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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Latin America – Economic conditions – 19th century"
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Birn, Anne-Emanuelle. « Child health in Latin America : historiographic perspectives and challenges ». História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 14, no 3 (septembre 2007) : 677–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702007000300002.
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Patterns of child health and well-being in Latin America's past - have been assumed to be delayed and derivative of European and North Americanexperiences. Through an examination of recent historiography, this essay traces a more complex reality: interest in infant and child health in Latin America arose from a range of domestic and regional prerogatives. This attention was rooted in preColumbian cultures, then relegated to the private sphere during the colonial period, except for young public wards. Starting in the 19th century, professionals, reformers, and policy-makers throughout the region regarded child health as a matter central to building modern societies. Burgeoning initiatives were also linked to international priorities and developments, not through one-way diffusion but via ongoing interaction of ideas and experts. Despite pioneering approaches to children's rights and health in Latin America, commitment to child well-being has remained uneven, constrained in many settings by problematic political and economic conditions uch.
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Kohlhepp, Gerd. « Scientific findings of Alexander von Humboldt's expedition into the Spanish-American Tropics (1799-1804) from a geographical point of view ». Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 77, no 2 (juin 2005) : 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652005000200010.
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Alexander von Humboldt's expedition from 1799 till 1804 to the "equinoctial regions of the new world" led through Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico. In Europe an increased knowledge of the "New World" was connected with the privately funded journey, which served purely scientific purposes and had nothing to do with the exploration and exploitation of natural resources. Besides the research results, which were based on new measuring methods and the quantitative ascertainment of scientific basics, the journey also made possible detailed descriptions in matters of regional studies including social, socio-economic, political, and economic-geographic circumstances, which were based on empirical field studies. The expedition took place shortly before the political change in Latin America. Humboldt, who still experienced the feudal character of global economy based on slave labor in the colonies, vehemently criticized this economic structure - although he was a noble - and its unbearable social conditions. This is the reason why Humboldt is still admired in Latin America till this day. In Europe the scientific insights of his journey to the tropics and his innovative impulses in geog raphy as well as in many other disciplines brought him fame and lasting recognition as a universal scholar, who had crucial influence on the development of the sciences during the first half of the 19th century.
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Valovaya, M. D. « CHANGES IN FOREIGN TRADE POLICY MAJOR INTEGRATION ASSOCIATIONS IN CONDITIONS OF TURBULENCE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY ». International Trade and Trade Policy, no 2 (6 juillet 2018) : 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2018-2-37-46.
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Turbulent states, structural changes and systemic crises of the world economy have been one of the decisive factors influencing the activity of large integration associations in all centuries. A particularly clear example is the integration processes in the Eurasian space. «The Great Silk Road» – a huge branched system of caravan routes. The Great Silk Road was a kind of connecting link between countries, civilization and socio-economic systems. The path «From the Varangians to the Greeks functioned along the Volga route. The end of the 17th and the first quarter of the 18th centuries was the period of Peter's reforms. Peter I regarded foreign trade as an important means of integrating Russia into Western European culture. Major bans related to the outside world were imposed on the Russian economy in the early 19th century. Anglo-German rivalry and antagonism played a decisive role in the complex system of imperialist contradictions that led to the First World War in 1914–1918. The Second World War almost six times exceeded the First in terms of the total number of victims: 50 million people. The consequence of the Second World War was the formation of the world socialist system, the disintegration of the colonial system and the beginning of the formation and development of major integration projects in Europe, Latin America, East Asia and Africa. Since January 2015, the Eurasian Economic Union functions. The possibilities of cooperation between the EAEU and other integration associations are widely discussed. The interface with the project of the Economic belt of the Silk Road Road is of particular interest.
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COATSWORTH, JOHN H. « Inequality, Institutions and Economic Growth in Latin America ». Journal of Latin American Studies 40, no 3 (17 juillet 2008) : 545–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x08004689.
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AbstractThis essay examines three recent historical approaches to the political economy of Latin America's relative economic backwardness. All three locate the origins of contemporary underdevelopment in defective colonial institutions linked to inequality. The contrasting view offered here affirms the significance of institutional constraints, but argues that they did not arise from colonial inequalities, but from the adaptation of Iberian practices to the American colonies under conditions of imperial weakness. Colonial inequality varied across the Americas; while it was not correlated with colonial economic performance, it mattered because it determined the extent of elite resistance to institutional modernisation after independence. The onset of economic growth in the mid to late nineteenth century brought economic elites to political power, but excluding majorities as inequality increased restrained the region's twentieth-century growth rates and prevented convergence.
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Žiemelis, Darius. « The comparative analysis of Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and hacienda economic system of Latin America in the context of capitalist world system : from the second half of the 18th to the second half of the 19th centuries ». Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 10, no 2 (15 décembre 2018) : 27–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v10i2_3.
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The paper compares for the first time in historiography the Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and Latin American hacienda economic systems of the second half of the 18th century to the second half of the 19th century in the context of the capitalist world system (CWS). The main focus will be on the explication in macro level of similarities and differences of structures and development trends of these systems. The analyzed period corresponds to the stage of both the dominance and intensification of manorial-serf economy in Lithuania and predominance and intensification of hacienda economy in Latin American countries and it was determined by the same factor of the industrial revolution. The study confirms the thesis that these economic systems belonged to typologically closed economic kind (they were focused on the serfdom method of production) in the global division of labor. It shows that both Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and haciendas of Latin America were not typical feudal enterprises, but displayed only peripheral (agrarian) capitalism features.
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Falleti, Tulia G. « Theory Production : Made In or For Latin America ? » Latin American Politics and Society 56, no 01 (2014) : 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1531426x00003733.
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The essay by Murillo, Shrank, and Luna constitutes a much-needed and welcome wake-up call for those of us who study Latin America—and for political scientists more generally. The authors make a plea for “a rigorous, comparative, and empirically grounded” study of Latin American political economy. I fully agree with their diagnosis of this field and their recommendations. I also praise the authors for defining political economy broadly—rather than narrowly, through a focus on research methods. They understand political economy to encompass all the economic, social, and political factors that are either contextual conditions or consequences of major macroeconomic transformations. Thus the authors lay out an important research agenda for the study of Latin American political economy that includes not only issues of economic development and inequality, but also patterns of democratic politics, state capacities, the rule of law, identity politics, and international linkages, among others. For the authors, the major political and economic transformations that the region has undergone since the start of the twentyfirst century—in its postneoliberal era—cry out for a contextualized research agenda and, I would add, open a host of opportunities for theoretical and conceptual innovation.
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Lezginсev, Y. M. « Some Aspects of Economic Diplomacy of Latin American countries in the XIX century ». Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no 3 (7 juin 2022) : 218–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2203-06.
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This brief survey of 19th century Latin America countries economy offered for reader’s attention represents the second article within a series of papers thought by the author in order to follow historical genesis of economical complex of regional states. The indicated period is to be of special interest due to the fact that within it happened development of its specialization accompanied by fundamental processes in commodity production based on destructing of communal Indian land ownership, abolition of slavery and stimulating of European immigration. The experience obtained during application of liberal conceptions in Latin America’s states at the beginning of capitalist economy clearly showed senselessness to borrow alien ideology without taking into consideration local specifics, because this fact frequently contradicted the needs of authentic development in the receiving countries. As a rule these conceptions represented requirements of foreign agents as well as interests of small part of local society aimed at intensification in exploitation of labour and natural resources. Moreover, its implementation led to strengthening of financial and political dependence, imposing rapid economic transformation and converting young creole republics into pseudo-state political formations («banana republics» in Central America, Puerto Rico, Cuba). Submitting more advanced South American areas (La Plata, Brazil, Peru) neocolonial methods have been tested: ruinous foreign loans, direct and indirect control of local industries and change of its structure in the interests of overseas investors. Here could be mentioned artificial boom of raw material export, control and destruction of local processing works. The said economic paradigm conditioned convulsive forms of social life: appearance of caudillos, dictatorships and authoritarian regimes as well as interregional conflicts (Pacific «Salitre» War between Chile, Peru and Bolivia, intervention of Triple Alliance in Paraguay, separation of Panama for constructing of interocean channel etc.). In particular, dynamics and correlation of these events in context of struggle for real national emancipation laid foundations for contemporary state of economic situation in each country including its alliances and determined its peripheral position in international division of labour. This phenomenon should be considered for building effective cooperation with the most of regional partners.
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Dierksmeier, Claus. « The Humanistic Economics of Krausismo ». Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 140, no 1 (1 janvier 2020) : 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.140.1.65.
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Current efforts of reconciling economics with ethics, as exemplified by the works of Amartya Sen, may be assisted by a glance back into the history of ideas. A tradition typically overlooked in Anglo-American scholarship, the Spanish and Latin America movement of krausismo, proposed a conception of a humanistic economics already in the late 19th century. This article reconstructs the intellectual premises of said tradition, portrays its participatory agenda for an integration of ethical norms into economic policy in a selected case and concludes with reflections on how to advance an economics in tune with society’s normative aspirations.
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Langer, Erick D. « The Eastern Andean Frontier (Bolivia and Argentina) and Latin American Frontiers : Comparative Contexts (19th and 20th Centuries) ». Americas 59, no 1 (juillet 2002) : 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0077.
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The epic struggles between Mexicans and the Apaches and Comanches in the far northern reaches of the Spanish empire and the conflict between gauchos and Araucanians in the pampas in the far south are the images the mind conjures up when thinking of Latin American frontiers. We must now add for the twentieth century the dense Amazon jungle as one of the last frontiers in popular (and scholarly) minds. However, these images ignore the eastern Andean and Chaco frontier area, one of the most vital and important frontier regions in Latin America since colonial times, today divided up into three different countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay) in the heart of the South American continent. This frontier region has not received sufficient attention from scholars despite its importance in at least three different aspects: First, the indigenous peoples were able to remain independent of the Creole states much longer than elsewhere other than the Amazon. Secondly, indigenous labor proved to be vitally important to the economic development along the fringes, and thirdly, a disastrous war was fought over the region in the 1930s by Bolivia and Paraguay. This essay provides an overview based on primary and secondary sources of the history of the eastern Andean frontier and compares it to other frontiers in Latin America. It thus endeavors to contribute to frontier studies by creating categories of analysis that make possible the comparisons between different frontiers in Latin America and placing within the scholarly discussion the eastern Andean region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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O'Hara, Jonathan. « Late 19th century administrative reform in America : re-articulating Hamiltonian thought ». International Review of Administrative Sciences 75, no 1 (mars 2009) : 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099512.
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In this article, the intellectual thought of a group of key late 19th century national administrative reformers is isolated and analyzed. These reformers were interested in reforming the civil, military and business administrative functions of the executive branch to provide for greater elite administrative supervision over and intervention in the national society and economy. The reformers often articulated their reform purposes, motives and goals in the Hamiltonian language of administrative authority and popular deference to executive administrative counsels. An important key to understanding this article is recognizing that while environmental social and economic conditions had changed significantly for the Gilded Age reformers since the American constitutional founding, many elements of the Hamiltonian tradition still resonated with the reformers a full century later. In this way, the historically transmitted ideology and rhetoric of Hamiltonian thought can be seen as having an independent, causative impact on the administrative reformers' purposes, motives and goals related to executive administrative reform. Points for practitioners This article explores an era of American administrative reform that should be of interest to practitioners of administration in other countries. The article's narrative displays a route to reform that is distinct from the more conventionally studied pathways of bureaucratic efficiency and administrative legal mechanisms applied to administrative organizations. The particular American ideas and thinkers examined in this article give a glimpse of a pathway to reform that is absent in many other societies.
Thèses sur le sujet "Latin America – Economic conditions – 19th century"
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Marktanner, Marcus. « A Comparison of Economic Development in Latin America, Middle Eastern Europe and Asia in the 1990s ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2181/.
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The 1990s were characterized by severe turbulence in the global economy. Economic and financial crises occurred in Latin America, Middle and Eastern Europe and Asia. This analysis distinguishes between the two socioeconomic criteria "transitional" and "emerging" region. Transitional countries are former centrally planned socialist economies and emerging countries former agricultural-oriented classical developing economies with mostly a history of military or some other kind of autocratic dictatorship. The resources for the analysis are data sets regarding investment, exchange rate behavior, government finance, international liabilities of monetary authorities and inflation. The study reveals macroeconomic patterns associated with economic development in each socioeconomic region. It is shown that similar patterns are responsible for successful and non-successful performance in each region. A comparison of different regions shows many parallels between emerging economies, but only little similarity between transitional economies.
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Francis, Joseph A. « The terms of trade and the rise of Argentina in the long nineteenth century ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/918/.
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Argentina’s early twentieth century is commonly portrayed as a ‘golden age’ in which it became ‘one of the richest countries in the world’. Here, however, this optimistic vision is challenged by placing Argentina within a new metanarrative of global divergence during the long nineteenth century. A massive terms-of-trade boom – the extent of which has not previously been appreciated – had profoundly uneven impacts across the periphery. Where land was abundant, frontiers could expand, leading to dramatic extensive (that is, aggregate) growth. An expanding frontier then had a safety-valve effect on labour markets, so capitalists responded to high wages by mechanising production, which raised labour productivity and, consequently, per capita incomes. In the land-scarce periphery, by contrast, deindustrialisation led to increasing quantities of labour receiving diminishing returns by being applied to limited land resources. Similarly, Argentina’s own century-long terms-of-trade boom allowed the Littoral to prosper but made the more densely populated interior stagnate. The presence of the poor interior then prevented the country from developing the kind of white-egalitarian democracy that had allowed the prosperous European offshoots to make the transition to rapid intensive (that is, per capita) growth. Most importantly, Argentina’s political backwardness ensured that landownership remained concentrated, which muted the safety-valve effect of the expanding frontier, so capitalists did not make the same investments in laboursaving technologies. The new metanarrative of global divergence thus leads to a far more pessimistic revision of Argentina at the beginning of the twentieth century – a revision that is verified through a comparative assessment of its living standards that shows them to have been considerably below the levels of Northern Europe and the European offshoots. Argentina’s ‘golden age’ is therefore a myth.
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Mosquera, Becerra Maria Janeth. « Socio-spatial Transformation and Contested Space at the Street Level in Latin America : The Case of Cali, Colombia ». PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1953.
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Since 2008, more than 50% of the world's population has lived in cities and it is projected that by 2050 around 87% will do so. Designing infrastructure in urban spaces has become increasingly critical for achieving human well-being. This dissertation examines socio-spatial transformation processes related to urbanization, economic development and the marginalization of utilitarian cycling in Cali, Colombia, as a particular expression of the struggle for transportation space occurring in urban areas. The research analyzes (a) the socio-spatial processes that have restricted the use of bicycles as a means of transportation in the city of Cali, Colombia; and (b) the social, health and economic implications for people who use bicycles as their primary means of transportation in this city.
Cali is a major city in Latin America and an excellent case to study the complex dynamic of how social and economic forces are evident in resource distribution at the street level. Informed by Harvey's work (1976; 1978; 2012), combined with an environmental justice perspective (Bullard 2007), this research adopts a conceptual framework that examines the transformation of the built environment as part of capitalist led urbanization. It concludes that the implementation of transportation infrastructure was aimed at enabling productivity and profits, with less emphasis on the comprehensive needs of all citizens, ultimately marginalizing transportation options for those of lower socio-economic status. The experience in Cali can be understood as a case of consolidation of inequality at the street level.
A historical review of Cali's urbanization process demonstrates that cycling as a mode of transportation has been losing social and physical space. Analysis of the political economy of more recent economic development initiatives suggest that the City, in responding to the demands of globalization, and in conjunction with international financial agencies and national government support has implemented a Bus Rapid Transit system and a set of megaprojects which marginalize bike commuters, particularly those who bike out of economic necessity. Although bike commuters recognize economic and health and time-saving benefits of biking to themselves as individuals they also experience daily travel in Cali as a classed, problematic, stigmatized, and transitory activity. From an environmental justice perspective, the resulting impact on residents, particularly, those of lower socioeconomic stratum, unmasks the uneven distribution of environmental benefits and harms. The marginalization of biking as a means of transportation in urban areas in Latin America may be understood as a social injustice similar to the deprivation of parks, schools, health services, or housing endured by residents of lower socioeconomic status.
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BOHÓRQUEZ, Jesús. « Globalizar el sur : la emergencia de ciudades globales y la economía política de los imperios portugués y español : Rio de Janeiro y La Habana durante la era de las revoluciones ». Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/45564.
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Defence date: 13 January 2016Examining Board: Professor Jorge Flores, European University Institute; Professor Regina Grafe, European University Institute; Professor Leonor Freire Costa, ISEG; Professor Joseph Fradera, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
The dissertation focuses on the political economy of the Portuguese and Spanish empires during the Age of Revolutions, tracing the rise of Rio de Janeiro and Havana as global cities. It examines the political economy of the emergence of two global ports in the LusoHispanic Atlantic and appraises institutional dynamics instead of merely exploring the nature of institutions. This work contributes to the field of global history by offering an Atlantic history in global perspective. It proposes a Hemispherical Atlantic and simultaneously discloses its connections with the Indian Ocean. As a substitute of a local/global dichotomy, the dissertation resorts to the use of three different dimensions (markets, institutions and agents), which do not necessarily follow a path from global to local. The first part analyses the cities’ integration into imperial and global markets as well as their participation into much larger global commodity chains. It considers not only markets’ trends but also the emergence of translocal markets. The financing of Slave trade in the South Atlantic and flour trades in the North Atlantic are thoroughly researched. The second section emphasises on institutions and their impact on agent’s behaviour. It mainly refers to formal institutions as well as their dynamics. It fundamentally focuses on institutions governing exchange: customs houses, taxes and corporations, and carefully integrates emulation in the design, creation and evolution of formal institutions. Finally, the third section explores networks, agency relations and privateorder institutions. Besides trust and reputation, merchants’ status was crucial in the configuration and evolution of networks. Credit, multidirectional capital flows, and the consignment system are studied through the meticulous examination of merchants businesses in Africa, New England and the Peninsula, offering new insights on Asian textiles in the Caribbean markets and the slave traffic in Brazil. This thesis investigates the complexities of governance that took place in the Iberian empires, and revises images of absolutist power, centralization or negotiation. It argues that the empire’s organization was highly hierarchical (which differs from centralization) and claims that such a rigid hierarchical organization prevented to some extend institutional change and innovation. In so doing, it underlines the need for an intermediate approach between “black legend” absolutist versions and revisionist “pink histories” of the Iberian empires.
Livres sur le sujet "Latin America – Economic conditions – 19th century"
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Alberto, Flores Galindo, dir. Independencia y revolución, 1780-1840. Lima, Perú : Instituto Nacional de Cultura, 1987.
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The globalization of merchant banking before 1850 : The case of Huth & Co. New York : Routledge, 2015.
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Migration, mining, and the African diaspora : Guyana in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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Calvert, Peter. Latin America inthe twentieth century. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1990.
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Calvert, Peter. Latin America in the twentieth century. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan Press, 1990.
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1953-, Calvert Susan, dir. Latin America in the twentieth century. Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1990.
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Calvert, Peter. Latin America in the twentieth century. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1990.
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Calvert, Peter. Latin America in the twentieth century. 2e éd. London : Macmillan, 1993.
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Enrique, Cárdenas, Ocampo José Antonio et Thorp Rosemary, dir. An economic history of twentieth-century Latin America. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave, 2000.
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Andrés, Solimano, dir. Vanishing growth in Latin America : The late twentieth century experience. Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar, 2006.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Latin America – Economic conditions – 19th century"
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Calvert, Julia. « Ecuador ». Dans The Politics of Investment Treaties in Latin America, 123–59. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870890.003.0005.
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Abstract Ecuador has faced twenty-five legal claims under international investment agreements (IIAs). Yet, policymakers did not strengthen their compliance. Instead, Ecuador withdrew from the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes and terminated investment treaties. This chapter asks: why would a country infringe repeatedly on its IIA commitments despite rising costs? And what drove Ecuador to terminate IIAs despite its dependence on foreign investment? The chapter traces infringement and reform preferences to the programmatic beliefs of the Correa administration. Policymakers espoused a commitment to buen vivir and twenty-first-century socialism. While they embraced the private sector, they placed social objectives above the profit motive of corporate actors. In the oil sector, policymakers prioritized wealth redistribution over the potential costs of infringement and restructured the terms upon which investors operated in the market. Their ability to advance similar policies in mining was eroded by weak bargaining power and capital flight. These conditions did not prevent treaty terminations. Policymakers believed that, as it stood, there was no room to advance social and economic transformations under investment treaties. Social opposition to privatization and Correa’s political popularity provided conducive conditions for treaty exit. Still, institutional and diplomatic hurdles slowed the pace of reform.
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Blanco, María del Pilar, et Joanna Page. « Introduction to Section V ». Dans Geopolitics, Culture, and the Scientific Imaginary in Latin America, 271–74. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401483.003.0021.
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In Latin America, the construction of science as an analogue of modernity was cemented in the late nineteenth century with the appropriation of positivism by ruling liberal elites to promote their modernizing agendas. Positivism—itself a reaction against the conservative, colonial, and Catholic consensus that had previously dominated intellectual life in Latin America—provided the justification for Comtean doctrines of “order and progress” that advocated economic liberalism while shoring up social hierarchies. The belief that human society could be perfected through the application of scientific methods underpinned a series of modernizing projects around the turn of the century, particularly in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Science and modernity patently created the conditions for their mutual advancement; even the speed with which scientific theories were radiating across the globe seemed in itself to create a new vision of the interconnectedness of the modern world....
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Mazzuca, Sebastián. « Independence and State Failure, 1808–45 ». Dans Latecomer State Formation, 48–78. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300248951.003.0003.
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This chapter analyzes the state-formation in Latin America that occurred under extremely auspicious international economic and geopolitical conditions. It describes the century that spans from Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo to the outbreak of World War I as the most peaceful period in world history, hosting the first global expansion of modern capitalism. It also talks about Great Britain's centrality throughout the century, as both the undisputed international hegemon and the pioneer industrial economy, which gave the period its proper name, the Pax Britannica. The chapter details how the Latin American and British elites shared the project of creating a new relationship between their economies in the preludes to the independence movements of the 1810s. It mentions Latin American leaders, who expected that the partnership with Great Britain would put an end to decades of economic stagnation caused by the mercantilist policies.
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Mazzuca, Sebastián. « Conclusion ». Dans Latecomer State Formation, 387–406. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300248951.003.0012.
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This chapter summarizes the main theoretical and empirical findings and identifies the key contributions to state theory and to the study of long-term political trajectories in Latin America. It presents a new agenda of research in the political economy of development and sketches a theory of the potential impact of political geography on the growth capacity of countries. It also considers the nineteenth-century state-formation as a hidden master key to understanding some of the most pressing issues in contemporary Latin America, including low-quality democracies and economic backwardness. The chapter delivers a central message that some paths of state-formation do not lead to state building, and a subset of them create durable obstacles to it. It draws a sharp distinction between outcomes in the modal cases of western Europe and Latin America, which opened the black box of the scope conditions implicit in the canon of state-formation approaches.
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Cropf, Robert A. « The Virtual Public Sphere ». Dans Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 1525–30. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch206.
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The public sphere does not exist and operate in the same way everywhere. Every country is different with regard to its own economic, social, political, and cultural characteristics and relations; therefore, each country’s public sphere has its own roots which grow and develop within a unique set of conditions and circumstances. As a result, the impact of information technology (IT) on a public sphere will also vary considerably from one country to another. According to the German social theorist, Jürgen Habermas (1989,1996), the public sphere serves as a social “space,” which is separate from the private sphere of family relations, the commercial sphere of business and commerce, and the governmental sphere, which is dominated by the activities of the state. Its importance is that it contributes to the strengthening of democracy by, in effect, serving as a forum for reasoned discussion about politics and civic affairs. Furthermore, Habermas regards the public sphere as embodying such core liberal beliefs as individual rights, that is, the freedoms of speech, press, assembly and communication, and “privacy rights” (Cohen & Arato 1992, p. 211), which he thought were needed to ensure society’s autonomy from the state. Thus, for the purposes of this article, public sphere is defined as a “territory” of social relations that exist outside of the roles, duties, and constraints established by government, the marketplace, and kinship ties. Habermas’ conception of the public sphere is both a historical description and an ideal type. Historically, what Habermas refers to as the bourgeois public sphere emerged from the 18th century Enlightenment in Europe, for example, England and France, as well as early America, and which went into decline in the 19th century as a result of the increasing domination of the mass media, which transformed a reading public that debated matters of culture into disengaged consumers (Keane, 1998, p. 160). Along the way, active deliberation and participation were replaced by passive consumption of mass culture. As an ideal type, however, the public sphere represents an arena, absent of class and other social distinctions, in which private citizens can engage in critical deliberation and reasoned dialogue about important matters regarding politics and culture. The emergence of IT, particularly in the form of computer networks, as a progressive social force coincides with the apex of mass media’s domination of the public sphere in liberal democracies. Since the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the early 1990s, various observers have touted IT’s potential to strengthen democratic institutions (e.g., Barber 2003; Becker & Slaton, 2000; Benkler, 2006; Cleveland, 1985; Cropf & Casaregola, 1998; Davis, Elin, & Reeher, 2002). The WWW, it is thought, provides citizens with numerous opportunities to engage in the political process as well as to take a more active role in the governance process. Benkler (2006), for example, asserts the WWW encourages a more open, participatory, and activist approach because it enables users to communicate directly with potentially many other users in a way that is outside the control of the media owners and is less corruptible by money than are the mass media (p. 11). Fulfilling the promise of the virtual public sphere, however, depends on political will; governments must commit the resources needed to facilitate public access to the technology and remove legal and economic barriers to the free flow of information inside and outside national boundaries.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Latin America – Economic conditions – 19th century"
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Zamana, Miethy. « Economic Development in Latin America, 1801-2015 : Did the 19th Century Wars Foil Expansion of Education ? » Dans 2nd International Conference on Business, Management and Economics. acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icbmeconf.2019.06.1024.
Texte intégralRapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Latin America – Economic conditions – 19th century"
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Petrie, Christopher, Clara García-Millán et María Mercedes Mateo-Berganza Díaz. Spotlight : 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, juin 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003343.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is a wealth of conversation around the world today on the future of the workplace and the skills required for children to thrive in that future. Without certain core abilities, even extreme knowledge or job-specific skills will not be worth much in the long run. To address these issues, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and HundrED conducted this Spotlight project with the goal of identifying and researching leading innovations that focus on 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Spotlight program was supported by J.P. Morgan. The purpose of this project is to shine a spotlight, and make globally visible, leading education innovations from Latin America and the Caribbean doing exceptional work on developing 21st Century Skills for all students, teachers, and leaders in schools today. The main aims of this Spotlight are to: Discover the leading innovations cultivating 21st century skills in students globally; understand how schools or organizations can implement these innovations; gain insight into any required social or economic conditions for these innovations to be effectively introduced into a learning context; celebrate and broadcast these innovations to help them spread to new countries. All the findings of the Spotlight in 21st Century Skills are included in this report.
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Gómez-Lobo, Andrés, Santiago Sánchez González, Vileydy González Mejia et Agustina Calatayud. Open configuration options Agglomeration and Congestion in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003984.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this paper we explore the possible impact of urban congestion on agglomeration economies for a cross-section set of cities in Latin America. We use travel time data from Tom Tom to estimate wage regressions equations controlling for city size and congestion. We use population in each city in the 19th and early 20th century as instruments for current city size (measures by population). In our baseline estimates, we find an elasticity of wages to city size of 0.05, very similar to previous research in the region. When congestion is included in the estimation, we find that agglomeration economies are reduced. This holds even after using rain-days and average yearly as an instrument for congestion. Our results imply that congestion is a drag on economic productivity. This indirect cost of congestion is considerably larger economically than the direct cost measured as the loss of valuable time for citizens.