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Articles de revues sur le sujet "League of Nations. Secretary-General"
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Jogarajan, Sunita. « Tax In History : The 100th Anniversary of International Institutions and International Taxation ». Intertax 48, Issue 10 (1 septembre 2020) : 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2020091.
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The year 2020 got off to an encouraging start. On 29-30 January 2020 … the 137 countries and jurisdictions of the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework on BEPS reaffirmed their commitment to reach a consensus-based solution and endorsed the ‘Outline of the Architecture of a Unified Approach on Pillar One.’(OECD, OECD Secretary-General Tax Report to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) (OECD Publishing, Feb. 2020), available at http://www.oecd.org/ctp/oecd-secretary-general-tax-report-g20-finance-ministers-riyadhsaudi- arabia-february-2020.pdf (accessed 11 June 2020).) League of Nations, international tax, tax treaty, Great War, international institutions, International Financial Conference, tax evasion, double taxation, model treaties.
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Kennedy, Michael. « Prologue to peacekeeping : Ireland and the Saar, 1934–5 ». Irish Historical Studies 30, no 119 (mai 1997) : 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400013237.
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A list from September 1939 of files destroyed by the Department of External Affairs in the invasion scares of 1939–40 contains an intriguing reference to the possibility of dispatching Irish military forces to the Saarland on the Franco-German border in the winter of 1934–5. There they would serve as part of an international peacekeeping force while a plebiscite on the status of the territory was carried out under League of Nations auspices in January 1935. The context of this article is the events surrounding the creation of the peacekeeping force in December 1934.That the Irish Free State should be mentioned as a possible contributor to the international force for the Saar is an illustration of the emerging mediatory role the state was to adopt after its three-year term on the League Council concluded in September 1933. With an Irish diplomat, Sean Lester, seconded to League service as High Commissioner in Danzig from 1934, and with Irish-born Edward Phelan, Assistant Director of the International Labour Organisation, being mentioned as a possible contender for the League post of Deputy Secretary-General in 1933, and with Eamon de Valera rising in importance as an international statesman and League supporter, Ireland’s involvement in the Saar was both an illustration and a result of the state’s prominent position in the League in the early to mid-1930s.
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Yearwood, Peter. « ‘On the Safe and Right Lines’ : The Lloyd George Government and the Origins of the League of Nations, 1916–1918 ». Historical Journal 32, no 1 (mars 1989) : 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00015338.
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The success of wartime governments in the twentieth century is determined not just by their effectiveness in waging war, but also by their ability to plan for peace. Mobilizing the population for total war and winning the benevolent neutrality or active support of major uncommitted powers require the projection of a vision of a better, peaceful world which will be the necessary consequence of victory. The reordering of international society is therefore proclaimed as a war aim of each belligerent. By December 1916, when Lloyd George displaced Asquith, the desirability of establishing a league of nations was already a matter of serious popular and diplomatic discussion. The new administration almost immediately had to state its attitude on questions of post-war international organization. In launching his peace initiative President Wilson called for the establishment after the war of a ‘league of nations to insure peace and justice’. The joint reply of the Entente powers endorsed the setting up of such a body. In a separate commentary, which was given wide publicity in America, the foreign secretary, A. J. Balfour, explained that, as a condition of durable peace, ‘behind international law, and behind all treaty arrangements for preventing or limiting hostilities, some form of international sanction should be devised which would give pause to the hardiest aggressor’.
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LEGG, STEPHEN. « ‘The Life of Individuals as well as of Nations’ : International Law and the League of Nations’ Anti-Trafficking Governmentalities ». Leiden Journal of International Law 25, no 3 (30 juillet 2012) : 647–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156512000325.
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AbstractThis paper will address an often-neglected agenda of the much-derided League of Nations: its ‘social’ and ‘technical’ works. These targeted human security through regulating different forms of international mobility, including the fight against trafficking in women and children. The League used conventions and conferences to commit nation-states, in a legal model, to standardized anti-trafficking measures. It also, however, worked to educate and inform states, voluntary organizations, and the general public about the nature of trafficking and the ways of combating it. The latter techniques are here interpreted using Foucault's governmentality writings, which encourage us to look beyond the juridical epistemologies of international relations and international law, but not beyond the interlacing of laws and norms, here explored through interwar League governmentalities.
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JADER, Ilham Mahmoud, et Rawaa Sabahh GANNAW. « THE POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ON IRAQ'S ENTRY INTO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS IN 1932 ». RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 04, no 01 (1 janvier 2022) : 616–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.15.43.
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The Iraqi government signed with Britain a treaty in 1930 AD, which approved a bilateral alliance between them that includes all political, economic and military issues, which will be recognized after Iraq’s entry into the League of Nations. Iraq by entering the League and declaring his independence After the discussions, statements, and opinions that were presented at the meeting, the League's Mandates Committee announced on October 3, 1932, that Iraq had been accepted as a member of the League of Nations The independence of Iraq and its entry into the League of Nations is an important and pivotal issue, as Iraq became the first Arab country to get rid of the occupation, even though the independence was not complete because Britain sought to achieve this goal in exchange for a treaty that chained Iraq with many restrictions, including military and economic issues The United States of America has striven to develop its diplomatic relations with Iraq, given that Iraq was of strategic importance in the eyes of American policy planners. US to the level of an embassy in Baghdad The cultural relations between Iraq and the United States during the royal era developed significantly if compared to other fields, because it is considered the gateway to Iraq’s entry to the League of Nations, and for this reason the Iraqi government set up in 1930 a committee of experts to improve education and recommended the necessity of adopting the American approach to education, and this The Americans wanted to exploit it after they had a share in Iraq's oil, and thus exploiting all means in order to secure their interests, especially the means of education, because it is an effective means in creating a trend of educated elites tending to the United States of America. Key words:
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Ambrosius, Lloyd E. « Woodrow Wilson, Alliances, and the League of Nations ». Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 5, no 2 (avril 2006) : 139–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153778140000298x.
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People in the United States and other countries, if they know anything about Woodrow Wilson, identify this American president with the League of Nations. They regard his role in its creation as his major contribution to world history. Beyond this general consensus, however, there is considerable disagreement.
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Zhukovskaya, Natalia. « Canada's 1927 Election to the Council of the League of Nations : Imperial Unity and National Interests ». Russia and America in the 21st Century, S2 (2023) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760027904-1.
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The activities of universal international organizations (the League of Nations and the UN) have always influenced the dynamics of world processes. In the article, the author examines the election of Canada to the Council of the League of Nations in 1927. This event influenced the principle of the formation of the system of electoral groups, reflected on the transformation of relations between the Empire and the Dominions, determined the vector of development of Canadian foreign policy in the framework of the concept of "middle power".
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Vasetsky, V. Yu. « Retrospective analogies and current events in Ukraine as the origins of law-making ». TRANSFORMATION LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE IN MODERN CONDITIONS DOCTRINAL APPROACHES AND MEASUREMENTS, no 14 (1 septembre 2023) : 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2023-14-209-214.
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In connection with the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, an urgent problem is the search for the necessary changes in the legal sphere to ensure international peace and security both in international institutions and in the national legislation of individual states. This primarily concerns Ukraine as a state suffering from aggression. Therefore, it is appropriate to refer to historical analogies regarding the creation of organizations that were intended to oppose the outbreak of full-scale wars. The purpose of the work is to research on the example of historical analogies the factors of the activities of international organizations of collective security, first of all the League of Nations and the United Nations, which did not allow to prevent large-scale military conflicts – the Second World War and the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, as well as ascertaining and proving the need for appropriate reform in the legal sphere in the direction of collective security, which requires persistent multifaceted law-making activity, including in Ukraine, which suffers from aggression. The following historical analogies are considered, related to the events that were the origins of significant changes in the legal sphere: the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years’ War in Europe; the League of Nations is the first international organization created with the aim of achieving peace and security among nations, the impetus for its establishment was the consequences of the First World War; the UN is the legal successor of the League of Nations, formed in 1945 after the Second World War, which took into account the gains and miscalculations of the League of Nations. The founders of the UN are 51 states, including Ukraine. The example of historical analogies showed that international organizations of collective security, primarily the League of Nations and the UN, were unable to fulfill their main task – to prevent large-scale military conflicts – the Second World War and the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The weakness of the League of Nations as a peacekeeping tool was determined to some extent by its Organization’s Charter, the need for the consent of all members of the organization to take measures against the aggressor. It is noted that the UN, although it took into account the achievements and miscalculations of its predecessor – the League of Nations, was unable to ensure international peace to the required extent. This was manifested, in particular, in the activities of the UN Security Council as a body that bears the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. The weakness of the Security Council is that each of its permanent members has the right of veto. This was especially shamefully manifested during Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. Issues of aggression, acts of genocide, and war crimes are constantly brought up for discussion by the Security Council, but this body cannot make a single decision due to the imposition of a veto by the aggressor country – Russia. It was concluded that after the victory of Ukraine, we can expect a significant improvement in the legal sphere in the direction of changes in the activity, representation and decision-making rules of the reformed collective security organizations. It was emphasized that, despite the state of war, Ukraine should pay attention to the law-making work to create conditions to prevent existing terrible events in the future. Key words: Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, League of Nations, United Nations, reforming the collective security system, law-making activity.
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Jonas, Michael. « Drawing Borders and Protecting Minorities in a Post-Imperial World : Legal Conflicts and the League of Nations’ Minority Protection Regime ». German Yearbook of International Law 63, no 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 189–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.63.1.189.
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This article explores the twin issues of autonomy and minorities in a world of residual empire, nationalism, and emerging nation-States that shaped the period after the First World War. From a primarily historical perspective, it delineates the general context of the newly established international political and legal order under the auspices of the League of Nations, and outlines the system’s premises and potential, its pitfalls and shortcomings, especially with regard to the late- and post-imperial make-up of continental Europe. Three case studies of politico-legal conflicts and challenges typical for the period form the article’s empirical backbone: the case of the Bohemian and Moravian Germans in the context of the Versailles peace process, the Finnish-Swedish dispute over the Åland Islands, and the abortive application for recognition and membership in the League of Nations by the Iroquois in 1923 and 1924. Taken together, these examples of international political and legal dispute illustrate both the promise and potential, and the inconsistencies and paradoxes, of an emerging internationalist system of conflict resolution and minority protection. In line with recent historiography, the article stresses the necessity of revisiting the League and its institutions beyond the previously dominant paradigm of failure. Through the prism of its minority protection system, the League’s influence on the political and institutional establishment of procedures and practices becomes particularly tangible. Most of what the League institutions created as a toolbox of internationalist governance has thereby remained with us until today, whilst the minorities for whom it was devised are, sadly, mostly gone: legal and administrative procedure, international supervision and mediation, enforceable minority rights and protections in terms of autonomy regulations, plebiscites, federative solutions or partitions as vehicles, and resources of legitimacy.
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MALLETT, ROBERT. « FASCIST FOREIGN POLICY AND OFFICAL ITALIAN VIEWS OF ANTHONY EDEN IN THE 1930s ». Historical Journal 43, no 1 (mars 2000) : 157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x99008808.
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This article examines the relationship between Anthony Eden, British minister for League of Nations' affairs (1935) and foreign secretary (1935–8), and Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime within the context of Italian foreign policy in the later 1930s. It outlines the precise aims and objectives of Mussolini's expansionist policies over the period 1935–8, assesses the accuracy of Eden's interpretation of them and, in turn, discusses official Italian diplomatic perceptions of Eden. It specifically challenges Renzo De Felice's view that for Mussolini, the Italian conquest of Ethiopia (1935–6) marked the limit of Fascist expansionism. Furthermore, it contests his theory that the dictator did not pursue an Italo–German alliance that would drive an Italian imperialist war against Britain and France in the Mediterranean and Red Sea. Anthony Eden had been fully aware of such an intention, and had been targeted by the regime as Italy's ‘public enemy number one’, precisely because he fully comprehended what lay at the heart of Mussolini's brand of Fascism.
Thèses sur le sujet "League of Nations. Secretary-General"
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Fonseca, Junior Gelson. « Apontamentos para o estudo da diplomacia multilateral do Brasil : momentos fundadores e temas políticos nas nações unidas ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/96678.
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A tese estuda a evolução histórica do atitude multilateral do Brasil. Parte da noção que o multilateralismo é um aspecto significativo da política externa brasileira, desde as primeiras conferências internacionais dos países americanos, que começam ainda no fim do século XIX. Em tempos recentes, na Liga das Nações, mas sobretudo nas Nações Unidas, a importância das instituições multilaterais só fez crescer. O estudo parte, no ângulo teórico, da perspectiva de que o multilateralismo tem uma lógica própria e que, ao aceitá-la, o comportamento diplomático dos Estados deve naturalmente estar em sintonia com o que aquela lógica impõe. A concepção de John Ruggie apóia a parte teórica da tese e sustenta o seu objetivo central, que é o de procura definir o que seriam constantes do comportamento multilateral do Brasil. Procura-se mostrar que suas origens estariam nas reações que a diplomacia brasileira teve ao Pan Americanismo, se fixaram com nossa participação na II Conferência da Haia, quando, com Ruy Barbosa, defendemos que as instituições multilaterais deveriam estar fundadas na igualdade entre os Estados e com a aspiração a uma participação influente nos processos decisórios internacionais, expresso recentemente com a aspiração a um lugar permanente no Conselho de Segurança das Nações.The thesis studies the evolution of Brazil´s multilateral attitude. It accepts the notion that multilateralism has been a meaningful aspect of Brazilian foreign policy since the first conferences of American States, a series of international gatherings that began at the end of nineteenth century. From them on, after the creation of the League of Nations and, specially, the United Nations, the importance of multilateral institutions for Brazil has grown consistently. From the theoretical perspective, the thesis accepts the idea that multilateralism is defined by a singular logic and States, when working in multilateral institutions, are bound by that logic. John Ruggie´s conception of nultilateralism supoorts that idea and frames the main goal of the thesis, that is, a investigation of the constant patterns of Brazil´s multilateral behavior. The origins of those patterns could be identified in the diplomatic reactions to the challenges of the Pan American conferences. But, the patterns became more evident during our participation in the II Peace Conference (Hague, 1907) when our delegation, headed by Ruy Barbosa, advocated the understanding that necessary foundation of the multilateral institutions is the equality among States. Another constant is the Brazilian wish to have a more influential participation in the decision making process of the international institutions, as today shown in our aspiration to occupy a permanent seat at the Security Council of the United Nations.
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Newman, Edward. « The United Nations Secretary-General, peace and security, and the global political environment ». Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360972.
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Halton, Daniel A. « Learning through experience : the United Nations Secretaries-General and the evolution of peacekeeping ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0020/MQ54992.pdf.
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Frielingsdorf, Per-Axel. « 'Machiavelli of peace' : Dag Hammarskjöld and the political role of the Secretary-General of the United Nations ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3335/.
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The thesis analyses Dag Hammarskjöld’s political role as UN Secretary-General and the efforts he made to justify such a role. It is the first attempt to give a comprehensive account of the political role Hammarskjöld played from “both sides”, based on the now available sources from both national and UN archives. The thesis also deals with the problems of a political role for the UN Secretary-General. The conventional picture of Hammarskjöld as a “neutral and impartial” international civil servant is challenged and the figure that emerges is the one of an astute politician – a ”Machiavelli of Peace”. As a civil servant in Sweden, Hammarskjöld played a political role although he viewed himself as an expert and civil servant and not a politician. He argued that he could play a political role based on ”neutrality and impartiality” and he transferred this concept to the international arena as Secretary-General. Hammarskjöld managed to play an important political role because he offered a solution to the American dilemma of how to deal with the Cold War in the ThirdWorld without choosing between their Western European allies and the newly independent countries. This at the precise time when the Americans were losing control of the General Assembly due to the influx of newly independent countries that put decolonisation on the agenda. In the Congo Crisis the political role of the Secretary-General reached its zenith during the initial period where Hammarskjöld played an interventionist role. Hammarskjöld’s policies were based on clearly defined Cold War objectives – shared by the Western permanent members of the Security Council – and on a wish to enlarge the political role of the Secretary-General. The weak base for Hammarskjöld’s political role forced him to radically change his policies in the Congo to shore up his position when he was criticised for his interventionist policies.
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Kowalewski, Sandra. « Salary Determination in the National Football League ». Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/95775.
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EconomicsPh.D.
This paper examines salary determination in the National Football League (NFL). The heterogeneity of teams and players in the league leads to thin labor markets. Under such circumstances, the neoclassical model in which labor supply and labor demand uniquely determine wages is too simple. Instead, a competing model of salary determination is tested - McLaughlin's (1994) rent-sharing model. This is the only study of its kind to investigate salary determination at a disaggregated level for all of the non-kicking positions in the NFL. A comprehensive model of salary determination, using many unique variables, is constructed and tested for each position. Quantile regression techniques are employed to examine the bargaining aspects of the model. Although, little support is found for the rent-sharing model, this study lays the groundwork and presents the argument for further investigation.
Temple University--Theses
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McConkey, A. J. « The evolution of the role of the UN Secretary General in the maintenance of international peace and security, 1946-1992 ». Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6990.
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This thesis examines the evolution of the role of the UN Secretary-General in the maintenance of international peace and security. The objective is to examine the role played by the Secretary-General in the rejuvenation of the UN as the cold war came to a close. During this transitional phase in international relations it is argued that the Secretary- General's role in the maintenance of international peace and security developed within a conceptual 'partnership for peace' with the Security Council. The role of the Secretary- General in this 'partnership' was built on the opportunities which presented themselves as a result of Security Council paresis during the cold war. In section one, two periods in the evolution of the Secretary-General's role during the cold war are identified. The first period is one of, 'aggrandisement, ' which encompasses the tenures of Trygve Lie (1946-1952) and Dag HarnmarskJ61d (1952-1961). The second is a period of, 'consolidation, ' which encompasses the tenures of U Tbant (1961-1972) and Kurt Waldheirn (1972-1982). During these two periods it is argued that the conceptual and practical limits to the Secretary-General's role in the maintenance of international peace and security were extended beyond the role envisaged by those who framed the Charter. It is argued that the Secretary-General's role as a diplomatic intermediary and peacekeeper developed on the basis of attributes specific to the cold war context, (impartiality, consent, and the non use of force). During the transitional period examined in section two, these attributes provided a compliment, foil, or alternative to the Security Council's political, economic, and military capacity to enforce decisions. The evolution of the Secretary-General's role since 1946, and the emergence of a 'partnership for peace' are explained at three levels of analysis: in terms of the prevailing systemic conditions and environmental trends; the functioning of the UN organisation; and the personality and approach of the incumbents. In the light of the findings reported in sections one and two, it is argued that the Secretary-General's role in the maintenance of international peace within a 'partnership for peace' provides a conceptual guide for the role of the Secretary-General 'in a transformed world.
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Lim, Young Joon. « Strategic Communications of the United Nations : Case Studies of the Department of Public Information under Secretary-General Kofi Annan, 1997-2006 ». Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1369839088.
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Lid, Andersson Lena. « Ledarskapande retorik : Dag Hammarskjöld och FN:s övriga generalsekreterare som scen för karisma, dygder och ledarideal ». Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Företagslednings- och Arbetslivsfrågor (A), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-922.
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Varför får enskilda ledare så mycket uppmärksamhet inom organisationer och i media? Hur ska en bra ledare vara? Finns det internationella ledarskapsideal? Hur tar sig ideal uttryck i praktiken? Hur kan en organisation ledas ”bara” genom visioner och värderingar? Det här är några av de frågor som ställs i Ledarskapande Retorik. För att söka svar kommer tre vetenskapliga områden att föras samman; ledarskapsteori, aristotelisk dygdeetik och retorik. De ledarskapsteorier som används och utvecklas är karisma, romantisering, autentiskt, värdebaserat, symboliskt och konstituerande ledarskap. I en första fallstudie kartläggs och analyseras FN:s generalsekreterare. Vilka normer följer de och vilka dygder tillskrivs dem? I en andra fallstudie analyseras berättelserna om en av de främsta generalsekreterarna; Dag Hammarskjöld. Vad kan skapa en ledare? Hur kan ideal ta sig uttryck? Boken bidrar till att belysa föreställningar om och förväntningar på ledarskap. Här visas hur ledarskap uppstår genom identifikation genom bland annat allmänmänskliga, klassiska ideal, autenticitet, distans och mystik. Ledarskapande retorik handlar om att ledare ska ha färg, framstå som autentiska, ska leva sina ideal och agera sina visioner Lena Lid Andersson är forskare och lärare vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Hon föreläser också vid IFL Executive Education och SSE Russia. Lena undervisar i teoretisk och praktisk retorik, samt organisations- och ledarskapsteori. Hon har egna erfarenheter av ledarskap och hon föreläser i företag och organisationer. Lena har tidigare publicerat texter bland annat i antologierna Osynlig Företagsledning, Talandets lust och vånda och Invisible Management.
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Nikolaeva, Desislava. « Le droit de la diplomatie préventive : étude de la règle de prévention en droit international public contemporain ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA009.
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Le droit international encadre l’exercice de la diplomatie des États dans une finalité de prévenir l’insécurité et, par extension, les conflits armés. Le droit de la diplomatie préventive reflète ainsi l’idée que la prévention de risques imminents de dommages matériels graves délimite l’objet d’un principe général de droit international. L’affirmation d’un principe est fondée sur l’analyse inductive des conventions majeures conclues en matière de maintien de la sécurité collective de 1899 à 1945. Elle est vérifiée à la lumière de la pratique de leur application par les Membres de la SdN et, depuis 1945, de l’ONU. Le caractère général de ce principe est déduit d’une étude combinée de la jurisprudence d’un nombre de juridictions internationales dans une variété de domaines du droit international. Les efforts individuels et collectifs de prévention des conflits obéissent donc à un régime juridique général qui organise le système contemporain de maintien de la paix internationaleInternational law regulates States’ diplomacy for the purpose of preventing insecurity, and, by extension, armed conflicts. Accordingly, the law of preventive diplomacy reflects, in a sense, the idea that prevention of imminent risks of serious material damages defines a general principle of international law. The assertion of such a principle is based on an inductive analysis of the major treaties on collective security concluded between 1899 and 1945. It is verified in light of their application by Member States of the League of Nations and, since 1945, of the United Nations. The general nature of this principle is deduced from a combined study of the jurisprudence of a number of international courts and tribunals in various fields of international law. Those findings support the idea that individual and collective efforts of conflict prevention are subject to the respect of a general legal regime governing the current international system of peace-maintenance and collective security
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Larsson, Mats. « Bringing Light into the Heart of Darkness ? : A study of United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld's role as a mediator during the Congo crisis 1960-1961 ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-148278.
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Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera Dag Hammarskjölds medlande och diplomatiska agerande under Kongokrisen 1960-1961. Uppsatsen är grundad i Thomas Princens teori om intermediärt medlande med taktiker och tekniker som metodologiska verktyg. Studiens resultat visar att Hammarskjöld aktivt medlade med en tydlig preferens för Léopoldville faktionen samt att han undvek att tydligt tillgodose FN:s rådgivande kommitté med information om en diplomatisk policy som han själv skapade. Denna bild skiljer sig från den tidigare forskningen som främst har idealiserat Hammarskjöld. Hammarskjölds diplomati var även karakteriserat av en ambivalent relation till medlarrollen där han vid tillfällen snarare var en disputant än en medlare. Genom analysen av Hammarskjölds medlande under Kongokrisen har forskningen om generalsekreterarens diplomatiska agerande utökats.
Livres sur le sujet "League of Nations. Secretary-General"
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Gageby, Douglas. The last Secretary General : Sean Lester and the League of Nations. Dublin : Town House and Country House, 1999.
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Ruotsila, Markku. The origins of Christian anti-internationalism : Conservative evangelicals and the League of Nations. Washington, D.C : Georgetown University Press, 2008.
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Simon, Chesterman, dir. Secretary or general ? : The UN Secretary-General in world politics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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1886-, Hudson Manley Ottmer, Bacon Ruth E. 1908- et Sohn Louis B, dir. International legislation : A collection of the texts of multipartite international instruments of general interest, beginning with the Covenant of The League of Nations. Buffalo, N.Y : Hein, 2000.
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COhen, Albert. Belle du Seigneur : Roman. [Paris] : Gallimard, 1995.
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COhen, Albert. Belle du Seigneur. London, England : Viking, 1995.
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COhen, Albert. Belle du Seigneur. London : Penguin, 1997.
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COhen, Albert. Belle du Seigneur. [Paris] : Gallimard, 1986.
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COhen, Albert. Belle du Seigneur. [Paris] : Gallimard, 1998.
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Benjamin, Rivlin, et Gordenker Leon 1923-, dir. The Challenging role of the UN Secretary-General : Making "the most impossible job in the world" possible. Westport, Conn : Praeger, 1993.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "League of Nations. Secretary-General"
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Luard, Evan. « The Role of the Secretary-General ». Dans A History of the United Nations, 198–216. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20030-6_10.
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« League of Nations multilateral treaties ». Dans Multilateral treaties deposited with the secretary-general : Status as at 31 December 2006, 587–663. UN, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/65d014f3-en.
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« Principal Organs ». Dans The United Nations System and its Predecessors, sous la direction de Franz Knipping, 221–69. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198764496.003.0004.
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Abstract The Assembly shall meet in General Session every year, at the seat of the League of Nations, commencing on the first Monday in September. Sessions may also be held at such times as the Assembly at a previous meeting decides, and at such times as the Council, by a majority vote, decides. If a Member of the League considers a Session to be desirable, it may request the Secretary-General to summon a Special Session of the Assembly. The Secretary-General shall thereupon inform the other Members of the League of the request, and enquire whether they concur in it. If within a period of one month from the date of the communication of the Secretary-General, a majority of the Members concur in the request, a special Session of the Assembly shall be summoned.
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« Technical Commissions, International Conventions ». Dans The United Nations System and its Predecessors, sous la direction de Franz Knipping, 311–460. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198764496.003.0007.
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Abstract Bibliographical references: H. R. G. Greaves: The League Committees and World Order: A Study of the Permanent Expert Committees of the League of Nations as an Instrument of International Government, London 1931, repr. New York 1979; H. B. Calderwood: The General Committees and Other Auxiliary Committees of the League Assembly, AJIL 28 (1944), 74-94; League ef Nations: The Committees of the League of Nations, Geneva 1945; C. Conetti: La constitutizione delle organizazioni tecniere della Societa delle Nazioni, Milano 1979; A. A. Menzies: Technical Assistance and the League of Nations, United Nations Library/ Graduate Institute ef International Studies (eds): The League of Nations in Retrospect-Symposium Proceedings, 6-9 November 1980, Berlin 1983, 295-312. With a view to defining the relations between the Technical Organisations of the League of Nations and the Council and the Assembly of the League, the Assembly, after having noted the Resolution of the Council of the League of Nations dated 19 May 1920, submitted to it by the Council, adopts the following Resolution. The Resolution will be forwarded to the secretariats of all the Technical Organisations, and those secretariats must in all cases be administered by the Secretary-General of the League. The Technical Organisations of the League now in process of formation are established for the purpose of facilitating the task of the Assembly and the Council by the setting up of technical sections on the one hand, and on the other to assist Members of the League, by establishing direct contact between their technical representatives in the various spheres, to fulfill their international duties.
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Ravndal, Ellen J. « Setting the Stage : The Creation of the UN and Expectations for the Role of the UN Secretary-General ». Dans In the Beginning, 11–28. Policy Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529210439.003.0002.
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The chapter examines the founding of the UN and earlier precedents for the office of UN secretary-general from the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization. The chapter establishes that although the text in the UN Charter is sparse, ambiguity and autonomy were incorporated in the text primarily through the inclusion of article 99. Furthermore, the drafting process as well as the election of the first secretary-general, revealed competing ideas about what the secretary-general should be, and some of these ideas pointed to a more political conception of the secretary-general’s role. The office was political by design, but it remained unclear precisely what such a political role would mean in practice. Thus the first holder of the office would have room for manoeuvre in exploring the role and seeking to push for a more expansive role conception.
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« Letter from the British Government to the Secretary-General of the league of nations ». Dans Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders, 103. United Nations, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210012614c011.
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« International Bureaux and Institutes ». Dans The United Nations System and its Predecessors, sous la direction de Franz Knipping, 461–541. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198764496.003.0008.
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Abstract Article 24 of the Covenant stipulates that all International Bureaux, which have been or shall be subsequently constituted by general treaties, shall be placed under the direction of the League of Nations, subject, however, to the consent of the Parties in the case of Bureaux created before the coming into force of the Covenant. There are more than 30 International Bureaux. Among the most important may be mentioned: the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, the Bureau for the Protection of Literary and Industrial Rights, the Universal Telegraphic Union and the Universal Wireless Union-the three last-named being at Berne, and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Saint-Cloud (near Paris). Some of the others are little known and have a very limited sphere of action, e.g., the International Association of Seismology at Strasbourg, and the International Geodetic Association at Potsdam. As is pointed out in the Secretary-General’s Memorandum none of these Bureaux has yet expressed a desire to take advantage of the provisions of Article 24. With regard to Bureaux already established, as a result of general Conventions, there is no doubt that they can only be placed under the direction of the League provided that the consent of all signatories of the general Convention which created them is obtained. The Covenant is absolutely definite on this point.
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Thornberry, Patrick. « Post-War Attitudes and Re-fl,ections on the Significance of the League System in General International Law ». Dans International Law and the Rights of Minorities, 113–17. Oxford University PressOxford, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198256205.003.0009.
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Abstract The common opinion is that the Minority Treaties under the League of Nations did not create customary law. In the light of the conclusions of the United Nations Study on the League treaties and declarations, this leads to the conclusion that the post-war world started, as it were, with a tabula rasain the matter of tolerance and encouragement of minorities. States could act as they pleased in relation to their populations if they were not inhibited by a relevant treaty. In some respects, this appears too simplistic (the constraints imposed by the Nuremberg principles must be borne in mind), but there is evidence on the limited scope of the League system of treaties in its practice and intentions.
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Wempe, Sean Andrew. « The Faithful Hounds of Imperialism ? » Dans Revenants of the German Empire, 194–215. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907211.003.0007.
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The presence of former German colonial officials as part of the League’s bureaucracy was not confined to the Permanent Mandates Commission, but also came into play in special emergency inquiry committees, most notably in the League’s investigation of the Manchurian Crisis. In November 1931, the League of Nations called for a Commission of Enquiry to determine the causes of the conflict, hoping to diffuse the tensions between Japan and China, which ran counter to many world powers’ and League member states’ interests in the Far East. The five-man commission headed by the second Earl of Lytton of the United Kingdom included Major General Frank Ross McCoy (United States), Count Aldrovandi Marescotti (Italy), General Henri Claudel (France), and Dr. Heinrich Schnee. It was in this venue that Heinrich Schnee—the last governor of German East Africa and the most outspoken detractor of the Allies, the League, and the new Mandates System—somewhat ironically was able to benefit from growing internationalism. His role on the Lytton Commission became the crowning—and final—event in his efforts to revive his career and renown as an authority on imperialism. Despite the loss at Locarno of any hope of a return of Germany’s former overseas possessions, the involvement of a prominent Colonial German in the Manchurian discussions suggests that although no longer citizens of an imperial power, Germans made continued contributions to the international discourse on empire and nation, as well as to international decision-making on these matters.
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Ravndal, Ellen J. « Administering the International : The International Civil Service and the UN Secretariat, 1946–53 ». Dans In the Beginning, 106–30. Policy Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529210439.003.0007.
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The chapter examines the establishment of the UN Secretariat and the administrative apparatus and norms of the UN. Trygve Lie chose to focus most of his attention and energy on the political role of the UN secretary-general and the questions of peace and security discussed by the Security Council. Yet to understand the process by which the UN Charter was transformed from paper to practice, the establishment of the UN Secretariat is also of crucial importance. The concept of an International Civil Service (ICS) was first developed at the founding of the League of Nations, before being adopted and adapted in the UN system. This was an area where Lie is frequently seen to have failed as he allowed the FBI onto UN premises to fingerprint and interview American staff members in response to the McCarthy process, seemingly in breach of the principle of the ICS’ independence. The chapter also discusses the process of establishing UN headquarters, where Lie played a central role in ensuring the UN settled permanently in New York.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "League of Nations. Secretary-General"
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Beresford, Nick. « COVID-19 : Economic and Social Impact Assessment in Cambodia ». Dans International Research Symposium on How did a Health Crisis Translate to an Economic Crisis ? The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. ALLIED PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.62458/camed/oar/symposium/2021/3-13.
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INTRODUCTION COVID-19 has taken immense tolls on societies and economies around the world, including through dramatic global impacts on trade, production and other economic activities. The World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank and United Nations system have all estimated the high costs of COVID-19, but mainly at the regional level, such as for ASEAN (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations). The UN Secretary General Report in April estimated a regional contraction of —0.1 percent in gross domestic product (GDP) for 2020 in South-East Asia, contrasting to the predicted 4.5 percent growth before the pandemic. UNDP Cambodia has undertaken a costing of socioeconomic impacts specific to Cambodia. Crucially, the crisis operates through both demand and supply channels. Cambodia is highly exposed as it relies on a narrow cconomic base built from garments, tourism, agriculture and construction. It has a highly open economy, where exports and imports are around 62 percent and 63 percent of GDP, respecively. Foreign direct investment is 11 percent of GDP. On the supply side, Cambodia is highly reliant on China for raw materials for its garment industry and as a source of tourists. On the demand side, China is an important export destination for agricultural products. Capital inflows from China are key to sectors such as construction. Cambodia’s higher value-added exports go mainly to Europe. COVID-19 effects will exacerbate the pre-existing loss of trade preferences from the partial suspension of the European Union’s Everything But Arms programme, starting in August 2020.
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Cruz, Telma, Tiago Ribeiro, Natalia Fernandes et Clara Vasconcelos. « COMMUNICATING SCIENCE IN A BIOLOGICAL NATURAL PARK TO ENHANCE CITIZENS' PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOURS ». Dans 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s27.76.
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The consequences of human actions on Earth are becoming increasingly evident, leading us to consider that the �climate collapse has begun�, as the General Secretary of the United Nations (UN) warned at the beginning of September 2023. At less than a decade from 2030, the goals and its targets for sustainable development (SD) in the UN 2030 Agenda are far from being achieved, requiring urgent actions. Their fulfilment is at risk, particularly considering recent events such as the war(s) and the pandemic. Developing individual and collective awareness for action is essential. To this end, it is necessary to develop pro-environmental knowledge and attitudes in all citizens, not just the scholar public, which can translate into behaviours favouring the environment and SD. Based on this framework, quantitative research was developed into the scope of communication workshops in a natural biological park in Portugal. This study aimed to evaluate visitors� knowledge about SD and pro-environmental behaviours (PEB) after participating in two science communication workshops: Night of the Fireflies and Recreation of the Wool Cycle. In both workshops, the activities highlighted sustainable development themes in the scope of species extinction and biodiversity. A questionnaire was applied to 47 visitors (n=47) at the end of the activities. The results indicated that all visitors became familiar with SD, although they evaluated their knowledge as just sufficient. Participants also indicated that reducing waste and using plastic are PEBs that most contribute to SD. Finally, visitors considered that the PEB they would be willing to adopt due to their participation were the preservation of cultural and natural heritage and the non-disruption of fauna and flora during a visit to a park or natural area. Developing workshops enhanced citizens� awareness and reflection on aspects of nature protection and SD.
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Grange, L., F. Rannou, F. Berenbaum, C. Roques, F. Srour, C. Delaunay, P. Niemczynsky et al. « OP0278-PARE The french patient's association (AFLAR : french league against rheumatism) has generated the french national alliance against osteoarthritis and the first general convention of osteoarthritis in france : a campaign to create a national lobbying tool to improve the management of osteoarthritis ». Dans Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.1464.
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Hutsalenko, Liubov, Tetiana Mulyk, Nataliia Tsaruk et Alona Yurlova. « Conceptual principles of accounting for the right to lease a land plot as a type of intangible asset ». Dans 24th International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2023”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2023.57.041.
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In Ukraine, land is an important resource for agricultural enterprises. Such enterprises cannot function without land, which is the main means of production. The long history of land reform has led to significant violations in the course of legal relations established since the initial acquisition of ownership of the land plot, the land share (share) so far, including violation of the terms of the moratorium, conclusion of agreements, restricting the right of use of the land plot, non-conformity of the actual boundaries of the land plot with the borders fixed in the documentation on land management etc. The process of adapting existing national accounting standards to the requirements of international accounting standards and international financial reporting standards on the formation of an intangible asset as a land lease right is supported by a number of regulatory legal acts approved by the Government of Ukraine in the recent period. Their effectiveness in extremely difficult conditions (under martial law) is particularly relevant because the use of agricultural land for its intended purposes ensures agricultural production and contributes to the country’s economic and food security. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the conceptual basis of accounting for the right to lease a land plot by allocating it as part of intangible assets. The solution of the tasks is achieved by applying general scientific methods (system analysis, generalization) and specific methods of scientific research (economic and statistical, observation, comparison etc.). The subject of the study is the allocation of the object of accounting - the right to lease land as an intangible asset. The article reveals the basic principles of international and national accounting standards of rights to lease land in the intangible assets of business entities. It was noted that Ukrainian legislation (especially those under martial law) has been amended to ensure the targeted use of agricultural land and to avoid food security risks. The process of formation of the object of accounting, in particular the right to lease agricultural land as a type of intangible asset, the criteria for the right to use land parcels, ensuring their inclusion in the composition of intangible assets, have been identified. Emphasis is placed on the need to conduct an audit (legal and technical component) before obtaining rights to land. Thus, the role and functional features of audit in the reliability of providing the legal component of the reflection of intangible assets, in particular the right to lease agricultural land, have been identified.
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Faidy, Claude. « Comparison and Harmonization of French RCCM and ASME Code ». Dans 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29773.
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The objectives of this paper is to discuss technical harmonization of Nuclear Codes and Standards, based on French long experience in Codes and Standards used for design-fabrication and operation of nuclear components (mainly pressure retaining components). After a long period of use of ASME Section III code, during the Westinghouse licensing process, AFCEN (AREVA, EDF and the major manufacturers) decided to develop their own AFCEN French Codes. The 1st version has been issued in 1980 and the last one in 2007, completed by annual addendum. During more than 20 years the 2 Codes, RCCM and ASME Section III, have leave separately, with different constraints like industrial history, localisation of fabrication, more new plants in France than in USA, different R&D programs to support Code improvement… Recently a detailed review of differences for class 1 vessel has showed under a “general global quality equivalence”, a lot of differences in the Code development process, in the Code organization, in the scopes, in the State of the Art fulfillment, in ageing consideration at the design stage, in relation with national or international regulations, in term of standards used or complementary specification needs… The harmonization of Codes and Standards is possible under an important effort to move toward new ideas, more international rules and with a strong support of national safety authorities.
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Miulescu, Miruna Luana. « Youth at Risk of Early School Leaving : Exploring Educational Strategies ». Dans 17th Education and Development Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/edc.2022.016.
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ABSTRACT There is general agreement among scholars and policy makers that Early School Leaving (ESL) represents a serious social phenomenon that has many negative consequences on the individual, economic development, and on society as a whole. ESL is considered a serious social problem, as well as an important phenomenon on the public agenda and education policies of Romania. As part of the Erasmus+ project Orienta4YEL, a multidimensional study was conducted and the data shows that Romania also experiences unpreparedness of school and community to embrace the whole spectrum of early school leaving. The study design employed individual interviews for members of school leadership team and administration (N=9), focus groups for general and vocational secondary schools and high schools teachers/trainers (N=63), and focus groups for young people representatives (N=91) as data collection tools. The empirical findings of the study revealed that in Romania there is a convergence of opinion on the most relevant factors that cause young people to leave school before completing compulsory education. Therefore, personal challenges are the one that contribute the most to the risk of early leaving, followed closely by family reasons and institutional factors. Therefore, this paper explores the challenges that are aimed at improvements in the early school leaving rate. Specifically, the analysis will shed light on the prevention strategies that have been developed and implemented, as well as on the deficit perspective on early school leaving within institutional and national policies. By addressing the existing supporting educational actions in areas where economic and social conditions are an obstacle for pupils, this paper will furthermore particularly analyse the potential barriers which arise on the system’s ways of reducing the early leaving rate in order to better identify, prepare for, and respond to this phenomenon. Keywords: early school leaving, risk factors, support strategies, education policy
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Faidy, Claude. « International Harmonisation : A Key Challenge for Mechanical Components Codes and Standards ». Dans ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97968.
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Many Code Comparisons have been done by different organizations. The differences are better and better known by Code Development Organizations like ASME, AFCEN, JSME, KEPIC, CSA and NIKIET. This paper uses the last MDEP (Multinational Design Evaluation Program) comparison for class 1 components to classify differences in different aspects: - National regulatory requirements - Technical differences - Scope differences. Few examples are selected to confirm needs of harmonization in different areas like: documentation, design rules, materials, product specifications, welding and non destructive examination personal qualifications. The paper concludes on selected topics proposed for harmonization by AFCEN. The objectives of this paper is to discuss technical harmonization of Nuclear Codes and Standards, based on French long experience in Codes and Standards used for design-fabrication and operation of nuclear components (mainly pressure retaining components). After a long period of use of ASME Section III code, during the Westinghouse licensing process, AFCEN (AREVA, EDF and the major manufacturers) decided to develop their own AFCEN French Codes. The 1st version has been issued in 1980 and the last one in 2007, completed by annual addendum. During more than 20 years the 2 Codes, RCC-M and ASME Section III, have leave separately, with different constraints like industrial history, localisation of fabrication, more new plants in France than in USA, different R&D programs to support Code improvement… Recently a detailed review of differences for class 1 vessel has showed under a “general global quality equivalence”, a lot of differences in the Code development process, in the Code organization, in the scopes, in the State of the Art fulfillment, in ageing consideration at the design stage, in relation with national or international regulations, in term of standards used or complementary specification needs… The harmonization of Codes and Standards is possible under an important effort to move toward new ideas, more international rules and with a strong support of national safety authorities.
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Dzisi, Smile, et Cletus Asare. « Raising the Next Generation of Young Women in STEM – a Missed Opportunity ». Dans Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.1119.
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There is an explosion of attempts by government agencies responsible for education, development partners and civil society in a bid to increase the enrollment of girls and young women into Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) related courses at all levels of education, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In the face of all these efforts, however, school dropouts are on the ascendancy, mostly as a result of unintended pregnancies suffered by adolescent girls and young women. In most cases, the onset of unintended pregnancies constitutes a permanent blockage of the educational ambitions of the girls involved. How can this community of practice, in their attempt to raise the next generation of young women in STEM, ensure that unfortunate girls and young women who fall victim to unintended pregnancies do not get left out of the opportunities available for participation in STEM education? This paper examines the effects of unintended pregnancies on the uptake of STEM education by girls and young women. // Methods: we conducted a systematic review of program reports and publications from government ministries, Civil Society Organizations and United Nation Agencies. The reports reviewed covered a five year period from 2016 to 2020 and focused mainly on programs aimed at increasing the enrollment of girls and young women into STEM education at various levels of education. // Results: almost all programs aimed at increasing girls’ enrollment in STEM were standalone, without considering the other factors, including Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR), that determine the enrollment and retention of girls in school. In Ghana alone, more than 100,000 girls dropped out of school as a result of unintended pregnancy in 2020 alone. // Conclusion: there is a missed opportunity to “leave no one behind” in the attempt of today’s community of practice to raise the next generation of girls and young women to drive innovations in Science, Technology, engineering and Mathematics (STEM) as many of them are lost to unintended pregnancies and are left out of efforts aimed at encouraging them to take up STEM education. We recommend that programs targeted in this regard should be integrated with activities that address other factors, such as SRHR, which affect the general enrollment and retention of girls and young women in school.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "League of Nations. Secretary-General"
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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh et Jessics Burniske. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate and International Humanitarian Law : Preliminary Considerations for States. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, mars 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qiaf4598.
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In developing international humanitarian law (IHL), States have aimed in part to lay down the primary normative and operational framework pertaining to principled humanitarian action in situations of armed conflict. The possibility that certain counterterrorism measures may be instituted in a manner that intentionally or unintentionally impedes such action has been recognized by an increasingly wide array of States and entities, including the United Nations Security Council and the U.N. Secretary-General. At least two aspects of the contemporary international discourse on intersections between principled humanitarian action and counterterrorism measures warrant more sustained attention. The first concerns who is, and who ought to be, in a position to authentically and authoritatively interpret and apply IHL in this area. The second concerns the relationships between IHL and other possibly relevant regulatory frameworks, including counterterrorism mandates flowing from decisions of the U.N. Security Council. Partly in relation to those two axes of the broader international discourse, a debate has emerged regarding whether the U.N. Security Council may authorize one particular counterterrorism entity — namely, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) — to interpret and assess compliance with IHL pertaining to humanitarian action in relation to certain counterterrorism contexts. In a new legal briefing for the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC), Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Jessica S. Burniske seek to help inform that debate by raising some preliminary considerations regarding that possibility. The authors focus on the possible implications of States and other relevant actors pursuing various responses or not responding to this debate. One of the authors’ goals is to help raise awareness of this area with a focus on perspectives drawn from international law. Another is to invite a broader engagement with the question of the preservation of the humanitarian commitments laid down in IHL in a period marked by a growing number — and a deepening — of the intersections between situations of armed conflict and measures to suppress terrorism.
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Sett, Dominic, Christina Widjaja, Patrick Sanady, Angelica Greco, Neysa Setiadi, Saut Sagala, Cut Sri Rozanna et Simone Sandholz. Hazards, Exposure and Vulnerability in Indonesia : A risk assessment across regions and provinces to inform the development of an Adaptive Social Protection Road Map. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/uvrd1447.
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Risk induced by natural hazards and climate change has been accelerating worldwide, leading to adverse impacts on communities' well-being. Dealing with this risk is increasingly complex and requires cross-sectoral action. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) has emerged as a promising approach to strengthen the resilience of communities by integrating Social Protection (SP), Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) efforts. To inform this integration and thereby support the development of a functional ASP approach, the identification and provision of relevant data and information are vital. In this context, risk assessments are crucial as they establish the groundwork for the design of effective ASP interventions. However, despite the importance of risk information for ASP and the abundance of sectoral assessments, there is not yet a comprehensive risk assessment approach, a reality that also applies to Indonesia. Although the country is one of the international pioneers of the concept and has enshrined ASP at the highest national level in its development plans, this emphasis in policy and practice has been hampered by the absence of more unified assessment methods. The Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment (HEVA) presented here takes a unique approach to develop such a cross-sectoral risk assessment and apply it throughout Indonesia. The HEVA brings together different risk understandings of key actors both internationally and domestically within SP, DRM and CCA, as well as identifying commonalities across sectors to establish a joint understanding. The HEVA not only considers risk as an overarching outcome but also focuses on its drivers, i.e. hazards, exposure and vulnerability, to identify why specific communities are at risk and thus customize ASP interventions. Subsequently, risks are assessed for Indonesia’s regions and provinces based on this cross-sectoral risk understanding. Secondary data has been acquired from various existing sectoral assessments conducted in Indonesia, and in total, data for 44 indicators has been compiled to calculate hazard, exposure and vulnerability levels for all 34 Indonesian provinces. Findings of the HEVA suggest that overall risk is high in Indonesia and no single province can be characterized as a low-risk area, demonstrating a strong relevance for ASP throughout the whole of the country. Papua, Maluku, and Central Sulawesi were identified as provinces with the highest overall risk in Indonesia. However, even Yogyakarta, which was identified as a comparatively low-risk province, still ranks among the ten most hazard-prone provinces in the country and has a demonstrated history of severe impact events. This also underlines that the composition of risk based on the interplay of hazard, exposure and vulnerability differs significantly among provinces. For example, in Papua and West Papua, vulnerability ranks as the highest in Indonesia, while hazard and exposure levels are comparatively low. In contrast, East Java and Central Java are among the highest hazard-prone provinces, while exposure and vulnerability are comparatively low. The results provide much more comprehensive insight than individual sectoral analyses can offer, facilitating the strategic development and implementation of targeted ASP interventions that address the respective key risk components. Based on lessons learned from the development and application of the HEVA approach, as well as from the retrieved results, the report provides recommendations relevant for policymakers, practitioners and researchers. First, recommendations regarding risk assessments for ASP are given, emphasizing the need to bring together sectoral understandings and to consider the interconnection of hazards, exposure and vulnerability, including their drivers and root causes, to assess current and future risk. It is also recommended to complement national level assessments with more specific local assessments. Secondly, recommendations regarding ASP option development in general are provided, including the importance of considering side effects of interventions, root causes of risks, the potential of nature-based solutions and barriers to implementation due to local capacities when designing ASP interventions. Third, recommendations regarding focal areas for ASP programmes are outlined for the case of Indonesia, such as prioritizing interventions in risk hotspots and areas characterized by high readiness for ASP solutions. At the same time, it is vital to leave no region behind as all provinces face risks that potentially jeopardize communities’ well-being.
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Research Department - Central Bank - General - Miscellaneous - League of Nations - Monetary and Economic Conference, London, - Papers and Proceedings - 1933. Reserve Bank of Australia, septembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2008/01575.
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Research Department - Central Bank - General - Miscellaneous - League of Nations - Monetary and Economic Conference, London, - Papers and Proceedings - June 1933. Reserve Bank of Australia, septembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/16653.
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Research Department - Central Bank - General - Miscellaneous - League of Nations - Monetary and Economic Conference, London, - Papers and Proceedings - July 1933. Reserve Bank of Australia, septembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2008/01577.
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Research Department - Central Bank - General - Miscellaneous - League of Nations - Monetary and Economic Conference, London, - Papers and Proceedings - May - June 1933. Reserve Bank of Australia, septembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2008/01576.
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