Articles de revues : « Large-Scale fire »

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Flisi, Umberto. « Large-scale fire reaction tests ». Polymer Degradation and Stability 23, n^o 4 (janvier 1989) : 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(89)90060-8.

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Steinhaus, Thomas, Stephen Welch, Richard Carvel et José Torero. « Large-scale pool fires ». Thermal Science 11, n^o 2 (2007) : 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0702101s.

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A review of research into the burning behavior of large pool fires and fuel spill fires is presented. The features which distinguish such fires from smaller pool fires are mainly associated with the fire dynamics at low source Froude numbers and the radiative interaction with the fire source. In hydrocarbon fires, higher soot levels at increased diameters result in radiation blockage effects around the perimeter of large fire plumes; this yields lower emissive powers and a drastic reduction in the radiative loss fraction; whilst there are simplifying factors with these phenomena, arising from the fact that soot yield can saturate, there are other complications deriving from the intermittency of the behavior, with luminous regions of efficient combustion appearing randomly in the outer surface of the fire according the turbulent fluctuations in the fire plume. Knowledge of the fluid flow instabilities, which lead to the formation of large eddies, is also key to understanding the behavior of large-scale fires. Here modeling tools can be effectively exploited in order to investigate the fluid flow phenomena, including RANS- and LES-based computational fluid dynamics codes. The latter are well-suited to representation of the turbulent motions, but a number of challenges remain with their practical application. Massively-parallel computational resources are likely to be necessary in order to be able to adequately address the complex coupled phenomena to the level of detail that is necessary.

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Lönnermark, Anders, et Haukur Ingason. « Fire Spread and Flame Length in Large-Scale Tunnel Fires ». Fire Technology 42, n^o 4 (24 avril 2006) : 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-006-7508-7.

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Babrauskas, Vytenis, Richard H. Harris, Emil Braun, Barbara C. Levin, Maya Paabo et Richard G. Gann. « Large-Scale Validation of Bench-Scale Fire Toxicity Tests ». Journal of Fire Sciences 9, n^o 2 (mars 1991) : 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419100900203.

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Peacock, Richard D., et Vytenis Babrauskas. « Analysis of large-scale fire test data ». Fire Safety Journal 17, n^o 5 (janvier 1991) : 387–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(91)90019-u.

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Chernogor, L. F., A. N. Nekos, G. V. Titenko et L. L. Chornohor. « Simulation of large-scale forest fire parameters ». 26, n^o 26 (30 mai 2022) : 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/1992-4259-2022-26-04.

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Topicality. There is an urgent need to select the main energy, geometric and thermophysical parameters of forest fires, as well as to assess the main parameters of these fires, including unexplored fire tornadoes and wave processes caused by fires. Purpose. To develop mathematical models of physical processes caused by large-scale forest fires, evaluate the main parameters of these fires, including unexplored fire tornadoes and wave processes caused by fires. Methods. Analytical review of the research problem, theoretical and computational, mathematical modeling, systematic analysis of the set of physical effects. Results. The results of the analysis of the parameters of forest fires and related physical processes caused by large-scale fires are presented. The main energy, geometric and thermophysical parameters of large-scale forest fires are proposed. These include: energy, power, duration, area of fires, as well as the length, intensity and speed of the combustion front, heat flux density, power flux density, torch height, heat and smoke rise height, convection speed, etc. Simple analytical physical and mathematical models of the main parameters of large-scale forest fires have been created. A model of a fiery tornado is proposed. The obtained ratios allow us to estimate the main parameters of fire tornadoes that accompany large-scale forest fires. These include radius, angular velocity, tangential velocity, maximum height and rate of rise of the heated formation. It is shown that, depending on the size of the vortex, the parameters of the fiery tornado vary widely. These relationships make it possible to analyze and evaluate the main parameters of wave processes generated by forest fires. Such parameters are energy, relative share of energy, range of periods of acoustic radiation, etc. The main parameters of forest fires and related physical processes are calculated. It is shown that depending on the area of the fire, these parameters vary widely. Conclusions. Mathematical models of physical processes caused by large-scale forest fires have been developed, by means of which the parameters of the main effects have been calculated.

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Ingason, Haukur, Ying Zhen Li, Glenn Appel, Ulf Lundström et Conny Becker. « Large Scale Tunnel Fire Tests with Large Droplet Water-Based Fixed Fire Fighting System ». Fire Technology 52, n^o 5 (22 mars 2015) : 1539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-015-0479-9.

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Ferraris, S., J. Wen et S. Dembele. « Large-eddy Simulation Of A Large-scale Methane Pool Fire ». Fire Safety Science 8 (2005) : 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.8-963.

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Koo, Eunmo, Patrick J. Pagni, David R. Weise et John P. Woycheese. « Firebrands and spotting ignition in large-scale fires ». International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, n^o 7 (2010) : 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07119.

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Spotting ignition by lofted firebrands is a significant mechanism of fire spread, as observed in many large-scale fires. The role of firebrands in fire propagation and the important parameters involved in spot fire development are studied. Historical large-scale fires, including wind-driven urban and wildland conflagrations and post-earthquake fires are given as examples. In addition, research on firebrand behaviour is reviewed. The phenomenon of spotting fires comprises three sequential mechanisms: generation, transport and ignition of recipient fuel. In order to understand these mechanisms, many experiments have been performed, such as measuring drag on firebrands, analysing the flow fields of flame and plume structures, collecting firebrands from burning materials, houses and wildfires, and observing firebrand burning characteristics in wind tunnels under the terminal velocity condition and ignition characteristics of fuel beds. The knowledge obtained from the experiments was used to develop firebrand models. Since Tarifa developed a firebrand model based on the terminal velocity approximation, many firebrand transport models have been developed to predict maximum spot fire distance. Combustion models of a firebrand were developed empirically and the maximum spot fire distance was found at the burnout limit. Recommendations for future research and development are provided.

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Ingason, Haukur, et Ying Zhen Li. « Large scale tunnel fire tests with different types of large droplet fixed fire fighting systems ». Fire Safety Journal 107 (juillet 2019) : 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.04.007.

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Tępiński, Jarosław, Wojciech Klapsa, Krzysztof Cygańczuk, Piotr Lesiak et Michał Lewak. « Testing of Large Scale Pool Fire of Technical Ethanol ». Safety & ; Fire Technology 59, n^o 1 (2022) : 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.59.1.2022.5.

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Aim: The aim of this article is to determine the characteristics of a pool fire, including the temperatures and thermal radiation densities caused by it. Mappings of pool fires occurring in actual emergency events were conducted by performing large-scale polygon tests. Project and methods: Experimental study of pool fire of technical ethanol was carried out on a specially built test stand in the training area of the Training Centre in Pionki of the Regional Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Warsaw. The pool fire test stand consisted of a test tray, with a test chamber with the diameter of 300 cm, founded on a reinforced concrete slab. Using a developed measurement system with data acquisition that included measurement sensors mounted at defined locations relative to the fire, temperatures and thermal radiation densities were measured at various distances/locations relative to the fire. Metrological data such as air temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind direction and speed were monitored and recorded using the weather station. The height of the fire flame was measured by comparing it to racks set up nearby with marked scales of specific lengths. Results: A polygon stand that was built to study pool fires, equipped with a temperature and thermal radiation density measuring system with measuring sensors distributed in defined locations, is discussed. A study of a pool fire resulting from the combustion of dehydrated, fully contaminated ethanol was conducted. The study measured temperatures, thermal radiation densities, and flame heights. The average and maximum values of temperatures and thermal radiation densities during the steady-state combustion stage (i.e., phase II of the fire) were determined. Conclusions: Based on the presented results of temperature and thermal radiation density measurements at various distances/locations relative to the pool fire site, there was a significant effect of wind direction and speed on these values. Higher temperature and heat radiation density were recorded at the sensors on the leeward side than on the windward side. As the wind speed decreased, there was an increase in the temperature values recorded on the thermocouples located above the centre of the bottom of the tray test chamber due to the flame, which, when not blown away, was allowed to rise vertically upward and fully sweep the temperature sensors. Keywords: pool fire, field tests, technical ethanol, temperature, thermal radiation Type of article: original scientific article

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Wu, Peter. « Heat Flux Pipe In Large-scale Fire Tests ». Fire Safety Science 8 (2005) : 1413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.8-1413.

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Liu, Julie, et Erica C. Fischer. « Review of large-scale CLT compartment fire tests ». Construction and Building Materials 318 (février 2022) : 126099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099.

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Kopylov, N. P., A. M. Ryzhov et I. R. Khasanov. « Mathematical modeling of a large-scale experimental fire ». Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 25, n^o 5 (septembre 1989) : 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00772969.

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Sagel, Daryn, Kevin Speer, Scott Pokswinski et Bryan Quaife. « Fine-Scale Fire Spread in Pine Straw ». Fire 4, n^o 4 (10 octobre 2021) : 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4040069.

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Most wildland and prescribed fire spread occurs through ground fuels, and the rate of spread (RoS) in such environments is often summarized with empirical models that assume uniform environmental conditions and produce a unique RoS. On the other hand, representing the effects of local, small-scale variations of fuel and wind experienced in the field is challenging and, for landscape-scale models, impractical. Moreover, the level of uncertainty associated with characterizing RoS and flame dynamics in the presence of turbulent flow demonstrates the need for further understanding of fire dynamics at small scales in realistic settings. This work describes adapted computer vision techniques used to form fine-scale measurements of the spatially and temporally varying RoS in a natural setting. These algorithms are applied to infrared and visible images of a small-scale prescribed burn of a quasi-homogeneous pine needle bed under stationary wind conditions. A large number of distinct fire front displacements are then used statistically to analyze the fire spread. We find that the fine-scale forward RoS is characterized by an exponential distribution, suggesting a model for fire spread as a random process at this scale.

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Yeoh, G. H., S. C. P. Cheung, J. Y. Tu et T. J. Barber. « Comparative Large Eddy Simulation study of a large-scale buoyant fire ». Heat and Mass Transfer 47, n^o 9 (4 mars 2011) : 1197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-011-0771-2.

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Forbes, Lawrence K. « A two-dimensional model for large-scale bushfire spread ». Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 39, n^o 2 (octobre 1997) : 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000008791.

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AbstractA model for bushfire spread is proposed, in which radiative heat transfer, species consumption and flammable gas production are taken into account. It is shown that fire propagation in this model does not occur as a one-dimensional travelling wave, except for smouldering combustion of wet bushland. Numerical solutions for the evolution of a line fire are obtained using a diagonally implicit finite difference scheme, and the effects of firebreaks and uncleared combustible debris are studied. An energy theorem is presented for the case of a spreading two-dimensional fire, and numerical results are illustrated.

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Wang, Jia, Yuan Ren et Xiao Hong Yin. « Rationality Evaluation on the Fire Compartment of Large-Scale Public Buildings ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (août 2012) : 1029–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.1029.

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Nowadays, fire compartments of large-scale public buildings are generally large. This paper analyses and calculates the fire hazard degree of each fire compartment in buildings by Gustav’s method and Fuzzy Algorithm, which can provide a basis for decision-making in reasonable fire compartment.

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Zheng, Wei. « Discussion on Fire Planning for Large-Scale Petrochemical Industrial Park ». Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (septembre 2013) : 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.272.

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due to the fast development of petrochemical industrial park in our country, increasing of large-scale petrochemical industry production device and storage device, continuous increasing quantity of major danger source and more likely occurrence of major and extra serious accidents such as fire and explosion, this article puts forward the key issues for petrochemical industrial park fire planning by combing with the current status of fire planning for petrochemical industrial park in our country, hoping to provide references and suggestions for preparing petrochemical industrial park fire planning in future.

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Ronquillo, Gerard, Danny Hopkin et Michael Spearpoint. « Review of large-scale fire tests on cross-laminated timber ». Journal of Fire Sciences 39, n^o 5 (3 août 2021) : 327–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07349041211034460.

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Concerns about the environmental impact of building construction is leading to timber being more commonly used. However, it often faces scepticism regarding its safety in the event of fire. This article provides a point of reference on the fire performance of cross-laminated timber through a review of large-scale tests. Although adequately protecting CLT can make its contribution to fire insignificant, some of the internal surface of an enclosure can be exposed whilst still achieving adequate fire performance. Natural fire tests show that the charring rate and zero-strength layer thickness are higher than commonly used in guidance documents. The type of adhesive used to bond lamellae influences performance where delamination can lead to secondary flashovers, particularly in smaller enclosures. Structural elements can potentially collapse without self-extinction and/or suppression intervention. Tests to date have focussed on a residential context and knowledge gaps remain regarding larger enclosures, such as office-type buildings.

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Brou, A. David V., et Aya Brigitte N’Dri. « Evaluation of an optimized bush fire propagation model with large-scale fire experiments ». Comptes Rendus. Mécanique 349, n^o 1 (4 mars 2021) : 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/crmeca.77.

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Henek, Vladan, Václav Venkrbec et Miloslav Novotný. « Fire Resistance of Large-Scale Cross-Laminated Timber Panels ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 95, n^o 6 (décembre 2017) : 062004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/95/6/062004.

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Lemaire, Tony, et Yvonne Kenyon. « Large Scale Fire Tests in the Second Benelux Tunnel ». Fire Technology 42, n^o 4 (15 mai 2006) : 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-006-8434-4.

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Nowicki, Piotr, Jacek Marczyk et Joanna Kajzer-Bonk. « Metapopulations of endangeredMaculineabutterflies are resilient to large-scale fire ». Ecohydrology 8, n^o 3 (13 mars 2014) : 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1484.

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Gravit, Marina, Daria Shabunina et Oleg Nedryshkin. « The Fire Resistance of Transformable Barriers : Influence of the Large-Scale Factor ». Fire 6, n^o 8 (31 juillet 2023) : 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6080294.

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The paper presents the results of the development of a multi-layer protective product, which is a transformable fire barrier, installed in buildings and structures to limit the spread of flame, heat flow and smoke. Based on the results of the simulation of eight samples of fire curtains, three promising samples of different compositions were selected, demonstrating a fire resistance limit on the loss of thermal insulating capacity (I) of 30 min. During the small-scale tests, it was found that the multilayer fabric of the following composition was promising: heat-treated silica fabric, aluminum foil, mineral fiber heat insulation material, stitched by needle-punching with silica thread, fabric reinforced with fiberglass mesh and stitched through with basalt thread, with seams treated with a fire-resistant elastic sealant. According to the results of a standard large-scale experimental study, a fire curtain with a loss of integrity not less than 60 min, and a loss of thermal insulating ability not less than 15 min were obtained. The results of the study assess the impact of the scale factor on the fire resistance limit of fire curtains in a fire.

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Wang, Wen He, Hai Xia Li, Zhi Sheng Xu et Dong Liang. « Safety Assessment of Large-Scale Crude Oil Tank after Fire Process ». Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (avril 2014) : 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.469.

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In recent years, the demand of the crude oil is increasing in the world, and the oil storage tanks are also developing larger and larger. Higher requirements of safety for storage tank, especially safety evaluation of the oil tanks in fire environment, was proposed because the oil tank volume is large, as well the oil is volatile, flowing, inflammable and explosive easily. In the paper, the fire process was simulated by the heat treatment for the key position, and the relationship between mechanical property and heating temperature of large tank after fire was obtained. The strength evaluation for large-scale crude oil storage tank after fire was implemented and the result showed that the strength for large crude oil tank was satisfied with requirement.

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Kim, Robin, Kiho In et Inhwan Yeo. « Wireless Network for Assessing Temperature Load of Large-Scale Structures Under Fire Hazards ». Sensors 19, n^o 1 (25 décembre 2018) : 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010065.

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While the construction of high-rise buildings has become popular in big cities, an average of over 15,000 structure fires in those buildings are being reported in the United States. Especially because the fire in a building can result in a failure or even the collapse of the structure, assessing its integrity during and after the fire is of importance. Thus, in this paper, a framework with temperature sensors using wireless communication technology has been proposed. Associated hardware and software are carefully chosen and developed to provide an easy and effective solution for measuring fire load on large-scale structures during a fire. With an autonomous measurement system enabled, the key functions of the framework have been validated in a fire testing laboratory, using a real-scale steel column subject to standard fire. Unlike existing solutions of wireless temperature networks, the proposed solution can provide the user definable sampling frequencies based on the surface temperature and the means to assess the load redistribution of the structure due to fire loading in real-time. The results of the study show the great potential of using the developed framework for monitoring fire in a structure, allowing more accurate estimations of fire load in the design criteria, and advancing fire safety engineering.

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Enes, Teresa, José Lousada, Teresa Fonseca, Hélder Viana, Ana Calvão et José Aranha. « Large Scale Shrub Biomass Estimates for Multiple Purposes ». Life 10, n^o 4 (30 mars 2020) : 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10040033.

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With the increase of forest fires in Portugal in recent decades, a significant part of woodlands is being converted into shrubland areas. Background: From an ecological point of view, woodlands and shrublands play an essential role, as they not only prevent soil erosion and desertification, but also contribute to soil protection, habitat preservation and restoration, and also increased biodiversity for carbon sequestration. Concerning the shrublands, the assessment of their biomass is essential for evaluating the fuel load and forest fire behavior and also beneficial for obtaining estimates of carbon and biomass for energy use. Methods: In this study, we collected data about the potential shrub biomass accumulation along fifteen years in former burnt areas within North Portugal. Results: The achieved results showed that for a post-fire period ranging from one to 15 years, the accumulated shrubs’ biomass ranged from 0.12 up to 28.88 Mg ha−1. The model developed to estimate the shrub biomass using the time after a fire (age) as a predictor variable presented a high adjustment to data (p-value of the F statistic <0.01 and R2 = 0.89), allowing estimating shrub biomass regeneration within former burnt areas with an RMSE of 3.31 Mg ha−1. Conclusions: This paper provides practical information on the availability and assessment of shrub biomass in North Portugal, highlighting the suitability of shrubs as potential sources of biomass.

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Kreye, Jesse K., J. Kevin Hiers, J. Morgan Varner, Ben Hornsby, Saunders Drukker et Joseph J. O’Brien. « Effects of solar heating on the moisture dynamics of forest floor litter in humid environments : composition, structure, and position matter ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, n^o 11 (novembre 2018) : 1331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0147.

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Much of fire behavior is driven by fine-scale patterns of fuel moisture; however, moisture predictions typically occur over large scales. The source of fine-scale variation in moisture results from a combination of fuelbed properties and overstory forest structure that influences water movement and distribution of solar radiation. Fine-scale moisture variation is of particular relevance in humid forests managed with frequent prescribed fire where fire behavior variation is tightly linked to differential fire effects. Results of a three-tiered experiment combining laboratory and field methods demonstrated that solar radiation exerted a strong influence on fuel moisture patterns in a temperate humid pine forest. Infrared radiation more rapidly dried Quercus and Pinus litter in laboratory experiments compared with controls. Litter exposed to sunlight during small-scale outdoor experiments was significantly drier than shaded litter. Quercus litter was wetter than Pinus on mornings, but dried more rapidly, becoming drier than Pinus litter by mid-day when exposed to sunlight. Field observations validated small-scale outdoor and laboratory results but also revealed the influence of fuel position: elevated litter was wetter than ground-level litter at peak burning time. Results provide insight into how overstory structure and composition may influence fine-scale heterogeneity of surface moisture dynamics and fire behavior.

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Liu, Qi Wei. « Appraisement Study on People Safety Evacuation in Large Scale Communal Building during Fire ». Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (décembre 2013) : 782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.782.

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Fire danger degree of large public buildings is very high, difficulty to evacuation. Designed of fire evacuation is the most important factor when the safety degree of a large scale communal building is evaluated. Based on probabilistic analysis method - Markov model to predict public building fire evacuation rational design. Taking a large public places fire safety evacuation example case study, the results showed that: Markov model can scientifically and accurately, effectively predict extreme cases limited time traffic density, and each exit door emergency escape set a minimum flow of people. To ensure that the fire occurred within the time allowed people to evacuate to a safe area provides a theoretical basis.

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Flores Quiroz, Natalia, Richard Walls, Antonio Cicione et Mark Smith. « Fire incident analysis of a large-scale informal settlement fire based on video imagery ». International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 55 (mars 2021) : 102107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102107.

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Tsukahara, Manabu, Yusuke Koshiba et Hideo Ohtani. « Effectiveness of downward evacuation in a large-scale subway fire using Fire Dynamics Simulator ». Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 26, n^o 4 (juillet 2011) : 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.02.002.

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Ring, T., M. Zeiml et R. Lackner. « Underground concrete frame structures subjected to fire loading : Part I – Large-scale fire tests ». Engineering Structures 58 (janvier 2014) : 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.10.022.

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Lehtonen, I., A. Venäläinen, M. Kämäräinen, H. Peltola et H. Gregow. « Risk of large-scale fires in boreal forests of Finland under changing climate ». Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, n^o 1 (21 janvier 2016) : 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-239-2016.

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Abstract. The target of this work was to assess the impact of projected climate change on forest-fire activity in Finland with special emphasis on large-scale fires. In addition, we were particularly interested to examine the inter-model variability of the projected change of fire danger. For this purpose, we utilized fire statistics covering the period 1996–2014 and consisting of almost 20 000 forest fires, as well as daily meteorological data from five global climate models under representative concentration pathway RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The model data were statistically downscaled onto a high-resolution grid using the quantile-mapping method before performing the analysis. In examining the relationship between weather and fire danger, we applied the Canadian fire weather index (FWI) system. Our results suggest that the number of large forest fires may double or even triple during the present century. This would increase the risk that some of the fires could develop into real conflagrations which have become almost extinct in Finland due to active and efficient fire suppression. However, the results reveal substantial inter-model variability in the rate of the projected increase of forest-fire danger, emphasizing the large uncertainty related to the climate change signal in fire activity. We moreover showed that the majority of large fires in Finland occur within a relatively short period in May and June due to human activities and that FWI correlates poorer with the fire activity during this time of year than later in summer when lightning is a more important cause of fires.

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Ju, Young Kuk, et Jong Ho Lee. « A Study on the Problems and Improvement by Analyzing the Disastrous Large-scale Forest Fire Response System : Focusing on Simultaneous Forest Fires along the East Coast of Gangwon-do Province ». Crisis and Emergency Management : Theory and Praxis 12, n^o 5 (30 mai 2022) : 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2022.5.21.

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On April 4, 2019, the forest fire that spread simultaneously to five cities and counties, including Inje, Goseong, Sokcho, and Gangneung and Donghae, on the east coast of Gangwon-do, was extinguished at an early stage. It is regarded as the result of the response with full force of Korea Forest Service, National Fire Agency, Militray, and other related organizations. However, it is also true that the limitations of current forest fire response system and the operation of forest fire response personnel, facilities and equipment were revealed in the process of responding Gangwon forest fire. To find solutions to these problems, from March 3 to April 2, 2021, a survey was conducted with firefighters, forest officials and residents in Gangwon-province with experience in forest fire on a total of 29 questions about Law and Policy, Forest Fire Response System and Operation of manpower and equipment. Based on the results of the survey and literature research, an improvement plan for the Forest Fire Disaster Response System was sought. Based on our survey results, we propose the following measures to improve South Korea's forest fire response system in the future. ; the incident command system should be unified, forest authorities' forest fire prevention and management system should be further strengthened, and forest fire response system must be improved to the level of other major countries through better legislations.

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Cochrane, Mark A., et William F. Laurance. « Fire as a large-scale edge effect in Amazonian forests ». Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, n^o 3 (26 mars 2002) : 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002237.

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Amazonian forests are being rapidly cleared, and the remaining forest fragments appear unusually vulnerable to fire. This occurs because forest remnants have dry, fire-prone edges, are juxtaposed with frequently burned pastures, and are often degraded by selective logging, which increases forest desiccation and fuel loading. Here we demonstrate that in eastern Amazonia, fires are operating as a large-scale edge effect in the sense that most fires originate outside fragments and penetrate considerable distances into forest interiors. Multi-temporal analyses of satellite imagery from two frontier areas reveal that fire frequency over 12-14-y periods was substantially elevated within at least 2400 m of forest margins. Application of these data with a mathematical core-area model suggests that even large forest remnants (up to several hundred thousand ha in area) could be vulnerable to edge-related fires. The synergistic interactions of forest fragmentation, logging and human-ignited fires pose critical threats to Amazonian forests, particularly in more seasonal areas of the basin.

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Bao, Yan Qing. « Investigation and Statistical Analysis on Fire Loads of Large-Scale Wholesale Commercial Building ». Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (mai 2011) : 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.259.

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There are lots of various goods in large-scale wholesale market, and all these goods were stacked together. Huge fire loads were formed and there is a great fire risk in this kind of architecture. Through investigation in a large-scale wholesale commercial building in Xi'an, some data such as fire load, fuel types, room size were collected .All these data were analyzed and the types of fuel composition in different kinds of shop were comprehended. The research will contribute to management of fire prevention in wholesale market.

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Stec, A., T. Hull, David Purser et J. Purser. « Fire Toxicity Assessment : Comparison of Asphyxiant Yields from Laboratory and Large Scale Flaming Fires ». Fire Safety Science 11 (2014) : 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-404.

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Apte, V., A. Green et J. Kent. « Pool Fire Plume Flow In A Large-scale Wind Tunnel ». Fire Safety Science 3 (1991) : 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.3-425.

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KAWABATA, Nobuyoshi. « Effect of zero-flow control in large-scale tunnel fire ». Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2021 (2021) : S054–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2021.s054-04.

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Guerrieri, Maurice, et Sam Fragomeni. « Spalling of Large-Scale Walls Exposed to a Hydrocarbon Fire ». Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 31, n^o 11 (novembre 2019) : 04019249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002828.

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Yoon, Sam S., Victor Figueroa, Alexander L. Brown et Thomas K. Blanchat. « Experiments and Modeling of Large-scale Benchmark Enclosure Fire Suppression ». Journal of Fire Sciences 28, n^o 2 (11 août 2009) : 109–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904109104503.

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Nepstad, Daniel C., Adalberto Verssimo, Ane Alencar, Carlos Nobre, Eirivelthon Lima, Paul Lefebvre, Peter Schlesinger et al. « Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire ». Nature 398, n^o 6727 (avril 1999) : 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/19066.

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Lönnermark, Anders, Bror Persson et Haukur Ingason. « Pulsations during large-scale fire tests in the Runehamar tunnel ». Fire Safety Journal 41, n^o 5 (juillet 2006) : 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.02.004.

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Blomqvist, Per, Margaret Simonson McNamee, Petra Andersson et Anders Lönnermark. « Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Quantified in Large-Scale Fire Experiments ». Fire Technology 48, n^o 2 (8 octobre 2011) : 513–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-011-0242-9.

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Bailey, C. G. « Large scale fire test on a composite slim-floor system ». Steel and Composite Structures 3, n^o 3 (25 juin 2003) : 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2003.3.3.153.

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Kim, S. C., et M. Bundy. « Numerical model of a large-scale oxygen consumption fire calorimeter ». Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 93, n^o 3 (24 juin 2008) : 1013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8696-1.

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Thabari, Jeri At, Ahmad Syihan Auzani, Wahyu Nirbito, Yuswan Muharam et Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho. « Modeling of Coal Spontaneous Fire in A Large-Scale Stockpile ». International Journal of Technology 14, n^o 2 (3 avril 2023) : 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v14i2.5367.

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Lei, Jiao, Ruiqing Wang, Wenyang Deng, Shaohua Mao, Hongmei Wu et Chengli Xie. « Radiative characteristics of large-scale fire whirl : An experimental study ». International Journal of Thermal Sciences 197 (mars 2024) : 108828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2023.108828.

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Boyer, Germain, Uday Chikkabikkodu, Arnaud Mura et Franck Richard. « Large-eddy simulation of a full-scale glove box fire ». Fire Safety Journal 144 (mars 2024) : 104101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104101.

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