Livres : « Large language models »

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Amaratunga, Thimira. Understanding Large Language Models. Berkeley, CA : Apress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/979-8-8688-0017-7.

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Törnberg, Petter. How to Use Large-Language Models for Text Analysis. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom : SAGE Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529683707.

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A, Croon Marcel, et Hagenaars Jacques A, dir. Marginal models : For dependent, clustered, and longitudinal categorical data. New York : Springer, 2009.

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Satō, Hideto. A data model, knowledge base, and natural language processing for sharing a large statistical database. Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan : Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University, 1989.

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Bashkatov, Alexander. Modeling in OpenSCAD : examples. ru : INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/959073.

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The tutorial is an introductory course to the study of the basics of geometric modeling for 3D printing using the programming language OpenSCAD and is built on the basis of descriptions of instructions for creating primitives, determining their properties, carrying out transformations and other service operations. It contains a large number of examples with detailed comments and description of the performed actions, which allows you to get basic skills in creating three-dimensional and flat models, exporting and importing graphical data. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. It can be useful for computer science teachers, students, students and anyone who is interested in three-dimensional modeling and preparation of products for 3D printing.

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Greasidis, Thodoris. jQuery design patterns : Learn the best practices on writing efficient jQuery applications to maximize performance in large-scale deployments. Birmingham : Packt Publishing, 2016.

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Robitaille, France, et Marjorie Perreault. Alizé : Vent du large 3. Montréal : Groupe Beauchemin, 2007.

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Vavrenyuk, Aleksandr, Viktor Makarov et Stanislav Kutepov. Operating systems. UNIX bases. ru : INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11186.

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In the manual basics command interfey-are covered са operating systems of UNIX family. Much attention is paid to practical use of teams of system and opportunities of language programming, shell provided by a cover. In a grant vklyu- Chena also some sections devoted to bases administrirova- niya and to network means of OS. At the end of each section there are questions for self-checking, the appendix contains a large number at - mayors of writing of shell-procedures. The manual is addressed to the students studying the modern information technologies according to programs of a bachelor degree, and also all, who wants to master the OS command interface of family independently UNIX in the shortest possible time. The edition can also be used as the short reference book on wasps - new UNIX OS.

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Kublik, Sandra, et Shubham Saboo. Gpt-3 : Building Innovative NLP Products Using Large Language Models. O'Reilly Media, Incorporated, 2022.

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Ashwin, Julian, Aditya Chhabra et Vijayendra Rao. Using Large Language Models for Qualitative Analysis can Introduce Serious Bias. World Bank Washington, DC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10597.

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Linguistics, Association for Computational. Proceedings of BigScience Episode #5 - Workshop on Challenges & Perspectives in Creating Large Language Models. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022.

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Roberts. Blithe Images (Language of Love No. 38). Silhouette, 1993.

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Roberts. Sullivan'S Woman #22 (Nora Roberts : Language of Love, on 22). Silhouette, 1992.

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Cawthon, Stephanie W. Large-Scale Survey Design in Deaf Education Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455651.003.0009.

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Large-scale surveys are an appealing research design option for those wishing to collect data from many participants dispersed across different settings. This chapter describes several critical issues that must be considered when developing and conducting large-scale surveys in deaf education: aligning with a theoretical rationale, considering sample characteristics and potential confounds, piloting study measures, and developing an analysis plan. The chapter provides examples of ways to capture the heterogeneous demographics inherent within deaf education, ranging from individual characteristics such as identity, language use, and professional experience to educational setting characteristics such as program models and available accommodations. The chapter provides recommendations for how to instill trust and be mindful of participant fatigue during the recruitment process. The chapter ends with strategies for making survey recruitment materials, test directions, and items accessible for a diverse study population.

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Lewis, Carroll. Through the Looking Glass : Large Print. Independently Published, 2021.

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Lewis, Carroll. Through the Looking-Glass - Large Print Edition. Independently Published, 2020.

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Lamel, Lori, et Jean-Luc Gauvain. Speech Recognition. Sous la direction de Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0016.

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Speech recognition is concerned with converting the speech waveform, an acoustic signal, into a sequence of words. Today's approaches are based on a statistical modellization of the speech signal. This article provides an overview of the main topics addressed in speech recognition, which are, acoustic-phonetic modelling, lexical representation, language modelling, decoding, and model adaptation. Language models are used in speech recognition to estimate the probability of word sequences. The main components of a generic speech recognition system are, main knowledge sources, feature analysis, and acoustic and language models, which are estimated in a training phase, and the decoder. The focus of this article is on methods used in state-of-the-art speaker-independent, large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR). Primary application areas for such technology are dictation, spoken language dialogue, and transcription for information archival and retrieval systems. Finally, this article discusses issues and directions of future research.

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Whitesell, Lloyd. Style Modes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843816.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces a new index for the analysis of individual musical numbers, specifically in the genre of film musicals: “style mode,” which refers to background orientations of stylistic treatment in both sonic and visual design. It defines the genre’s primary style modes—ordinary, children’s, burlesque, razzle-dazzle, and glamour—by way of well-known examples and illustrates their effectiveness as analytical categories, providing insight into large-scale planning as well as the meanings projected within individual numbers. Because the projection of a style mode takes place independently of the musical “language” being spoken (e.g., jazz, blues, musical theater, rock), style modes are clearly distinguished from musical topics and idioms.

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Lewis, Carroll, et John Tenniel. Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass : Large Print Original Story and Illustrations Coloring Book. Independently Published, 2020.

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Laureno, Robert. Terminology. Sous la direction de Robert Laureno. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607166.003.0009.

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This chapter on “Terminology” examines neurologic terms. Topics considered are eponyms, origins of terms, political aspects of terms, renaming, and success of terms. Terms from classical languages came to medicine in waves. Some originated in ancient times, some developed when Latin was the language of scholars in the Renaissance and during the Scientific Revolution, and some emerged in modern times. The resulting language of medicine is mainly a Latinized Greek. By and large, the vocabulary is Greek and the structure is Latin. The two main roots of our medical terminology have given us some duplicate terms. Arriving at names for neurologicanatomy and disease can be a complicated process.

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Lewis, Carroll, John Tenniel et Dyno Designs. Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass : (Large Print Original Story with Original Illustrations by John Tenniel). Independently Published, 2020.

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Lewis, Carroll, et John Tenniel. Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass : Large Print Original Story with Original Illustrations by John Tenniel. Independently Published, 2020.

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Lewis, Carroll, et John Tenniel. Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass : Large Print Original Story with Original Illustrations to Coloring In. Independently Published, 2020.

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Lewis, Carroll, et John Tenniel. Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass : (Large Print Original Story with Original Illustrations by John Tenniel). Independently Published, 2020.

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McEnery, Tony. Corpus Linguistics. Sous la direction de Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0024.

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Corpus data have emerged as the raw data/benchmark for several NLP applications. Corpus is described as a large body of linguistic evidence composed of attested language use. It may be contrasted against sentences constructed from metalinguist reflection upon language use, rather than as a result of communication in context. Corpus can be both spoken and written. It can be categorized as follows: monolingual, representing one language; comparable, using multiple monolingual corpora to create a comparative framework; parallel corpora, wherein, corpus of one language is considered, and the data obtained, is translated in other languages. The choice of corpus depends on the research question/the chosen application. Adding linguistic information can enhance a corpus. Analysts, human or mechanical, or a combination achieves annotation. The modern computerized corpus has been in vogue only since the 1940s. Ever since, the volume of corpus banks have risen steadily and assumed an increasingly multilingual nature.

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MacDonald, Peter MacKay ; Jo. 100 dàn As Fhèarr Leinn / 100 Favourite Gaelic Poems [Large Print]. Luath Press Limited, 2020.

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Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Large Print Edition). BiblioBazaar, 2007.

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Witmore, Michael, Jonathan Hope et Michael Gleicher. Digital Approaches to the Language of Shakespearean Tragedy. Sous la direction de Michael Neill et David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.20.

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We are living through a revolution in our ability to study Early Modern literature and culture: EEBO‒TCP offers the possibility of searching something close to the entire corpus of surviving Early Modern printed books. Such access enables us to consider questions involving larger numbers of documents than have hitherto been the norm. However, investigating at scale requires different approaches to scholarship: it is not practical to close-read tens of thousands of texts. To make the most of these new resources, we must integrate traditional literary scholarship with new approaches. This chapter gives an example of such a combined approach. We consider the language of 554 printed plays from the Early Modern period. We explore two research questions: (a) is there a distinct ‘language of tragedy’? (b) is there a distinctively Shakespearean language of tragedy? We aim to show how computational and traditional literary techniques can be combined to answer these questions.

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(duplicate), Ambrose Bierce. The Devil's Dictionary (Large Print). Echo Library, 2007.

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Liang, Percy, Michael Jordan et Dan Klein. Probabilistic grammars and hierarchical Dirichlet processes. Sous la direction de Anthony O'Hagan et Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.27.

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This article focuses on the use of probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) in natural language processing involving a large-scale natural language parsing task. It describes detailed, highly-structured Bayesian modelling in which model dimension and complexity responds naturally to observed data. The framework, termed hierarchical Dirichlet process probabilistic context-free grammar (HDP-PCFG), involves structured hierarchical Dirichlet process modelling and customized model fitting via variational methods to address the problem of syntactic parsing and the underlying problems of grammar induction and grammar refinement. The central object of study is the parse tree, which can be used to describe a substantial amount of the syntactic structure and relational semantics of natural language sentences. The article first provides an overview of the formal probabilistic specification of the HDP-PCFG, algorithms for posterior inference under the HDP-PCFG, and experiments on grammar learning run on the Wall Street Journal portion of the Penn Treebank.

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Harabagiu, Sanda, et Dan Moldovan. Question Answering. Sous la direction de Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0031.

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Textual Question Answering (QA) identifies the answer to a question in large collections of on-line documents. By providing a small set of exact answers to questions, QA takes a step closer to information retrieval rather than document retrieval. A QA system comprises three modules: a question-processing module, a document-processing module, and an answer extraction and formulation module. Questions may be asked about any topic, in contrast with Information Extraction (IE), which identifies textual information relevant only to a predefined set of events and entities. The natural language processing (NLP) techniques used in open-domain QA systems may range from simple lexical and semantic disambiguation of question stems to complex processing that combines syntactic and semantic features of the questions with pragmatic information derived from the context of candidate answers. This article reviews current research in integrating knowledge-based NLP methods with shallow processing techniques for QA.

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Retsö, Jan. What Is Arabic ? Sous la direction de Jonathan Owens. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764136.013.0019.

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This article addresses what we mean today by the term Arabic: the whole complex of spoken languages from Oman to Morocco, from southern Turkey to Chad, including almost the entire Arabian Peninsula. Which are the purely linguistic criteria on which our modern use of the term is based? Which are the isoglosses that set it apart from other Semitic languages? The modern concept of Arabic, which argues that it encompasses both Arabiyya and modern vernaculars, is not meaningful as a pure linguistic concept. Searching through the phonology and morphology of the complex we call Arabic today, it seems impossible to find anything that delimits the group from other Semitic languages in a meaningful way. From a purely linguistic viewpoint, the Arabic complex is dissolved into a large variety of languages that in varying degrees have elements in common with each other as well as with other Semitic languages.

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The Devil\'s Dictionary (Large Print Edition). BiblioBazaar, 2007.

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Bardel, Camilla, Christina Hedman, Katarina Rejman et Elisabeth Zetterholm, dir. Exploring Language Education : Global and Local Perspectives. Stockholm University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.16993/bbz.

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The overarching aim of this book is to offer researchers and students insight into some currently discussed issues at the Swedish as well as the international research frontline of Language Education in a selection of up-to-date work. Another aim is to provide teachers, teacher educators and policy-makers with input from research within the interconnected disciplines of Applied Linguistics, Language Education and Second Language Acquisition. The volume includes five examples of topical research on language education and the authors are internationally renowned scholars. The chapters are based on a selection of talks presented at the 1st ELE Conference (‘Exploring Language Education’), which was held at Stockholm University in 2018. Employing a broad thematic scope, the volume reflects the variety of perspectives on language education brought together at the conference by authors working in diverse areas of the field and in different parts of the world. With the first ELE conference the organizers wished to call attention to the intersection of the global and the local, in terms of linguistic and cultural diversity, which may inform both research questions and language education practices. Issues related to multilingualism, Global Englishes, and experienced tensions between research and practice are examples of generally shared issues that were brought up by many speakers. The chapters of the book represent this variety of themes and illustrate how different regions and communities are contingent on local prerequisites and circumstances, leading to a number of particular challenges and assets when it comes to language education. The chapters represent different parts of the broad array of research directions that can be discerned under the large umbrella of Language Education, zooming in on the Western context, specifically Sweden, Canada and the United States. Two of the plenary speakers from the conference, Nina Spada and John Levis contribute in the volume. In Spada’s text different ways to bridge the gap between research and practice in language education are discussed, an issue highly relevant to all of those interested in collaborative research between researchers and teachers. The second chapter, written by Levis, presents current research on phonology and the importance of pronunciation in second or foreign language communication. These two are followed by three chapters reporting on empirical studies. Amanda Brown and colleagues present their work on translanguaging in the English L2 classroom, giving an extensive overview of ideological stances from the last decades on the use of mother tongues vs. target language only in the language classroom. Liss Kerstin Sylvén reports on a recent study on very young Swedish learners of English, their exposure of English before school age and outside school and the role that this exposure plays for the development of English language proficiency. Finally, Gudrun Erickson and colleagues, present a questionnaire answered by a large number of modern language teachers in Sweden. The study explores the teachers’ answers on questions about their professional satisfaction, their use of the target language in the classroom, and the curricular status of foreign languages studied after English. Despite many critical points raised by these teachers, the survey reveals that they would not change profession, were they given the chance. The book ends with an Afterword by Stellan Sundh, University of Uppsala.

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Barreto, Cristiana. Figurine Traditions from the Amazon. Sous la direction de Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.020.

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Stone and ceramic figurines occurred in many pre-Columbian cultures of Amazonia but only appear as recurrent, traditional objects late in the cultural history of the region, primarily in the large settlements which flourished along the Lower Amazon and its estuaries. Marajoara and Santarém ceramics include an array of figurines depicting humans and animals, in languages emphasizing body transformation and reproduction, and, sometimes, decapitation. Some also performed as rattles, or maracas, an instrument traditionally related to shamanic power. Stone figurines from the Lower Amazon present similar modes of body representation and seem to be part of the drug paraphernalia used in shamanic rituals. Rather than being a marker for the appearance of more complex, agrarian societies, Amazonian figurines seem to be related to the intensification of deeply rooted shamanic practices. This chapter reviews the context and repertoires of figurine traditions within the different models proposed in Amazonian archaeology for pre-Columbian societies.

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Voltaire. Candide (Large Print). www.ReadHowYouWant.com, 2006.

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Allen, Craig. Univision, Telemundo, and the Rise of Spanish-Language Television in the United States. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401643.001.0001.

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The first completely researched history of U.S. Spanish-language television traces the rise of two foremost, if widely unrecognized, modern American enterprises—the Spanish-language networks Univision and Telemundo. It is a standard scholarly history constructed from archives, original interviews, reportage, and other public materials. Occasioned by the public’s wakening to a “Latinization” of the U.S., the book demonstrates that the emergence of Spanish-language television as a force in mass communication is essential to understanding the increasing role of Latinos and Latino affairs in modern American society. It argues that a combination of foreign and domestic entrepreneurs and innovators who overcame large odds resolves a significant and timely question: In an English-speaking country, how could a Spanish-speaking institution have emerged? Through exploration of significant and colorful pioneers, continuing conflicts and setbacks, landmark strides, and ongoing controversies—and with revelations that include regulatory indecision, behind-the-scenes tug-of-war, and the internationalization of U.S. mass media—the rise of a Spanish-language institution in the English-speaking U.S. is explained. Nine chapters that begin with Spanish-language television’s inception in 1961 and end 2012 chronologically narrate the endeavor’s first 50 years. Events, passages, and themes are thoroughly referenced.

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Morrison, Toni. Beloved (French language). Editions 10/18, 1999.

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Stemmer, Brigitte. Neuropragmatics. Sous la direction de Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.003.

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This essay summarizes the findings of studies investigating aspects of linguistic pragmatic behaviour and the brain correlates underlying such behaviour. Although pragmatics is a large field, most brain-oriented studies have focused on specific aspects of linguistic pragmatics such as structural discourse and figurative language. Research indicates that linguistic pragmatic behaviour relies on brain correlates that are routinely activated during word and sentence processing (the default language network). Although no agreement has yet been reached concerning questions such as whether these correlates are qualitatively and/or quantitatively different, whether additional brain areas/networks are implicated, and, if so, what these are, some concrete suggestions have emerged. At a more general level, there is consensus that the classical standard pragmatic model is not supported by most neuroimaging studies and that the right-hemisphere hypothesis on figurative language processing needs revision. The essay ends with some speculations on interpreting pragmatic behaviour within a microgenetic framework.

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Voltaire. Candide : Large Print. Independently Published, 2019.

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Voltaire. Candide : Large Print. Independently Published, 2019.

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Voltaire. Candide : Large Print. Independently Published, 2019.

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Voltaire. Candide : Large Print. Independently Published, 2019.

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Voltaire. Candide : Large Print. Independently Published, 2019.

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Voltaire. Candide : Large Print. Independently Published, 2019.

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Voltaire. Candide : Large Print. Independently Published, 2019.

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Voltaire. Candide (Large Print Edition). BiblioBazaar, 2007.

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Yamamoto, Koji. Consuming Projects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739173.003.0007.

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This chapter demonstrates that the mobilization of private desire for consumption and emulation was taken to new heights during the financial revolution. Patenting activities boomed in the early 1690s. The lapse of the Licensing Act gave rise to a deluge of pamphlets promoting joint-stock companies and public subscription schemes; new periodicals reported and commented on them. Equally important was the language of charity and piety that often intersected with the language of empire. Although forms of projecting became more closely aligned with incipient modern stock markets, the moral ambiguity of projectors continued to loom large. Satirical remarks painting as deceitful businessmen sold well, but often masked complex factors behind business failure. Public consumption of shares, news, rumours, and moralizing remarks became integral parts of the all-consuming market. In Defoe’s ‘Projecting Age’, even efforts at taming capitalism became an integral part of its operation.

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Descartes, René. A Discourse on Method (Large Print). ReadHowYouWant.com, 2006.

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Hirschkop, Ken. Linguistic Turns, 1890-1950. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198745778.001.0001.

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Linguistic Turns rewrites the intellectual and cultural history of early twentieth-century Europe. In chapters that range over the work of Saussure, Russell, Wittgenstein, Bakhtin, Benjamin, Cassirer, Shklovskii, the Russian Futurists, Ogden and Richards, Sorel, Gramsci, and others, it shows how European intellectuals came to invest ‘language’ with extraordinary force, at a time when the social and political order of the continent was in question. By examining linguistic turns in concert rather than in isolation, Hirschkop changes the way we see them—no longer simply as moves in individual disciplines, but as elements of a larger constellation, held together by common concerns and anxieties. In a series of detailed readings, he reveals how each linguistic turn invested ‘language as such’ with powers that could redeem not just individual disciplines but Europe itself. We see how, in the hands of different writers, language becomes a model of social and political order, a tool guaranteeing analytical precision, a vehicle of dynamic change, a storehouse of mythical collective energy, a template for civil society, and an image of justice itself. By detailing the force linguistic turns attribute to language, and the way in which they contrast ‘language as such’ with actual language, Hirschkop dissects the investments made in words and sentences and the visions behind them. The constellation of linguistic turns is explored as an intellectual event in its own right and as the pursuit of social theory by other means.

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