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Frerichs, Sabine. « Putting behavioural economics in its place : the new realism of law, economics and psychology and its alternatives ». Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 72, no 4 (17 mars 2022) : 651–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v72i4.920.
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The behavioural turn in economics has spilled over into the field of law and economics. Some scholars even consider behavioural economics a variety of new legal realism, invoking earlier efforts to promote law as a behavioural and social science. In fact, behavioural economics works towards more realistic assumptions about human behaviour by drawing on empirical research methods, namely economic experiments. However, not all realisms are alike. Much of the mainstream of behavioural economics is inspired by cognitive psychology, which entails a move from behaviour to cognition and, ultimately, to brains. For scholars with a socio-legal background, legal realism rather points in the opposite direction: to the social contexts and institutional frameworks that shape individual behaviour. By exploring alternative options for a new realism at the intersection of law, economics, and related disciplines, this article exposes the relative neglect of institutions in behavioural economics and the tendency to reduce them to a corrective for cognitive biases in applications to law. At the same time, it provides a broad overview of different varieties of realism next to behavioural-economic ones.
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van Aaken, Anne, et Tomer Broude. « The Psychology of International Law : An Introduction ». European Journal of International Law 30, no 4 (novembre 2019) : 1225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa008.
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Abstract Public international law scholarship opens evermore to social science theories and methodologies, but the implications of cognitive research and behavioural economics have not been systematically explored, even though they have been successfully applied to domestic legal issues and are increasingly used in public policy and regulation. In this symposium, we aim to fill two research gaps: first, international law and economics and international political economy rarely use behavioural insights, while behavioural law and economics lacks international dimensions, and, second, international political psychology sidesteps the importance of international norms. This introduction surveys the main psychological angles employed in the articles of the symposium as well as the difficulties envisioned in this research agenda of applying psychology to international law and using experiments for the study of international law. These difficulties notwithstanding, behavioural studies have generated many insights that have the potential to greatly enrich our understanding of international law.
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DUDCHENKO, Valentina V., Yuliia V. TSURKAN-SAIFULINA et Konstiantyn M. VITMAN. « Justification of the Subject of Cognition Problem in Modern Social and Legal Sciences Methodology ». Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no 7 (18 novembre 2019) : 2296. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.7(37).13.
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The article is devoted to the study of the essential characteristics of the subject of cognition. The process of cognition, being one of the oldest issues in the history of humankind, has always been and remains highly relevant today. This is due to the irrepressible desire of a person to know the world around her/him and herself/himself. If the study of the surrounding world is basically the prerogative of the natural sciences, then self-cognition is the object of study in the humanities. The process of cognitive activity is considered by a number of the humanities and social sciences: philosophy (in a generalized sense), history, psychology, pedagogy, sociology, etc., but it begins to occupy a separate place in the philosophy of law. Modern human needs to know the measure, opportunity, freedom and responsibility of the process of cognition. In the article, from the point of view of critical realism, the current state of the methodology of cognition is analyzed and the necessary tendencies in changing the worldview and defining the new methodology of the humanities are substantiated. The experience of the post-Soviet countries with dogmatic ideology and destructive methodology was used as an illustrative material. It has been established that only a free-thinking subject and a methodology developed on the principles of the supremacy of spiritual values can improve the reverent approach to the person and the world as a whole and come closer to the cognition of absolute truth.
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Farzanegan, Mohammad Reza. « Cognitive ability and corruption : rule of law (still) matters ». Empirical Economics 59, no 4 (2 avril 2019) : 1723–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01687-4.
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Rohrlich, Paul Egon. « Economic culture and foreign policy : the cognitive analysis of economic policy making ». International Organization 41, no 1 (1987) : 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300000746.
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Political scientists researching economic foreign policy have generally taken one of two analytic approaches. The first is based on realpolitik, the traditional application of “high” politics to the “low” politics of economics. This approach considers economics subordinate to politics. The concept of the national interest dominates; the pursuit of power—what enables the state to achieve its goals of security, welfare, and other societal values—is seen to underlie most actions. The study of foreign economic policy is thus an analysis of the distribution of power among states within the international system. By understanding a state's sources of strength and areas of vulnerability in relation to other states, the analyst will better understand the creation of foreign policy. Hans Morgenthau notes that while states may sometimes pursue economic policies for their own sake (in which case they should take little interest in their success), the more important economic policies they will favor are instruments of political power.Stephen Krasner views the state as an autonomously motivated actor, able to guide policy in pursuit of state priorities while resisting interest groups and ideologies. According to this “power theory”, the state tries to increase its economic competitiveness, ensure security of material needs, and promote its broad foreign-policy objectives. Economic policy is for the most part subordinate to and best explained by state priorities and prerogatives. Robert Tucker, Klaus Knorr, Robert Gilpin and others have also adopted this framework.
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Zeki, S., O. R. Goodenough, Oliver R. Goodenough et Kristin Prehn. « A neuroscientific approach to normative judgment in law and justice ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B : Biological Sciences 359, no 1451 (29 novembre 2004) : 1709–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1552.
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Developments in cognitive neuroscience are providing new insights into the nature of normative judgment. Traditional views in such disciplines as philosophy, religion, law, psychology and economics have differed over the role and usefulness of intuition and emotion in judging blameworthiness. Cognitive psychology and neurobiology provide new tools and methods for studying questions of normative judgment. Recently, a consensus view has emerged, which recognizes important roles for emotion and intuition and which suggests that normative judgment is a distributed process in the brain. Testing this approach through lesion and scanning studies has linked a set of brain regions to such judgment, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and posterior superior temporal sulcus. Better models of emotion and intuition will help provide further clarification of the processes involved. The study of law and justice is less well developed. We advance a model of law in the brain which suggests that law can recruit a wider variety of sources of information and paths of processing than do the intuitive moral responses that have been studied so far. We propose specific hypotheses and lines of further research that could help test this approach.
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Chen, Nai-Hua. « Exploring the Cognitive and Emotional Impact of Online Climate Change Videos on Viewers ». Sustainability 12, no 22 (17 novembre 2020) : 9571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229571.
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Climate change is a significant challenge for the international community. A significant part of addressing this challenge involves informing people about climate change to try and change behavior. Organizations like Technology, Entertainment, and Design (TED) use social media as a means of disseminating information about the complexities of climate science. In this study, we investigate viewers’ responses to 50 TED videos associated with climate change that are posted on YouTube. We elucidate the opinions of both speakers and viewers through sentiment analysis of 59,023 comments and negative binomial regression techniques of viewers’ reactions. The most frequently mentioned keywords are emission, temperature, environment, nature, renewable energy, and economics. The top three emotions evoked by reviewer are trust, fear, and anticipation. The issue of economics is largely responsible for triggering these emotional responses.
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Jensen, Mikael. « Lifestyle : suggesting mechanisms and a definition from a cognitive science perspective ». Environment, Development and Sustainability 11, no 1 (12 juillet 2007) : 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-007-9105-4.
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Firniksz, Judit, Borbála Tünde Dömötörfy et Péter Mezei. « Gateways to the Internet Ecosystem – Enabling and Discovery Tools in the Age of Global Online Platforms ». YEARBOOK OF ANTITRUST AND REGULATORY STUDIES 15, no 26 (décembre 2022) : 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2022.15.26.6.
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The Google Shopping case has provided significant lessons that reach beyond antitrust enforcement. ‘Enabling and discovery tools’ create a layer that serves as a gateway to the Internet ecosystem. Therefore, on the one hand, they play a key role in ensuring the openness of the Internet ecosystem, and on the other hand, they exercise a primary influence on consumer experiences and their cognitive processes, which in turn determine online consumer transactions. Enabling and discovery tools, such as adopting design methods based on applied behavioural sciences (for example: user experience design (UX) and user interface design (UI)), create global challenges at the crossroads of antitrust, consumer law and platform regulation. At the same time, in light of the complexity of the platform economy, some market phenomena might be particularly difficult to identify and address, while fast and efficient adaptation is an essential factor for market players. This brings advocacy – the promotion of a competitive environment – into the focus also at the national level, particularly where a dual enforcement regime makes a multifocal approach possible.
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Koktysh, K., et A. Renard-Koktysh. « Cognitive Dimension of Security ». International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no 4 (2021) : 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.4.67.3.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the algocognitive culture, the new reality that humanity has already entered, but remains far from being understood. Today we can speak about dissolution of the concept of privacy: almost all actions of a person, including his daily trips, his social circle and values it shares, his correspondence and purchases are automatically observed, and completely transparent to information corporations. The problem of fake news has become insurmountable: their appearance into the information cascade converts in an event immediately, making later investigations and refutations almost obsolete. A «culture of cancellation» has emerged, within which a priori there is no criteria for good and evil, where it has become possible to «delete» from the information circulation any arrays of knowledge that do not meet the requirements of the self-proclaimed «new ethics», and to ostracize people associated with them. The author compares the current state of affairs with the era of the dominance of sophists in ancient Greece, when the truth was determined depending on the conjuncture, and finds relevant parallels. In this context, the author formulates the concept of «cognitive vulnerability»: the new reality makes possible control of the masses of people, setting not only their consumer, but also political behavior. The author defines network reality as an alternative system of socialization, where the «network» ontology and values turn out to be more competitive than real ones, and therefore de facto displace them. The latter becomes possible due to a kind of «splitting» of the personality, when the emotional reaction is de facto separated from the real goal-oriented activity, and connected with the virtual reality. Ruling algorithms in social networks are aimed at achieving this goal: for an example author turns to recent investigation by The Wall Street Journal regarding Facebook: the MSI algorithm used by the latter provokes disputes and splits on every occasion. De facto, this leads to a situation where American information corporations are moving towards the new quality of the actual owner of sovereignty over the consciousness of the external societies. This challenge has already been met by China: since September 1, 2021, Beijing had nationalized algorithms, and handed control over them to the Communist Party. The author analyzes the steps taken by China and comes to the conclusion that in case of success China will become not only an economic, but also an ideological alternative to America, thereby making a bid to restore a bipolar world political system.
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Desai, Anuj C. « Libertarian Paternalism, Externalities, and the “Spirit of Liberty” : How Thaler and Sunstein Are Nudging Us toward an “Overlapping Consensus”. Richard H. Thaler, and Cass R. Sunstein. 2008 . Nudge : Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness . New Haven, CT : Yale University Press. Pp. x + 293. $26.00 cloth. » Law & ; Social Inquiry 36, no 01 (2011) : 263–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2010.01231.x.
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In their 2008 bookNudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein use research from psychology and behavioral economics to argue that people suffer from systematic cognitive biases. They propose that policy makers mitigate these biases by framing people's choices in ways that help people act in their own self‐interest. Thaler and Sunstein call this approach “libertarian paternalism,” and they market it as “the Real Third Way.” In this essay, I argue that the book is a brilliant contribution to thinking about policy making but that “choice architecture” is not just a solution to the problem of cognitive biases. Rather, it is a means of approaching any kind of policy making. I further argue that policy makers must take externalities into account, even when using choice architecture. Finally, I argue that libertarian paternalism can best be seen as motivated by what Sunstein has celebrated in his work on constitutional theory: a humility about the possibility of policy‐maker error embodied in Learned Hand's famous aphorism about the “spirit of liberty” and an attempt to reduce social conflicts by searching for what John Rawls called an “overlapping consensus.”
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Yu, Haimiao, Hong Chen et Ruyin Long. « Mental fatigue, cognitive bias and safety paradox in chinese coal mines ». Resources Policy 52 (juin 2017) : 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.02.005.
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Stein, Janice Gross. « The Micro-Foundations of International Relations Theory : Psychology and Behavioral Economics ». International Organization 71, S1 (avril 2017) : S249—S263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818316000436.
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AbstractAlmost forty years ago, a small group of scholars drew on cognitive psychology to explain anomalous patterns of behavior by leaders on issues of international security. Although it made significant contributions to theory and research, that scholarship did not diffuse broadly into the field. Drawing on concepts in psychology and behavioral economics, research that uses new methods is now producing a wave of scholarship in international relations exemplified by the work in this special issue. Analysis of the use of prospect theory over the last three decades identifies the scope conditions that enable the predictions of rational choice and psychological theories. These scope conditions motivate the focus on the heterogeneity of decision makers that is at the core of current contributions. Future research will move beyond the now-sterile debate between rational choice and psychology.
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Losco, Joseph. « Book Reviews : Maxwell - The Sociobiological ImaginationMary Maxwell (ed.) Albany, NY : State University of New York Press, 1991, 376 pp. US$44.50 cloth. ISBN 0-7914-0767-5. US$14.95 paper. ISBN 0-7914-0768-3. State University of New York Press, P.O. Box 6525, Ithaca, NY 14851, USA. » Politics and the Life Sciences 11, no 2 (août 1992) : 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400015434.
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PrécisAs the editor reports in the introduction, this volume has three goals: (1) to acknowledge the influence of sociobiology in a wide number of disciplines and areas of inquiry; (2) to illustrate the ways in which practitioners of these disparate disciplines employ sociobiological approaches in their own fields of study; and (3) to introduce major principles of sociobiology.Contributors assess the current and potential influence of sociobiology in their own fields, including psychiatry (Randolph M. Nesse), law (John H. Beckstrom), management theory (J. Gary Bernhard and Kalman Glantz), anthropology (William Irons), economics (Robert H. Frank), primatology (Birute Galdikas and Paul Vasey), history (Laura Betzig), political science (Roger D. Masters), ethical philosophy (John Chandler), cognitive psychology (Douglas Kenrick and Robert Hogan), epistemology (Michael Ruse), religious studies (Vernon Reynolds), studies of conflict (Johan M. G. van der Dennen), Marxist thought (Regina Karpinskaya), aesthetics (Charles J. Lumsden), sociology (Pierre L. van den Berghe), linguistics (James R. Hurford), and psychology (Charles Crawford). The introductory essay includes a glossary of sociobiological terms.
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Benaine, Shawn L. « Performance gaming : a systematic review of the literature in public administration and other disciplines with directions for future research ». International Journal of Public Sector Management 33, no 5 (29 avril 2020) : 497–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-07-2019-0191.
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PurposeThrough comparative analysis with other social science disciplines, gaps are identified in the performance gaming literature of public administration as it compares to other social science disciplines in order to understand directions for future research in this space.Design/methodology/approachThis study involves a systematic review of the performance gaming literature, focusing on important drivers of performance gaming. Using Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ProQuest Central, the systematic review covers years ranging from 1990 through 2019 and revealed empirical studies that were deemed relevant based on whether an article was (1) an empirical study and (2) performance gaming or cheating behavior was the outcome variable. Out of the 81 articles surmised from the search, 51 were regarded as relevant by meeting these criteria.FindingsThe main finding is that public administration has primarily focused on drivers that are embedded in the performance system. The other social sciences (psychology and economics, in particular) focus mainly on individual factors, mostly cognitive in nature. Public administration has also looked at organizational drivers, though this is a burgeoning area. Scholars in public administration may benefit from the other social sciences by determining how individual drivers work within the context of public organizations and how these shape organizational behavior.Originality/valuePer my knowledge, the paper is the first to systematically compare the performance gaming literature of public administration to other social science disciplines. The paper provides a direction for this burgeoning area of research.
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Berestova, T. F., et A. V. Mikhailova. « Methodology of a spatial approach in library science : prevalence and specificity of applying ». Bibliosphere, no 4 (30 décembre 2017) : 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2017-4-51-61.
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Space is one of the basic categories of philosophy having extensive operational and analytical capabilities. Nowadays the specificity of different types of spaces is studied, and the methodology of a spatial approach has become recognized as an effective method of knowledge in various sciences: philosophy, philology, pedagogics and psychology, political science, sociology, art history and cultural studies, economics and law, technical and natural sciences (physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry). As a special tool, the spatial approach is included in the scientific-educational store of documentary communication cycle’s sciences. To proof this statement authors examined an array of dissertations on library science and bibliography. A vector of cognitive activity, formed in librarian works of last 20-30 years, was directed on researching a spatial-information subject, as well as related to an «information space» phenomenon. However, many scientists, focusing on spatial terminology, have not deepened theoretical aspects and set tasks to detect an entity and structure of the information space without trying to offer its definition. Nevertheless, after representation theoretical and methodological foundations for studying information space scientists by T. F. Berestova in her doctoral dissertation researches began operating spatial terminology more confidently. Works’ analysis in library science allowed concluding that studying information or any other space researchers always focus their attention on investigating the interaction of the subject, which simultaneously acts as a part and as a creator of the space with other subjects and objects within it. This interaction provides course of integrative processes between subjects. The library science has already studied some form of interaction, identified a number of areas of integration processes, which are involved and initiated by the library. Thus, the analysis of works revealing the spatial issues enabled to summarize the methodology and to identify some common theoretical and methodological positions, which should be relied while developing a new epistemological tool in library science: methodology of the spatial approach. This article offers recommendations to use the spatial approach in library science and bibliographic researches.
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Shulman, Carl, et Nick Bostrom. « Embryo Selection for Cognitive Enhancement : Curiosity or Game-changer ? » Global Policy 5, no 1 (février 2014) : 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12123.
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Kovaliuk, Myroslava. « THE MODELLING OF THE DOMAINS OF THE EXPRESSION OF THE CONCEPT OF LANGUAGE IN THE BRITISH PUBLICISTIC DISCOURSE ON THE BASIS OF THE CHI-SQUARE CRITERION ». Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no 831-832 (2021) : 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2021.831-832.105-114.
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The article is devoted to the modelling of domains which express the concept of LANGUAGE in the British publicistic discourse on the basis of the χ2 criterion. A domain is a cognitive model that contains a set of features that are revealed when the concept name is combined with accompanying words. To determine the domains of the expression of the concept under study, the adjoining words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) are analyzed in one syntactic frame together with the nominative lexeme „language". Accompanying nouns, verbs and adjectives to the concept name of LANGUAGE are grouped by common thematic features and divided into lexical-semantic classes (LSCs), representing the spheres of concept expression: nouns constitute forty LSCs, verbs account for thirty-five LSCs, adjectives amount to twenty-six LSCs. The statistic-linguistic method of the χ²-test was employed to determine the lexical-semantic classes (LSCs) of adjoining lexemes associated with the name of the concept that are predominantly used in publicistic discourse and thus establish the most relevant areas of expression of the concept in the articles of the British publicistic discourse. On the basis of the dominant LSCs in accordance with the χ2 criterion, domains of the expression of the concept of LANGUAGE were identified. Fourteen domains („linguistic features of language”, „purity of speech”, „origin and territorial functioning of language”, „the existence of language and attitude to it”, „people as native speakers”, „education / science”, „communication / emphatics in relation to language”, „political and military spheres”, „modern technologies”, „religion”, „social spheres (Economics, Law, Sports) ”, „art / mass media”, „time”, „body language”) were determined.The broadest domain is the domain of „linguistic features of language”, which contains eight lexical-semantic classes. Such domains as „body language”, „the origin and territorial functioning of the language”, „purity of speech”, „people as native speakers”, „social spheres (Economics, Law, Sports)”, „education / science”, „modern technologies” are quite numerous in the discourse under study, since they make up six LSCs. The least used are the domains of „art / mass media”, „time”, „religion” (only two LSCs).
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Opderbeck, David W. « The End of the Law ? Law, Theology, and Neuroscience ». Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 75, no 1 (mars 2023) : 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf3-23opderbeck.
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THE END OF THE LAW? Law, Theology, and Neuroscience by David W. Opderbeck. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2021. 260 pages. Paperback; $31.00. ISBN: 9781498223898. *"It's not you but your brain." As this powerful meme has begun to characterise our generation, we encounter children under neurological treatment for their behavioral/mental deficits and seniors losing their self-identity due to neurological degeneration. It is indeed evident that our mental experiences are bound to our brain states--yet are we really nothing else than our brain? Many intellectuals of our day argue so--our psyche is an epiphenomenon of our brain state, and so we have no free will. *Recent advances in neuroscience, especially with non-invasive neuroimaging techniques enabling scientists to "read out" one's decision ahead of a person being consciously aware of their own decision, have underpinned a new movement called neurolaw. According to neurolawyers, humans are no longer legally or morally accountable for their behaviors as science leaves no room for the existence of free will; consequently, law should be re-oriented from retribution to treatment of criminals. Indeed, neurolaw seeks "to explain and reform the legal system from the ground up based on neuroscience" (p. 2). Despite, or because of, its radicality, the neurolaw movement can be an attractive alternate to the legal tradition of Western civilization, which is rapidly losing its Greco-Roman/Christian foundations in law and ethics. It is also in line with the trend that our contemporaries increasingly seek justice through facts/science and empathy instead of transcendent values and rationality. *Although neurolawyers optimistically hope that this shift will lead our world from conflicts in subjective values/beliefs to facts of science, and from moral retribution to humane treatment of criminals, in this book Seton Hall University Law School Professor David Opderbeck carefully considers their optimism legally, philosophically, and theologically--and concludes that, with no place for transcendence, their optimism is misplaced. Neurolaw's reductionism loses not only the place of personal responsibility in law and jurisprudence, but loses a rich and complex understanding of human nature and relationality. Opderbeck argues that theology can defend the transcendence of law and human morality, without losing its integrity to science, by understanding the laws of nature as empowering nature to fulfill its telos--its divine purpose. This move is key to a unified epistemological view on science and law, such that human-made laws empower humans with freedom and personhood--physically, legally, and morally. Consequently, the author reframes positive law (i.e., human-made law) as calling humans to the divine law of love. *In the first three chapters, Opderbeck illustrates how Western law made the historical shift from its foundational transcendent values, through legal positivism, to neurolaw. Contrary to the contemporary jurisprudential trend, the four rudiments of Western law, i.e., Ancient Greek, Roman, Hebrew, and Christian jurisprudence, commonly state that positive law has transcendent sources and is preceded by the ideal of law or universal moral principles (chap. 1). In contrast, today's Anglo-American legal scholarship, dominated by legal positivism and instrumentalism, removes transcendent grounds for law, replacing it with a hope that economics and science can guide the law by providing a measurement of "good" and predictions of its outcome (chap. 3). The current reductionist trends in neuroscience paint this picture with a greater hope by revealing detailed biological determinants of human behavior. *In chapters 4 and 5, Opderbeck provides a methodological basis for his analysis in the later chapters. He favors critical realism and fides et ratio approaches as they permit separate and yet complementary research in the two domains. He then demonstrates how together these can help to uncover the meaning of the law from the facts of paleoanthropology and sociobiology. Whereas sociobiologists such as David S. Wilson suggest that the contingent evolution of social orders in animals indicates that law is a construct with no transcendence, Opderbeck highlights the emergence of unique human cognitive abilities such as abstraction, language, and writing, which he argues enable the law to transcend the social orders observed in other species. *After showing that the facts of paleoanthropology and sociobiology can be interpreted differently from a materialist view, Opderbeck continues his philosophical criticism of the reductionism/materialism on which neurolaw is based (chap. 6). He points out that the fields of neuroscience and the philosophy of mind retain positivist assumptions. The author then identifies three problems in materialistic/reductionistic/positivist views of the law. First, reductionism cannot provide a coherent epistemological ground to make a truth statement since reason and consciousness are only illusory. Second, neurolaw proposes social engineering toward achieving behavioral normalcy in the population, but this leads to obscurity in value judgement--and, more seriously, to totalitarianism. Finally, materialism easily leads to nihilism. *Opderbeck's theological vision (and counterproposal to neurolaw) is uncovered in the last three chapters of the book. In chapter 7, he discusses the ontology of the human mind and free will. For this, he rejects the nonreductive physicalism of theologians such as Nancey Murphy and Robert van Gulick. He then finds more promising a neo-Aristotelian, teleological understanding of natural law as "powers and capacities" that emerge within nature (p. 173). These, rather than deterministic neurobiological rules, can be key to theological synthesis of science and law. To him, this view not only provides a plausible causal or explanatory framework but requires complementary room for transcendence: God's trinitarian, perichoretic transcendental love provides the telos for creation, and so the purpose of positive (human-made) law is to fulfill this transcendental telos through the "powers and capacities" of natural law *Opderbeck then assigns his last chapter to an applied problem, namely the problem of violence in the enforcement of law. Indeed, this issue appears to be one of the most important motivations for neurolawyers: neuroscience seeks to transform the means of law enforcement from retributive violence to more humane, neurological treatment. Nonetheless, through discussions of Pascal, Derrida, and Agamben, the author demonstrates that the law cannot bring justice without violent enforcement. Therefore, by forgoing divine transcendence it is impossible for neurolaw to overcome the problem of the violence of law. Opderbeck thereby puts forward the necessity of Christian teleology for an ultimate hope. Law is not a matter of deterministic rules but of love and life, and law is not of enforcement but empowering. What makes humans is not our capacity to make free choices but to be free to love and live; this is our telos. *The End of the Law? is a scholarly interdisciplinary book, which crosses over the philosophies of law, mind, science, and theology in order to challenge or re-orient the current dominance of legal/scientific positivism, reductionism, and physicalism among intellectual groups. This dense book suits those who are already exposed to philosophical analysis on some of these topics (or, for readers unfamiliar with some of this terrain, but willing to do some background reading). Despite the degree to which it engages questions in philosophy, the book ultimately seeks to re-orient the law around Trinitarian theology. As this will limit its plausibility in public legal spheres, I do wonder if the philosophical argument could have been further developed for those who do not hold to Trinitarian theology (or any theology). *As a neuroscientist I would add one further note. There is little interest within neuroscience today in the problem of free will. In fact, students are discouraged from studying the question, as it is considered an unsuitable subject for scientific investigation. Most of us stay "scientifically agnostic," although individual scientists have their own philosophies or perspectives. Given that neuroscience is still restricted to a deterministic regime, free will can only be falsifiable but not verifiable, because it is widely considered beyond the laws of nature. It is, therefore, not surprising that one finds only evidence against free will, which comes from the epistemological constraints of the discipline of neuroscience today. I strongly suggest that proponents of neurolaw scrutinize at what point neuroscience reaches its methodological limits before assuming a particular ontological interpretation of experimental results to be "neuroscientific" or even unfalsifiable. The neurolaw program appears to be built without adequate recognition of these interpretive limits within neuroscience, no doubt due to its positivist assumptions. Overall, in Opderbeck's book readers will encounter rich and complex discussions across different fields integrating law, science, and theology. Although Opderbeck writes from a Roman Catholic perspective, this book does not feel like an in-house discussion--his foundational arguments are rooted in classical Trinitarian metaphysics and Protestants willing to work through Opderbeck's conceptually dense discussions will find much of value in this work. *Reviewed by Kuwook Cha, postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4.
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Villani, Salvatore. « Un'analisi del problema della "localizzazione indesiderata" attraverso la teoria de giochi e l'economia cognitiva ». ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no 3 (juillet 2009) : 69–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2008-003004.
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- The analysts of the processes of public bodies decision - taking have long been discussing on the establishment of proper strategies to manage "environmental conflicts" - above all the so-called problems of "undesired location" of public works and facilities - efficiently (i.e. on a short-period basis so as to grant decision and agreement stability) and fairly (the parties' satisfaction is itself a further guarantee of decision and agreement stability). Each strategy, anyway, is still in progress, like a "universe to create and explore". Therefore, in this paper, we will focus on the analysis of the problem and provide as well some theoretical proposals to arrange "a new interpreting model of public bodies decision-taking processes" based on the achievements of two new subject-matters: evolutionary game theory and cognitive economy. Both sciences share their investigation field with law and economic science.Key words: Collective decision analysis, public decision-taking theory, conflict (re)solution, game theory, cooperative games, evolutionary game theory, neuroeconomics, bargaining theory.Parole chiave: Analisi delle decisioni collettive, teoria delle scelte pubbliche, risoluzione dei conflitti, teoria dei giochi, teoria della contrattazione, giochi cooperativi, teoria evolutiva dei giochi, neuroeconomia.JEL classifications: D700, D710, D740, C700, C710, C730, D870.
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Coleman, William D., et Josephine Dionisio. « Globalization, Collaborative Research, and Cognitive Justice ». Globalizations 6, no 3 (septembre 2009) : 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747730903142041.
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Schipper, Marc, et Franz Petermann. « Trust – a Subject for Social Neuroscience ? » Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 22, no 4 (décembre 2011) : 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000053.
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The term trust has its roots in psychology and the social sciences, it stands for a complex construct having a high relevance in certain domains, ranging from everyday-live issues over sociology and medicine to economics, law and politics. To a certain extend it plays a crucial role in all social interactions, displaying its enormous societal relevance. In the last years a new research domain emerged, referred to as ‘Social Neuroscience’. Within this domain many intriguing findings have been made regarding the neural basis of social behavior. In this review we want to present what is known about the neural mechanisms underlying trust and present ideas on how social neuroscientific research can improve our understanding of this important social phenomenon and its dysfunctions, focusing on interpersonal trust. Especially the integration of social-neuroscientific methods with clinical and developmental psychological paradigms should provide new insights into the biology and development of trust and distrust.
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Knight, Chris. « Language co-evolved with the rule of law ». Mind & ; Society 7, no 1 (5 juillet 2007) : 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11299-007-0039-1.
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Choudhury, Masudul. « Integrity : a systemic philosophico-economic abstraction ». Kybernetes 44, no 3 (2 mars 2015) : 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-03-2014-0054.
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Purpose – A brief critical review of the existing literature on the topic of integrity opens up the scope for a detailed approach to the meaning of social integrity, or integrity in its social relational sense. The tenor of explanation of this concept is then taken up as a subspace of the meaning of the supreme good and therein the concept of goodness. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – All such concepts are studied in the relational sense of epistemic origin of values. Such ethical values arise from the epistemic ontology of the moral law. They are contrasted with the contrary meanings under the episteme of rationalism. Findings – Rationalism as philosophy of mind and matter devoid of a substantive acceptance of the divinely inspired functional ontology of the moral law is also critically and formally studied. Research limitations/implications – More empirical work needed and which indeed can be done both statistically as well as by quantitative mathematical models. The scope for this extension remains wide open in the paper. Practical implications – The paper presents an immense import in the study of cognitive economics, behavioral finance, and decision making in the area of ethical finance and organizational behavior as a conscious institution. An example is provided. Many more areas are indicated. Altogether a vast scope of conception and applications in the area of endogenous ethics and socio-scientific field remains open. Originality/value – The paper is truly original crossing the boundaries of social cybernetics and systems into mathematical algorithmic treatment exemplified by a game-theoretic example of the imminent place of the meanings of the good, goodness, and the trait of integrity in social behavior. All these are together embedded in the study of embedded social system and cybernetic study. This is a foundationally original field of research investigation playing out its analytical part in the study of social system and cybernetic.
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Benton, Christine, et Raymond Benton. « Why Teach Environmental Ethics ? Because We Already Do ». Worldviews : Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 8, no 2-3 (2004) : 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568535042690790.
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AbstractIn this paper we argue for the importance of the formal teaching of environmental ethics. This is, we argue, both because environmental ethics is needed to respond to the environmental issues generated by the neoliberal movement in politics and economics, and because a form of environmental ethics is implicit, but unexamined, in that which is currently taught. We maintain that students need to become aware of the latent ethical dimension in what they are taught. To help them, we think that they need to understand how models and metaphors structure and impact their worldviews. We describe how a simple in-class exercise encourages students to experience the way metaphors organize feelings, courses of action, and cognitive understandings. This is then intellectualized by way of Clifford Geertz's concept of culture and his model for the analysis of sacred symbols. From there we present a brief interpretation of modern economics as the embodiment of the dominant modern ethos. This leads into a consideration of ecology as a science, and to the environmental ethic embodied in Aldo Leopold's "Land Ethic." We close with a personal experience that highlights how environmental teaching can make students aware of the presence of an implicit, but unexamined, environmental ethic.
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Pernazza, Federico. « L’INSEGNAMENTO DEL DIRITTO COMPARATO DELL’ECONOMIA : A PROBLEM-ORIENTED APPROACH ». Revista Eletrônica do Curso de Direito da UFSM 12, no 1 (19 avril 2017) : 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1981369426368.
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Il Diritto Comparato ha un ruolo crescente nella formazione dei professionisti in Scienze Giuridiche, ma anche negli studi in Scienze Politiche ed in Economia. Il Diritto Comparato dell’Economia costituisce, in particolare, una integrazione necessaria degli studi di Law and Economics, specie se l’insegnamento è impostato secondo un problem oriented approach. Il problem solving approach appare il più efficace nella didattica, ma costituisce anche un prezioso metodo comparatistico che rivaluta il ruolo del giurista quale tutore di valori e diritti fondamentali nel contesto globale delle Scienze Sociali contemporanee, che appaiono dominate dall’efficientismo economico.
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Carroll, W. K. « Networks of Cognitive Praxis : Transnational Class Formation from Below ? » Globalizations 10, no 5 (octobre 2013) : 691–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2013.828962.
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Petit, Joshua D., Mark D. Needham et Glenn T. Howe. « Cognitive and demographic drivers of attitudes toward using genetic engineering to restore American chestnut trees ». Forest Policy and Economics 125 (avril 2021) : 102385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102385.
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McFadden, Brandon R., et Jayson L. Lusk. « Cognitive biases in the assimilation of scientific information on global warming and genetically modified food ». Food Policy 54 (juillet 2015) : 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.04.010.
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Shugurov, M. V. « Law of the Eurasian Economic Union in the Field of Science, Technology and Innovation : a Systemic Approach ». Moscow Journal of International Law, no 3 (26 décembre 2020) : 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-3-44-63.
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INTRODUCTION. The article discusses the main features of law of the Eurasian Economic Union in field of science, technology and innovation (STI) from the point of view of new challenges of Industry-4.0. The purpose of present study is analysis of current legal regulation of science and technology interconnection of member states and revealing the possible scenarios of its developing.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In the course of preparation of this study, there have been used the act constituting the Union’s law, namely international treaties and documents (decisions, directions and recommendations) of institutional bodies. Additionally, author took into account the generalization of academic economists as to level of science and technology integration within the EAEU. This study is premised on using the general methods of cognition (systemic and structural approaches, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction) and methods of legal research (comparative, historical and formally-dogmatic). However, as most important has become the systemic approach allowing to understand the EAEU’s law in appropriate field as a complicated and multi-level system.RESEARCH RESULTS. Based on conducted analysis, the author has come to following research findings. The law in field of STI is a subsystem of EAEU’s law as such; subject matter of its regulation is a various forms of interconnection (coordination, cooperation and integration). Analyzed legal complex is unity of subsystems of primary and secondary law, while primary law is characterized by fragmentation. In turn, a great importance in regulating the science and technology interaction belongs to recommendatory acts of Eurasian economic commission. The factor of development of Union’s law in regarded field at the current stage is the recognition of science and technology interaction in a kind of separate integrative direction.DISCUSSION AN CONCLUSIONS. The author has ascertained the controversial issues concerning the completeness of legal regulation of science and technology cooperation and mainstream of its further improvement. The treaty base is needed to be improved first of all. Additionally, removing the imbalance in regulatory environment that means the lag of level of legal regulation of science and technology cooperation in energy sector over regulation in area of industry and agriculture is already in great demand. As a principles of improvement of the Union’s law in field of STI, author has suggested followings: strict adherence to legal model of the EAEU; taking into account the modern infrastructural trends closely connected with diffusion of digital platforms; equilibrium of primary and secondary law; increasing the role of program and strategic regulation; conjunction of differentiation and integration of legal regimes in area of traditional and emerging research and developments.
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Lang, Frieder R., David Weiss, Andreas Stocker et Bernhard von Rosenbladt. « Assessing Cognitive Capacities in Computer-Assisted Survey Research : Two Ultra-Short Tests of lntellectual Ability in the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) ». Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 127, no 1 (1 janvier 2007) : 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.127.1.183.
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Shkarupa, Olena, Viktoriia Boronos, Dmytro Vlasenko et Kostiantyn Fedchenko. « Multilevel transfer of innovations : Cognitive modeling to decision support in managing the economic growth ». Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no 1 (19 février 2021) : 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(1).2021.13.
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An essential aspect of the country’s economic growth is the transfer of innovation, which is very important nowadays. The innovative projects can be implemented through it at the level of households, companies, institutions, and local communities. The transfer of innovations is intended to cause a cumulative effect and stimulate economic growth. It is important to determine the influence of different factors on this process and consider the feedbacks in the “enterprise-region-state” system, which will increase the level of control over the process. The paper aims to find scientific instruments for managing the multilevel transfer of innovations, representing the connections between factors that act as catalysts/inhibitors of that process. The proposed methodology uses systems analysis, indicative analysis, and cognitive modeling (Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM)). Based on the study results, a cognitive model was formed based on identifying the “strength of impact” of connections between elements that determine the level of influence of the micro- and macro-environment factors of the innovation multilevel transfer. From a practical point of view, this allows obtaining forecasts of its behavior under different management actions. To implement the research results, it is necessary to determine management tools that will allow stakeholders in the system “enterprise-region-state” to make a transfer of innovations most effective. It demonstrates the need for further research in this area and assessing the potential consequences of management decisions for economic growth. AcknowledgmentThis research was funded by a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine “Modelling the Transfer of Eco-Innovations in the Enterprise-Region-State System: Impact on Ukraine’s Economic Growth and Security” (No. 0119U100364).
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Tikkanen, Jukka, Tarja Isokääntä, Jouni Pykäläinen et Pekka Leskinen. « Applying cognitive mapping approach to explore the objective–structure of forest owners in a Northern Finnish case area ». Forest Policy and Economics 9, no 2 (novembre 2006) : 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2005.04.001.
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McCants, Anne E. C. « Who Is He Calling WEIRD ? » Journal of Interdisciplinary History 52, no 2 (2021) : 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01699.
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Abstract In The WEIRDest People in the World, Henrich offers something of a big-think, global, social-science history that covers everything from psychology experiments to anthropological narrative, economic argumentation, and kinship studies, all grounded in a purported history of religious and family law. The book seeks to persuade that the West is cognitively different from the rest of the world and that its uniqueness explains every fundamental aspect of its modern trajectory—its wealth and education distributions, the progress and spread of its innovations, the presence or absence of trust outside its local communities, its formal institutions of democratic governance, and its beliefs about fairness and equality. Even more important for historically oriented readers, the book seeks to uncover how this major cognitive development emerged. The quantitative methods that the book employs to support its sweeping claims, however, are flawed, and its version of European church- and family-law history is inconsistent with the consensus view of specialist historians.
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Stepanenko, Raviia Faritovna, Alsu Rinatovna Garifullina, Larisa Vladimirovna Yun, Iskander Anvarovich Sadykov et Eduard Yevgenyevich Isayev. « Methodological problems of human social security : legal and economic discourse ». SHS Web of Conferences 118 (2021) : 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111801003.
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The article examines the current problems of legal and economic nature in resolving the acute social situation associated with negative trends in the global community: the demographic crisis, high mortality, deep social stratification of society, etc. The methodological basis of the study are universal, general scientific and particular scientific methods of cognition used by the legal science in the object-subject sphere of cognition of the general theory of law. In addition, a number of synthetic, integrative ways of research are used, which are part of the methodology of interdisciplinarity, relevant for modern socio-humanitarian science. The work proves that the traditional methodological approaches of economic and legal theories are less and less adequate to the new needs of the humanities and increasingly require them to combine their efforts in the knowledge of profound socio-economic problems. The main innovative tool for solving many social problems today is program-project management, which involves passing through a series of stages: analytical (the need for a problem-oriented analysis of situations; conceptualization (selection and justification of goals and objectives); instrumentalization (selection of effective means to achieve goals and objectives); specification of the scheme of activities in their implementation; budgeting of the project; identifying the criteria of effectiveness in the implementation of the project from the perspective of socially-oriented development of the economy, studied jointly by law and economics. The novelty of the work lies in the proof of the hypothesis formulating the need to justify such an independent direction of the Russian theory of legal policy as – legal economic policy, which confirms the feasibility of the cumulative view of the range of existing problems.
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Edenbrandt, Anna Kristina, Carl Johan Lagerkvist et Jonas Nordström. « Interested, indifferent or active information avoiders of carbon labels : Cognitive dissonance and ascription of responsibility as motivating factors ». Food Policy 101 (mai 2021) : 102036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102036.
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Serova, O. A. « EVOLUTION OF CIVIL LAW RESEARCH : LINKING WITH NEW TECHNOLOGICAL REALITY ». METODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CIVIL LAW RESEARCHES 3, no 3 (1 janvier 2021) : 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33397/2619-0559-2021-3-3-76-95.
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Introduction: digitalization has generated qualitative changes in many spheres of public life. The science of civil law cannot stay out of these changes. It is necessary to define new directions of scientific research, including in related fields of knowledge. Cross-sectoral research methods will take a key place in the study of the impact of digital technologies on public relations. Purpose of the research: identification of new thematic (subject) areas for the science of civil law. The relevance of these areas is determined by the high degree of penetration of digital technologies into economic and social processes. Methods: general scientific (dialectical) method, as well as such particular scientific methods of cognition, formal legal, comparative legal, logical. Discussion: a change in the subject areas of research under the influence of a new technological reality occurs in all sciences and fields of activity. Artificial intelligence technologies and robotic technology are being actively studied not only at the level of engineering sciences, mechatronics, etc., but also become an object of study in philosophy, ethics, medicine, linguistics and philology. Outside of this scientific context, research in the field of civil law is impossible. Representatives of other scientific areas determine social risks, threats and opportunities, which later take on specific outlines in the form of legal regulation models. Conclusions: the inclusion of the science of civil law in the subject areas of the new technological reality is dictated by the high social risks of technologization of law. For a long time, civil law managed to maintain a balance between the needs of civil circulation and the protection of the natural rights of citizens. Today, it is also necessary to maintain a balance between the development of digital technologies, reducing regulatory barriers and protecting the rights of citizens, as the least protected category of participants in the digitalization process.
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Slotvinska, Karolina, et Kristina Rutkovska. « Lithuanian Picture of Mother Based on Questionnaire Data ». Vilnius University Open Series, no 5 (4 décembre 2020) : 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vllp.2020.16.
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The article performs the analysis of the concept of mother through the cognitive questionnaire methodology developed by Jerzy Bartmiński, pioneer of Polish ethnolinguistics. According to the methodology only one open question is asked to respondents: „What do you think is the essence of the true X?“ The modifier „true“ included in the question directs respondents’ attention specifically to subjective imaginations, rather than to the actual (objectively) existing typical object. Mentioning the „essence“ directs focus to the most important rather than subordinate features.During the study, the students of Vilnius University were questioned – Philology, Philosophy, History, Law, Economics and Business Administration, Medical, Physics, International Relations and Science, Mathematics and Informatics Bachelors and Masters, as well as students from Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Antanas Gustaitis’ Aviation Institute. A total of 100 questionnaires were selected for the study: 48 questionnaires of Science dysciplines (male – 18, female – 30) and 52 questionnaires of the Humanities dysciplines (male – 20, female – 32).As the results of the analysis show, the „true mother“ is characterised in particular by psychosocial and social aspects, less often by mental, biological, household aspects. The least often the mother is characterised by physical, ethnic, religious, ethical and ideological aspects. The most common were descriptions such as: Raises, educates (S); 77, 9.2 %; Loves (A); 70, 8.4 %; Cares about (A); 65, 7.8 %; Sacrifises (A); 38, 4.5 %; Gives birth (G); 28/3.3 %; Childbirth (alone) does not constitute the presence of the mother (G); 26/3.1 %. According to the students’ opinion, it can be said that the maternity still remains a value, and its core consists of a public duty of a mother to bring up a virtuous and worthy citizen. Quite a private link between a mother and a child, which manifests in a provision of warmth and love to one another, remains important, a purely humane relationship is highly valued. Human attention does not deviate completely into sociality, his own hapiness and the happiness of his closest people is important to him.
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Moczydłowska, Joanna. « Organisational reasons of job burnout ». Ekonomia i Zarzadzanie 8, no 2 (1 juin 2016) : 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0011.
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AbstractThe article contains theory-cognitive and empirical parts which aim at diagnosing the organisational reasons of burnout detected by managers in. The group of 45 managers who are the students of Executive MBA in the Institute of Economics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw took part in the research. The managers’ opinions about organisational risk factors of burnout which occur in their work environment were the research subject. Survrey was the main research tool used in the study. The following research problem was formulated: What organisational factors raiseing the risk of burnout are detected by managerial staff in their work environment?The analysis of respondents’ statements enable to identify of the following categories of burnout risk factors: pressure (of time, responsibility, expectations), lack of possibilities to develop occupational abilities and of prospects, the reasons entrenched in wrong interpersonal relations, lack of basic employees’ need, deficiencies of the motivational system and work organisation, failure to meet the making decisions. Indirectly, the research results indicate senior staff individualistic inertia. The respondents are conscious of burnout risk factors but they do not take enough effective action to build friendly organisational environment and promote healthy lifestyle. They estimate that the impact of these factors on the mental hygiene improvement in the enterprises is little. They are prone to detect potential sources of burnout in factors which they do not have direct influence on, for instance in the rules enforced by the high level managers, in law of tough market competition etc. There are no statistically significant differences between the responses of men and women. The article develops knowledge in the area of organisational behavior.
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Novotný, Roman, Emília Huttmanová, Tomáš Valentiny et Anna Kalistová. « Evaluation of Environmental Awareness of University Students : the Case of the University of Presov, Slovakia ». European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no 2 (1 mai 2021) : 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n2p59.
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At present, all components of the environment are burdened by human activities. These human activities have caused many environmental problems, and without appropriate measures, they will have other far-reaching consequences in the future, which may be irreversible. One of the basic measures for the sustainable future of the environment and human society is to build the environmental awareness of the population. In addition to other entities, universities and their students and graduates have an important role in this process. The study focuses on the evaluation and comparison of environmental awareness and its factors among students of the University of Presov in Presov, Slovakia. Based on the results of this research, social networks and the internet are used as the main source of environmental information and should be used as a means of raising environmental awareness among students. The students of the University of Presov achieved high environmental awareness within the cognitive and emotional factors of environmental awareness, but they achieved only moderate environmental awareness within the behavioral factor. There were no significant differences in the level of environmental awareness between male and female students at the University of Presov. From the point of view of the group of study fields variable, significant differences were found in the emotional and behavioral factors of environmental awareness, with students of "Humanities" and "Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Informatics" achieving the highest scores and students of "Social, Economic and Legal Sciences" and "Healthcare" achieving the lowest scores.
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Mikhalenkova, Ida Antonovna, Iya Evgenievna Rostomashvili, Yulia Vladimirovna Shumova, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Shumov et Lemka Sultanovna Izmailova. « Attitudes of undergraduates majoring in different branches of science towards fellow students with disabilities : A comparative analysis ». Science for Education Today 11, no 1 (27 février 2021) : 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15293/2658-6762.2101.01.
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Introduction. The article addresses the relevant problem of designing an accessible socio- psychological environment within the framework of higher education institutions for people with special education needs and disabilities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate readiness of students majoring in different branches of science to understand, respect and accept rights and needs of fellow students with disabilities, as well as to interact with them. Materials and Methods. The authors provide a review of Russian and international literature on the priority of social inclusion for people with disabilities (V.N. Myasishchev, D. Thompson, K.R. Fisher, M. Biggeri, etc.) In order to reveal the attitudes of undergraduates majoring in different branches of science (Engineering, Psychology, Education, Law, Physical Education and Sports) to fellow students with disabilities the authors used the ‘Unfinished sentences’ inventory (adapted by I.A. Mikhalenkova and I.E. Rostomashvilli). The sample consisted of 370 students aged between 18 and 50 from 9 universities of the Russian Federation. Results. The study has revealed the peculiarities of developing attitudes towards fellow students with disabilities among undergraduates majoring in different branches of science, summarized the findings about the attitudes towards students with disabilities in the inclusive educational environment of higher educational institutions. The authors explained and clarified the concept of ‘attitude’ as a complex psychological phenomenon comprising cognitive, emotional and moral and ethical components. It is emphasized that students majoring in Education and Psychology are more tolerant, responsive and empathic to fellow students with disabilities than students doing degrees in Economics. According to the research findings, undergraduates’ attitudes towards fellow students with disabilities are determined by their moral and ethical values. It has been found that young adults who choose universities of a humanitarian orientation have a more mature value system. The authors have distinguished three types of attitudes to people with disabilities. The study has shown that undergraduates majoring in different branches of science are tolerant to the inclusion of students with disabilities in degree programmes. Most of them are ready to help, however, they try to avoid making disabled friends. Conclusions. The article concludes that the differentiated approach to creating an accessible socio-psychological inclusive learning environment, taking into account the attitudes of fellow students, is a leading factor in designing an accessible environment for inclusive education of university students majoring in different branches of science.
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K. S., Nemchenko. « The fiscal policy of the state : the doctrinal level of cognition ». Almanac of law : The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no 11 (août 2020) : 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-30.
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The specific nature of fiscal policy is considered on doctrinal level within the article. In this research local and international approaches to determination of fiscal policy were analyzed and studied. We performed the analysis of key elements of term of fiscal policy in economic theory and finance law science. There is a part of research devoted to the definition of fiscal policy stated on doctrinal level and there was determined the correlation between fiscal policy and fiscal function of state from the perspective of legal theory. The author researched that the main approach to determination of fiscal policy in finance law science is understanding it’s as an influence of state on national economy and application different legal and economic tools in particular taxes and duties and activities of authorities in the field of implementation of such taxes and further accumulation of funds. The author proves that the major part of research within economic studies in the field of fiscal policy is not systematic and non-comprehensive. However, based on the analysis stated in the article it is possible to make a conclusion that influence on economy is core feature of fiscal policy determined by the majority of researchers in economic science. Thus, it is possible to include this feature to the definition of fiscal policy for the purpose of legal theory. At the same time, the author considers that from the perspective of legal theoretical science fiscal policy implements tasks and directions determined by nature of fiscal function of state through influence of economy performed by taxes and duties and fiscal policy correlates with fiscal function of state as a part and whole. On the other hand, for the purpose of legal theoretical science fiscal policy is an influence of state on national economy with regulation of tax and duties and its coordination with other tools of governmental influence on economy in particular in establishment of taxes and duties and further accumulation of relevant funds. Keywords: State, Fiscal Policy, Fiscal function of state, policy.
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Tarasenko, Roman A., Viktor B. Shapovalov, Stanislav A. Usenko, Yevhenii B. Shapovalov, Iryna M. Savchenko, Yevhen Yu Pashchenko et Adrian Paschke. « Comparison of ontology with non-ontology tools for educational research ». CTE Workshop Proceedings 8 (19 mars 2021) : 82–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.55056/cte.208.
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Providing complex digital support for scientific research is an urgent problem that requires the creation of useful tools. Cognitive IT-platform Polyhedron has used to collect both existing informational ontology-based tools, and specially designed to complement a full-stack of instruments for digital support for scientific research. Ontological tools have generated using the Polyhedron converter using data from Google sheets. Tools “Search systems”, “Hypothesis test system”, “Centre for collective use”, “The selection of methods”, “The selection of research equipment”, “Sources recommended by Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine”, “Scopus sources”, “The promising developments of The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine” were created and structured in the centralized ontology. A comparison of each tool to existing classic web-based analogue provided and described.
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Kimhi, Shaul, et Shifra Sagy. « Moral justification and feelings of adjustment to military law-enforcement situation : the case of Israeli soldiers serving at army roadblocks ». Mind & ; Society 7, no 2 (23 octobre 2008) : 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11299-008-0051-0.
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Boik, John C. « Science-Driven Societal Transformation, Part III : Design ». Sustainability 13, no 2 (13 janvier 2021) : 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020726.
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Climate change, biodiversity loss, and other major social and environmental problems pose severe risks. Progress has been inadequate and scientists, global policy experts, and the general public increasingly conclude that transformational change is needed across all sectors of society in order to improve and maintain social and ecological wellbeing. At least two paths to transformation are conceivable: (1) reform of and innovation within existing societal systems (e.g., economic, legal, and governance systems); and (2) the de novo development of and migration to new and improved societal systems. This paper is the final in a three-part series of concept papers that together outline a novel science-driven research and development program aimed at the second path. It summarizes literature to build a narrative on the topic of de novo design of societal systems. The purpose is to raise issues, suggest design possibilities, and highlight directions and questions that could be explored in the context of this or any R&D program aimed at new system design. This paper does not present original research, but rather provides a synthesis of selected ideas from the literature. Following other papers in the series, a society is viewed as a superorganism and its societal systems as a cognitive architecture. Accordingly, a central goal of design is to improve the collective cognitive capacity of a society, rendering it more capable of achieving and sustainably maintaining vitality. Topics of attention, communication, self-identity, power, and influence are discussed in relation to societal cognition and system design. A prototypical societal system is described, and some design considerations are highlighted.
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Mokhov, Aleksandr Anatolyevich, Anatolii Nikolaevich Levushkin et Aleksander Nikolaevich Yavorskiy. « Biopolitics, biotechnologies, biomedicine, and biolaw as forms of bioregulation ». SHS Web of Conferences 108 (2021) : 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110801009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Modern science, education, and medicine are increasingly becoming the primary agents of biopolitics. Biomedicine is emerging, and before our eyes, it is becoming a part of the social sphere and, in the long term, a part of the new economic order and one of the state’s main agents of biopolitics. In this regard, attention to ethical and legal issues in biomedicine will only increase in the coming years. The study’s objective was to determine the role and legal nature of biotechnologies, biopolitics, biomedicine, bioethics, and biolaw as forms of bioregulation. The methodological basis of this work was provided by general scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena, such as synthesis, the method of analogy, formal logic, and others, as well as private, scientific methods of research of biotechnology, biopolitics, biomedicine, bioethics, and biolaw as forms of bioregulation. The issue is considered from the perspective of the concept of four “BIOs”: biotechnology-biosafety-bioeconomics-biopolitics. It is concluded that the role of not only bioethics but also the emerging biolaw in the implementation of biopolitics, i.e., policies aimed at the development of the economy, social sphere, and society, taking into account the new realities formed under the onslaught of modern biological technologies, is significantly increasing. Progress in biology and medicine led to the need to combine scientific and theoretical, and socio-cultural knowledge to solve society’s problems, bioethics began to take shape. The authors propose the accelerated development of biolaw as a supra-sectoral legal formation, allowing from the perspective of a systematic approach to combining the achievements of both established sectoral legal sciences (administrative law, civil law, etc.) and medical law, pharmaceutical law to solve new problems, leveling of biological threats, risks, ensuring biological safety. The development of biolaw cannot be done without the interdisciplinary approach provided by links with bioethics, biology, medicine, economics, public health, healthcare, and others.
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Repev, Artem G. « Benefits in law, legal science and practice ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no 1 (2021) : 224–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.115.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article presents a theoretical analysis of “privilege” as a category of jurisprudence through the prism of the system of advantages in law. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that despite the study (mainly in the field of financial and banking law) of benefits, this legal phenomenon has not become the object of a comprehensive analysis. For the first time, the author proves the significant impact of benefits on the functioning of many areas of modern society (state policy, economy, social relations, etc.). The practical significance of the study is due to the consideration of benefits as means aimed at strengthening the independence and special legal status of subjects in need of state support (business community, employees of state law enforcement and other bodies, etc.), as well as social assistance (disabled people, veterans, minors, etc.). The author aims to prove the social, state-legal necessity of using this legal tool in the process of regulating public relations, to consider the main functions and goals of benefits, their internal classification. Using a variety of means and methods of cognition, the objective and subjective determinants of legislative consolidation of such a deviation from equality are identified, based on social and natural causes of occurrence, economic conditions and special legal factors. The need to analyze legislation and law enforcement practice has determined the necessity to identify existing patterns and shortcomings of technical and legal consolidation of benefits. These include the presence of synonymy in the legislation, which is characteristic of the system of advantages, in which the same terms denote different legal phenomena in their essence; the absence of a definitive apparatus, which makes it necessary to develop technical and legal measures aimed at improving the legislative consolidation of benefits, removing administrative barriers to their implementation.
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Davis, Charles L., et Horace A. Bartilow. « Cognitive Images and Support for International Economic Agreements with the United States Among Mexican Citizens ». Latin American Politics & ; Society 49, no 2 (2007) : 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lap.2007.0019.
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Gerasimova, Yu I. « Euro-Atlantic perspective on the concept of multipolarity in the context of degradation of Western values ». Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no 1 (31 janvier 2023) : 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2301-07.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The concept of multipolarity implies a geopolitical situation in which several power centres balance each other. Devising solutions of international development should be implemented in parity conditions. Russian’s approach to multilateralism was fi rst articulated by former Russian prime minister Yevgeny Primakov in the late 1990s under which Russia's interaction with multilateral institutions is based on steadfast observance of international law. The article briefl y analyzes Western understanding of the concept of multipolarity in light of the deterioration in the international situation and attempts to introduce a «mental quarantine» and outright segregation in relation to the Russian world by Washington and its satellites. For the analysis, the method of cognitive mapping was used. We have to admit that Russophobia in the West is an artificially implanted trend in the spirit of the new time, proclaiming a total rejection of traditional values. It can be concluded that global shifts provoked from the outside are just as destructive and vicious an experiment with unpredictable consequences as a rethinking of the role and significance of the family, the experience of previous generations and, in general, the foundations of human existence.
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Topchiy, Vasyl, Maksym Zabarniy et Nataliya Lugina. « APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF SWOT-ANALYSIS AS A MEANS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING DURING THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL CASES IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMICS IN BORDERS ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no 3 (5 août 2020) : 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-3-166-170.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A cooperation between states in criminal cases is carried out in order to achieve the goals of justice and may exist at the stage of pre-trial investigation, trial, as well as after the entry into force of a court decision (sentence, ruling). Forms of international cooperation in the investigation of criminal cases are quite diverse. The main ones are: providing legal assistance, which consists in carrying out procedural actions, because during the investigation and trial of criminal cases there is often a need to gather evidence abroad by questioning defendants, victims, witnesses, experts, conducting searches, examinations, court inspections, seizure and transfer of items, delivery, and forwarding of documents, etc.; extradition of persons for criminal prosecution or for the execution of a court sentence; arrest, search and confiscation of proceeds of crime (states undertake to cooperate in the investigation of money laundering; assist in the investigation and take appropriate measures: to freeze bank accounts, seize property to prevent its concealment; confiscate proceeds of crime or property, value of which corresponds to the value of income, etc.). The normative basis for the international cooperation in the investigation of criminal cases is the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters dated April 20, 1959; the Criminal procedural code of Ukraine; Methodical recommendations of the General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine; Order No. 223 “On the organization of the work of the Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine in the field of international legal cooperation” dated September 18, 2015. The legal basis for international cooperation in criminal matters is the current bilateral and multilateral international treaties of Ukraine, the binding nature of which has been approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Among the multilateral international agreements, there should be noted the European conventions on criminal justice: the European Convention on the Extradition with two additional protocols to it, the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters with an additional protocol to it, the European Convention on the Transfer of Proceedings in Criminal Matters, The Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons with an additional protocol, The European Convention on the Supervision of Conditionally Sentenced or Conditionally Released Offenders, the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure, and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and the European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal Judgements. In addition, the Commonwealth of Independent States has the 1993 Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal Relations in Civil, Family and Criminal Matters and its 1997 Protocol; within the framework of the United Nations, there is the Convention on Transnational Crime of 2000, together with two Protocols thereto. These multilateral international agreements establish a uniform sphere of cooperation between law enforcement and judicial authorities in relation to all European countries. Today, the most effective is the method of “SWOT-analysis”, which is currently recognized in the scientific community as one of the most popular tools in strategic planning of social processes, including in the investigation of criminal cases. Although the type of analysis is still considered by most scientists as Bohomolova Ye., (2004) a method of marketing research of enterprises in the market in the context of business practice, the object of “SWOT-analysis” can be as legislation, the practice of its application and prospects of their improvement, and materials of criminal cases. Methodology. Achieving the purpose of this publication is ensured by the use of cognitive philosophical, general scientific and special methods, among which the main are analysis and synthesis, comparative law method, which allow to identify prospects for the use in criminal cases of the method of “SWOT-analysis”, which is currently recognized in the scientific community as one of the most popular tools in strategic planning of social processes. Methods of grammatical review and interpretation of legal norms have helped to identify gaps in the legislation governing the investigation of criminal cases, in particular in the field of economics, and to develop proposals for its improvement. Practical importance. International cooperation in criminal proceedings is an organizationally complex process, which requires the use of effective and efficient methods to perform the tasks of criminal proceedings, respect for the rights and freedoms of all participants in the process, including not violating a reasonable time in the investigation. To date, science has developed many methods of analyzing the law, the practice of their application, and identifying ways to improve legislation, taking into account the results of forecasting the prospects for society and the state. To ensure a high level of quality of criminal investigations in the framework of international cooperation, it is necessary to choose the one that will give the most effective results and allow to formulate the most optimal proposals in a particular criminal case and the practice of their application. An attempt to solve this problem is presented in this study.