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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Law – European Free Trade Association countries »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Law – European Free Trade Association countries"

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Calboli, Irene. "The intricate relationship between intellectual property exhaustion and free movement of goods in regional organizations: comparing the EU/EEA, NAFTA, and ASEAN." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 9, no. 1 (2019): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2019.01.02.

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This article explores the relationship between national rules on the exhaustion of intellectual property (IP) rights and cross-border trade within regional organizations. In particular, this article compares three distinct approaches adopted by: the European Union (EU); the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA); and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). Based on this comparison, this article concludes that in order to effectively promote the free movement of goods, members of regional organizations need to consistently adopt national policies on IP exhaustion that support, at l
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Brandariz, José A., and Cristina Fernández-Bessa. "A Changing and Multi-scalar EU Borderscape: The Expansion of Asylum and the Normalisation of the Deportation of EU and EFTA Citizens." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 3 (2020): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i3.1587.

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The sorting of individuals is one critical function performed by migration law. These legal regulations are based on dichotomies, such as separating irregular migrants from regular migrants. However, through the multi-scalar management of human mobility, the conflicting coexistence of national and supranational interests decentres these legal binaries. Therefore, migration law devices sort newcomers in a more complex way, giving shape to multilayered and unstable hierarchies of otherness. Using Spain as a case study on migration control changes, this paper addresses the role that migration law
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Uryupina, Alisa Eduardovna. "Problems of Implementing the EU's Inter-regional Policy in the Asian Direction." Мировая политика, no. 4 (April 2022): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2022.4.38967.

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Interregionalism occupies an important place in the foreign policy of the European Union, because through it the EU seeks to expand its presence in various regions of the world and export its norms, views and values. The promising, rapidly developing Asian region is no exception. This article is devoted to the study of the process of building an inter–regional policy by the European Union in the Asian direction, namely with the largest regional association in the region - the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The purpose of this study is to identify the main factors hindering the
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BAUR, GEORGES S. "Square Pegs and Round Holes (Continued): Financial Market Surveillance Authorities and Internal Market Association." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 22 (December 2020): 32–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cel.2020.10.

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AbstractAfter the financial crisis of 2008, the European Union (‘EU’) not only increased its substantial legislation regarding financial services, but also built up a strong and unified system of financial market supervision. In particular, central surveillance authorities were created. These were given far-reaching competences with regard to substituting dysfunctional national authorities or players in the financial services sector. The three European Economic Area (‘EEA’) and European Free Trade Association (‘EFTA’) States—Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway—participate in the EU's internal m
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Kohnstamm, N. M. "Approaching Judgment Day: The Influence of Brexit on the EU Pharmaceutical Framework." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 46, Issue 2 (2019): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2019010.

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Though the plans for Brexit keep changing daily at the time of writing of this article, it seems useful to identify and discuss the differences between various types of EU trade agreements with third countries as possible models for a future EU–UK relationship, whatever the outcome. At some point after all the political drama, civil servants and negotiators will need to get down to business and find practical solutions for the new situation. This article examines the impact of such a transition on the integrated EU pharmaceutical industry. First, a state of play chapter details the EU and UK l
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Kamerman, S. B., and A. J. Kahn. "Child and Family Benefits in Eastern and Central Europe and in the West: Learning from the Transition." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 2 (1993): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110199.

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As countries in Eastern and Central Europe attempt the transition to market economies, they challenge the theoretical and applied repertoires of political economy. It is the premise in this paper that the transition tests the social policy ‘wisdom’ of the pluralistic, democratic ‘Western’ societies and offers scholars the opportunity for monitoring and learning. The paper is focused on family benefits, a component of social policy, and is concentrated on Hungary, Poland, and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. A contrast is made to European countries of the European Community and the Europe
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Herbert, Eti Best, and Fasilat Abimbola Olalere. "What Is Economic Globalization Without Trans-boundary Migration?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 10 (2020): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020088.

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The world is often regarded as a global village or borderless globe where various countries freely interconnect and interrelate towards achieving a global goal. Globalization has occasioned international cooperation amongst States through the formation of several treaties and international organizations with economic objectives. This article evaluates the law and attitude of States and International organizations towards economically motivated trans-boundary migration. Particular reference is made to World Trade Organization(WTO), European Union(EU), African Union (AU), Economic Community of W
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Sætervadet, Torkell. "Can ‘Traffic Rights’ for Non-commercial Air Operators Be Derived from EU Law?" Air and Space Law 47, Issue 3 (2022): 289–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2022016.

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The European Union’s liberalization of the aviation market provided commercial EU air carriers with free access to intra-Community routes. For non-commercial air operators, the Chicago Convention already provided for certain international ‘traffic rights’. Moreover, the introduction of common rules for civil aviation has brought EU-wide harmonization to the non-commercial sector. Despite this, EU operators of non-commercial flights experience restrictions in certain territories. Some EU Member States accept free circulation of harmonized aircraft; others require registration in the state where
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Predmestnikov, Oleh, and Vitaliy Gumenyuk. "HARMONIZATION OF ECONOMIC AND LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR DEEPENING EU-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 1 (2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-1-174-181.

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The policy of Ukraine for the establishment and development of relations with the European Union began in 1993, was carried out all the years of Ukraine’s existence, and received intensive deepening with the beginning of the formation of an international treaty – the Association Agreement, which includes a list of legal, social, economic, and technical regulations, and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), in 2014 and its final signing in 2017. Political and economic objectives of the Agreement are of fundamental importance to the future of both Ukraine and the whole European region.
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Gricar, Sergej, Stefan Bojnec, and Tea Baldigara. "GHG Emissions and Economic Growth in the European Union, Norway, and Iceland: A Validated Time-Series Approach Based on a Small Number of Observations." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 11 (2022): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15110518.

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This research aims to ensure methodological conformance and to test the validity of its empirical application. To do so, the study analysed differentiation of the development patterns of four time-series variables. The relationships between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, employment, inflation, and gross domestic product (GDP) at constant prices were analysed, comparing the European Union (EU-27) and two European Free Trade Association countries. The study period covers twelve years of monthly and quarterly data from the beginning of 2010 to mid-2021, where the highest frequency of data was 13
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Thèses sur le sujet "Law – European Free Trade Association countries"

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Wei, De Cai. "Trade related environmental measures of European Union : a new kind of trade barriers?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637069.

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Volz, Eckehard. "The trade, development and cooperation agreement between the Republic of South Africa and the European Union : an analysis with special regard to the negotiating process, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the Port and Sherry Agreement." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52582.

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 1999.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) between the European Union and the Republic of South Africa, which was concluded in October 1999. In particular, the agreement is analysed in the light of the negotiating process between the parties, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the compatibility of the agreement with it and the Port and Sherry Agreement. Since the EU emphasised its aim to commence economic and development cooperation with other African, C
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Kerdreux, Anne Louise. "L'outre-mer au regard du droit européen et du droit international : evolutions statutaires influencées par le droit européen et le droit international." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0812.

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L’outre-mer comprend des régions, des pays et des territoires aux statuts divers et au passé hérité en grande partie des grandes puissances européennes, ce qui les a placés dans une communauté d’intérêts avec les Etats auxquels ils sont rattachés mais aussi avec l’Union européenne (UE).Néanmoins, ces régions, pays et territoires n’ont eu cesse de reconstruire entre eux des liens historiques et culturels et de tisser des relations avec l’ensemble de l’outre-mer afin de présenter une cohérence d’ensemble dans leur négociation avec l’Union européenne.Les régions ultrapériphériques appliquent le d
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FLØISTAD, Karin. "Associated, adapted and (almost) assimilated : the European economic area agreement in a revised EU constitutional framework for welfare services." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/43809.

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Defence date: 27 October 2016<br>Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, supervisor, EUI; Professor Claire Kilpatrick, EUI; Professor Christophe Hillion, University of Leiden and University of Oslo; Professor Fredrik Sejersted, Attorney General, Norway<br>How are the Contracting Parties to the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement affected by the revised European Union (EU) constitutional framework for welfare services? This is the key question analysed in this thesis. By welfare services is meant a broad range of services wholly or partly financed through public funds such as public healt
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HANNESSON, Ólafur Ísberg. "Giving effect to EEA law : examining and rethinking the role and relationship between the EFTA Court and the Icelandic National Courts in the EEA legal order." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/28418.

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Defence date: 21 January 2013<br>Examining Board: Professor Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor M. Elvira Mendez-Pinedo, University of Iceland (external co-supervisor); Professor Miguel Poiares Maduro, European University Institute; Judge Páll Hreinsson, EFTA Court.<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses<br>Doctrines developed by the EFTA Court have placed considerable demands on the various national courts in the EFTA States. The Court now considers the EEA Agreement to form an "international treaty sui generis w
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BAQUERO, CRUZ Julio. "The economic constitutional law of the European Community: between competition and free movement." Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4554.

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Defence date: 5 March 2001<br>Examining board: Prof. Giuliano Amato, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri; European University Institute (supervisor) ; Prof. Gráinne de Búrca, European University Institute ; Prof. Koen Lenaerts, Judge, Court of First Instance of the European Communities; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ; Prof. Jean-Victor Louis, European University Institute; Université libre de Bruxelles (supervisor) ; Dr. Peter Oliver, Legal Adviser, European Commission<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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MULDER, Jotte. "Social legitimacy in the internal market : a dialogue of mutual responsiveness." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41264.

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Defence date: 9 May 2016<br>Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti, European University Institute (supervisor); Professor Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute/Sciences Po; Professor Anna Gerbrandy, Utrecht University; Professor Christian Joerges, Hertie School of Governance/University of Bremen.<br>Social legitimacy is conventionally conceived to encompass an empirical notion based on the idea that, lacking societal acceptance, a (political or legal) regime will eventually disintegrate. This concern is reflected in the original compromise of 'embedded liberalism', which stands at the
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TROMMER, Jan. "The responsibility of private actors in the internal market : private actors taking over?" Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/45246.

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Defence date: 30 January 2017<br>Examining Board: Professor Loïc Azoulai, Sciences Po Paris (Supervisor); Professor Marco Dani, University of Trento/LSE; Professor Gareth Davies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Professor Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, European University Institute<br>The picture presented and often referred to in EU internal market law and legal scholarship is clear. Within the internal market private actors are the recipients of rights and public authorities are constrained in their (regulatory) powers. The notion of this new individualism is bound up with capacities, powers, and reso
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HEROLD, Anna. "European film policies in the context of EU and international law : a misalliance of culture and free market?" Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6910.

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Defence date: 12 February 2007<br>Examining Board: Prof. Bruno de Witte (European University Institute); Prof. Giuliano Amato (European University Institute); Prof. Rachael Craufurd Smith (University of Edinburgh); Prof. Thomas Cottier (University of Bern)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses<br>The thesis presents in a comprehensive fashion European film policies in the context of both EU and international law. It relies on a broad survey of national and EU film policy measures, the EU practice in the areas of state aid, antitrust and merger law with re
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Kerdreux-Fulrad, Anne Louise. "L'outre-mer au regard du droit européen et du droit international : evolutions statutaires influencées par le droit européen et le droit international." Thesis, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0812.

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L’outre-mer comprend des régions, des pays et des territoires aux statuts divers et au passé hérité en grande partie des grandes puissances européennes, ce qui les a placés dans une communauté d’intérêts avec les Etats auxquels ils sont rattachés mais aussi avec l’Union européenne (UE).Néanmoins, ces régions, pays et territoires n’ont eu cesse de reconstruire entre eux des liens historiques et culturels et de tisser des relations avec l’ensemble de l’outre-mer afin de présenter une cohérence d’ensemble dans leur négociation avec l’Union européenne.Les régions ultrapériphériques appliquent le d
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Livres sur le sujet "Law – European Free Trade Association countries"

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Risto, Piipponen, and Westman-Clément Maria, eds. The Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA): A guide to the free movement of goods and competition rules. Clarendon Press, 1994.

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The law of the European Community: Including the EEA Agreement. [Fritzes], 1994.

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Andrew, Evans. The law of the European Community: Including the EEA agreement. Kluwer, 1994.

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Andrew, Evans. Prawo integracji europejskiej. Dom Wydawn. ABC, 1996.

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Utne, Amund. Employment and unemployment in the EFTA countries. European Free Trade Association, Economic Affairs Dept., 1985.

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Fenger, Niels. European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Economic Area (EEA). Kluwer Law International, 2012.

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Wahl, Nils. The free trade agreements between the EC and EFTA countries: Their implementation and interpretation : a case study. Institutet för immaterialrätt och marknadsrätt vid Stockholms universitet, 1988.

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European Union and the EFTA countries: Enlargement and integration. Pinter Publishers, 1994.

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1953-, Redmond John, ed. The 1995 enlargement of the European Union. Ashgate, 1997.

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1944-, Robinson Mary, Findlater Jantien, and Irish Centre for European Law., eds. Creating a European economic space: Legal aspects of EC-EFTA relations : papers from the Dublin conference, October, 1989. Irish Centre for European Law, Trinity College, 1990.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Law – European Free Trade Association countries"

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Rabinovych, Maryna. "EU Free Trade Agreements as an Instrument of Promoting the Rule of Law in Third Countries: A Framework Paper." In European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2019. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/8165_2019_31.

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Kieron, Beal. "Part V Competition Law and Procedure in the European Economic Area, 28 European Economic Area Competition Procedure." In EU Competition Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198799412.003.0028.

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This chapter explores the general structure of the competition provisions and procedure, including the rules on State aid—applicable under the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement). The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established in 1960 by Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Its goal was to reduce or remove import duties, quotas, and other obstacles to trade in Western Europe and to uphold liberal, non-discriminatory practices in world trade. EFTA membership served as a platform for EFTA members to negotiate a specific agreement with Member States of the European Community for an extension of the internal market to those countries. The resultant EEA Agreement came into force on 1 January 1994. The EEA Agreement is an international treaty that is considered to be sui generis and which contains a distinct legal order of its own. The Agreement, whilst falling short of a customs union, has created the world's largest integrated economic area. The chapter then describes the substantive competition rules under the EEA Agreement, the procedure to be followed in their application, and the allocation of jurisdiction between the EU Commission and the EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) in that application.
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Kur, Annette, and Martin Senftleben. "Acquisition Of Rights." In European Trade Mark Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199680443.003.0006.

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Under European trade mark law, protection is only acquired through registration (Article 6 EUTMR; Article 1 TMD). Whether the mark is actually used or not is of no relevance at this stage: neither is it a requirement for protection, nor does it grant a substantive right under the European Union Trade Mark Regulation (EUTMR) or the Trade Mark Directive (TMD). However, such protection may follow from national law. Member States are free to grant use-based trade mark protection within their jurisdiction, and in a number of them—Austria, Germany, Italy, the Nordic countries, and, in the form of passing off, the United Kingdom—such protection is available under terms that may differ from country to country. The specificities of the legal regime applying to such signs are independent from the provisions in the TMD.
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Kugler, Kholofelo, and Mulualem Getachew Adgeh. "Africa and Trade and Investment Liberalization." In The Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law (2e), 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868381.013.16.

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Abstract African trade and investment relations have been shaped by external partners and institutions, as well as Africa’s own aspiration for European Union-style regional economic integration. The continent’s economic trajectory has been mainly underpinned by economic liberalization. However, African countries have generally conservatively followed mainstream trade models, rules, and institutions, while being more activist and innovative in investment rulemaking for sustainable development. Unlike investor disputes, African countries also have limited experience in international trade disputes within their regional economic communities and at the World Trade Organization. The African Continental Free Trade Agreement offers African countries an opportunity to forge an ambitious and robust continental economic regime and to facilitate African economies’ industrialization. While progress has been steady in recent years, the fate of Africa’s economic integration within the continent and into the global economy largely hinges on the successful implementation of this agreement.
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Seatzu, Francesco. "Under Construction." In The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2018. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190072506.003.0008.

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Although compelled by both political and trade necessities, negotiations for the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EMFTA) have been problematic and lengthy. This free trade area is to encompass the countries around the Mediterranean, including non-EU member countries, and it was foreseen in the 1995 Barcelona Declaration as one of the key elements of the Euro Mediterranean Partnership (EMP). After over fifteen years of negotiations and the creation of closer commercial relations between EU Member States and the states of the southern side of the Mediterranean through the conclusion of several Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements (AAs) and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTAs) between 1998 and 2012‏, there is a lot at stake for the EU and the MPCs in the results of these deliberations. This work aims to examine these issues, with particular reference to the most recent progress, if any, made in the decade long negotiation process of EMFTA, and seeks to identify the best way forward.
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Wouters, Jan, Frank Hoffmeister, Geert De Baere, and Thomas Ramopoulos. "Common Commercial Policy." In The Law of EU External Relations. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869481.003.0007.

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This chapter provides an overview of the historical evolution and contemporary legal framework of the EU’s common commercial policy (CCP). A structured presentation of the most important European Court of Justice (ECJ) case law in the field recalls the scope and objectives of the CCP. Specific attention is paid to the unilateral regulation of trade, that is, the EU’s regulations on imports (including trade defence) and exports, services, intellectual property, and foreign direct investment. The chapter also presents the trade barriers and enforcement regulations in their context. Finally, it provides an outline of the main points in the EU’s Free Trade and Investment Agreements with third countries.
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Reich, Arie. "The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Israeli Legal System." In The Impact of the European Court of Justice on Neighbouring Countries. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855934.003.0012.

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This chapter presents the findings of the author on the impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the Israeli legal system. After a short description of the Israeli legal system and its judiciary, including figures on the use of foreign legal sources by the courts, the chapter describes briefly the relations between the EU and Israel and notes the weak legal approximation provision in the Association Agreement. Despite the lack of obligation on Israel’s part to rely on CJEU judgments, the author has found steadily growing numbers of citations of these judgments by various Israeli courts and tribunals. The chapter presents the statistics of these citations over the years, the types of tribunals that cite the CJEU, and the fields of law where these citations are mostly found (mainly in trade marks, competition law, and labour law). It also lists the CJEU cases that are most cited by Israeli tribunals. It then assesses the impact of the citations by a coding system that allows us to observe the relative influence that the citations had in the various tribunals. After having presented a statistic overview on the citation patterns, the chapter zooms into some specific cases where the CJEU was cited in order to put the citation into context and better understand its significance. Finally, the chapter discusses instances of CJEU impact on Israeli regulation, not case law, namely in the field of competition law, sports (the Bosman case), and privacy (‘the right to be forgotten’).
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Marcos, Araujo Boyd, and Lingen Nicolas von. "Part II Control of Concentrations (Regulation (EC) 139/2004), 16 General Issues: Scope of Control." In EU Competition Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198799412.003.0016.

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This chapter studies the scope of the Merger Control Regulation. Council Regulation (EC) 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (Merger Control Regulation or MCR) sets out a common merger control in all Member States of the European Union. It is based on the necessity of ensuring that corporate transactions do not distort competition between undertakings, while ensuring a level playing field between undertakings operating in the different Member States. In parallel to the Merger Control Regulation, Article 57 of the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement) extends the merger control regime to the geographic ambit of the European Economic Area. Under the EEA Agreement, if a concentration meets the turnover thresholds of the Merger Control Regulation, the European Commission has sole competence to decide on the concentration. Concentrations with an ‘EFTA [European Free Trade Association] dimension’ as defined in Article 57 of the EEA Agreement and not having an EU dimension are dealt with by the EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA). However, to date, no such concentrations have been notified to the EFTA Surveillance Authority. Where the Commission handles cases as a consequence of its competence under the EEA Agreement, ESA and the competition authorities of the EFTA States are involved in the proceedings.
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Gunn, T. Jeremy, and Alvaro Lagresa. "The human rights encounter between the EU and its Southern Mediterranean Partners." In The European Union and Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814191.003.0012.

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In 2004, the European Commission adopted its ‘European Neighbourhood Policy’ (ENP) to guide relations with the states on its periphery, including its ten ‘Southern Partners’ (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria (suspended in 2011), and Tunisia). The ENP promoted the Southern Partners as a ‘ring of friends’, each of which would develop bilateral relations with the EU under the common ENP framework. The ENP and the bilateral Euromed Association Agreements (EMAAs) emphasise the linkage of democracy, human rights, rule of law, trade, economic development, and security relations. Historical European interference in the region, however, in particular the colonial rule of several European countries, has left an enduring taint of hypocrisy and double standards. As of today, none of the ten states, with the arguable and qualified exception of Israel, has developed a representative democracy. Respect for human rights and the rule of law remains a challenge in the region. At the same time, the EU frequently prioritises its ‘hard interests’ in trade and security over its ‘soft values’ of promoting human rights. It is recommended that the EU adhere to its official policies rather than employ mere human rights rhetoric, and to require its Southern Partners to effectively implement their EMAAs (presumably through the ‘essential-elements clauses’). The EU is capable of using its vast and disproportionate economic influence to implement its ‘more for more’ policy: the more the Southern Partners comply with the EMAAs, the better will be economic relations with the EU.
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Yann Simo, Regis. "The (Domestic) Enforcement of AU International Economic Law Instruments: Exploring the Desirability of Direct Effect." In The Emergent African Union Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862154.003.0023.

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This chapter deals with the principle of direct effect as applied in European Union (EU) law and explores its suitability in the enforcement of African Union (AU) legal instruments, notably those setting up the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). What motivates the issue of direct effect is the noted reticence of African countries to litigate trade matters between themselves despite the existence of provisions of regional trade treaties creating courts of justice which give standing to Member States. Therefore, it surveys the avenues through which natural and legal persons can uphold their rights stemming from AfCFTA treaties, thus contributing to treaty interpretation and increasing security and predictability. Currently, the AfCFTA Dispute Settlement Protocol, modelled after the World Trade Organization (WTO), does not allow such a possibility, contrary to rights acquired by natural and legal persons before some African Regional Economic Communities (RECs) courts. Nevertheless, this chapter finds that carving out access of natural and legal persons to AfCFTA proceedings may not always work as intended since there are other ways to bypass these obstacles. These loopholes could be the gateway through which direct effect will develop and become a principle of AU law, broadly speaking. These gaps further complement this chapter’s suggestions to explore amending the AfCFTA legal instruments, even though its dispute settlement system is yet to be tested, in order to match the standing that natural and legal persons have acquired under the RECs, which, in fine, are building blocks towards achieving the AfCFTA and, eventually, the African Economic Community.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Law – European Free Trade Association countries"

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Węcławowicz-Gyurkovich, Ewa. "Image of a Hanseatic city in the latest Polish architectural solutions." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8086.

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The problem of the reconstruction of centres of Polish towns and cities after the destructions of the World War II evoke discussions even today. Over the first years after the war, in numerous cases the centres of historical cities and towns were lost; in the place of former market squares and networks of streets with tenements crowned with endwall trims, randomly dispersed concrete blocks of flats were erected, in order to satisfy urgent housing demands. The situation changed after 1980, when in Elbląg, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, a rule was adopted according to which the peripheral developm
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Law – European Free Trade Association countries"

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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.

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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, comp
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