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1
Hunter, John, et Carl Mabbs-Zeno. « African land tenure ». Agricultural Administration 23, no 2 (janvier 1986) : 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-586x(86)90034-8.
2
Carrell, Joshua D., Edward Hammill et Thomas C. Edwards. « Balancing Rare Species Conservation with Extractive Industries ». Land 11, no 11 (10 novembre 2022) : 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11112012.
Résumé :
The Colorado Plateau has abundant oil, gas, and alternative energy potential. This energy potential is scattered among a patchwork of land ownership, with private, tribal, and public lands being actively developed for energy extraction. Elements of biodiversity (e.g., listed and sensitive plant and animal species) are distributed among all land tenures, yet the laws protecting them can vary as a function of land tenure. It is imperative to understand the spatial distributions of threatened endangered, and sensitive species in relation to land tenure to preserve habitat and conserve species populations in areas undergoing energy development. We developed species distribution models and spatial conservation optimization frameworks to explore the interactions among land ownership, existing and potential energy extraction, and biodiversity. Four management scenarios were tested to quantify how different approaches to energy extraction may impact rare plant distributions. Results show that incorporating risk and land tenure in spatially optimized frameworks it is possible to facilitate the long-term viability of rare plant species. The scenarios developed here represent a different attitude towards the value of rare plants and the risk of energy development. Results gives insight into the financial consequences of rare species protection and quantifies the biodiversity costs of energy development across landscapes.
3
Nepal, Harisharan, et Anil Marasini. « Status of Land Tenure Security in Nepal ». Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 17, no 1 (4 juin 2018) : 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v17i1.23005.
Résumé :
Land is a fundamental natural resource for living, an economic asset for production, legal entity with multiple rights over it and above all, a societal factor for self-actualization. So, ownership of land has multi-faceted understanding around the world. For the developing country like Nepal having diverse societal arrangements, land tenure system plays important role in economic, social and political structure. As Nepal is in the process of implementing federalization, assessment of land tenure security shall be one of the instruments for developing new land related policies and assessing the effect of new policies afterward. The objective of this paper is to perform SWOT analysis on the status of land tenure security in Nepal by reviewing the history of the tenure system and current tenure system, studying country reports and research papers and analyzing policies and institutions. The study shows that despite some initiatives by government, NGOs, bilateral agencies and media to improve land tenure security, land tenure insecurity prevails in all areas of the country even in registered lands. It is found that stable rganization, registration of most of the built-up and cultivated land, advocacy to protect the right of landless has strengthened the land tenure security. However, the tenure rights of socially and economically disadvantaged people and displaced people from disasters have not been properly addressed and those people are at high risk of eviction from the place they are living. The study recommends that land tenure insecurity arising from political, legislative and organizational behavior should be managed by appropriate interventions and policy reforms. As most of the analyses of land tenure security in Nepal have been performed in a descriptive way, this study explicitly investigates the issue through SWOT analysis.
4
Van Koppen, Barbara. « Customary Water Tenure ». Blue Papers 1, no 1 (1 septembre 2022) : 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.58981/bluepapers.2022.1.03.
Résumé :
Heritage and culture not only shape the customary tenure of land and forest resources of most indigenous peoples and local communities in low-income rural areas, but also community members’ mutual relations vis-à-vis their water resources, or, in other words: customary water tenure. Age-old settlement by farm communities or pastoralists’ establishment of nomadic routes vested customary rights to land and the fugitive surface runoff and streams flowing over the lands; soil moisture, wetlands and lakes on the land; and aquifers under the land.
In customary water tenure, orally transmitted norms and practices have governed communities’ construction, operation and maintenance of traditional local infrastructure, such as weirs, dams and ponds, to store water as buffer to seasonal variability; wells and lifting devices to tap aquifers, the planet’s largest storage; and canals, tunnels and pipes to channel water where and when needed for drinking, other domestic uses, livestock, irrigation of crops, vegetables and trees, brick making, crafts, small-scale enterprise and ceremonial uses, or to ensure water availability for fisheries and navigation. Customary normative frameworks continue to shape communities’ investments in “modern” low-cost plastic pipes, tanks, small motorized pumps, or solar energy, also responding to growing populations, markets for water-dependent produce, and higher aspirations.
5
Katusiime, Juliet, et Brigitta Schütt. « Linking Land Tenure and Integrated Watershed Management—A Review ». Sustainability 12, no 4 (23 février 2020) : 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041667.
Résumé :
Land tenure is given attention in the general discussions on conservation and management of natural resources, but the necessary holistic approach to understand the linkages is less considered. Thus, we considered a watershed as a unit of reference and Integrated Watershed Management as a holistic land and water resources management approach with various roles and touchpoints with land tenure issues. To examine the role of land tenure on the management of natural resources in watersheds, we reviewed and compiled literature that captures watershed issues, integrating aspects of land tenure, and aiming to identify the key land tenure roles, dynamics, and its influences on integrated watershed management. Land tenure is observed playing various roles in watersheds and, thus, also on integrated watershed management as an approach—as a driver of change, influence for investment decisions, an incentive for adoption of practices, and leading to sustainability. Land tenure dynamics range from land tenure security, land tenure forms, land access and acquisition modalities, and how these aspects of land tenure relate with integrated watershed management.
6
Sieciechowicz, Krystyna. « Northern Ojibwa Land Tenure ». Anthropologica 28, no 1/2 (1986) : 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25605199.
7
Crewett, Wibke, et Benedikt Korf. « Ethiopia : Reforming Land Tenure ». Review of African Political Economy 35, no 116 (juin 2008) : 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240802193911.
8
O'Keefe, Phil, et Sam Moyo. « Land Tenure in Zimbabwe ». Review of African Political Economy 23, no 70 (décembre 1996) : 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249608704232.
9
Aina, Tade Akin. « Land tenure in Lagos ». Habitat International 16, no 1 (janvier 1992) : 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(92)90003-h.
10
Al-Ossmi, Laith H., et Vian Ahmed. « Land tenure administration : Towards a regulatory backdrop to land tenure in Iraq ». Land Use Policy 57 (novembre 2016) : 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.016.
11
Ekpodessi, Serge G. N., et Hitoshi Nakamura. « Impact of Insecure Land Tenure on Sustainable Agricultural Development : A Case Study of Agricultural Lands in the Republic of Benin, West Africa ». Sustainability 14, no 21 (28 octobre 2022) : 14041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114041.
Résumé :
This study assesses the impact of insecure land tenure on sustainable agricultural development in Africa to demonstrate how the economic profitability of agriculture strongly depends on land tenure security. The Republic of Benin is used as the case study following the country’s recent enactment of land law 2013-01 that focuses on reorganizing the land sector, which has suffered from inappropriate management since the colonial era. Through an interview survey among landowners and presumed owners combined with standardized observations in designated rural areas, issues related to the use and management of rural lands in the Republic of Benin are highlighted and discussed. The result demonstrates that agricultural economic profitability strongly depends on land tenure security. The outcome reveals land security as a key factor for sustainable agriculture toward poverty reduction and confirms the unbreakable link between land tenure security, agricultural production, and sustainable development.
12
Jacoby, Hanan G., Guo Li et Scott Rozelle. « Hazards of Expropriation : Tenure Insecurity and Investment in Rural China ». American Economic Review 92, no 5 (1 novembre 2002) : 1420–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024575.
Résumé :
We use household data from northeast China to examine the link between investment and land tenure insecurity induced by China's system of village-level land reallocation. We quantify expropriation risk using a hazard analysis of individual plot tenures and incorporate the predicted “hazards of expropriation” into an empirical analysis of plot-level investment. Our focus is on organic fertilizer use, which has long-lasting benefits for soil quality. Although we find that higher expropriation risk significantly reduces application of organic fertilizer, a welfare analysis shows that guaranteeing land tenure in this part of China would yield only minimal efficiency gains.
13
Uwayezu, Ernest, et Walter de Vries. « Indicators for Measuring Spatial Justice and Land Tenure Security for Poor and Low Income Urban Dwellers ». Land 7, no 3 (17 juillet 2018) : 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7030084.
Résumé :
There exist various indicators that measure land tenure security for urbanites. Most of those indicators measure the degree to which land titling promotes the security of tenure. Based on the reviewed literature, it is admitted that land titling is not a panacea to land tenure security. Measuring the degree of land tenure security should not rely only on the legalisation of landownership. This paper makes a meta-analysis and conceptual modelling to connect spatial justice and land tenure security. It discusses the potential of inclusive urban development grounded on the claim that spatial justice enhances land tenure security. A comprehensive framework of indicators which can measure the degree of land tenure security from a spatial justice lens is thereafter derived. The meta-analysis and conceptual modelling were coupled with research synthesis to perform an in-depth review and qualitative content analysis of the literature on concepts of spatial justice, land tenure security, and urban (re)development processes. This study proposes 60 indicators which measure the degree of spatial justice and land tenure security along a continuum of spatial justice and land tenure security. Those indicators provide a more holistic approach for measuring land tenure security from a spatial justice lens than the separated sets of existing indicators.
14
Rishit, Michael. « Land Tenure Policies and Property Rights Affecting Livestock Production in Bangladesh ». Journal of Livestock Policy 3, no 1 (26 avril 2024) : 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jlp.v3i1.2514.
Résumé :
Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate land tenure policies and property rights affecting livestock production in Bangladesh. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study revealed a significant influence of secure land tenure on livestock productivity, investment decisions, and sustainability. Secure property rights are consistently associated with higher levels of livestock productivity, increased investment in animal husbandry practices, and improved land management strategies among rural households. Moreover, tenure security facilitates long-term investments in livestock genetic improvement programs, leading to higher milk yields and improved household incomes among dairy farmers. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Institutional Theory & Property Rights Theory may be used to anchor future studies on land tenure policies and property rights affecting livestock production in Bangladesh. Promote community-based natural resource management approaches that recognize customary land tenure systems. Empowering local communities to manage their grazing lands can enhance ecological sustainability, reduce conflicts, and improve livelihoods among pastoralist groups. Advocate for the legal recognition of customary land rights and indigenous knowledge systems in national land tenure policies. Acknowledging traditional tenure arrangements can strengthen tenure security, promote social equity, and enhance the resilience of livestock production systems.
15
Murisa, Tendai. « Exploring the Tenure - Democracy Nexus on Customary Land Right Holders ». African Journal of Inclusive Societies 2, no 1 (février 2023) : 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.59186/si.ry9fbpgu.
Résumé :
In Zimbabwe, as in many African countries, land remains a basic strategic asset for those who live in the rural areas. Particularly, for those people in customary tenured areas, access to land is negotiated through identity. Most Zimbabweans either live or have land rights in customary tenure areas. Here, land is not a commodity that can be traded nor is it regarded as an individual asset. Disputes related to access, ownership and use of customary tenure land are handled in traditional courts presided over by chiefs and their subordinate structures. Those who dwell in customary tenure areas have no direct relationship with civil courts, where private property disputes are resolved, but instead, must go through the traditional courts. In one of my earlier publications, I have argued that the involvement of traditional courts in customary land tenure issues is the hallmark of classical citizenship. While I continue to proffer this argument in the current study, the study also illustrates how traditional authority has, over the years become an appendage of the state through strategic measures which include salaries for chiefs, vehicles, rural electrification, and power that comes with being entrusted with the role of distributing subsidies. Additionally, the exclusion of customary tenure areas from formal financial services means that households are at the mercy of government led subsidies which are steeped within the political interests of the ruling party ZANU-PF. In many cases, government subsidies end up being used as incentive to support the incumbent party. In such instances, elected officeholders take the lead in the distribution of these subsidies. The relationship between land tenure and democracy is perhaps the most compelling for reforms, but rarely discussed. In this study I expand on my previous interventions by arguing that the ways in which land is held in customary tenure areas and the existing subsidy regimes have played a critical role in restricting rural residents’ autonomy to make autonomous political choices. I further argue that the autonomy to choose is mostly compromised in contexts where access to productive resources such as land, markets, mechanical, financial, and physical capital are negotiated through subservience to traditional authorities who are politically affiliated.
16
Katusiime, Juliet, et Brigitta Schütt. « Towards Legislation Responsive to Integrated Watershed Management Approaches and Land Tenure ». Sustainability 15, no 3 (25 janvier 2023) : 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032221.
Résumé :
Land tenure affects integrated watershed management approaches in various ways, such as influencing land use and investment in sustainability practices and decisions. However, some land tenure and integrated watershed management relations need more examination, including how the prevailing relevant legislation responds and the needed course of action. In this paper, we provide relevant evidence to support a shift to responsive actions and legislation through (a) examining land tenure scenarios affecting integrated watershed management, including the public–private land tenure co-existence from a watershed perspective; (b) the responsiveness of the prevailing relevant legislation to integrated watershed management and the land tenure scenarios and (c) identifying legislative remedies recommendable for responsiveness. We use qualitative methods to review secondary data sources, including four legislations, and complement them with field survey data. Field experiences are from three sub-catchments in the Lake Victoria basin, each representing a different land tenure system, as case studies. Land tenure links with integrated watershed management in various ways, such as influencing land use decisions. However, underscoring the relationship from the private and public land tenure perspective also indicates a complex and tense spatial relationship. As such, it likely limits adopting sustainable land use and management practices in watersheds as a case. Regardless, the perceptions from the study area indicate the land tenure systems and forms enabling sustainable choices and decisions, despite limitations such as tenure insecurity. The disconnect between integrated watershed management aspirations of ensuring sustainability, the land tenure abilities and the subsequent human practices is mainly institutional, with the relevant legislation indicating a low to moderate level of responsiveness to integrated watershed management approaches and land tenure, thus, abating effectiveness. Therefore, we suggest a shift towards responsive programming and legislation and the adoption of model legislation to support responsiveness replication. We also recommend further studies to assess the legal gaps and feasibility thereof.
17
Guinin Asso, Inoussa, Soulé Akinhola Adéchian, Mohamed Salifou, Bédé Prudence M’po Kouyinampou, Bruno Charles Pierre O’heix et Mohamed Nasser Baco. « Effects of the Systematic Cluster Approach (SCA) and Rural Land Plans (RLPs) on Land Tenure Security for Agricultural Household : Insight from Benin (West Africa) ». Land 11, no 10 (28 septembre 2022) : 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101681.
Résumé :
Rural land plans (RLP) and the systematic cluster approach (SCA) are the two main approaches used in Benin to secure rural land tenure. However, the contributions of these approaches to land tenure security in rural communities are mixed. This paper firstly identifies the main factors to be considered in conceptualizing rural land tenure security and secondly assesses the contributions of the two approaches in achieving rural land tenure security. The study is conducted in four communes of Borgou (a district in North Benin) that have benefited from both approaches to land tenure security. The dimensions of land tenure security were identified during focus group discussions and unstructured interviews with key informants. The contribution of the approaches is assessed using individual surveys from 742 beneficiaries of the approaches randomly selected, based on actors’ perceptions measured on the Likert scale. The nonparametric Friedman test was used to determine the average rank of each factor according to the RLP or SCA context. As a result, land tenure security must integrate nine factors, leading to two forms of land tenure security. Legal and institutional security includes land tenure norms, property rights, local land management institutions, and the land information system. Socioenvironmental security involves access and use rights, social peace, gender mainstreaming, and land conservation. According to stakeholders’ perceptions, RLPs mainly lead to legal-institutional security, whereas SCA combines and contributes to both forms of land tenure security. Rural smallholders will enjoy high levels of land security when these elements are in dynamic balance.
18
Otsuka, Keijiro, Agnes R. Quisumbing, Ellen Payongayong et J. B. Aidoo. « Land tenure and the management of land and trees : the case of customary land tenure areas of Ghana ». Environment and Development Economics 8, no 1 (6 janvier 2003) : 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x03000056.
Résumé :
This study explores the effects of land tenure institutions on land use and management using household date from cocoa growing areas of Ghana. Various land tenure institutions with different land rights coexist in our sites, such as allocated family land, inherited land, appropriated village land, and land received as gift. While tree planting and the decision to leave land fallow may be affected by land tenure status, there are no significant differences in labor allocation and revenue of both cocoa and food crops among parcels under different land tenure institutions. These results support the hypothesis that management incentives of cocoa fields, but not food crop fields, tend to be equalized due to the incentive-enhancing effects of granting secure land rights after efforts to plant cocoa trees are expended.
19
Chigbu, Uchendu, Gaynor Paradza et Walter Dachaga. « Differentiations in Women’s Land Tenure Experiences : Implications for Women’s Land Access and Tenure Security in Sub-Saharan Africa ». Land 8, no 2 (22 janvier 2019) : 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8020022.
Résumé :
Most literature on land tenure in sub-Saharan Africa has presented women as a homogenous group. This study uses evidence from Ghana, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe to show that women have differentiated problems, needs, and statuses in their quest for land access and tenure security. It illustrates how women-to-women differences influence women’s access to land. By investigating differentiations in women’s land tenure in the three countries, the study identifies multiple and somewhat interlinked ways in which differentiations exist in women’s land tenure. It achieved some key outcomes. The findings include a matrix of factors that differentiate women’s land access and tenure security, a visualisation of women’s differentiation in land tenure showing possible modes for actions, and an adaptable approach for operationalising women’s differentiation in land tenure policies (among others). Using these as evidence, it argues that women are a highly differentiated gender group, and the only thing homogenous in the three cases is that women are heterogeneous in their land tenure experiences. It concludes that an emphasis on how the differentiation among women allows for significant insight to emerge into how they experience tenure access differently is essential in improving the tenure security of women. Finally, it makes policy recommendations.
20
Chigbu, Uchendu, Zebad Alemayehu et Walter Dachaga. « Uncovering land tenure insecurities : tips for tenure responsive land-use planning in Ethiopia ». Development in Practice 29, no 3 (20 janvier 2019) : 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2019.1567688.
21
Uchitel, Alexander. « Land-Tenure in Mycenaean Greece and the Hittite Empire : Linear B Land-surveys from Pylos and Middle Hittite Land-Donations ». Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no 4 (2005) : 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852005774918787.
Résumé :
AbstractThe article is a comparative study of Mycenaean Greek and Hittite land-tenure systems. It is based upon a systematic comparison of two groups of documents: land-registers (the so-called E-series) from Pylos and Middle Hittite land-donations. The traditional interpretation of both Mycenaean Greek and Hittite documents is challenged and alternative interpretations are offered. Thus, on the Mycenaean side, the construction with the preposition pa-ro is reinterpreted, and on the Hittite side an entirely new interpretation of a Hittite expression pir-sahhanas is offered. Both land-tenure systems are interpreted as two manifestations of compulsory labour service of small landholders attached to large agricultural estates. Cet article est une étude comparative des systèmes de tenue de la terre dans la Grèce mycénienne et l'empire hittite. Elle est fondée sur une comparaison systématique de deux groupes de documents : les registres de la terre (appelés la série E) de Pylos et les donations de terre moyenne hittite. L'interprétation traditionnelle des documents mycénien et hittite est ici remise en question et une nouvelle explication est offerte. Ainsi, du côté mycénien, la construction avec la préposition pa-ro est réinterprétée, et du côté hittite une interprétation entièrement nouvelle de l'expression pir-sahhanas est proposée. Les deux systèmes de tenue de la terre sont interprétés comme deux manifestations d'un service de travail obligatoire dus par des petits propriétaires attachés à des grandes propriétés agricoles.
22
Kometa, Cordelia G., et Richard N. Asongsaigha. « The Implications of Land Tenure Systems on Socio-Economic Development in Kumbo Central Sub-Division, North West Region of Cameroon ». Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no 3 (30 septembre 2019) : 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n3p25.
Résumé :
This study explores the impact of land tenure systems on the socio-economic development of Kumbo Central Sub-Division. The incompatibility of the Statutory and Customary land tenure and land laws in Kumbo brings about conflict between the land laws and land users at large. Land tenure insecurity and lack of land certificates are the major reasons for the slow growth rate in the socio-economic development of Kumbo. This study seeks to assess the reasons for tenure insecurity and implications on the socio-economic development of Kumbo. Data necessary for the realization of this study were obtained through primary and secondary data collection techniques such as questionnaires, interviews, field observation, focus group discussions, snap shorts and the review of related documented materials. These techniques followed a stratified sampling on an age selective population that was liable to have access to land. The study revealed that land ownership and land use conflicts emanate from poor and incompatible land tenure systems in Kumbo. The study recommended that the problem of incompatibility between the two tenure systems can be resolved by harmonizing the two laws. Also, the Social Tenure Domain System was recommended to solve the problem of land tenure insecurity if well implemented by the Government of Cameroon. This model enhances land tenure security for all, especially the vulnerable groups. If all these recommendations are implemented effectively, socio-economic development in Kumbo will be greatly accelerated.
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Li, Bo, Ruimei Wang et Quan Lu. « Land Tenure and Cotton Farmers’ Land Improvement : Evidence from State-Owned Farms in Xinjiang, China ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no 1 (23 décembre 2021) : 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010117.
Résumé :
The land system of state-owned farms in China is different from that in rural areas. Whether the land tenure of state-owned farms can play a role in protecting cultivated land is an important issue for the high-quality development of state-owned agriculture in China. This article develops a dynamic model to examine how land tenure influences farmers’ decisions on land improvement. It then analyzes this relationship based on cotton farmers’ household-level data from state-owned farms of Xinjiang in China. We applied methods that take into account the possible endogeneity of the land tenure. The results reveal that the stability of land tenure in the past will not affect the current behavior of farmers for they have a relatively stable expectation of current land tenure and a high degree of trust in the government and its policies. The intergenerational transfer of land tenure is not the key factor that affects farmers’ land conservation, and the relatively long-term duration of land tenure (possibly five years or more) during their careers is more important. Our findings also reveal that non-property factors, such as government intervention (e.g., technology promotion) that alleviates the limited rationality of farmers, cannot be ignored because they played a crucial role in past land improvement when land tenure was less stable.
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Yenkong Sobseh, Emmanuel, et Willibroaddze Ngwa. « LAND TENURE INSECURITY AND LAND CONFLICTS IN THE BAMENDAGRASSFIELDS OF CAMEROON : PUZZLING EVIDENCE FROM BALINYONGA/BAWOCK LAND CONFLICT ». International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no 01 (31 janvier 2021) : 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12363.
Résumé :
This paper examines the challenges of land tenure insecurity and land conflicts in the Bamenda Grassfields of Cameroon. Colonial and later, postcolonial governments of Cameroon introduced different and most often, conflicting land policies. These divergent land policies, later on, replaced collective ownership of land with private ownership. This paper, focuses on the different causes of land tenure insecurity such as inequality, outside encroachment, and common property challenges. It also tackles the measure causes of land conflicts such as multiple land sales, land scarcity, population growth, poor boundary demarcation, land laws and contested records of land conflicts. Despite these challenges, land tenure security was achieved through customary land, state land and individual titling. However, the case study between Bali Nyonga and Bawock demonstrates efforts by different parties to confront, manage and resolve land dispute. Based on a wide range of primary and secondary sources, this paper argues that, land tenure insecurity and land disputes have benefitted the rich, and fostered social inequalities. The study concludes that, despite the lessons and opportunities for intervention advanced, land tenure insecurity and land conflicts in Cameroon could only be overcome, if the present structures and institutions of land management are modernized and restructured by stakeholders to benefit the majority.
25
Gebremichael, Brightman. « Heartrending or Uplifting : The Ethiopian Urban Land Tenure System Reform and Its Reflection on Tenure Security of Permit Holders ». Journal of Developing Societies 33, no 3 (22 août 2017) : 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17716995.
Résumé :
In this article, I reflect on the implication of the urban land tenure systems of the three political regimes of Ethiopia on the objective element of land tenure security of urban landholders, particularly, permit holders. The objective element of land tenure security can be assessed in terms of clarity and breadth, duration, assurance, and enforceability of land rights. On these foundations, I argue that the objective element of tenure security of urban landholders in Ethiopia has been reduced with each subsequent regime. The Imperial regime’s urban land tenure system affected the objective land tenure security of urban landholders in terms of enforceability of land rights—particularly limiting the right to appeal to a presumably independent court of law with regard to the amount of compensation awarded for the loss of land rights through expropriation. The Derg regime’s urban land tenure system, on the other hand, had narrowed the breadth of land rights to possessory right; it introduced other grounds in addition to expropriation, by which a landholder could lose his land rights, it adopted a vague and broad understanding of “public purpose” for expropriation, and it introduced a compensation scheme that left a landholder compensated inadequately; and it totally prohibited bringing a legal action in presumably an independent court of law against the government. Even more, the post-1991 urban land tenure system has perpetuated the objective land tenure insecurity of permit holders by making the land rights unclear until the enactment of regulation; and to be valid for a definite period of time by mandatorily demanding its conversion to lease system.
26
ASSIES, WILLEM. « Land Tenure and Tenure Regimes in Mexico : An Overview ». Journal of Agrarian Change 8, no 1 (12 décembre 2007) : 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2007.00162.x.
27
Eisenstadt, Todd A. « Agrarian Tenure Institution Conflict Frames, and Communitarian Identities ». Comparative Political Studies 42, no 1 (7 novembre 2008) : 82–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414008325273.
Résumé :
Drawing on a survey of more than 4,000 respondents, this article argues that contrary to claims by the 1994 Zapatista insurgency, indigenous and nonindigenous respondents in southern Mexico have been united more by socioeconomic and land tenure institution variables than by ethnic identity. Based on statistical models, it concludes that in rural southern Mexico, ethnicity alone is less important in shaping peoples' attitudes than whether the dominant land tenure institutions are the “communitarian” state-penetrated ejidos (communitarian collective farms) of Chiapas or the more “individualist” so-called communal lands of Oaxaca. It concludes by affirming that—contrary to many analysts of Chiapas's 1994 indigenous rebellion—external influences (here state-established land tenure institutions) can trump ideology in framing social movements. Rural Chiapas's prevalent communitarian attitudes seem to have resulted partly from exogenous land tenure institutions (ejidos) rather than from endogenous indigenous identities alone, as claimed by Zapatistas and scholars.
28
Gurung, Chan Bahadur. « Land Tenure System and Security of Kumal Community in Gorkha ». Journal of Advanced Academic Research 10, no 2 (27 novembre 2023) : 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v10i2.60195.
Résumé :
This paper analyzes the land tenure system, its history, demographic and socio-economic characteristics and tenure ownership and security of Kumal community in Gorkha district of Nepal. Land is a fundamental natural resource for living, an economic asset for production, legal entity with multiple rights over it and above all, a societal factor for self-actualization. So, ownership of land has multi-faceted understanding. The objective of this paper is to analyze the existing land tenure system of Kumal community of Gorkha by reviewing the history of the tenure system and current tenure system, and carrying out HH survey to improve the tenure ownership and security. However, the tenure rights of socially and economically disadvantaged community like Kumals have not been properly addressed and those people are at high risk of eviction from the place they are living. The study recommends that land tenure insecurity arising from political, legislative and organizational behavior should be managed by appropriate interventions and policy reforms. As most of the analyses of land tenure security in Nepal have been performed in a descriptive way, this study explicitly investigates the issue through household survey. As Nepal is in the process of implementing federalization, assessment of land tenure security shall be one of the instruments for developing new land related policies and assessing the effect of new policies afterward.
29
Asiama, Kwabena, Rohan Bennett et Jaap Zevenbergen. « Towards Responsible Consolidation of Customary Lands : A Research Synthesis ». Land 8, no 11 (29 octobre 2019) : 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8110161.
Résumé :
The use of land consolidation on customary lands has been limited, though land fragmentation persists. Land fragmentation on customary lands has two main causes—the nature of the customary land tenure system, and the somewhat linked agricultural system. Since attempts to increase food productivity on customary lands have involved fertilisation and mechanisation on the small and scattered farmlands, these approaches have fallen short of increasing food productivity. A study to develop a responsible approach to land consolidation on customary lands using a design research approach is undertaken and reported here. Based on a comparative study, it is found that three factors inhibit the development of a responsible land consolidation approach on customary lands—the coverage of a land administration system, a land valuation approach, and a land reallocation approach the fits the customary land tenure system. To fill these gaps, firstly, this study developed the participatory land administration that brought together traditional land administration approaches with emerging bottom-up approaches, as well as technological advances that drive these approaches together with the growing societal needs. Secondly, a valuation approach was developed to enable the comparison of the farmlands in rural areas that are without land markets. Finally, a land reallocation approach was developed based on the political, economic and social, as well as technical and legal characteristics of rural customary farmlands. This study concludes that though the land consolidation strategy developed is significantly able to reduce land fragmentation, both physical and land tenure, the local customs are an obstruction to the technical processes to achieve the best form of farmland structures.
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Frank, Simon Abdi K., Agustinus Wenehen et Usman Idris. « The land tenure and the land use among supiori in Papua ». ETNOSIA : Jurnal Etnografi Indonesia 5, no 1 (31 mai 2020) : 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31947/etnosia.v5i1.9924.
Résumé :
This article aims to explore various forms of land tenure and land use in Sorendiweri Village in East Supiori District, Papua Province. This research uses descriptive research using ethnography. The technique of determining informants is done purposively by determining key informants first that guides researchers to search for further informants. Data collection techniques used are in-depth interviews and FGD (Focus Group Discussion). Data analysis was carried out based on the factual culture of the community. The results show that the pattern of land tenure in the local population is communal at the clan level. Then, according to the local population, psychomo-logical and historicize view of customary land is very dominant because it states that customary land tenure in popular clans such as Sauyas that is more in line with history and relationships between clans. In addition, land tenure conflicts often occur because of the spread of land clearing in customary rights for infrastructure development and etc.
31
Makinde, Olumuyiwa L., Olubunmi O. Alawode et Rukayat A. Olaoye. « Legal Issues in Land Acquisition for Agricultural Production in Nigeria ». American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering, and Technology 8, no 2 (4 mai 2024) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v8i2.2705.
Résumé :
Land is the nations’ most valuable asset, as it provides sustenance. Legally speaking, land tenure in Nigeria is a complicated web of connections between many organizations that establishes land ownership patterns in connection to various land uses. This study examined the legal issues in land acquisition for agricultural production in Nigeria. Secondary data sourced from books, journals, and the internet were used. Normative legal research techniques were adopted to discuss legal issues in land acquisition, while qualitative content analysis was used to ascertain the level of agricultural production in Nigeria, as well as the relationship between land acquisition and agricultural production in Nigeria. The study’s findings showed that Nigeria's land tenure system supports land partitioning (land fragmentation), which leads to scattered small-scale farming. Tenure rules stipulated in the Nigerian Land Use Act of 1978 hinder agricultural productivity in Nigeria. Additional relevant factors and challenges influencing Nigeria's agricultural production include land tenure insecurity, and political and bureaucratic bottlenecks in the acquisition of land rights for agricultural uses. To ensure improved agricultural productivity, the government should initiate and implement a new land tenure reform that will address the inherent challenges in the current land tenure system.
32
Dachaga, Walter, et Walter Timo de Vries. « Integrating Urban Land Tenure Security in Health Determinants : The Design of Indicators for Measuring Land Tenure Security and Health Relationships in Developing Country Contexts ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no 5 (5 mars 2022) : 3080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053080.
Résumé :
Both urban land tenure insecurity and poor urban health outcomes are research topics of urban geographers and health experts. However, health outcomes or patterns are hardly measured in relation to land tenure security. There are no clear measures or indicators of if and how these two issues interrelate and which type of land tenure deficiency is likely to lead to which kind of health outcomes or patterns. To address this knowledge quandary, we reviewed literature to identify which characteristics of land tenure could relate to which types of health outcomes. The review found four specific land tenure security pathways which significantly influence health outcomes. For each of these, it is possible to identify a set of indicators which could measure the extent of interrelation between land tenure security and health. The result of this process is the design of a list of 46 land tenure-enabled indicators that can be applied empirically. The indicators demonstrate how to design a transdisciplinary approach that connects land management and global urban health knowledge spaces.
33
Asenso-Gyambibi, D., M. Affam et E. Y. Amoafo. « Perfecting Rural Land Title for Wealth Creation and Sustainable Development ». Ghana Mining Journal 19, no 2 (22 décembre 2019) : 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v19i2.2.
Résumé :
AbstractPerfecting land title refers to the process of securing tenure on land. It refers to the assurance that the land one holds for an agreed period of time and purpose is certain. It requires a level of legitimacy. It is on record that agriculture, forestry and mining sectors constitute about 70% of Ghana’s gross domestic product. However, the lack of several large-scale plantations in Ghana can be partly attributed to the land tenure system. Land rights in rural communities are not secured in that the lands are not themselves well defined and rights are not documented. The study used modern survey methods to clearly map out farms in a systematic manner for farmers under a cooperative for rubber plantation development. The rights of tenant farmers and landholders are clearly and legally documented and registered into the formal land administration system. The spatial and attribute data are incorporated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) that serves as tool for data management on the farmers. The pilot study was successful in improving not only tenure security and data access, but also access to funding by participating farmers. Keywords: Land Tenure Security, Registration, Spatial Data, Attribute Data
34
Appau, Williams Miller, Baslyd B. Nara et Javier G. Morales. « Addressing the Problems of Land Registration Processes in Complex Land Tenure Systems Using Computational Techniques : Evidence from Accra Ghana ». Journal of Planning and Land Management 1, no 1 (14 avril 2019) : 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36005/jplm.v1i1.9.
Résumé :
Land registration processes have been described to be simplistic in simple land tenure environments where land rights are treasured and registered by the state on behalf of the people. Duplication of tasks, repeated preparation of land registration documents, and wrong definition of tasks affect the activities and processes of land registration characterising complex land tenure environments. Many qualitative land registration models such as the use of Unified Modified Language (UML) diagrams have been developed to show the frameworks of land registration processes in most parts of the world. However, most researches avoid the technical implementation of these models. This paper presents the quantitative approaches to addressing the problems of land registration processes in complex land tenure systems using computational techniques such as Process Maker and Java Script. The paper used case study approach to collect data and systems design method for the output. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from the Lands Commission of Accra and its stakeholders. Process maker software was operationalised using GeoJSON parcel file. Results show that, the simplification of land registration processes is based on the rationale behind the change (Data error, improved capacity, service quality), and the semantics (process re-engineering) involved in the computation of the modelling processes. The outcome has the ability to simplify an otherwise complex tenure system by avoiding delays and therefore improving the land registration processes.
35
Young, MD. « Pastoral land tenure options in Australia. » Rangeland Journal 7, no 1 (1985) : 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850043.
Résumé :
Most pastoral land in Australia is leased under a form of perpetual or term lease. Covenants are attached to these leases in an attempt to achieve various social, economic and environmental objectives. Land tenure options necessary to achieve these objectives are identified and contrasted with the current tenure systems. From an administrative and management viewpoint each tenure system has a number of strengths and deficiencies. The necessary characteristics of a tenure system which retains the strengths and overcomes the identified deficiencies are outlined.
36
Pule, Neville W., et Motlatsi Thabane. « Lesotho's land tenure regimes : experiences of rural communities and the calls for land reform ». Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no 2 (12 mai 2004) : 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x04000126.
Résumé :
Calls to reform Lesotho's traditional or customary land tenure abound. The main argument of those who call for reform is that there is no security of tenure, and therefore economic development and foreign and local investment in agriculture are lacking. Lately, traditional land tenure has been blamed for environmental degradation of agricultural land. Using oral and documentary evidence collected in the Rothe Ward, Mafeteng District, and the Mafeteng District Secretary's Office, this paper argues that the traditional land tenure is ambiguous on ownership of land, and is in need of reform designed to prevent various forms of chiefly abuse. However, no evidence of insecurity of tenure per se was found. Instead, poverty and lack of capital with which to acquire agricultural inputs in order to improve production were most prevalent in the responses of rural communities. Finally, the paper ends on a note of caution that reforms as envisaged may have calamitous long-term consequences both for rural communities and the country.
37
Long, Guoren, Xiaoyan Zhou et Jun Li. « Land Tenure, Loans, and Farmers’ Cropland Conservation Behavior : Evidence from Rural Northwest China ». Land 13, no 4 (23 mars 2024) : 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13040413.
Résumé :
The pivotal role of farmers’ cropland conservation behavior (CCB) in advancing green agricultural practices is well-recognized. This paper underscores the critical role of stable land tenure in enhancing farmers’ CCB, exemplified by the practice of mulch recycling. Drawing on a survey of 349 cotton farmers in Xinjiang, Northwest China, it offers a systematic examination of how land tenure stability influences CCB and its underlying mechanisms. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between land tenure stability and CCB. Notably, this relationship is mediated by the facilitation of land mortgages, wherein written contracts and extended land tenure durations enhance farmers’ participation in land mortgages, thereby bolstering CCB. Furthermore, the stabilizing effect of land tenure on CCB also mitigates the negative impacts of risk aversion and time preference. The study additionally highlights the differential effects of land tenure stability based on farm size and technical training; its facilitative role in CCB is more pronounced among larger-scale farmers and those engaged in technical training.
38
Small, Janet, et Fanelwa Norah Mhaga. « Gender, Land Tenure and Environment ». Agenda, no 29 (1996) : 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4065801.
39
Lianos, Theodore P., et Despina Parliarou. « Land Tenure in Greek Agriculture ». Land Economics 63, no 3 (août 1987) : 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146833.
40
FéNYES, T. I., et J. A. GROENEWALD. « LAND TENURE : ATTITUDES IN LEBOWA ». Agrekon 24, no 1 (avril 1985) : 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1985.9524039.
41
LIVERSAGE, V. « THE EVOLUTION OF LAND TENURE. » Journal of proceedings of the Agricultural Economics Society 9, no 2 (5 novembre 2008) : 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1951.tb02164.x.
42
Grabowski, Richard. « Agriculture, mechanisation and land tenure ». Journal of Development Studies 27, no 1 (octobre 1990) : 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220389008422181.
43
Reale, Andreana, et John Handmer. « Land tenure, disasters and vulnerability ». Disasters 35, no 1 (23 août 2010) : 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01198.x.
44
Zhang, Juan, Qinping Chen, Hongxi Chen et Zehua Feng. « How Does Farmland Tenure Security Affect Rural Household Income ? Empirical Evidence of China’s Survey Data ». Sustainability 15, no 7 (23 mars 2023) : 5645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15075645.
Résumé :
A stable farmland tenure can optimize farmers’ allocation of production factors and then determine the income level and structure of farmers. In recent years, the reform of China’s farmland tenure system had been making efforts to strengthen the stability of farmland tenures. Will the farmland tenure security restrict agricultural development? Based on the data of the 2018 China Labor Dynamics Survey (CLDS), this paper empirically analyzes the impact of farmland tenure stability on rural household income and its mechanism. The results showed that the stability of land rights increased the per capita total income, wage income and agricultural productive income of farmers significantly. The stability of the farmland tenure significantly increased the income of rural households in plain areas and the income of rural households in villages with highly mechanied; additionally, employment opportunities increased significantly. The mechanism analysis showed that the stability of the farmland tenure had a significant positive effect on the total income of farmers by promoting the division of labor and agricultural investment. On this basis, this paper puts forward measures such as strictly controlling the readjustment of agricultural land, improving the rural labor market and financial market, and guiding nonplain areas to develop tertiary industry according to local conditions.
45
Teklemariam, Addiswork, et Logan Cochrane. « The Rush to the Peripheries : Land Rights and Tenure Security in Peri-Urban Ethiopia ». Land 10, no 2 (14 février 2021) : 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020193.
Résumé :
As the global population continues to urbanize, increasing pressure is put upon urban centers and the carrying capacity of the already built-up areas. One way to meet these demands is horizontal expansion, which requires new lands to become incorporated into urban centers. In most cases, this demand is met by converting peri-urban land into urban land as the urban center expands. These processes of expansion into the peri-urban, however, create tension regarding land use and land rights, and may foster tenure insecurity if not well managed. As in many countries, Ethiopia is experiencing extensive urban population growth and the peri-urban areas at the edge of urban centers are under pressure. This study investigates land rights issues and tenure security conditions of peri-urban farmers in the case study sites of Addis Ababa and Hawassa. The findings reveal that urban expansion into the peripheral agricultural lands and the resulting tenure system change has caused intense perceived tenure insecurity among peri-urban farmers. The range of land rights exercised differs in these two sites, as measured by the property rights analytical framework. Peri-urban farmers in Hawassa hold weak owner positions, enabling them to exercise thicker rights. However, peri-urban farmers in Addis Ababa hold weak claimant positions, which is slightly above the operational level right of an authorized user. This analysis suggests that the urban development and expansion strategies adopted by the respective city administrations are impacting land rights of the peri-urban farmers and their tenure security, albeit in unique ways, from which lessons can be drawn about how urban expansion policies can be more appropriately designed and implemented.
46
Lee, Cheonjae, et Walter Timo de Vries. « Bridging the Semantic Gap between Land Tenure and EO Data : Conceptual and Methodological Underpinnings for a Geospatially Informed Analysis ». Remote Sensing 12, no 2 (10 janvier 2020) : 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12020255.
Résumé :
When spatial land tenure relations are not available, the only effective alternative data method is to rely on the agricultural census at the regional or national scale, based on household surveys and a participatory mapping at the local scale. However, what if even these are not available, which is typical for conflict-affected countries, administrations suffering from a lack of data and resources, or agencies that produce a sub-standard quality. Would it, under such circumstances, be possible to rely on remotely sensed Earth Observation (EO) data? We hypothesize that it is possible to qualify and quantify certain types of unknown land tenure relations based on EO data. Therefore, this study aims to standardize the identification and categorization of certain objects, environments, and semantics visible in EO data that can (re-)interpret land tenure relations. The context of this study is the opportunity to mine data on North Korean land tenure, which would be needed in case of a Korean (re-)unification. Synthesizing land tenure data in conjunction with EO data would align land administration practices in the respective parts and could also derive reliable land tenure and governance variables. There are still many unanswered questions about workable EO data proxies, which can derive information about land tenure relations. However, this first exploration provides a relevant contribution to bridging the semantic gap between land tenure and EO data.
47
Cumming, Steven G., et Glen W. Armstrong. « Divided land base and overlapping forest tenure in Alberta, Canada : A simulation study exploring costs of forest policy ». Forestry Chronicle 77, no 3 (1 juin 2001) : 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77501-3.
Résumé :
The forest planning environment in Alberta is complicated by multiple forms of forest tenure and by an arbitrary division of the forest into separate softwood and hardwood land bases. The area within and surrounding the Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc. Forest Management Agreement (FMA) area exemplifies the problem, with a large number of independent forest products companies operating in the area. We model 17 sawmill operators and the Alberta-Pacific pulp mill trying to simultaneously satisfy their mill feedstock requirements from a forest.We examined the inefficiencies introduced by this tenure system using Tardis, a computer simulation model incorporating access development, timber harvest, and regeneration. We examined two scenarios: one representing the business-as-usual case where the 18 forest products companies are operating independently, and one where the forest is managed by one company that harvests timber and delivers it to each of the mills.The costs of the present tenure arrangements are, we believe, substantial enough to warrant a thorough re-examination of forest policy and tenure arrangements in Alberta, specifically with respect to land base designation and overlapping tenures. Key words: forest tenure, simulation modelling, timber harvest scheduling, policy analysis
48
James, Deborah. « Tenure reformed ». Focaal 2011, no 61 (1 décembre 2011) : 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2011.610102.
Résumé :
This article explores the contradictory and contested but closely inter- locking efforts of NGOs and the state in planning for land reform in South Africa. As government policy has come increasingly to favor the better-off who are potential commercial farmers, so NGO efforts have been directed, correspondingly, to safeguarding the interests of those conceptualized as poor and dispossessed. The article explores the claim that planned “tenure reform” is the best way to provide secure land rights, especially for laborers residing on white farms; illustrates the complex disputes over this claim arising between state and NGO sectors; and argues that we need to go beyond the concept of “neoliberal governmentality” to understand the relationship between these sectors.
49
Ali, Wahab, et Ruveni Tuimavana. « Dreams and Dilemmas of Internally Displaced People : An Intricate Reality of a Nomadic Lifestyle ». Journal of Education and Culture Studies 4, no 2 (17 mars 2020) : p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v4n2p1.
Résumé :
Land tenure is an important variable impacting the vulnerability of people staying on leased land the world over. Land tenure-ship security is widespread in countries where the land is owned by the state or traditional people. The problem in securing a tenured land manifests itself in a number of ways that accentuate environmental and socio-economic impacts. Mounting evidence of reduced tenure security shows that affected communities are often unable to evolve equitably and enjoy long term economic stability. In the Fijian context, many displaced Fijians have moved on and settled in the periphery of towns and cities thus changing the socio-economic equilibrium of the environment. A qualitative study using a case study research design was undertaken to establish the perceptions of a group of sugar cane farmers who had become victims of non- renewal of their land leases in 2002. Findings reveal that expiry and non-renewal of land leases leads to social, economical, cultural, political and even psychological and emotional consequences on internally displaced people. The article outlines the pain and agony of the displaced farmers and how they have made integral adjustments to cope with the challenges of resettling in new environments. Having faced the adversities of extradition and then resettling, the dilemmas of ensuing nomadic journeys present a more daunting unfolding for many - only that they have realized it as a fact of life.
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Chipofya, Malumbo C., Sahib Jan et Angela Schwering. « SmartSkeMa : Scalable Documentation for Community and Customary Land Tenure ». Land 10, no 7 (22 juin 2021) : 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070662.
Résumé :
According to the online database landmarkmap, up to an estimated 50% or more of the world’s habitable land is held by indigenous peoples and communities. While legal and procedural provisions are being made for bureaucratically managing the many different types of tenure relations in this domain, there continues to be a lack of tools and expertise needed to quickly and accurately document customary and indigenous land rights. Software and hardware tools that have been designed for documenting land tenure through communities continue to assume a parcel-based model of land as well as categories of land relations (RRR) largely dimensionally similar to statutory land rights categories. The SmartSkeMa approach to land tenure documentation combines sketching by hand with aerial imagery and an ontology-based model of local rules regulating land tenure relations to produce a system specifically designed to allow accurate documentation of land tenure from a local perspective. In addition, the SmartSkeMa adaptor which is an OWL-DL based set of rules for translating local land related concepts to the LADM concepts provides a more high-level view of the data collected (i.e., what does this concept relate to within the national LADM profile?) In this paper we present the core functionalities of SmartSkeMa using examples from Kenya and Ethiopia. Based on an expert survey and focus groups held in Kenya, we also analyze how the approach fairs on the Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration tools scale. The results indicate that the approach could be beneficial in scaling up mapping of community and customary lands as well as help reduce conflict through its participatory nature.