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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Law (International), 1914-"
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Macalister-Smith, Peter, et Joachim Schwietzke. « 100 Years Ago : A Bibliographical Calendar of Diplomacy and International Law : In the Years 1916 to 1919 ». International Journal of Legal Information 43, no 2_3 (2015) : 313–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500012543.
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This Bibliographical Calendar is the second and concluding installment of our bibliographical calendar of diplomacy and international law to official transactions relating to World War One. The first installment,“100 Years Ago: A Bibliographic Calendar of Diplomacy and International Law: In The Years 1914 and 1915, “was published in Volume 42, Issue No. 3 of the International Journal of Legal Information, Winter 2014. The first installment of the Calendar covered the years 1914 and 1915. The present installment refers to the years 1916 to 1919.
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Sorokin, P. A. « on Sorokin ». Science in Context 3, no 1 (1989) : 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026988970000082x.
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Sorokin, Pitirim Alexandrovich, born January 21,1889, in the small village of Turia in Russia [died 1968]. Student at the Teachers' Seminary in the province of Kostroma in Russia (1903–6), at the evening school in St. Petersburg (1907–9), at the Psycho- Neurological Institute in St. Petersburg (1910–14); Magistrant of Criminal Law (1915); Ph.D in Sociology (1922); Privatdozent at the Psycho-Neurological Institute (1914–16), at the University of St. Petersburg (1916–17); Professor of Sociology at the same university (1919–22); Professor of Sociology at the Agricultural Academy (1919–22), at the University of Minnesota (1924–30); Chairman of the Department of Sociology at Harvard University from 1930. Member of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Peasant's Soviet (1917); Secretary to the Prime Minister [ Kerensky ] (1917); member of the Russian Constitutional Assembly (1918); sentenced to death and finally exiled by the communist administration (1922); emigrated to the United States (1923), naturalized (1930). Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Sociological Association; honorary member of the International Institute of Sociology of the Czechoslovakian Academy for Agriculture, of the German Sociological Society, and of the Ukrainian Sociological Society; President of the International Institute for Sociology (1936–37). Member of the Greek-Orthodox Church.
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Schwalbe, Carl. « 1913-1914 : the First Truly International Year of Crystallography ». Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (5 août 2014) : C1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314086835.
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It is appropriate that 2014 has been chosen as the International Year of Crystallography since it was a century ago that crystallography as we know it emerged as a truly international science. The pattern becomes clearer if one considers academic years starting on September 1. Thus 1911-1912, when the first successful diffraction experiments were carried out, becomes the German year of crystallography. With the statement of Bragg's Law and the first structure determinations, 1912-1913 can be called the British year of crystallography. By late 1913 our science had achieved truly international scope, demonstrated by publications describing advances in experimental design, theory and structure determination emanating from France, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia and Switzerland as well as Germany and Britain. While many countries worked on the first two areas, structure determination was done mainly in Britain (dominated by the Braggs) and Japan (to a limited extent). In the belligerent countries this magnificent flowering was sadly curtailed by the outbreak of World War I. However, at about this time the United States entered the field. The international spread followed by curtailment is readily visualised when presented in the form of a timeline.
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Rosenne, Shabtai. « The Changing Role of the International Court ». Israel Law Review 20, no 2-3 (1985) : 182–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700017623.
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En s'efforçant, au lendemain de la guerre [1914 – 1918], de poser les bases d'une société de peuples régie par le droit, les fondateurs de cette communauté internationale nouvelle se rendaient pleinement compte qu'il ne saurait y avoir une société organisée sans un pouvoir judiciaire chargé de veiller, en dehors de toute préoccupation de politique et de force, à la stricte observation du droit. C'est dans cette conviction qu'ils ont prévu, dès l'origine, la création de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale.Feinberg in 1931Reviewing the history of the Permanent Court of International Justice and of the International Court of Justice from 1922—the World Court, a convenient but possibly misleading expression which embraces both the Permanent Court from 1922 to 1945 and the present International Court of Justice established as an integral part of the United Nations since—four clearly separated periods can be discerned. They run from 1922 to 1931, 1932 to 1940, 1946 to 1966, and from 1967 onwards.The establishment of the League of Nations and the Permanent Court after a cataclysmic war in Europe and the awe-inspiring Russian Revolution released a wave of euphoria upon the exhausted and war-weary peoples of what is now known as Western Europe, and they placed great hopes in the new League and Court.
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Denyssov, V. N. « World war and international law. 100 years to the First world war 1914–1918 ». Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava” 30 (2019) : 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2019-30-375-383.
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Condorelli, Luigi. « La Commission internationale humanitaire d'établissement des faits : un outil obsolète ou un moyen utile de mise en œuvre du droit international humanitaire ? » International Review of the Red Cross 83, no 842 (juin 2001) : 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1560775500105735.
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Abstract The International Fact-Finding Commission mentioned by Article 90 of Additional Protocol I is the only new measure introduced by the Diplomatic Conference of 1914-1911 intended to strengthen implementation of international humanitarian law. (The word ‘humanitarian’ was added to the title by the Commission itself, in order to better express the Commission's limited jurisdiction.) The Commission was established and its rules of procedure were adopted, but never since 1977 has any party to an armed conflict or any other State ever asked the Commission to exercise its activity in a concrete situation. The author (a member of the Commission) examines the reasons of this apparent failure and suggests new ways of understanding Article 90. He has no doubts about the Commission's usefulness, and he calls upon States and the other members of the international community – in particular the United Nations – to accept the Commission as a tool for strengthening respect for international humanitarian law.
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Desai, Bharat H., et Jay B. Desai. « On the Century of Peacemaking at the 1919 Treaty of Versailles : Looking Back to Look Ahead ». International Studies 57, no 3 (juillet 2020) : 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881720932105.
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This study seeks to make a modest effort to look back at the marathon peacemaking ushered into by the Treaty of Versailles, during 1919–1922 periods, after Armistice was signed on 11 November 1918, bringing to an end the First World War. It has sought to place under scanner the said arduous process of peacemaking, resulting in an imposing corpus of five treaties comprising 1914 articles with Germany and its four other allies (Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary and Turkey). It presents an interesting role of the principal peacemakers therein along with the advent of the era of ‘organizing’ through the League of Nations and other entities such as International Labour Office and Permanent Court of International Justice. Now, at the distance of 101 years from the main event that heralded new milestones in international law and international relations, we have sought to make sense of it so as to deduce lessons to look ahead for our better world. Knowing well that alike human beings, any peacemaking cannot be flawless, it has been our endeavour to provide an objective understanding of the great peacemaking, its aftermath (1919–1939) and its relevance for the United Nations–led world order in the 21st century.
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Prestia, Joseph D. « ‘Civilized States’ and Situational Sovereignty : The Dilemmas of Romanian Neutrality, 1914–1916 ». European History Quarterly 51, no 1 (janvier 2021) : 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420983582.
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At the 1914 Crown Council, which decided to keep Romania neutral in 1914, former Conservative prime minister Petre Carp offered his succinct and direct opinion about the direction of Romanian foreign policy in the opening days of the Great War. He admonished the Council that, if Romania wanted to remain among the ‘civilized states’ ( statele civilizate) it had to follow Germany and Austria-Hungary into war immediately. The idea of ‘civilized states’ that dominated the remainder of the Crown Council was not merely an intersubjective social construction. It was a legal term of art in fin de siècle international law that could be applied in the real world. It was only the legally-civilized states that enjoyed the full panoply of rights, privileges, and protections under international law. This is a study of how Romania’s policy-making elite, and Ion I. C. Brătianu’s government, in particular, confronted the challenges of ‘situational sovereignty’. It asserts that, during Romania’s two-year Period of Neutrality (3 August 1914–17 August 1916), Brătianu initially used bilateral conventions as both a method to establish recognition of Romania’s status (or at least a guarantee of territorial integrity) and as a litmus test to determine which (if any) foreign powers recognized Romania as a legal equal. Although he was able to achieve a short-term victory of having an equality clause inserted into the August 1916 political convention with the Entente, it is unclear if that clause could have been durable. Ultimately, Brătianu was trapped between a desire to secure Romania’s recognition through international agreement, but confronted with the reality that Romania’s lack of recognition as a legally-civilized equal meant those very conventions could be unenforceable.
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Byers, Michael, et Mark Weston Janis. « The American Tradition of International Law : Great Expectations, 1789-1914 ». American Journal of Legal History 48, no 4 (1 octobre 2006) : 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25469987.
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Brown, Chris. « The promise and record of international institutions ». International Relations 33, no 2 (17 mars 2019) : 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117819834650.
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In 1919 the attempt was made to reset the institutions governing international relations, with new patterns of expected behaviour and new international organisations. The key organisation, the League of Nations, effectively remains in place, albeit rebranded as the United Nations, but in 2019 great power relations have reverted to pre-1914 modes of conduct; attempts to extend the range of international institutions after the end of the Cold War have failed at the level of the central system. Outside of this central system, an extensive human rights regime, new notions of sovereignty and the development of international criminal law have produced a new set of institutions and expectations, an embryonic ‘global polity’ based on post-1945 European political experience and extending to democracies in Latin America and Africa. The rise of populism is placing strains on this global polity and the relations between this mode of doing international relations and that of the three major powers is also a source of tension – the fate of the liberal internationalist ideas set in train in 1919 remains in the balance.
Thèses sur le sujet "Law (International), 1914-"
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Russell, Bruce. « International law at sea, economic warfare, and Britain's response to the German U-boat campaign during the First World War ». Thesis, n.p, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Keefer, Scott Andrew. « Great Britain and naval arms control : international law and security 1898-1914 ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/319/.
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This thesis traces the British role in the evolution of international law prior to 1914, utilizing naval arms control as a case study. In the thesis, I argue that the Foreign Office adopted a pragmatic approach towards international law, emphasizing what was possible within the existing system of law rather than attempting to create radically new and powerful international institutions. The thesis challenges standard perceptions of the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 which interpreted these gatherings as unrealistic efforts at general disarmament through world government, positing instead that legalized arms control provided a realistic means of limiting armaments. This thesis explores how a great power employed treaties to complement maritime security strategies. A powerful world government was not advocated and was unnecessary for the management of naval arms control. While law could not guarantee state compliance, the framework of the international legal system provided a buffer, increasing predictability in interstate relations. This thesis begins with an account of how international law functioned in the nineteenth century, and how states employed international law in limiting armaments. With this framework, a legal analysis is provided for exploring the negotiations at the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, and in the subsequent Anglo-German naval arms race. What emerges is how international law functioned by setting expectations for future behaviour, while raising the political cost of violations. Naval arms control provided a unique opportunity for legal regulation, as the lengthy building time and easily verifiable construction enabled inspections by naval attachés, a traditional diplomatic practice. Existing practices of international law provided a workable method of managing arms competition, without the necessity for unworkable projects of world government. Thus failure to resolve the arms race before 1914 must be attributed to other causes besides the lack of legal precedents.
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Frei, Gabriela A. « Great Britain, international law, and the evolution of maritime strategic thought, 1856-1914 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:306f9554-9b0a-4d0e-938e-9a5b515d7c6e.
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Siegert, Philipp. « Staatshaftung im Ausnahmezustand : doktrin und Rechtspraxis im Deutschen Reich und Frankreich, 1914-1919 ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH041/document.
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L'« expérience originelle » de l'État de droit moderne avec un état d'exception prolongé fut la Première Guerre mondiale. L'étude ici proposée porte sur cette « expérience originelle » et sa gestion en France et en Allemagne pendant l'état d'exception de 1914/18, ainsi que sur son règlement envisagé en 1918/19. Le but de l'étude est d'identifier, dans un premier temps, les origines des différents projets d'ordre international pour l'après-guerre conçus en 1918 (traités de paix à l'Est) et 1919/20 (traités issus de la conférence de paix de Paris). Ces origines sont recherchées non pas dans le droit international d'avant-guerre, mais dans le droit interne des belligérants pendant la guerre ; la partie majeure de l'étude y est consacrée. Dans un deuxième temps, seront à discerner les catégories du juste et de l’injuste, du comportement étatique légitime ou illégitime, qui sont à la base du règlement de la responsabilité de l'État dans les traités de paix. L'« expérience originelle » de nos sociétés contemporaines lié à ce problème fut la Première Guerre mondiale. L'étude ici proposée porte sur cette « expérience originelle » et sa gestion en France et en Allemagne pendant l'état d'exception de 1914/18, ainsi que sur son règlement envisagé en 1918/19. Le but de l'étude est d'identifier, dans un premier temps, les origines des différents projets d'ordre international pour l'après-guerre conçus en 1918 (traités de paix à l'Est) et 1919/20 (traités issus de la conférence de paix de Paris). Ces origines sont recherchées non pas dans le droit international d'avant-guerre, mais dans le droit interne des belligérants pendant la guerre ; la partie majeure de l'étude y est consacrée. Dans un deuxième temps, seront à discerner les catégories du juste et de l’injuste, du comportement étatique légitime ou illégitime, qui sont à la base du règlement de la responsabilité de l'État dans les traités de paix. En dépit des deux autres ruptures du 20ème siècle (1945 et 1989), un grand nombre d'éléments-clés sur lesquels notre ordre international actuel est fondé date de 1919 – notamment celles concernant la responsabilité de l'État envers les individus et vice versa (responsabilisation du citoyen pour le comportement de son gouvernement). Cela constitue l'intérêt historico-politique de cette étude qui porte sur un objet relevant de l'histoire du droit : dans le corpus de règles établi pour mettre fin à l'état d'exception généralisé après quatre ans, peuvent être identifiés des conceptions de l'État et de l'ordre international qui ont eu un impact perceptible sur la longue durée, en partie jusqu'à nos joursThis work explores the state's legal responsibility for the expropriation or destruction of property in wartime. This responsibility is analysed in a two-fold manner: First, regarding its evolution at the national level (government liability, "Staatshaftung"), and second regarding its evolution within internaional law (state responsibility, "Staatenverantwortlichkeit"). With respect to the first aspect, wartime laws and judgements are taken into account (1914-1918), while with respect to the second, the elaboration of the treaties of Bucarest, Berlin and Brest-Litovsk (1918) and Versailles (1919) is analysed. By considering these aspects, the work aims to establish whether there was a provable link between the evolution of national and international law, and to what extent there has been a “spill-over” from the national into the international legal sphere. The primary research question is thus: To what extent did German and French government liability before 1918 shape these states' concept of state responsibility after 1918? This dissertation aims to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between state and the individual in modern society, as it was conceived in domestic and international law. Legal norms in these two realms existed before, throughout and after the war; however, there is a “before” and an “after” in the sense that the war brought about some major shifts in the legal convictions held by the authorities. The war has led to both securitisation and juridification, depending on the issue, and certain decisions – especially in juridification – from the years of 1914-1919 still shape our (international) legal order today. This is particularly true regarding sanctions directed against non-state entities
Die „Urerfahrung“ des modernen Rechtsstaats mit dem Ausnahmezustand war der Erste Weltkrieg. Geleitet von der Frage nach der rechtlichen Verantwortung des Staates während des Ausnahmezustandes (1914-1918) und bei der Abwicklung desselben (1918/19) soll dieser „Urerfahrung“ und ihrer Handhabung in Deutschland und Frankreich nachgegangen werden. Ziel der Untersuchung ist zunächst die Identifikation der Wurzeln der verschiedenen internationalen Rechtsordnungsentwürfe von 1918 (Ostfriedensverträge) und 1919/20 (Pariser Vorortverträge). Diese Wurzeln werden weniger im Völkerrecht der Vorkriegszeit als vielmehr in der Entwicklung des Staatsrechts während des Krieges vermutet, welcher der Hauptteil der Arbeit gewidmet ist. Darauf aufbauend soll dargelegt werden, welche Kategorien von Recht und Unrecht, von legitimem und illegitimem Staatshandeln den einzelnen Leitsätzen zur rechtlichen Verantwortung des Staates zugrunde lagen, die in den Friedensverträgen festgehalten worden sind. Trotz der zwei weiteren großen Zensuren des 20. Jahrhunderts – 1945 und 1989 – lassen sich mehrere Grundelemente unserer gegenwärtigen internationalen Ordnung gerade auf diejenigen Entscheidungen zurückführen, die schon um 1919 gefällt worden sind – und hier besonders auf die Entscheidungen zur Verantwortung des Staates vor dem Individuum. Darin liegt die politikhistorische Relevanz des hier bearbeiteten rechtshistorischen Gegenstands: In den Regelwerken, die dem vierjährigen Ausnahmezustand ein Ende setzen sollten, kamen Staats- und Ordnungsvorstellungen zum Tragen, die eine langfristige Wirkung entfaltet haben, zum Teil bis in unsere Gegenwart
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Wathle, Camille. « Les juristes internationalistes français face à la colonisation entre 1880 et 1914 ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1066.
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A l’aube du XXe siècle, les juristes internationalistes français, promoteurs d’une discipline tendant à s’affirmer dans le paysage doctrinal national et international, entendent systématiser le fait colonial. Phénomène emblématique, la colonisation monopolise les relations interétatiques de l’époque et offre autant d’avantages économiques, politiques et humanitaires aux peuples civilisés et colonisés, qu’elle accroît les risques de conflits entre ces derniers. Saisissant l’opportunité de défendre les valeurs et actions de la France sur la scène internationale tout en confortant leur rôle de maîtres à penser de la colonisation, les membres de la jeune École française de droit international public théorisent alors un projet entremêlant intimement les concepts de « droit international », « colonisation » et « civilisation » : la colonisation a vocation à étendre la civilisation sur l’ensemble des territoires garantissant alors le développement du droit international dont la mission est de préserver le bien-être de l’humanitéAt the dawn of the XXth century, the French Internationalist jurists, promoters of a discipline aiming at establishing itself in the international and national doctrinal landscape, intend to systematize the colonial phenomenon. Colonization is a symbolic phenomenon which monopolizes interstate relationships of the era. It offers as many economic, politic and humanitarian advantages to civilized and colonized peoples, as it increases the risks of conflicts between them. The members of the new French school of public international law have seized the opportunity to defend the values and actions of France on the international scene while reinforcing their roles of intellectual leaders of colonization. They then have set out a project which deeply mingles “international laws”, “colonization” and “civilization” concepts : colonization has authority to extend civilization on all the territories that guarantee the development of international law, whose mission is to preserve mankind well-being
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McCaig, Robin John. « The legality of unrestricted submarine warfare in the First World War ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283911.
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Vick, Alison Marie. « A Catalyst for the Development of Human Rights : German Internment Practices in the First World War,1914-1929 ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23242.
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This thesis is a transnational study of the military actions and responses related to prisoners of war in World War I. Building on the works human rights scholars, I explore the how the collective rights afforded to prisoners of war under the 1906 Geneva Convention and 1907 Hague Convention served as a precursor to the concept of human rights that emerged after World War II. I argue that German military treated prisoners of war according to national interest, rather than international law. Specifically, I explore how the concepts of "military necessity" and "reciprocity" drove German internment practices, and how German internment practices escalated in violence during the last two years of the war. The violent practices committed by the Germans against prisoners of war produced an international demand to hold the perpetrators of wartime atrocities accountable for their actions in the postwar period.Master of Arts
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Delaroche, Jean-Marie. « Droit d'ingérence et concurrence militaire internationale en Méditerranée orientale : les puissances européennes et le maintien de l'ordre dans les Balkans, du traité de Berlin (1878) à la Première Guerre mondiale ». Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30043/document.
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Entre le traité de Berlin de 1878 et le déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale, les puissances européennes tentent d'empêcher les désordres balkaniques de compromettre la paix continentale et mondiale. Pour cette raison, et parce que leurs diplomates interprètent les violences balkaniques essentiellement comme des faits de brigandage et non comme l'expression de mouvements politiques indépendantistes, les puissances européennes vont imposer à l'empire ottoman de réformer les gendarmeries de ses provinces de Roumélie orientale, de Crète, de Macédoine et d'Albanie par le truchement de leurs propres officiers. Cette thèse d'histoire militaire se veut tout à la fois une histoire institutionnelle et une histoire des acteurs. Il s'agit en effet de savoir dans quelles conditions le modèle gendarmique occidental a pu être greffé et adapté aux réalités sociales et culturelles orientales au travers de l'action de quelques officiers européens chargés de collaborer les uns avec les autres et de se confronter à une réalité balkanique qui leur était souvent étrangère. Cette approche permet de renouveler l'étude du concert européen et de son grippage progressif en soulignant la méfiance réciproque des puissances les unes vis-à-vis des autres et l’ambiguïté des ordres que chacune d'elle donne à ses propres officiers. Elle permet également de saisir la dynamique des opérations d'ingérence internationale et la façon dont l’État cible peut chercher à s'y soustraire. Elle donne enfin à voir la difficulté d'une institution de maintien de l'ordre, dont les traditions administratives sont issues du modèle de l’État-nation français, à s'adapter à des sociétés politiques fragmentées et en construction afin d'assurer la protection de toutes les minoritésBetween the Treaty of Berlin of 1878 and the outbreak of the First World War, the European powers tried to prevent the Balkan disorders from compromising continental and world peace. For this reason, and because their diplomats interpreted the Balkan violences essentially as acts of brigandage and not as the expression of independentist political movements, the European powers imposed on the Ottoman Empire reforms of the gendarmeries of its provinces of Eastern Rumelia, Crete, Macedonia and Albania implemented by their own officers.This thesis of military history is both an institutional history and a history of the actors. One has tried to determin under what conditions the western gendarmic model could be grafted and adapted to the Eastern social and cultural realities through the action of a few European officers in charge of collaborating with each other and confronting the Balkan reality that was often foreign to them. This approach makes it possible to renew the study of the European concert and its progressive seizure by highlighting the mutual mistrust of the powers one against the other and the ambiguity of the orders that each one gave to its own officers.It also captures the dynamics of international interference and how the target state can seek to escape from it. Finally, it reveals the difficulty of an institution of policing, whose administrative traditions stem from the model of the French nation-state, to adapt to fragmented political societies under construction in order to ensure the protection of all minorities
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Fleury, Thibaut Charles. « La question du territoire aux Etats-Unis de 1789 à 1914 : apports pour la construction du droit international ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020018/document.
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Cette étude repose sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle, de l’adoption de la constitution fédérale à la Première Guerre Mondiale, l’expansion territoriale des États-Unis d’Amérique, de même que le projet fédéral, ont appelé une « construction » des règles et principes du droit international au sein même des frontières américaines. Car, en 1789 déjà, tant les États-Unis,que les États membres de la Fédération ou les Nations indiennes, revendiquent sur tout ou partie de cet espace la souveraineté que reconnaît le droit international à tout « État ». C’est alors en définissant, en aménageant, en repensant, les notions d’ « État » ou de « souveraineté » sur un territoire, les conditions de détention et de formation d’un titre territorial, ou encore en fixant la valeur juridique interne du droit international, que ces revendications seront – ou non –satisfaites. Fondé sur l’analyse de la pratique, de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence américaines durant le « long XIXe siècle », ce travail a ainsi pour objet d’interroger la question du territoire telle qu’elle se pose au sein de cet « État fédéral » territorialement souverain que constitueraient les États-Unis. Il espère ce faisant mettre au jour des constructions du droit international dont l’actualité tient à leur objet : la question du territoire aux États-Unis entre 1789 et 1914interroge en effet les principales notions et problématiques de ce droit – au premier rang desquelles celle de l’articulation spatiale des compétencesThis study is based upon the hypothesis that, from the entry into force of the federal constitution to the First World War, the United States territorial expansion, as well as the federal project, called for a « construction » of international law’s rules and principles within the American boundaries. It is to be remembered that, in 1789, the United States, the member States and the Indian Nations claimed for themselves, on parts or the whole of that space, the sovereignty that every « State » is entitled to according to international law. It is therefore by defining, adapting, or rethinking the notions of « State » or « territorial sovereignty », the conditions required for a territorial title to be held or formed, and by setting the legal status of international law, that those claims have been enforced – or not. Grounded upon the analysis of the American doctrine, practice and case law, the purpose of this study is thus to inquire about territorial issues as raised within what is usually described as a « federal State », sovereign on its territory. Because those issues, and mainly jurisdictional ones, are fundamental to international law, this work hopes to bring to light constructions of international law which are still relevant today
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Ruano, de la Haza Jonathan C. « The Good Neighbor Policy in a geopolitical context : 1934--1941 ». Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27914.
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Since his first term, Franklin D. Roosevelt presented the Good Neighbor Policy as a remedy for past wrongs (such as military intervention) done to Latin America. After 1935, however, Roosevelt used the Good Neighbor Policy to achieve his internationalist goals in the realm of economic and military cooperation. Part I, dealing with economics, shows that the Roosevelt administration began waging economic warfare in Europe, the Far East and the Americas against the revisionist powers as early as 1934 and that the trade offensive in Latin America was part of a wider policy of economic aggression.
Part II argues that the Roosevelt administration actively sought Latin America's cooperation in military matters after 1935. As this thesis will show, the Roosevelt administration was interested in Latin America's strategic location because of its close proximity to the West African coast and as producer of strategic raw materials. Therefore, Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy sought to establish bases in Latin America to secure supply routes to Africa and to integrate Latin America's primary economy into the U.S. war economy.
Livres sur le sujet "Law (International), 1914-"
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Coleman, Phillipson. International law and the Great War. Buffalo, N.Y : William S. Hein & Co., 2005.
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Clark, J. M. The reign of law. Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 1996.
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Coleman, Phillipson. International law and the Great War. Clark, N.J : Lawbook Exchange, 2005.
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Garner, James Wilford. International law and the World War. Buffalo, NY : W.S. Hein, 2003.
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Circulations policières 1750-1914. Villeneuve d'Ascq, France : Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 2012.
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Nippold, Otfried. The development of international law after the World War. Clark, N.J : Lawbook Exchange, 2003.
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Siousiouras, Petros P. Geōpolitikē tōn megalōn dynameōn apo ton A' Pankosmio polemo stēn Koinōnia tōn Ethnōn : Anarchē diethnēs koinōnia kai ho thriamvos tēs kratikēs kyriarchias. Athēna : Ekdoseis I. Siderēs, 2011.
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Mannoni, Stefano. Potenza e ragione : La scienza del diritto internazionale nella crisi dell'equilibrio europeo (1870-1914). Milano : Giuffrè, 1999.
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Knepper, Paul. The invention of international crime : A global issue in the making, 1881-1914. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Franck, Thomas M. The power of legitimacy among nations. New York : Oxford University Press, 1990.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Law (International), 1914-"
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Keefer, Scott Andrew. « International Law and Armaments, 1900–1914 ». Dans The Law of Nations and Britain’s Quest for Naval Security, 225–51. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39645-3_8.
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Klinkert, Wim. « Warfare 1914–2014 : The Most Violent Century in Human History ». Dans Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law Volume 17, 2014, 13–21. The Hague : T.M.C. Asser Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-091-6_3.
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Alder, Murray Colin. « The Use of Force Between States – 1815 to 1914 ». Dans The Inherent Right of Self-Defence in International Law, 25–44. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4851-4_2.
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McArdle, David. « CAS 2009/A/1912–1913 Pechstein v International Skating Union ». Dans ASSER International Sports Law Series, 209–25. The Hague, The Netherlands : T. M. C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-909-2_13.
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« The Culmination of Faith in International Law ». Dans Britain's Economic Blockade of Germany, 1914-1919. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203495230.ch2.
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Stolleis, Michael. « Administrative Law and International Law ». Dans A History of Public Law in Germany 1914–1945, 373–431. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269365.003.0009.
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« Judge Nagendra Singh (1914–1988) ». Dans International Law in Transition, sous la direction de R. S. Pathak et R. P. Dhokalia, xix—xxii. Brill | Nijhoff, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004637870_005.
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Coates, Benjamin Allen. « World War, Collective Security, and International Law, 1914–1941 ». Dans Legalist Empire, 152–76. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190495954.003.0008.
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Chimni, B. S. « Peace through Law : Lessons from 1914 ». Dans The Justification of War and International Order, 241–58. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865308.003.0013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The theme ‘peace through law’ has engaged the continued attention of states and international law scholars – and indeed for a much longer time than often assumed, as the chapters in Part III have shown. In the context of the First World War, the urgency of this project again became particularly clear. But despite the changes in the normative and institutional structures since the beginning of the twentieth century, wars are still with us. It is in this context that Bhupinder S. Chimni revisits the rich reflections of the times on the causes of the First World War and asks whether more international law could have prevented the war. The aim is to draw certain lessons for our times.
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« New Imperialism : Imperium, Dominium and Responsibility under International Law ». Dans The Acquisition of Africa (1870-1914), 1–33. Brill | Nijhoff, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004321199_002.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Law (International), 1914-"
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Cameron, Phil. « SPACE TRAVEL LAW AND THE RIGHT TO STARLIGHT ». Dans 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.101c.
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This paper provides an overview of the development of space travel law rules, principles governing the space exploration (equality, cooperation, accessibility, reciprocity, consultation), steps undertaken by certain states (USA, Russia, China) for the purpose of space exploration, space travel providers. The legal basis for conducting the space activities is provided in the five outer space treaties – Outer Space Treaty 1967, Rescue Agreement 1968, Liability Convention 1972, Registration Convention 1974, Moon Agreement 1974. In addition, paper analyzes the right to starlight. Starlight is a cultural and scientific property right, owned by all of humanity, protected by international law and norms, whose guardianship has been entrusted to individual States, for the benefit and enjoyment of all human kind. As a property right, Starlight must be made available to the owners of this property, so that members of humanity may freely enjoy their property and be free to travel to it for scientific and leisure purposes. The right to starlight is analyzed from the aspect of international law, travel and tourism law, world heritage law, religion, sustainable development.
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Suvorova, Anna. « Development Of The Law-Enforcement System In The Ural Region In 1917 ». Dans International Scientific Conference «Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism» dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Turkayev Hassan Vakhitovich. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.05.326.
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Na’#aim, Mohd Safri Mohammed. « Domestic Violence Against Women : Legal Protection Under The Domestic Violence Act 1994 ». Dans ICLES 2018 - International Conference on Law, Environment and Society. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.10.8.
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Pao, Y. H., E. Jih, V. Siddapureddy, X. Song, R. Liu, R. McMillan et J. M. Hu. « A Thermal Fatigue Model for Surface Mount Leadless Chip Resistor (LCR) Solder Joints ». Dans ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0884.
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Abstract The reliability of surface mount leadless solder joints, e.g., LCCC (leadless ceramic chip carrier), LCR (leadless chip resistor), and LCC (leadless chip capacitor), has been a long-term research topic due to the concern of thermal fatigue failure resulting from significant stresses and strains induced in the joint. Numerous studies of failure analysis of leadless solder joints exist in the literature, and a number of life prediction models based on different failure characterizing parameters, e.g., total strain, plastic strain, strain energy density, etc., have been developed for particular loading conditions, such as isothermal or thermal cyclic fatigue tests. To name a few, e.g., one can refer to Engelmaier (1984), Cltterbaugh and Charles (1985), Hall and Sherry (1986), Clech and Augis (1987), Wong et al. (1988), Bae et al. (1989), Solomon (1990), Frear et al. (1991), Satoh et al. (1991), Lee and Stone 91991), Lau (1991), Govila et al. (1994), Schroeder and Mitchell (1994), JPL (1994), Syed (1995), Wen and Ross (1995), Jih and Pao (1995), Zhang et al. (1996), Kawai et al. (1996), Hu (1996), Guo and Conrad (1996), Lin et al. (1996), and Lau and Pao (1996).
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Fu, Yongchun. « Strangers & ; Stakeholders : Taming Hollywood in China since 1994 ». Dans Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Innovation and Education, Law and Social Sciences (IELSS 2019). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ielss-19.2019.49.
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Kasra, Mehran, Marc D. Grynpas, Rajka Soric et Sara Arnaud. « A Clinical Evaluation of Vibration Testing in the Assessment of Osteoporosis ». Dans ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2587.
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Abstract Bone fracture is one of the most common medical problems which reduces the quality of life of individuals. In the United States, osteoporosis alone causes 1.3 million bone fractures a year, with an annual cost of $5.2 billion dollars. Osteoporosis is a disease in which low bone mass and changes in bone quality and architecture increase the risk of fractures. Women are at greater risk of developing osteoporosis than men. Osteoporosis targets both trabecular and cortical bone (Kanis et al., 1994; Kasra and Grynpas, 1994). Therefore, bone density of cortical bone structures such as ulna and mid-radius may be used as a predictor of osteoporotic fractures (Cummings et al., 1993). Bone quality assessment and predicting the risk of bone fracture is very important in prevention of fracture and proper bone treatment. In the NIH Consensus Development Statement (1984), the need for improved measurement techniques is emphasized.
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Kochkarov, Ruslan, et Zulfiya Chochueva. « Legal mechanisms for countering the financing of terrorism ». Dans East – West : Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.iyia7043.
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The financing of terrorism, as an illegal criminal act, was first proposed at the international level in the United Nations Declaration of 1994. The idea was further developed in United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1373 adopted in 2001. This document obliged all member states of the UN Security Council to introduce into their criminal legislation norms governing prosecution for activities related to the provision or collection of funds to finance terrorism. This study aims to analyze the corpus delicti of terrorist financing and investigate the need to introduce this article into the legislation of the Russian Federation. Modern times are characterized by the high growth of terrorist crimes, involvement in terrorist groups, and financing this criminal activity. The problem of combating terrorism is international. Countering this phenomenon and strengthening international cooperation to maintain the rule of law and legal order has been relevant for the past few decades. The authors of the research work consider the obligations of the Russian Federation arising from the requirements of the international community and the international legal framework. International cooperation allowed to establish the official recognition of the financing of terrorism at the legislative level as criminal and punishable.
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« Reusable Man-Rated Rocket Engines : The French Experience, 1944-1996 ». Dans 55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-04-iaa.6.15.3.02.
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Nikitin, Evgeny Dmitrievich, et Evgenia Petrovna Sabodina. « Special soil conservation in our country from the perspective of law and social system, created after 1917 ». Dans IV International Scientific and Practical Conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-117814.
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Djaja, Benny, et Axel Jordan Rengkung. « The Consequences of Nuptial Agreement Certificate That Is Not Registered According to Law Number 1 Year 1974 ». Dans International Conference on Economics, Business, Social, and Humanities (ICEBSH 2021). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210805.013.
Texte intégralRapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Law (International), 1914-"
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Kelly, Luke. Lessons Learned on Cultural Heritage Protection in Conflict and Protracted Crisis. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), avril 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.068.
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This rapid review examines evidence on the lessons learned from initiatives aimed at embedding better understanding of cultural heritage protection within international monitoring, reporting and response efforts in conflict and protracted crisis. The report uses the terms cultural property and cultural heritage interchangeably. Since the signing of the Hague Treaty in 1954, there has bee a shift from 'cultural property' to 'cultural heritage'. Culture is seen less as 'property' and more in terms of 'ways of life'. However, in much of the literature and for the purposes of this review, cultural property and cultural heritage are used interchangeably. Tangible and intangible cultural heritage incorporates many things, from buildings of globally recognised aesthetic and historic value to places or practices important to a particular community or group. Heritage protection can be supported through a number of frameworks international humanitarian law, human rights law, and peacebuilding, in addition to being supported through networks of the cultural and heritage professions. The report briefly outlines some of the main international legal instruments and approaches involved in cultural heritage protection in section 2. Cultural heritage protection is carried out by national cultural heritage professionals, international bodies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as well as citizens. States and intergovernmental organisations may support cultural heritage protection, either bilaterally or by supporting international organisations. The armed forces may also include the protection of cultural heritage in some operations in line with their obligations under international law. In the third section, this report outlines broad lessons on the institutional capacity and politics underpinning cultural protection work (e.g. the strength of legal protections; institutional mandates; production and deployment of knowledge; networks of interested parties); the different approaches were taken; the efficacy of different approaches; and the interface between international and local approaches to heritage protection.
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Traore, Raïssatou Joëlle. La politique d’harmonisation fiscale au sein de l’Union Économique etMonétaire Ouest Africaine : analyse et perspectives. Institute of Development Studies, juillet 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.058.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Depuis 1994, l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) s'est engagée dans un ambitieux projet d'harmonisation de sa fiscalité intérieure. Plus d'un quart de siècle après, ce document se propose d'évaluer les effets de cette politique d'harmonisation sur ses États membres et d'examiner l'application effective des mesures fiscales au sein de ces États. Cette étude met en lumière les réussites et les défis associés à cette stratégie d'harmonisation fiscale initiée par l’UEMOA. Bien que l'UEMOA ait réussi à établir un cadre normatif solide et ait atteint ses objectifs primaires d'harmonisation, le succès d'une politique fiscale se mesure à sa mise en oeuvre effective. À cet égard, les résultats sont nuancés. Il est impératif que l’UEMOA intensifie ses mécanismes de surveillance, de contrôle et de sanction, pour assurer une meilleure mise en oeuvre par ses États membres de sa politique fiscale communautaire. Parallèlement, une mise à jour de sa stratégie fiscale est nécessaire pour mieux répondre aux nouveaux défis nationaux des États membres, mais également aux défis internationaux, y compris ceux relatifs à la nouvelle gouvernance fiscale mondiale qui se met en place. En outre, certaines lacunes du système fiscal des États membres de l’UEMOA sont mises en exergue dans ce document. Pour garantir le succès de l'harmonisation fiscale, il est crucial que ces États renforcent leurs administrations fiscales, améliorent leur efficacité, et limitent les dépenses fiscales en rationnalisant les régimes dérogatoires et incitatifs qui entravent les objectifs communautaires et le bon fonctionnement du marché commun. Bien que quelques avancées notables aient été réalisées, il reste des domaines d'amélioration clés. Ce document est conclu par une feuille de route dressée pour l'UEMOA et ses États membres, soulignant les domaines sur lesquels des efforts concertés sont nécessaires pour maximiser l'efficacité de la politique fiscale régionale.
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Hertel, Thomas, David Hummels, Maros Ivanic et Roman Keeney. How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements ? GTAP Working Paper, juin 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp26.
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With the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) over the past decade, demand for quantitative analysis of their likely impacts has surged. The main quantitative tool for performing such analysis is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Yet these models have been widely criticized for performing poorly (Kehoe, 2002) and having weak econometric foundations (McKitrick, 1998; Jorgenson, 1984). FTA results have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the trade elasticities, with small trade elasticities generating large terms of trade effects and relatively modest efficiency gains, whereas large trade elasticities lead to the opposite result. Critics are understandably wary of results being determined largely by the authors’ choice of trade elasticities. Where do these trade elasticities come from? CGE modelers typically draw these elasticities from econometric work that uses time series price variation to identify an elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and composite imports (Alaouze, 1977; Alaouze, et al., 1977; Stern et al., 1976; Gallaway, McDaniel and Rivera, 2003). This approach has three problems: the use of point estimates as “truth”, the magnitude of the point estimates, and estimating the relevant elasticity. First, modelers take point estimates drawn from the econometric literature, while ignoring the precision of these estimates. As we will make clear below, the confidence one has in various CGE conclusions depends critically on the size of the confidence interval around parameter estimates. Standard “robustness checks” such as systematically raising or lowering the substitution parameters does not properly address this problem because it ignores information about which parameters we know with some precision and which we do not. A second problem with most existing studies derives from the use of import price series to identify home vs. foreign substitution, for example, tends to systematically understate the true elasticity. This is because these estimates take price variation as exogenous when estimating the import demand functions, and ignore quality variation. When quality is high, import demand and prices will be jointly high. This biases estimated elasticities toward zero. A related point is that the fixed-weight import price series used by most authors are theoretically inappropriate for estimating the elasticities of interest. CGE modelers generally examine a nested utility structure, with domestic production substitution for a CES composite import bundle. The appropriate price series is then the corresponding CES price index among foreign varieties. Constructing such an index requires knowledge of the elasticity of substitution among foreign varieties (see below). By using a fixed-weight import price series, previous estimates place too much weight on high foreign prices, and too small a weight on low foreign prices. In other words, they overstate the degree of price variation that exists, relative to a CES price index. Reconciling small trade volume movements with large import price series movements requires a small elasticity of substitution. This problem, and that of unmeasured quality variation, helps explain why typical estimated elasticities are very small. The third problem with the existing literature is that estimates taken from other researchers’ studies typically employ different levels of aggregation, and exploit different sources of price variation, from what policy modelers have in mind. Employment of elasticities in experiments ill-matched to their original estimation can be problematic. For example, estimates may be calculated at a higher or lower level of aggregation than the level of analysis than the modeler wants to examine. Estimating substitutability across sources for paddy rice gives one a quite different answer than estimates that look at agriculture as a whole. When analyzing Free Trade Agreements, the principle policy experiment is a change in relative prices among foreign suppliers caused by lowering tariffs within the FTA. Understanding the substitution this will induce across those suppliers is critical to gauging the FTA’s real effects. Using home v. foreign elasticities rather than elasticities of substitution among imports supplied from different countries may be quite misleading. Moreover, these “sourcing” elasticities are critical for constructing composite import price series to appropriate estimate home v. foreign substitutability. In summary, the history of estimating the substitution elasticities governing trade flows in CGE models has been checkered at best. Clearly there is a need for improved econometric estimation of these trade elasticities that is well-integrated into the CGE modeling framework. This paper provides such estimation and integration, and has several significant merits. First, we choose our experiment carefully. Our CGE analysis focuses on the prospective Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) currently under negotiation. This is one of the most important FTAs currently “in play” in international negotiations. It also fits nicely with the source data used to estimate the trade elasticities, which is largely based on imports into North and South America. Our assessment is done in a perfectly competitive, comparative static setting in order to emphasize the role of the trade elasticities in determining the conventional gains/losses from such an FTA. This type of model is still widely used by government agencies for the evaluation of such agreements. Extensions to incorporate imperfect competition are straightforward, but involve the introduction of additional parameters (markups, extent of unexploited scale economies) as well as structural assumptions (entry/no-entry, nature of inter-firm rivalry) that introduce further uncertainty. Since our focus is on the effects of a PTA we estimate elasticities of substitution across multiple foreign supply sources. We do not use cross-exporter variation in prices or tariffs alone. Exporter price series exhibit a high degree of multicolinearity, and in any case, would be subject to unmeasured quality variation as described previously. Similarly, tariff variation by itself is typically unhelpful because by their very nature, Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are non-discriminatory in nature, affecting all suppliers in the same way. Tariff preferences, where they exist, are often difficult to measure – sometimes being confounded by quantitative barriers, restrictive rules of origin, and other restrictions. Instead we employ a unique methodology and data set drawing on not only tariffs, but also bilateral transportation costs for goods traded internationally (Hummels, 1999). Transportation costs vary much more widely than do tariffs, allowing much more precise estimation of the trade elasticities that are central to CGE analysis of FTAs. We have highly disaggregated commodity trade flow data, and are therefore able to provide estimates that precisely match the commodity aggregation scheme employed in the subsequent CGE model. We follow the GTAP Version 5.0 aggregation scheme which includes 42 merchandise trade commodities covering food products, natural resources and manufactured goods. With the exception of two primary commodities that are not traded, we are able to estimate trade elasticities for all merchandise commodities that are significantly different form zero at the 95% confidence level. Rather than producing point estimates of the resulting welfare, export and employment effects, we report confidence intervals instead. These are based on repeated solution of the model, drawing from a distribution of trade elasticity estimates constructed based on the econometrically estimated standard errors. There is now a long history of CGE studies based on SSA: Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (Harrison and Vinod, 1992; Wigle, 1991; Pagon and Shannon, 1987) Ho
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Bénin : Target men to increase use of health services. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2001.1001.
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After initiating health sector reforms in 1994, the Bénin government established the Integrated Family Health Project, known as PROSAF. Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, PROSAF operates in the Borgou region, which is mostly rural and has the country’s most severe health problems. PROSAF managers wanted to understand why local people were not using health services, despite their poor health. As noted in this brief, managers requested that the African Population and Health Research Centre (APHRC) study the way households and communities make decisions on health care. In a study conducted in 2000 with support from the Population Council, APHRC identified sociocultural factors that might impede access to health care in the region and recommended approaches to overcome these obstacles. Study findings included that adult men make unilateral decisions in household resource allocation and health care; people prefer alternative health care, mainly traditional healers or self-medication, because of their low cost; use of modern medicine tends to occur as a last resort, and only when symptoms are advanced; communication about FP is limited, both between husbands and wives and between parents and children.