Latvian parliament (Saeima), government, public institutions, schools and business open or working remotely during pandemic to ensure running of the state, economy and society under restrictions and preventing close contact. Pandemic would have made our lives significantly harder 30 years ago. Digital revolution is on the rise. Global data output is doubling every year. Just picture hundreds of thousands of Google searches and Facebook entries we generate every minute. They convey valuable information about what we think and experience. It has also become apparent that technological euphoria has clouded our vision and we have failed to spot the threats to democracy, human rights and freedoms. Digitalisation come with great opportunities, but it also poses enormous risks, especially for democracy and rule of law. On 15 December 2020, European Commission announced two new legislative proposals (proposals for regulation) – Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act . Their main objective is to make internet safer for people who use it, in particular, for buying goods and services, and for the first time ever these regulations also contain provisions regarding reduction of threats to democracy and rule of law emanating from digital tools. This paper analyses two significant legal risks associated with digitalisation that need to be mentioned: Big Data threats to fundamental human rights such as privacy (I) and threats to freedom of speech on social media (II), which are then evaluated from the perspective of interconnected legislative proposals announced by the Commission on 15 December 2020 (Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act), followed by an assessment of how well they address (or not) the aforementioned risks (III). In conclusion, paper offers several proposals on how Latvia should address these issues during consultation process (IV).
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Palmieri, Alessandro, et Blerina Nazeraj. « OPEN BANKING AND COMPETITION : AN INTRICATE RELATIONSHIP ». Dans International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times) : Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18822.
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Open banking – promoted in the European Union by the access to account rule contained in the Directive (EU) 2015/2366 on payment services in the internal market (PSD2) – is supposed to enhance consumer’s welfare and to foster competition. However, many observers are fearful about the negative effects of the entry into the market of the so-called BigTech giants. Unless incumbent banks are able to rise above the technological challenges, the risk is that, in the long run, BigTech firms could dominate the market, by virtue of their great ability to collect data on consumer preferences, and to process them with sophisticated tools, such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning techniques; not to mention the possible benefits arising from the cross-subsidisation. This paper aims at analysing the controversial relationship between open banking and competition. In this framework, many aspects must be clarified, such as the definition of the relevant markets; the identification of the dominant entities; the relationship with the essential facility doctrine. The specific competition problems encountered in the financial sector need to be inscribed in the context of the more general debate around access to data in the digital sphere. The evolving scenario poses a serious challenge to regulators, calling them to strike the right balance between fostering innovation and preserving financial stability. The appraisal intends not only to cover EU law and policy, but also to make a comparison with other legal systems. In this respect, something noteworthy is taking place in the United States where, as of today, consumers’ access to financial data sharing has been largely dependent on private-sector efforts. Indeed, Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (passed in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008) provides that, subject to rules prescribed by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB), a consumer financial services provider must make available to a consumer information, in its control or possession, concerning the consumer financial product or service that the consumer obtained from the provider. This provision, which dates back to 2010, has never been implemented. However, on 22 October 2020, the CFBP has announced its intention to regulate open banking, issuing an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking. In light of their investigation, the authors advocate the adaptation of the current strategies to the modified conditions and, in some instances, the creation of novel mechanisms, more suitable to face unprecedented threats.
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Abdullah, Yahya. « Judicial oversight of applications submitted to the administration is a reason for its development ». Dans INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp191-212.
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"The administration performs a great task in the life of modern societies, through its intervention to satisfy public needs through the establishment and management of public utilities that aim to achieve the public interest and respond to the requirements and necessities of daily life, as well as protecting public order, and regulating the relationship between them and individuals with constitutional and legal texts, as well as The organizational rules that lay down the general framework for public liberties and individual rights, all to prevent them from practicing any activity outside the framework of legality. Originally, the administration is not obligated to issue its decisions in a specific form, as it is free to choose the external form of these decisions, unless the law requires it otherwise. This requires that the decision be embodied in an external form in order for individuals to know the will of the administration and to adjust their behavior according to its requirements. However, the implementation of this rule on its launch, may negatively affect the rights of individuals, because the administration may sometimes deliberately remain silent about deciding the requests submitted to it, or it may neglect at other times to respond to these requests. Existence of apparent decisions in an external legal form, meaning that the matter remains in the hands of the administration, if it wants it will respond to the requests of individuals, and if it wants to be silent, which constitutes a waste of their rights, a violation of the principle of equality, and confiscation of the right to litigation guaranteed by the constitution, it requires protection of individuals from the inconvenience of the administration And the abuse of their rights, and put an end to the neglect of employees and their indifference to the requests or grievances submitted to them, in addition to the fact that the requirements of the public interest require that the administrative staff exercise the powers entrusted to them by law at the present time. ( ) For these justifications, the legislator intervened in many countries, including France, Egypt, Lebanon and Iraq, to suppose that the administration had announced its will, even if it remained silent or silent about deciding on the request presented to it, and this resulted in an implicit administrative decision of rejection or approval. As a result of the large number of state intervention in the economic and social fields in recent times, it has led to the multiplicity and diversity of state agencies and institutions, and the public administration often does not provide its services to individuals except at the request of individuals. Therefore, it may be difficult for individuals to identify a competent administrative authority to submit their request to. to get those services. He makes a mistake and submits it to a non-competent administrative body. When this authority is silent and does not transfer the request to its competent authority, and the legal period granted to the administration to respond to their requests has passed, individuals resort to the judiciary, and submitting the request to the non-competent authority prevents the judiciary from accepting their claim, which wastes their rights and thus harms them. Therefore, the administrative judiciary in many countries has extended its control over this case to consider the application submitted to a non-competent administrative body as if it was submitted to its competent authority, given that the state is a single public legal person. Accordingly, the request submitted to any party starts from the legal period available to the administration to meet the requests of individuals and in its absence the implicit administrative decision of rejection or acceptance arises. Accordingly, we will study the jurisprudence of the French, Lebanese, Egyptian and Iraqi judiciary in this study. The importance of the study lies in the implications of the subject of requests submitted to the administration, the delay in their completion, the silence of the administration, and the consequent effects and exposure to the rights of individuals. And that it will show how to confront this silence, neglect and intransigence of the administration. The idea of implicit administrative decisions, resulting from the administration’s silence on the requests submitted to it, is an effective means, which makes the administration more positive and enables individuals to confront the administration’s silence, and prevents its intransigence, arbitrariness or neglect. The problem of the research is that can silence be an expression of the will? How do individuals protect themselves from the actions of the administration, and who guarantees its non-bias, arbitrariness and deviation? Does submitting the application to a non-competent body protect the rights of individuals? ? And the extent of judicial oversight on the authority of the administration.? And the extent of the compatibility and divergence of the positions of the administrative judiciary in France, Lebanon, Egypt and Iraq regarding this.? From the above in explaining the importance of the study and its problem, we can deduce the scope of the study, which is the study of judicial control over the requests submitted to the administration by taking an overview of the nature of the requests, their types and distinguishing them from others, and the position of each of the legislation, the judiciary and jurisprudence from it. The research consists of two sections, the first deals with the nature of the request and what is related to it, and the second is judicial control over the applications submitted to the administration, as follows"
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Legal services – Great Britain"
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Stark, Sasha, Heather Wardle et Isabel Burdett. Examining lottery play and risk among young people in Great Britain. GREO, avril 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2021.002.
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Purpose & Significance: Despite the popularity of lottery and scratchcards and some evidence of gambling problems among players, limited research focuses on the risks of lottery and scratchcard play and predictors of problems, especially among young people. The purpose of this project is to examine whether lottery and scratchcard participation is related to gambling problems among 16-24 year olds in Great Britain and whether general and mental health and gambling behaviours explain this relationship. Methodology: Samples of 16-24 year olds were pooled from the 2012, 2015, and 2016 Gambling in England and Scotland: Combined Data from the Health Survey for England and the Scottish Health Survey (n=3,454). Bivariate analyses and Firth method logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between past-year lottery and scratchcard participation and gambling problems, assessing the attenuating role of mental wellbeing, mental health disorders, self-assessed general health, and playing other games in past year. Results: There is a significant association between scratchcard play and gambling problems. The association somewhat attenuated but remained significant after taking into account wellbeing, mental health disorders, general health, and engagement in other gambling activities. Findings also show that gambling problems are further predicted by age (20-24 years), gender (male), lower wellbeing, and playing any other gambling games. Implications: Results are valuable for informing youth-focused education, decisions around the legal age for National Lottery products, and the development of safer gambling initiatives for high risk groups and behaviours, such as scratchcard play.
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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats : an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.
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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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Theory of change : The Safer Gambling Movement. Addiction Recovery Agency, Beacon Counselling Trust, janvier 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2021.001.
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Addiction Recovery Agency (Ara) and Beacon Counseling Trust (BCT) provide critical safer gambling education and treatment services for the West of England, North West England, and Wales. Their respective dedication to the safer gambling field and commitment to enhancing system integration led to a natural partnership between the two organisations. Drawing from Ara and BCT’s significant expertise, they partnered to develop a suite of safer gambling programmes. As the suite of innovative programmes grew, they recognised a need to articulate and share their leadership in transforming the safer gambling landscape in England and Wales. The Safer Gambling Movement describes Ara and Beacon’s leadership in developing a grassroots movement to build momentum for a national public health approach in Great Britain by first building this capacity in England and Wales. GREO was brought on as the evaluation partner to help create a theory of change to describe this work and lay the foundation for future evaluations.
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Understanding induced abortion : Findings from a programme of research in Rajasthan, India. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh17.1013.
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In India, abortion has been legal for over 30 years, following the enactment of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in 1971. While the MTP Act permits abortion for a broad range of social and medical reasons, it also includes provisions regarding delivery of services that have proved to constrain access to safe and legal abortion for the great majority of women in India. Due in part to these constraints, up to 90 percent of the six million induced abortions estimated to occur annually in India are illegal—provided in uncertified settings and/or by uncertified providers. Many are unsafe and result in significant morbidity and mortality. The situation is particularly poor in the less-developed states of north India, including Rajasthan. Thus, Rajasthan is among the states in India where increased access to safe abortion services is most needed. The Population Council, in partnership with the Centre for Operations Research and Training and Ibtada, undertook a program of research on unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in six districts of Rajasthan. The program aimed to provide comprehensive data on abortion to guide future programs and policies. Findings from three studies conducted from 2001 to 2002 are detailed in this brief.