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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Law – European Union countries – Interpretation and construction »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Law – European Union countries – Interpretation and construction"

Rasskazova, V. V. « Settlement and Release in European Legislation ». Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 89, n^o 2 (26 juin 2020) : 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2020.2.05.

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Since the current contractual practice demonstrates the active use of settlement and release construction by the parties of civil legal relations as one of the most flexible instruments of termination of an obligation, the issue of ensuring unity in the interpretation and practice of this legal institution remains relevant. The subject matter of this study is the norms of civil law of different Member States of the European Union, and the purpose is the study of the conceptual approaches of other states to the legislative consolidation of settlement and release structure, its recognition as one of the ways to terminate the obligation and specific features of the interpretation and application of this institution that will make it possible to enlarge the view on the essence and role of settlement and release within the system of grounds for the termination of civil obligation and national contractual practice. The comparative and legal method was chosen as the main method of scientific research, due to which the author characterizes the main elements, purpose and essential features of legal constructions in civil law of other states, which are similar to the institution of settlement and release in Ukraine; the author pays attention to distinctive technical and legal peculiarities of civil legislation of some EU countries. According to the results of the conducted research the author has established that civil legislation of the most European countries does not enshrine settlement and release as the institution of obligation law and does not recognize it as an independent method to terminate the obligation. At the same time, the codified acts of some states contain certain legal norms, which provide for cases of transferring a certain good by the debtor to the creditor instead of fulfillment of an obligation, as well as enshrine legal institutions that act as settlement and release. The significance and practical significance of the paper is that the conducted study reveals new directions for further research, demonstrates the relevance and need for a more detailed and comprehensive analysis of the content and legal features of settlement and release, its importance and role in national contractual practice, as well as in the practice of other states.

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Puntarić, Eda, Lato Pezo, Željka Zgorelec, Jerko Gunjača, Dajana Kučić Grgić et Neven Voća. « Prediction of the Production of Separated Municipal Solid Waste by Artificial Neural Networks in Croatia and the European Union ». Sustainability 14, n^o 16 (16 août 2022) : 10133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610133.

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Given that global amounts of waste are growing rapidly, it is extremely important to determine what amount of waste will be generated in the near future. Accurate waste forecasting is also important for planning and designing a sustainable municipal solid waste (MSW) management system. For that reason, there is a need to build a model to predict the amount of MSW generated in the near future. Based on previous research, artificial neural networks (ANN) show better results in predicting waste generation compared to other mathematical models. In this research, an ANN model using the iterative algorithm Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) for the prediction of MSW fractions, based on the socio-demographic characteristics, economic and industrial data obtained in Croatia and summarized data of the member states of EU (EU-27 from 2020), showed good predictive capabilities. The coefficient of determination during the training cycle for the output variables; household and similar waste (HHS), paper and cardboard waste (PCW), wood waste (WW), textile waste (TW), plastic waste (PW) and glass waste (GW) were 0.993; 0.997; 0.999; 0.997; 0.998; and 0.998, respectively, while reduced chi-square, mean bias error, root mean square error, mean percentage error, average absolute relative deviation and sum of squared errors were found low. In this paper, Yoon′s method of interpretation shows the relationships between socio-demographic data and the amount of generated waste. The results indicate that the lowest level of education shows a negative impact on observed waste-types calculations, with a relative impact between −9.889 and −4.467%. The most pronounced positive impact on the calculation of HHS, PCW, WW, TW, PW and GW was observed for year variable, gross domestic product, exports of goods and services, imports of goods and services, wages and salaries, secondary income, arrivals in collective accommodation establishments, overnight stays in collective accommodation establishments and exports of petroleum and petroleum products to partner countries, with a relative influence of 4.063–7.028; 2828–4851; 5240–6197; 5.308–6.341; 4290–4810; 4533–5805; and 4.345–4.493, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the amount of HHS waste at the EU-27 level in 2025 will decrease by approximately 18% compared to the data from 2018. The quantities of other observed recyclable types of waste will increase by 34% for PCW, 310% for WW, 40% for TW, 276% for PW and about 67% for GW. The amount of waste generated provides the basic information needed to plan, operate and optimize the waste management system. It could also help in the transition to an environmentally friendly and economically profitable circular economy. The model created in this research could also help with the system of separate waste collection, which would lead to more efficient recycling and the achievement of the set goals for recycling 55% of municipal waste by 2025.

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Boros, Anita, et Csaba Fogarassy. « Relationship between Corporate Sustainability and Compliance with State-Owned Enterprises in Central-Europe : A Case Study from Hungary ». Sustainability 11, n^o 20 (14 octobre 2019) : 5653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205653.

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Our study deals with the control of Hungarian state-owned business associations in order to find out whether there is any correlation between corporate sustainability and compliance. According to our hypothesis, the state has a greater responsibility for the sustainable operation of state-owned enterprises—one of the tools of which can be the efficient construction of so-called compliance controls. A state-owned enterprise can be sustained in its operation and function by doing what it has been assigned to it as a task. The sustainable operation can be achieved through the use of circular feedback and continuous control. Corporate sustainability can be influenced by a number of factors that are crucial to the integrity and adequacy of companies. In our study, these are the Initial Hazard Factors (IHFs), Hazardous Increasing Factors (HIFs), and Control Enhancement Factors (CEFs), which were used in indexed form for testing. For the specific analysis, we used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to rank and evaluate risk avoidance options. We analyzed the practice of the State Audit Office of Hungary and its results and found that in the case of state-owned enterprises, the current Hungarian legal system does not contain uniform normative regulations that would regulate the control of conformity in a broader sense. As a result, corporate integrity and corporate compliance are also subject to a fragmented set of rules in different jurisdictions. This has a negative impact on the development of the company’s long-term, sustainable operating principles. Based on our research, a number of factors have been identified (including enterprise size and intensive use of EU funding resources) that may result in a loss of corporate sustainability but can be mitigated or even eliminated by creating an effective internal control environment. Based on literature analysis, most of the Hungarian phenomena are typical of the former socialist countries of Central Europe. The interpretation of sustainability—in transition management countries—for first-generation enterprises which were developed in a socialist market economy is quite different from the most developed countries of the European Union. The main reason for this is that generational rules do not yet exist.

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Buccino, Giulia, Elisabetta Iossa, Biancamaria Raganelli et Mate Vincze. « Competitive dialogue : an economic and legal assessment ». Journal of Public Procurement 20, n^o 2 (31 mars 2020) : 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-09-2019-0059.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the economic and legal rationale for the use of the competitive dialogue in complex procurement. The authors use the data set of public contracts awarded by European Union (EU) member states between 2010 and 2017 to analyse its usage patterns. In particular, the authors identify the types of contracting authorities that mainly use the procedure, the sectors and contract characteristics and the role of institutional factors related to the country’s perceived corruption and level of innovativeness. Design/methodology/approach The authors discuss economic and legal issues in the use of the competitive dialogue. The authors use a data set of public contracts awarded by EU member states, published on the EU’s public procurement portal Tenders Electronic Daily (TED) to analyse usage patterns and explore the types of contracting authorities that use the procedure, the sectors and type of tenders. The data covers a sample of 1.242.090 observations, which relates to all the contract award notices published on TED in the period 2010-2017 for all the 28 European member states. A probit model is used as a methodology. Findings The empirical analysis reveals that the use of competitive value is greater for larger value contracts, for national rather than local authorities, for the supply of other manufactured products and machinery; for research and development and business, as well as information technology services; and for construction works. The level of perceived corruption and the gross domestic product/capita do not have explanatory power in the use of the procedure, whilst a country’s degree of innovativeness, as measured by the global innovation index, positively affects the probability of adopting the procedure. A decreasing trend in the use of competitive dialogue over time is observed. Research limitations/implications In conclusion, the countries examined benefited from a long tradition of public–private partnerships (PPPs) and from a transposition of the 2004 directive, able to provide an inclusive interpretation of complexity, and therefore, stimulate the adoption of the competitive dialogue in different sectors. Conversely, the countries, which postponed a concrete transposition and the overcoming of the confusing concept of complexity, limited the scope for the application of competitive dialogue, relying on the easier alternative: the negotiated procedure. Those circumstances lead to visible difficulties in stimulating the adoption of the procedure even in the traditional sectors; indeed, only with the new directive’s provisions a slight change in the trend can be seen. Practical implications To foster the use of the competitive dialogue in countries that have so far used it to a limited extent is important to improve upon the definition of complexity and learn from the experience of the top usage countries, as identified in the analysis. Social implications Helping the use of the procedure may facilitate the procurement of complex contracts such as PPPs, and thus, ease the building and management of public infrastructures for the provision of public services. Originality/value The authors are not aware of previous studies that have used the TED data set and studied the law in a number of European countries so as to understand the usage patterns for the competitive dialogue.

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Varga, András. « Rule of law in the 21st century ». Bratislava Law Review 3, n^o 1 (30 juin 2019) : 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2019.3.1.141.

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Rule of law is one of the core principles of constitutions and also the essential value of the European Union. Still, rule of law does not have a unanimous understanding either in the academic sphere or in the jurisprudence of the countries. The paper explains some theories on rule of law, then it considers how the doctrine prevails in the praxis of the Venice Commission and in the wording of the Treaty on the European Union. The paper concludes that interpretation of international fora involves the meaning of rule of law in a national level, even though the base of interpretation is unclear.

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Domingues, Joana Sousa. « The multilingual jurisprudence of the Court of Justice and the idea of uniformity in European Union Law ». UNIO – EU Law Journal 3, n^o 2 (12 mars 2019) : 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/unio.3.2.10.

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It is generally accepted that the development of a Union of law is largely due to the judicial decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter, CJEU). With its judicial pronouncements, the CEJEU aims to achieve the same legal effects in every language version of its judgments and, through them, to ensure the uniform application and interpretation of European Union law. Nevertheless, such judicial pronouncements, with normative and binding force, are the result of collegial decisions and drafted by jurists in a language that is usually nottheir mother tongue. In addition, they are also the result of various permutations associated with the necessary legal translation from and to (and vice versa) the working language of the Court and the official languages of the European Union. The published judgments presented as authentic are, in most cases, translations. To understand the construction of decisions of the CJEU is to understand the construction of the European Union law, and by consequence, the European project itself.

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Dragišić, Radmila. « Autonomy of higher education in the European Union : Case C-66/18 European Commission v. Hungary ». Politeia 11, n^o 21 (2021) : 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/politeia0-31034.

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Aware of the fact that autonomy is an important prerequisite for educational institutions to be able to perform their tasks, in this paper we explore and analyze one of the most interesting cases from the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union in this area. Namely, the European Commission initiated proceedings against the Republic of Hungary for violating the rights of the European Union. The focus is on the Law on Higher Education of that member state, which has caused sharp controversies within the academic community in the countries of the European Economic Area, but also in third countries. Although the work is mostly dedicated to the free movement of services in the field of higher education, we inevitably explore the relationship between European Union law and legal instruments of the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as the views of the Court of Justice regarding their interpretation. The case we are discussing is also important for the status of countries aspiring to become members of the European organization, since the European Parliament adopted a recommendation to include in the Copenhagen criteria for accession the defense and protection of academic freedom and institutional autonomy in order to prevent their endangerment in member states.

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Lazíková, Jarmila. « The Notion of the European Union Trademark ». EU agrarian Law 8, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2019) : 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2019-0004.

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AbstractThe EU trademark law has recorded the important changes in the last years. The Community trademark in the past and the EU trademark at the present have become very popular legal measures not only in the EU Member States but also in the third countries. Its preferences are increasing year to year. The EU trademark may consist of a sign that fulfils two main attributes. Firstly, there is a distinctive character. Secondly, there is a capability of being represented on the Register of the EU trademarks. The second attribute is new and replaced the previous attribute - capability of being represented graphically. The interpretation of the above mentioned attributes is not possible without the judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It is necessary to take into account the kind of trademark, list of the goods and services, which should be signed by the trademark, and its perception by the public. The paper includes the main judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union related to the interpretation of the sign that may be registered as the EU trademark. They are very helpful in the application practice of the European Union Intellectual Property Office and the national offices of the intellectual property as well.

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Oplotnik, Tjaša. « Institutional Environment and Housing Conditions in the European Union ». Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 6, n^o 3 (2 septembre 2009) : 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/56.

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There is no housing policy at the level of the European Union. Therefore, it is the domain of national options. There are also big differences between individual Member States. Despite that, the basic feature of the housing policies has been privatisation in most European countries over the last twenty years. It means transferring the responsibility for housing provision from the state to the market and formation of financial networks within which an individual can provide his or her housing. In nearly all EU Member States, including Slovenia, a major volume of selective allocation of housing construction for the market and a higher level of housing quality are noticeable. The purpose of this paper is to present the housing policies and the housing market conditions in Slovenia, Great Britain, Germany, Sweden and Spain. On the basis of the comparative analysis of the selected countries, we tried to present characteristics, differences or similarities in the housing standard. They are reflected in the quality, availability and accessibility of the housing stock. KEY WORDS: • housing market • housing policy • quality • availability • accessibility • housing stock • Slovenia • Great Britain • Germany • Sweden • Spain

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Ishchenko, Ivan, Kostiantyn Buhaichuk, Olha Tokarchuk, Kateryna Rudoi et Iryna Tsareva. « European experience of preventive activities performed by law enforcement agencies : administrative aspect and theoretical-legal aspect ». Cuestiones Políticas 40, n^o 75 (29 décembre 2022) : 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.17.

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The aim of the research was to reveal the peculiarities of preventive activities carried out by law enforcement agencies in the countries of the European Union. Attention is paid to the known methods of preventive work carried out by the police of different countries, which make it possible to prevent crimes and arrest criminals when they are still preparing to commit a crime. In this regard, models of preventive activities used in continental European countries are described. The methodological basis of the research is presented in comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. In the conclusions attention is paid to the peculiarities of prevention applied by individual members of the European Union, in particular, the policy of prevention by the Polish police, in terms of recidivism of persons who have already committed crimes. This policy is developed by borrowing from the European experience, because in some countries the emphasis is on extending the powers of police officers, in others - on maximum interaction with the society involved to help implement some police functions.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Law – European Union countries – Interpretation and construction"

Barani, Luca. « Cour européenne de justice et les limites de son autonomie supranationale ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210478.

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La thèse effectue une revue de la littérature scientifique sur la Cour dans le processus d’intégration juridique, en classant les différentes positions selon qu’ils définissent le rôle de la Cour comme réactif ou pro-actif. En faisant cette revue de la littérature, cinq facteurs sont mis en exergue pour ce qui concerne la problématique de l’autonomie de la Cour, qui feront l’objet d’une analyse approfondie dans la suite de la thèse :

I) Limites inhérentes à l’interprétation juridique des Traités tels qu’ils se retrouvent dans les règles institutionnalisées du raisonnement de la Cour ;

II) L’interaction, au niveau européen, entre la Cour et les autres institutions ;

III) Les pressions et les stratégies d’influence des Etats membres vis-à-vis de la Cour comme agent de leurs préférences ;

IV) La dépendance structurelle de la Cour supranationale vis-à-vis ses interlocuteurs judiciaires au niveau national ;

V) Le degré d’obéissance que les appareils administratifs et exécutifs des Etats membres démontrent vis-à-vis la jurisprudence de la Cour.

Par rapport à ces facteurs, et leur importance relative dans la détermination de la ligne d’action de la Cour de Justice, la thèse évalue les changements et les défis auxquels est soumise la fonction de la Cour de justice au niveau de l’Union européenne, en particulier par rapport à l’environnement de plus en plus critique ou évolue la trajectoire jurisprudentielle de la Cour par rapport aux acteurs politiques et juridiques, l’érosion du caractère sui generis du droit communautaire dans le contexte du droit international, le rôle de plus en plus affiché des cours nationales, et le contexte institutionnel dans lequel se trouve à agir cette juridiction.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Bernard, Elsa F. M. « La spécificité du standard juridique en droit communautaire ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210344.

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En droit communautaire, les notions « souples », « élastiques », les « mots à sens multiples » ,dont le contenu est déterminé non pas par leur auteur mais par leur interprète, sont nombreux.

Parmi ces notions « floues », certaines, à la fois conceptuelles et fonctionnelles, sont intentionnellement indéterminées parce qu’elles permettent une mesure des comportements et des situations en termes de normalité et nécessitent, pour leur application aux cas d’espèce, des références exogènes au droit. C’est le cas, par exemple, des notions de « bon père de famille », de « bonnes mœurs », de « délai raisonnable », d’« abus de droit », de « confiance légitime », ou encore d’ « ordre public ».

Ce type particulier de notion indéterminée constitue un standard.

La question se pose de savoir si, et dans quelle mesure, les standards présentent des particularités dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union européenne, du point de vue de leur substance, c’est à dire de leur contenu, et du point de vue de leur fonction.

Il apparaît, d’abord, que la spécificité substantielle du standard n’est que partielle.

En effet, certains standards sont marqués par une forte coloration communautaire en ce qu’ils touchent au noyau dur de l’intégration communautaire et à la répartition des compétences au sein de cet ordre juridique (les notions de subsidiarité, de coopération loyale notamment). D’autres standards, en revanche, ont une substance proche de celle qui leur est attribuée dans les ordres juridiques nationaux ou internationaux, tout en étant adaptée à la logique de l’ordre communautaire (c’est le cas, par exemple, des notions de confiance légitime, de bonne administration, ou encore de procès équitable).

Il apparaît, ensuite, que la spécificité fonctionnelle du standard communautaire est manifeste.

Ce type de notion indéterminée joue, en effet, un rôle lié non seulement aux particularités du système juridictionnel de l’Union et à la contribution du juge à l’intégration européenne, mais aussi aux particularités structurelles de l’ordre juridique communautaire.

Doctorat en droit
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Magnette, Paul. « Citoyenneté et construction européenne : étude de la formation du concept de citoyenneté et de la recomposition de ses formes institutionnelles dans le cadre de la construction européenne ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211973.

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Weerts, Laurence. « Mutations et utilisations du concept de "frontière" dans l'intégration européenne : une analyse des recompositions des modes de gouvernement et de légitimation dans l'ordre politique européen ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211212.

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Fahlbusch, Markus. « European integration in the field of human rights protection : the interaction on the basis of different constitutional cultures ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209162.

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The present thesis suggests that judicial interaction can benefit constructive solutions of concrete human rights problems as a specific way of integrating European human rights protection. This affirmation is substantiated by case studies examining the interaction of the European Court of Human Rights with the UK House of Lords and Supreme Court on the one hand and with the German Federal Constitutional Court on the other. Yet, the manner in which the courts proceed in their interaction, notably in view of their potentially conflictual stances, can deflect from the concentration on constructively solving the substantive human rights problem with which the courts are confronted. Accordingly, the courts might be inclined to preserve the status quo of their initial positions and to resort to a mere compromise between the different interests involved.

This thesis identifies two major factors in the courts’ reasoning that inhibit the fruitful discussion of the substantive human rights questions brought up by the cases: the reference to “culture” and the focus on their institutional relationship with the balancing of possibly conflicting interests. By way of analysing practical cases against a legal- and political-theoretical backdrop, this work develops how these two factors contribute to the obstruction of a constructive interaction between the courts and to the shielding of controversial views from being discussed and challenged. In response, also by reference to the concrete practice of the courts, this thesis puts forward an approach to the interaction which avoids this inhibiting effect and therefore allows for a comprehensive, deep and critical discussion on how to solve the specific human rights problems raised by the cases./La présente thèse soutient que l’interaction judiciaire peut bénéficier à des solutions constructives des problèmes concrets de droits de l’homme comme une forme spécifique d’intégration de la protection européenne des droits de l’homme. Cette affirmation est corroborée par des études de cas qui examinent l’interaction de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme avec la House of Lords et la Cour suprême du Royaume-Uni d’un côté et avec la Cour constitutionnelle fédérale de l’Allemagne de l’autre. Pourtant, la manière dont les cours procèdent dans leur interaction, notamment au vu de leurs points de vue potentiellement conflictuels, peut détourner l’attention de la solution constructive des problèmes substantiels des droits de l’homme auxquels les cours font face. En conséquence, il se peut que les cours soient susceptibles de préserver le statu quo de leurs positions initiales et d’avoir recours à un simple compromis entre les différents intérêts en cause.

Cette thèse identifie deux facteurs majeurs dans le raisonnement des cours qui entravent la discussion fructueuse des questions substantielles soulevées par les cas :la référence à la « culture » et la concentration sur leur relation institutionnelle avec le balancement des intérêts possiblement conflictuels. Au moyen de l’analyse des cas pratiques sur le fond de la théorie juridique et politique, ce travail fait ressortir comment ces deux facteurs contribuent à l’obstruction d’une interaction constructive entre les cours et à la protection des opinions controversées contre leur discussion et défi. En réponse, également en se fondant sur la pratique concrète des cours, cette thèse avance une approche quant à l’interaction qui évite cet effet inhibant et, par conséquent, permet une discussion complète, profonde et critique de comment résoudre les problèmes spécifiques de droits de l’homme posés par les cas.

Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
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TUYTSCHAEVER, Filip. « The changing conception of differentiation in European Union law ». Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4810.

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Defence date: 20 November 1998
Examining board: Prof. Francis Snyder, European University Institute (supervisor) ; Prof. Claus-Dieter Ehlermann, European University Institute (co-supervisor) ; Mr. Ricardo Gosalbo-Bono, Legal Service, Council of European Union
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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URBAN, Nikolaus. « Linguistic diversity and legal determinacy ? : the principle of linguistic equality in European Community law ». Doctoral thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5645.

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RÉVEILLÈRE, Vincent. « Le juge et le travail des concepts juridiques : le cas de la citoyenneté de l'Union européenne ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/49104.

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Defence data: 28 November 2017; Examining Board: Professor Loïc Azoulai, University of Paris (Supervisor); Professor Myriam Benlolo Carabot, Paris Nanterre University; Professor Jean-Yves Chérot, Aix-Marseille University; Professor Urška Šadl, European University Institute
The thesis is awarded the Pierre-Henri Teitgen Prize 2018
By introducing the terms “citizens of the Union”, the drafters of the Maastricht Treaty inscribed a new concept in European Union law. The denomination of the new concept coincides with that of national legal concepts and of a concept widely discussed in political theory. More than twenty years later, the legal concept of citizenship of the Union has been widely constructed by the case law of the European Court of Justice. This case law then offers a particularly rich field of study for the development of a new perspective on judicial activity. My thesis proposes an investigation on the judge and the work of legal concepts; that is, an investigation on the practice of the judge – the work on concepts – and on the role of concepts in legal reasoning – the concepts at work. This inquiry should be distinguished from classical studies on the judge, mainly dealing with interpretation, as well as from works focusing on power relations between legal actors. In this thesis, I argue that EU law must be understood in its own terms, through an inquiry on the conceptual practices of the judge and I propose a non-formalist account of legal forms.

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IGNATOIU-SORA, Emanuela. « La construction d'un régime juridique pour la protection des roms ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/15411.

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Defence Date: 17 December 2010
Examining Board: Prof. Bruno De Witte, Université de Maastricht (Directeur de thèse IUE); Prof. Ruth Rubio Marin, Institut universitaire européen; Prof. Renate Weber, Parlement européen; Prof. Dia Anagnostou, Université de Macedoine-Thessaloniki/ ELIAMEP
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Source d’inspiration romantique pour des Hugo ou des Bizet, objet de mesures répressives prenant des formes aussi diverses que la « chasse aux tsiganes » ou des politiques « éclairées » poursuivant leur sédentarisation et transformation en « bons fermiers », prétexte de débat académique passionnel s’interrogeant sur les origines d’une langue et l’identité des personnes, les Roms font finalement irruption dans le domaine juridique notamment après l’effondrement du régime communiste. Il s’agit d’une telle multiplication de l’activité juridique que l’on ne trouve plus d’organisme européen, international ou national qui n’ait été conduit à s’intéresser, de quelque manière que ce soit, à la situation des Roms. Cette thèse a comme point de départ cette effervescence juridique et vise à identifier et à décrire la construction d’un régime juridique pour la protection des Roms. Il s’agit d’un véritable processus qui a entraîné une cohorte d’acteurs. Parmi eux, deux se distinguent et c’est précisément sur leurs efforts que cette thèse se concentre : le Conseil de l’Europe et l’Union européenne. Leur contribution pour la protection des Roms est significative : l’interprétation par la CEDH de la Convention européenne pour les droits de l’homme en tant que protégeant la vie en caravane des Roms comme mode de vie traditionnel entrant sous la protection de l’article 8, la dénonciation par la même cour d’une discrimination généralisée subie par les Roms dans le domaine de l’éducation ; il y a aussi la Charte sociale européenne apportant des clarifications importantes notamment quant au droit des Roms à un logement effectif, à la santé et à l’assistance sociale ainsi qu’à la protection contre la pauvreté et l’ exclusion sociale. Mentionnons également le rôle de la Convention-cadre pour la protection des minorités nationales à confirmer le statut de minorité pour les Roms ainsi que l’apport de la Charte des langues régionales ou minoritaires à la préservation de leur identité culturelle. Quant à l’Union européenne, il s’agit d’analyser l’intérêt à la fois exogène et endogène manifesté par les institutions européennes à l’égard des Roms, ainsi que la contribution du droit de l’Union européenne à leur protection, surtout par des instruments comme la Directive à l’égalité raciale. Cette thèse vise aussi à faire passer l’analyse de la contribution de ces divers instruments du plan théorique au plan pratique. Pour faire cela, nous prenons en compte un seul Etat - la Roumanie - afin d’étudier la protection des Roms en relation avec les instruments européens rappelés. La recherche poursuite dans le cadre de cette thèse a conduit à conclure sur l’émergence d’un régime de protection pour les Roms, à caractère hybride, associant des éléments du régime de la protection des minorités (droits linguistiques, protection de l’identité culturelle) à des éléments liés aux droits de l’homme et notamment aux droits économiques et sociaux. Mais plus important encore, cette thèse a mis en évidence plusieurs points d’inquiétude : une véritable polémique engageant des experts et représentants des Roms quant à la question de savoir si les Roms doivent demander des droits uniquement en tant que membres de l’humanité, c’est-à-dire des droits de l’homme, ou s’ils doivent demander des droits également en tant que membres d’un groupe spécifique, c’est-à-dire, des droits des minorités ; l’opportunité et l’utilité d’un tel régime de protection pour les Roms, surtout dans le contexte ou davantage de voix posent ces questions : la réalité des besoins telle qu’elle est répercutée au niveau des organismes qui élaborent des instruments juridiques reflète-t-elle la réalité du terrain ? Ces divers développements juridiques réussissent-ils à améliorer la situation des Roms et à faire respecter leurs droits ?

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SKIDMORE, Paul. « The construction of atypical working and community law ». Doctoral thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5637.

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Award date: 31 December 1992
Supervisor: B. Bercusson
First made available online on 11 July 2018
There is much talk in labour law about 'atypical workers' and 'atypical working' and yet there is little agreement on how to approach and analyse the subject. Nevertheless, in the broadest terms it can be stated that most, if not all, writers at least agree that the sort of workers to whom the label 'atypical' can be applied are (1) part-time workers, (2) those on fixed term-contracts, (3) temporary workers including casual workers and (4) those who work through a temporary employment business (in the UK context often referred to as agency workers). The European Commission estimated in 1988 that around 20% of the workforce within the European Community could described as falling within this description of atypical working.

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Livres sur le sujet "Law – European Union countries – Interpretation and construction"

Tuytschaever, Filip. Differentiation in European Union law. Oxford [England] : Hart Pub., 1999.

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Grzegorz, Żmij, dir. Interpretation in Polish, German and European Private Law. München : sellier. european law publishers, 2010.

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Great Britain. National Audit Office. Lost in translation ? : Responding to the challenges of European law. London : Stationery Office, 2005.

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Blackstone's EU treaties & legislation : 2013-2014. 2^e éd. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2013.

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Prohibition of abuse of law : A new general principle of EU law ? Oxford : Hart, 2011.

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Evas, Tatjana. Judicial application of European Union law in post-communist countries : The cases of Estonia and Latvia. Farnham, Surrey, England : Ashgate Pub. Company, 2012.

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Current legal problems : 2009. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2010.

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honouree, Fennelly Nial, dir. Of courts and constitutions : Liber amicorum in honour of Nial Fennelly. Oxford : Hart Publishing, 2014.

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1962-, Mörth Ulrika, dir. Soft law in governance and regulation : An interdisciplinary analysis. Cheltenham, UK : E. Elgar, 2004.

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author, Webb Julian S., dir. Learning legal rules : A students' guide to legal method and reasoning. Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2013.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Law – European Union countries – Interpretation and construction"

Wyrzykowski, Mirosław. « When Sovereignty Means So Much : The Concept(s) of Sovereignty, European Union Membership and the Interpretation of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland ». Dans The Court of Justice and the Construction of Europe : Analyses and Perspectives on Sixty Years of Case-law - La Cour de Justice et la Construction de l'Europe : Analyses et Perspectives de Soixante Ans de Jurisprudence, 229–55. The Hague, The Netherlands : T. M. C. Asser Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-897-2_14.

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Masło, Krzysztof. « The Place and Role of Fundamental Rights in the EU Legal System ». Dans The Policies of the European Union from a Central European Perspective, 55–71. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.aojb.poeucep_2.

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The protection of fundamental rights at European level has been one of the most important issues since the founding of the Communities. An important gap was filled by the Lisbon Treaty when it incorporated the Charter of Fundamental Rights into primary EU law. Its scope, interpretation, and relationship with national constitutions and legal systems has been the most controversial issue of the last decade. After a presentation of the historical development of the protection of fundamental rights in Europe, this chapter looks at the issues of application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the jurisprudence of the Eastern European countries.

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Xue, Hong. « Hong Kong (‘.hk’) ». Dans Domain Name Law And Practice. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663163.003.0020.

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The current trademark law is the Trademarks Ordinance (TMO, Chapter 559) and the Trademarks Rules (Chapter 559A). The TMO is modeled on the trademark laws of the countries of the European Union, in particular, the United Kingdom Trademarks Act 1994. The relevant United Kingdom cases as well as those of other common law countries (such as Australia, New Zealand), although not binding, provide guidance on the interpretation of Hong Kong trademark law. The TMO grants exclusive rights to the owners of registered trademarks.

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Rosati, Eleonora. « The Construction of Exceptions and Limitations in the InfoSoc Directive ». Dans Copyright and the Court of Justice of the European Union, 128–53. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837176.003.0006.

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The analysis moves on to consider exceptions and limitations under the InfoSoc Directive. In particular, attention focuses on three areas—parody, quotation, and private copying—which serve to outline how the application of certain key standards, notably (1) the one according to which concepts in EU directives that make no reference to the laws of individual EU Member States should be intended as autonomous concepts of EU law that must be given uniform application throughout the EU, (2) strict interpretation of exceptions and limitations, but also (3) effectiveness of exceptions and limitations and (4) achieving a fair balance in the protection of contrasting rights, have allowed the creation of an EU system of exceptions and limitations. In this sense, the role of the Court has been pivotal in strengthening, at least in part, the admittedly weak harmonizing force of the InfoSoc Directive. This chapter also discusses the nature and function of the three-step test as found in Article 5(5) of that directive.

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Yann Simo, Regis. « The (Domestic) Enforcement of AU International Economic Law Instruments : Exploring the Desirability of Direct Effect ». Dans The Emergent African Union Law, 417–35. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862154.003.0023.

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This chapter deals with the principle of direct effect as applied in European Union (EU) law and explores its suitability in the enforcement of African Union (AU) legal instruments, notably those setting up the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). What motivates the issue of direct effect is the noted reticence of African countries to litigate trade matters between themselves despite the existence of provisions of regional trade treaties creating courts of justice which give standing to Member States. Therefore, it surveys the avenues through which natural and legal persons can uphold their rights stemming from AfCFTA treaties, thus contributing to treaty interpretation and increasing security and predictability. Currently, the AfCFTA Dispute Settlement Protocol, modelled after the World Trade Organization (WTO), does not allow such a possibility, contrary to rights acquired by natural and legal persons before some African Regional Economic Communities (RECs) courts. Nevertheless, this chapter finds that carving out access of natural and legal persons to AfCFTA proceedings may not always work as intended since there are other ways to bypass these obstacles. These loopholes could be the gateway through which direct effect will develop and become a principle of AU law, broadly speaking. These gaps further complement this chapter’s suggestions to explore amending the AfCFTA legal instruments, even though its dispute settlement system is yet to be tested, in order to match the standing that natural and legal persons have acquired under the RECs, which, in fine, are building blocks towards achieving the AfCFTA and, eventually, the African Economic Community.

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Maiani, Francesco. « CJEU Citations in the Case Law of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court ». Dans The Impact of the European Court of Justice on Neighbouring Countries, 81–114. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855934.003.0005.

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This chapter addresses the issue of when, why, and to what effect the Swiss Federal Supreme Court (FSC) refers to the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). After providing background information on the Swiss legal system and the relations between Switzerland and the EU, it presents the doctrines of ‘euro-compatible’ interpretation developed by the FSC. Based on a comprehensive analysis of published FSC decisions, it then examines the frequency of references to the CJEU, their legal rationale, and their impact. The article finds that citations of the CJEU in Swiss case law are much more frequent and cogent than in the other third states covered by the present book. This, it is argued, is due to the far-reaching Europeanization of Swiss law. Indeed, while cultural factors may influence the decision to cite CJEU precedents in individual cases, the degree and type of Europeanization in each legal field predict the frequency and cogency of such citations. Thus, in the Swiss case, it may be misleading to speak of the ‘influence of the CJEU’. More than inter-judicial dynamics, it is Swiss judges’ everyday office of applying the law that leads them to consider CJEU precedent.

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Gabrichidze, Gaga. « The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Georgian Legal System ». Dans The Impact of the European Court of Justice on Neighbouring Countries, 241–62. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855934.003.0011.

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This chapter scrutinizes perception of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) by the Georgian courts and the Georgian Competition Agency. With the conclusion of the Association Agreement between the EU and Georgia in 2014, the Georgian legal system undoubtedly became more closely connected with EU law. Hence, approximation commitments under the Association Agreement made the case law of the CJEU of much more relevance for the Georgian courts and administrative authorities. However, in the wake of intensification of EU–Georgia relations, the impact of CJEU case law can be identified even in the time before conclusion of the Association Agreement. Analysis shows that several factors play a role with regard to the extent and frequency of mentioning CJEU case law in the decisions of the Georgian courts and Competition Agency. Judges refer to case law of the CJEU with the aim of either strengthening their own arguments or using it as a source of interpretation. Taking into consideration the ‘European’ roots of Georgia’s competition policy, the Competition Agency regards the case law of the CJEU as having a very important interpretative value for closing ‘gaps’ in the law.

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Davies, Gareth. « Interpretative Pluralism and the Constitutionalization of the EU Legal Order ». Dans Autonomy without Collapse in a Better European Union, 124–41. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897541.003.0007.

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Abstract Constitutional pluralism tries to provide a legitimating theoretical frame for stubborn disagreements between the European Court of Justice and national constitutional courts. However, in accepting the legal separateness of constitutions and EU law it offers a depressingly Cold War vision of the European constitutional space. Interpretative pluralism instead conceives of these texts as a composite whole, with the task of courts to read them as such, seeking interpretations of one that do not do violence to the other. The disagreements between courts should not be about which text takes precedence, but about what they mean. The difference in practice is that national constitutional courts should never say that EU law conflicts with their constitutions. Rather, they should read it so that it does not, even if that means disagreeing with an interpretation offered by the European Court of Justice. Normatively this approach has the merit that it encourages national courts to engage more deeply with EU law, a necessary step in the construction of a working and legitimate European legal order. Descriptively, it also corresponds increasingly to what national apex courts actually do.

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Kozerska, Ewa, et Tomasz Scheffler. « State and Criminal Law of the East Central European Dictatorships ». Dans Lectures on East Central European Legal History, 207–39. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.ps.loecelh_9.

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The chapter is devoted to discussing constitutional and criminal law as it existed in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe between 1944 and 1989 (Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Romania, Hungary, and Poland). As a result of the great powers’ decisions, these countries came under the direct supervision of the Soviet Union and adopted totalitarian political solutions from it. This meant rejecting the idea of the tripartite division of power and affirming the primacy of the community (propaganda-wise: the state pursuing the interests of the working class) over the individual. As a result, regardless of whether the state was formally unitary or federal, power was shaped hierarchically, with full power belonging to the legislative body and the body appointing other organs of the state. However, the text constantly draws attention to the radical discrepancy between the content of the normative acts and the systemic practice in the states mentioned. In reality, real power was in the hands of the communist party leaders controlling society through an extensive administrative apparatus linked to the communist party structure, an apparatus of violence (police, army, prosecution, courts, prisons, and concentration and labor camps), a media monopoly, and direct management of the centrally controlled economy. From a doctrinal point of view, the abovementioned states were totalitarian regardless of the degree of use of violence during the period in question. Criminal law was an important tool for communist regimes’ implementation of the power monopoly. In the Stalinist period, there was a tendency in criminal law to move away from the classical school’s achievements. This was expressed, among other means, by emphasizing the importance of the concept of social danger and the marginalization of the idea of guilt for the construction of the concept of crime. After 1956, the classical achievements of the criminal law doctrine were gradually restored in individual countries, however – especially in special sections of the criminal codes – much emphasis was placed on penalizing acts that the communist regime a priori considered to be a threat to its existence. Thus, also in the field of criminal law, a difference was evident between the guarantees formally existing in the legislation and the criminal reality of the functioning of the state.

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Stan, Grigore-Octav, et Georgiana Ghitu. « Cross-Border Transfer of Personal Data ». Dans Personal Data Privacy and Protection in a Surveillance Era, 298–316. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-083-9.ch017.

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This chapter outlines the Romanian data protection legal regime governing the cross-border transfers of personal data, both to countries located in the European Union (EU) or in the European Economic Area (EEA), as well as to non-EU or non-EEA countries. In addressing the Romanian legal requirements related to international transfers of personal data, a high level insight into the background of Romanian data protection principles and main rules applicable in the broader context of privacy proves useful. Although this chapter analyzes mainly the Romanian legal regime of data protection, with a special emphasis on cross-border transfer of personal data, a similar interpretation and application of the data protection related requirements may also be encountered in other European jurisdictions. While expounding primarily on data transfer related matters, this chapter also looks at how the EU Data Protection Directive (Directive No. 95/46 EC), as well as the relevant secondary legislation in the field of data protection, has been implemented into Romanian law.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Law – European Union countries – Interpretation and construction"

Bublienė, Raimonda. « Internationalization and Multiple Discrimination : the Case of Employment Regulation ». Dans Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.061.

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The article analyses European Union anti-discrimination law development in Member States and differences between protected grounds of discrimination. On this basis, the analysis covers recognition of the social complexity, internationalization and discrimination of foreigners for different grounds. The process of internationalization and migration, covering social, political, economical, cultural, legal processes, the non-discriminatory protection of a foreigner as a member of the society has become complicated, when attempting not to discriminate people arriving from the other countries and to have equal possibilities. The problems of discrimination are valid and significant for the civil society itself. The article also discusses the concept of multiple discrimination in European Union anti-discrimination law, legal regulation and protection against multiple discrimination in Europe and separate legal regulation of the Member States. This article argues that internationalization processes bring new approaches of interpretation of European Union employment equality law and contemporary challenges, introduces recent cases of equal treatment of employees during employment at private companies.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Law – European Union countries – Interpretation and construction"

Zhytaryuk, Marian. Ukraine in the international press in 1930 (on the materials of the Lviv newspaper «Dilo»). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11413.

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In the article of Professor Maryan Zhytaryuk, it is implemented the systematization of publications in the international press of 1930 about Ukraine on the materials of the Lviv newspaper «Dilo». Important political issues, in particular: Bolshevism in Soviet Ukraine, the massacre of the Ukrainian intelligentsia (Union for the Liberation of Ukraine), the interpretation of the «Ukrainian political problem» in European countries were singled out and generalized. The topicality of the article subject follows from the need to supplement the materials on the study of the «Ukrainian question», from the understanding that the interwar period, mainly in the 30s of the twentieth century, is a concentrated historical and political period, that is represented on newspaper and magazine columns. During the decade (30s of the twentieth century) – there were thousands of them. For example, in the newspaper «Dilo» only in the first three months of 1930 we can find more than 100 publications on international subjects. Therefore, the author narrowed the research materials to translated materials in the genres of press round-up, review, digest of publications in the foreign press. The purpose of the article is to focus on Ukrainian issues in the international press based on translations and comments on foreign publications in the newspaper «Dilo» in 1930. The task of the publication is to comprehend the identified texts in the context of geopolitical construction on the eve of World War II; to supplement the history of Ukrainian and foreign journalism and its source base. In the article the author uses the method of scientific study of primary sources found in the special funds of the Scientific Library of LNU. I. Franko, in particular, the bundles of the newspaper «Dilo» for 1930. 252 publications were processed, some of which - in several submissions. Based on scientific summarizing, 15 publications on political issues with the keyword «Ukraine» were selected on the basis of translated sources from foreign media (scientific research method). Actually with the purpose of understanding the raised issues (conceptual analysis) and of preparing some certain conclusions and generalizations (methods of synthesis, induction and deduction) the problem-thematic analysis was used.

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