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1
Ohlsson, Bo. « Farmers and forest land use in Lao PDR and Vietnam / ». Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200918.pdf.
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2
Ali, Mohammed. « Evaluation of environmental sustainability of forest land use policies of Bangladesh ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394570.
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This study focuses on the influences of past forest policies in Bangladesh on environmental sustainability in forest land use and in human attitudes towards forest. The study concludes that colonial policy was inimical to sustainability in forest resource use. The colonial legacy and its prolonged persistence in the post-colonial period left a lasting imprint on the peoples' attitude to forest resources. People came to see themselves as resource users and considered that as government owns the forest, creating forest is the government's responsibility. Afterwards, with increasing population such as imprint has turned out to be a severe threat to the sustainability of forest. The study investigated forest land use policies in Bangladesh from their origin in the British colonial period to the present, aiming to inquire into the development of peoples' attitude to forest land use. Evidence suggests that prior to the colonial era, there were forestry concerns in the administration of ancient Bengal. However, there were no recognisable forest policies in conflict with peoples' culture and tradition. Traditional hill people used to practise both lowland cultivation and semi-permanent upland cultivation for subsistence. From the British era to the present, people have remained alienated from the forest. The long alienation of people from the forest has caused loss of the peoples' trust in the Forest Department. Forestry in Bangladesh still displays colonial influences. As a result, although an international movement is pushing environmental perspectives of forest land use, Bangladesh is facing difficult challenges in changing the attitude of people and of administration which originated from the discourse of colonial policy. However, efforts through the NGOs have seen partial success in participatory forestry. However, for the long-term perspective the policy needs to be reviewed and improved, encompassing the traditional forest areas, serving the interest of the target groups, improving institutional standards, updating the law and order situation and encouraging a changed discourse among the people.
3
Freitas, Flavio L. M. « Brazilian land use policies and the development of ecosystem services ». Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206844.
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Concerns related to global environmental changes due to land use changes have been driving international communities towards more sustainable land use systems. Brazil is a country of global strategic importance in this matter considering that it is the nation with the largest extension of preserved tropical native vegetation, recognised for its ecosystem services and high and unique biodiversity. Expansion of forestry and agriculture is taking place rapidly in Brazil, partly over degraded pastureland, but also over native vegetation. Regulating policies to govern and limit this expansion is crucial to ensure the preservation of the ecosystems services provided by native vegetation. This thesis aims at improving the understanding of the potential impacts of prevailing public and private policies in the conservation of nature in Brazil. For this end, the Land Use Policy Assessment (LUPA) model was employed to evaluate potential pathways of implementation of the land use policies. Paper 1 evaluated the effects of current private and public command and control regulations in the protection of above-ground carbon stocks, identifying the most relevant stakeholders holding carbon stocks. The findings suggest that about 10% of carbon stocks are unprotected, where other policy instruments based on the market will be mostly required. Paper 2 performed an assessment of the mechanism for offsetting the legal deficit of native vegetation among landholders, evaluating the different offsetting implementation practices and their impacts on nature protection and socio-economic development. The results indicate that the offsetting mechanism may have little or no additional effects on protection of native vegetation and its ecosystem services because most of the offsetting is likely to take place where native vegetation is already protected by current legislations. However, it is viable to maximise environmental and socio-economic returns from the offsetting mechanism.QC 20170510
4
Sawathvong, Silavanh. « Participatory land management planning in biodiversity conservation areas of Lao PDR / ». Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s267.pdf.
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5
Hoang, Thi Sen. « Gains and losses : devolution of forestry land and natural forest a study of forest allocation in North Central coast, Vietnam / ». Uppsala : Dept. of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200972.pdf.
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6
Nordberg, Mats. « State forest management reforms in three ex-Soviet republics : reforms, reasons and differences / ». Uppsala : Dept. of forest products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200767.pdf.
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Ango, Tola Gemechu. « Ecosystem Services and Disservices in an Agriculture–Forest Mosaic : A Study of Forest and Tree Management and Landscape Transformation in Southwestern Ethiopia ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128537.
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The intertwined challenges of food insecurity, deforestation, and biodiversity loss remain perennial challenges in Ethiopia, despite increasing policy interventions. This thesis investigates smallholding farmers’ tree- and forest-based livelihoods and management practices, in the context of national development and conservation policies, and examines how these local management practices and policies transform the agriculture–forest mosaic landscapes of southwestern Ethiopia. The thesis is guided by a political ecology perspective, and focuses on an analytical framework of ecosystem services (ESs) and disservices (EDs). It uses a mixed research design with data from participatory field mapping, a tree ‘inventory’, interviews, focus group discussions, population censuses, and analysis of satellite images and aerial photos. The thesis presents four papers. Paper I investigates how smallholding farmers in an agriculture–forest mosaic landscape manage trees and forests in relation to a few selected ESs and EDs that they consider particularly beneficial or problematic. The farmers’ management practices were geared towards mitigating tree- and forest-related EDs such as wild mammal crop raiders, while at the same time augmenting ESs such as shaded coffee production, resulting in a restructuring of the agriculture–forest mosaic. Paper II builds further on the EDs introduced in paper I, to assess the effects of crop raids by forest-dwelling wild mammals on farmers’ livelihoods. The EDs of wild mammals and human–wildlife conflict are shown to constitute a problem that goes well beyond a narrow focus on yield loss. The paper illustrates the broader impacts of crop-raiding wild mammals on local agricultural and livelihood development (e.g. the effects on food security and children’s schooling), and how state forest and wildlife control and related conservation policy undermined farmers’ coping strategies. Paper III examines local forest-based livelihood sources and how smallholders’ access to forests is reduced by state transfer of forestland to private companies for coffee investment. This paper highlights how relatively small land areas appropriated for investment in relatively densely inhabited areas can harm the livelihoods of many farmers, and also negatively affect forest conservation. Paper IV investigates the patterns and drivers of forest cover change from 1958 to 2010. Between 1973 and 2010, 25% of the total forest was lost, and forest cover changes varied both spatially and temporally. State development and conservation policies spanning various political economies (feudal, socialist, and ‘free market-oriented’) directly or indirectly affected local ecosystem use, ecosystem management practices, and migration processes. These factors (policies, local practices, and migration) have thus together shaped the spatial patterns of forest cover change in the last 50 years. The thesis concludes that national development and conservation policies and the associated power relations and inequality have often undermined local livelihood security and forest conservation efforts. It also highlights how a conceptualization of a local ecosystem as a provider of both ESs and EDs can generate an understanding of local practices and decisions that shape development and conservation trajectories in mosaic landscapes. The thesis draws attention to the need to make development and conservation policies relevant and adaptable to local conditions as a means to promote local livelihood and food security, forest and biodiversity conservation, and ESs generated by agricultural mosaic landscapes.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.
8
Beland, Lindahl Karin. « Frame analysis, place perceptions and the politics of natural resource management : exploring a forest policy controversy in Sweden / ». Uppsala : Dept. of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200860.pdf.
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Sierra-Maldonado, Rodrigo. « Land use strategies of household based enterprises, the timber industry, and deforestation in northwest Ecuador : the articulation of market forces, national policies, and local conditions / ». The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487858106116904.
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ROSSI, AMALIA. « L'ambiente come spettacolo. Etnicità, sviluppo rurale e visioni politiche del paesaggio nel Nord della Tailandia (provincia di Nan) ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/35123.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis consists in a discussion of ethnographic sources gathered during fieldwork in Nan Province- Northern Thailand- in 2008 and 2009. The analysis operates at least on three interplaying levels.
Firstly, drawing from theoretical suggestions coming from E.Goffman, G.Debord, C.Geertz, J.Scott and other authors, I emphasize the usefulness of the theatre-spectacle metaphor for the study of developmental and environmental social dynamics, as it allows to describe the institutionalization of a moral and aesthetic discourse of social responsibility and helps to explain frictions and contradictions happening in the backstage of the environmental spectacle at local, national and international scale. Secondly, I show how the articulation of environmental and landscape imaginaries, narratives and projections encourages forms of territorialization and counter-territorialization which are not reducible to a simplistic opposition between hegemonic and subaltern subjects and which need to be explored looking for cases that contradict this theoretical dichotomy through the description of situational subjective agencies. Thirdly, I enlighten a path along which the ideas of subalternity and hegemony are crucial not for the fact that they enclose specific and stable subjectivities, but for the reason that competition within and combination of hegemonic and subaltern social capitals in the environmental arena are sources of institutional stabilization in a country that is often in political trouble. The selective and discrete analysis of different stakeholders involved in this arena,reflected in the titling and succession of five chapters leads to understand how, similarly to what happens in the Luigi Pirandello’s drama I sei personaggi in cerca di autore (Engl.trans. Six characters looking for an author) I found out that subaltern subjects, and especially non T’ai and non-Buddhist ethnic minorities that used to be part of the communist guerrilla (1965-1983), in recent years tend to act like characters looking for an author who is capable of legitimizing their presence on the environmental stage; in this scenario, egemonic authors themselves (environmental institutional agencies) may behave as actors looking for other, superior sources of authority (Buddhist religion, the King, the media, the UN agencies...). Only if 'masked' as Khon M'uang they become able to act in the environmental spectacle as authorized subjects. Environmental populism works as a territorializing force and enact symbolic dispositives that indirectly tend to rewrite (and sometimes to cancel) upland environmental culture by the means of correcting its landscape.
11
Lai, Siu-fun Rita, et 黎少芬. « Housing price and government land policies ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258256.
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Moore, Michal Charles. « Planning policies and agricultural land values ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621707.
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Lai, Siu-fun Rita. « Housing price and government land policies / ». [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13781297.
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Srirangan, K. « Land policies in Delhi : their contribution to unauthorised land development ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317649/.
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Government intervention in land markets through public land policies increasingly sought for a more balanced development, better income and wealth distribution, and to satisfy the basic human needs such as housing and essential services in developing countries. Delhi's large-scale land acquisition, development and disposal policy has aimed at orderly growth of planned development, and universal access to housing land through public expropriation, banking, development and delivery. But the policy has been widely criticised for failing to promote planned development and consequently creating large-scale illegal land developments and sales. The present research investigates the impact of Delhi's public land policy on the creation of informal land developments and unauthorised housing in Delhi. The analysis of data gathered from office records and exhaustive structured interviews yield substantial evidence that the large-scale land policy governing the public authority's delivery of land for housing, has indeed been a major contributor to the creation of unauthorised land development and sales. Through interviews with 300 households living on illegally developed land, 106 living on illegally resold (legally developed land), 28 who had illegally resold their plots, and 69 property agents, this study found that the large-scale public land policy has not provided adequate land for housing. The policy's inability to deliver timely and adequate quantities of affordable land in varying parcel sizes, and with flexible lease conditions, was a prime factor in encouraging a large number of households to opt for illegally developed or sold land. The responses of households indicate a substantial number sought illegally to obtain housing land, because the large-scale public land policy failed to offer them legal alternatives that were affordable, adequate in quantity, in the desired time and flexible in their lease conditions. The opportunities to obtain varying sizes of unauthorised plots, at cheaper prices, in the desired time, with flexible payments, and acceptable terms of construction and use have attracted a large number of middle and high income households. Equally, the policy of regularisation of some unauthorised developments has also encouraged investment in additional illegal development. This research also found that the public land policy's failure to deliver the right land to the right person at reasonable prices prompted unauthorised resales of legally developed plots, in effect, downward filtration of high income groups. The higher resale prices that these subsidised plots obtained, and the ability of some households to obtain an allocation of more than one plot encouraged a large number of households to illegally resell plots.
15
Burgess, Joanne Catherine. « Economics of tropical forest land use ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250689.
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Larbi, Wordsworth Odame. « Urban land policies and the delivery of developable land in Ghana ». Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240219.
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Bunton, Martin P. « Colonial land policies in Palestine, 1917 - 1936 / ». Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0801/2007408516.html.
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Đinh, Ngọc-Lân. « Forest land allocation to households in Northern Vietnam processes, perceptions of the local people and the use of forest land ». Beuren Stuttgart Grauer, 2005. http://d-nb.info/989872254/04.
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Acosta-Morel, Montserrat. « Land Use Change, Forest Carbon Leakage, and REDD ». The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306880501.
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Axelsson, Robert. « Forest policy, continuous tree cover forest and uneven-aged forest management in Sweden's boreal forest / ». Uppsala : Institutionen för skogens produkter, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/10947312.pdf.
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Al, Berni Rim Rateb. « An investigation into sustainable forest policies and practices in Syria ». Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/289.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Appreciation of how forest land can be managed in a sustainable way in arid and semi-arid zones (ASAZs) of centralized countries is limited. Accordingly, this thesis seeks to analyse the role of government and communities, including women, in the formulation and implementation of sustainable forest management (SFM) policy and practices in the semi-arid environment of Syria where such land is limited in extent (e.g. 3% forest and 57% rangeland) and yet where its high biodiversity value is of international significance. The thesis employs a variety of methods: a case study approach (Syria); a questionnaire (i.e. 142 respondents); face-to-face interviews (i.e. 26 interviewees); participant observation and secondary data. The SFM model was used to organise and analyse the influences of environmental, economic, social, cultural and political issues on the state of forest land in Syria. Three contrasting forest areas were selected for detailed analysis at local level: Al Foronloq had the Arab Institute of Forestry close by and the area had a high biodiversity value for landscape; Abo Kbeis contained key genetic resources and a number of women there had been trained in forest management and Abd Aziz Mountain was characterised by rangeland with traditional grazing plus a very arid environment. The main results obtained from census data confirmed that Syrian forest lands have diminished considerably since 1900 with regard to their geographical extent due to agricultural development, expansion of rural-urban settlements as well as of agricultural land onto Syrian forest land. On a more general level, the political issues in Syria (i.e. centralization and independency of the country) demand development of the internal resources of the country, such as agricultural production, in order to cover the needs of human maintenance. Scrutinising forest documentation and using results of face-to-face interviews, it was found that there were considerable changes in forest policies in terms of forest protection and plantation. In addition, there was a recent indication of adopting SFM principles in the case study area, largely as a result of action by agencies external to Syria at the national level, and the new role of NGOs in forest management at the local level. The increasing level of awareness of environmental problems; the capacity of institutions; community participation in natural resources management and achieving international agreements were also found to be paramount in any contracts between the Syrian government and other organisations. This thesis, at the local level, showed that respondents in the mountains (in the Abd Aziz Mountain (AAM) study area) seemed to be older, poorer, mostly with non-educated background, with more than three children, than in the Al Foronloq (AF) and Abo Kbeis (AK) study areas. Respondent groups in AAM were found to be more dependent upon forest resources than respondents in AF and AK; and they occupied land illegally because of their mission to develop agricultural activities, including grazing. The study confirmed that educated households in AF and AK use forest resources more than non-educated households. Conversely, non-educated households in AAM suffer from gaining a local income which may in turn affect their attitudes and behaviours in using forest resources; and as consequence, householders suffering from financial problems may be less aware of the importance of forest protection and try to solve their individual needs by increasing the pressures on the forest resources. The major constraints affecting the formulation and implementation of SFM policy are insufficient financial resources, inadequate management from national to regional and local levels; the limitations are also related to local communities’ attitudes and ignorance of the role of women in forest management. This thesis found that the contribution of women in the labour force at the local level was high in Lattakia (Al Foronloq study area) compared with other study areas (e.g. 32.9% in Lattakia against 13.4% in Hamah and 18.8% in Alhasake) (UNDP: Syrian Human development, 2005); although, there was a significant relationship between income level, family size and women’s contribution in forest management at the local level and no significant relationship with the educational level. On a more specific level, the role of religious faith in AK affects the contribution of women in the society and the workplace generally and in forest management in particular. Finally, the application of the SFM model in this study provided a flexible approach for analysis of complicated interactions between the government and communities. It also provided a comprehensive framework for different types of analytical purposes. Each of the three main components (issues, state and political decisionmakers) was divided into several sub-components which facilitate the explanation and identification of the complexities affecting the formulation of SFM policy and the implementation of such policy. It helped to provide a set of policy recommendations which may help to increase future community participation in forest management and reduce the influences of community pressures on forest resources in Syria.
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Al-Yemeni, Mohammed Saad. « Urban land development policies : the case of Saudi Arabia ». Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21466.
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The growth of population, the higher standard of living and all other changes associated with economic growth have been generating pressure on urban land, and consequently on urban land development policies. Under the continuous pressure of urbanization and urban growth, land policies have displayed several weaknesses. As a result urban growth has not been directed in a manner consistant with development goals, as been able to respond to social and cultural needs. The aim of this dissertation is to explain existing land policies, identify the problems of urban land development, the weaknesses of land policies and attempt to find appropriate solutions. This thesis comprises ten chapters. The introductory chapter presents the thesis. The second chapter looks into the phenomenon of urbanization and its impact on urban land. The third chapter defines land policies whilst the fourth discusses and presents the cultural and environmental criteria by which land development and land policies will be evaluated. Chapter five and six examining physical planning policies in Saudi Arabia. Chapter seven evaluate land development and deffine existing urban land problems,it contains three case studies for the purpose of evaluation. Evaluation of land policies against the generated problems of land development are discussed in chapter eight. The ninth chapter presents the thesis recommendations and the final chapter concludes the work and presents some final remarks. In brief, the study concludes that existing land policies are Inadequate to meet the pressure of market forces and to facilitate land improvement. Nevertheless, existing policies have failed to produce an urban pattern compatable with cultural and environmental conditions. These weaknesses include: The failure to provide land for development and urbanisation; The inadequacy of land use controls; Deficient administrative system for development control. In order to overcome the above existing policies weaknesses, the thesis recommended several changes: - To the administration system at the local and regional levels; - To legal and administrative procedure of development controls; and - To the system for providing land for development and urbanization.
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Wang, Xiaodong Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. « Impacts of greenhouse gas mitigation policies on agricultural land ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42412.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-162).
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are widely acknowledged to be responsible for much of the global warming in the past century. A number of approaches have been proposed to mitigate GHG emissions. Since the burning of fossil-based fuels is an important source of GHGs, the policies on GHG-mitigation encourage the replacement of fossil-based energy with biomass energy. However, a large-scale development of biomass energy may lead to changes in agricultural land use, which are important sources of GHG emissions, and therefore undermine the effectiveness of GHG-mitigation policies. In this research, I analyze the impacts of GHG-mitigation policies on five types of agricultural land (cropland, managed forestry land, pasture land, un-managed forestry land, and un-managed grassland) as well as carbon stored in such land during the 21st century. The scholars in the MIT Joint Program of Science and Policy on Global Change use the Integrated Global Systems Model (IGSM) to simulate changes in climate in response to GHG-mitigation policies, while the researchers at the U. S. Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) apply the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to simulate land productivities. Based on the predictions of land characteristics affecting land-use decisions, I develop an econometric model to predict the land use affected by climate, GHGs, and tropospheric ozone at the grid-cell scale of 0.5 * 0.5 longitude by latitude. I use the Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model to capture the regional land use driven by economic forces. Then, I develop the downscaling methods to link these two land-use effects. I conduct this research in two scenarios: in the baseline, I assume that there are no policies to mitigate GHG emissions during the 21st century; in the policy scenario, I assume that there are specific policies to limit GHG emissions during the 21st century.
(cont.) I confirm the hypothesis that biomass-energy production would lead to the conversion of the five types of agricultural land, and the carbon stored in such land would decrease; the GHG-mitigation policies, leading to more production of biomass energy and conversion of agricultural land, would cause an even more severe loss of the carbon stored in agricultural land. Although the GHG-mitigation policies would generally reduce the atmospheric GHG emissions by using more energy from biomass, such endeavors would be partly counteracted by the land-use conversion as a result of large-scale production of biomass energy.
by Xiaodong Wang.
Ph.D.
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Intigrinova, T. P. « Land, people and post-socialist policies in southern Siberia ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18764/.
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The study is based on sixteen months of ethnographic research carried out between 2003 and 2007 in communities practising transhumant pastoralism in the mountainous landscape of southern Siberia. It focuses on centrally defined land policies and their local implementation in the context of post-socialist land reform, with particular reference to the process of land allocation, land titling and the effect of these factors on pastoral resource use and livelihoods. The study compares four sites populated by Buryats and other indigenous people and distinguished by contrasting regimes of land tenure and varying conditions of resource availability. The literature on post-socialist land reform in Russia attributes its slow pace to the control of local elites over resources and shortages of capital and household labour. The present research finds that household livelihoods relying on mobile pastoral production are more economically viable in conditions of labour and capital shortage in comparison with more intensified methods. The viability of local household production coupled with resource shortages stimulated a de facto implementation of central policies in the research area. The study finds that legislative ambiguity and the weaknesses of government implementation mechanisms are significant factors influencing reform. The research findings contribute to scholarly literature on pastoral resource use, underlining the importance of flexible access to grazing as a condition to sustain pastoral resources and livelihoods. It demonstrates that post-socialist land policies aimed at land privatisation exclude certain populations from resource use and increase grazing pressure on common pastures. The most pronounced effect of land privatisation was recorded at the research site where grazing land is scarce. Individual households’ access to resources improves as a function of personal connections, economic wellbeing and the education level of household members. The individualisation of land rights, as the research suggests, accentuates social stratification of pastoral communities in post-socialist settings.
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MORRIS, COREY MICHAEL. « LAND USE AND ZONING POLICIES CASE STUDY : CENTRAL OHIO ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1100034835.
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Morris, Corey M. « Land use and zoning policies case study Central Ohio / ». Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1100034835.
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Monsted, John W. Monsted. « Forest Regeneration and Land Use History in Southeast Ohio ». Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou154401542516365.
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Bengana, M. (Mohamed). « Land cover and forest segmentation using deep neural networks ». Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201905101715.
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Tiivistelmä. Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) information is important for a variety of applications notably ones related to forestry. The segmentation of remotely sensed images has attracted various research subjects. However this is no easy task, with various challenges to face including the complexity of satellite images, the difficulty to get hold of them, and lack of ready datasets. It has become clear that trying to classify on multiple classes requires more elaborate methods such as Deep Learning (DL). Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have a promising potential to be a good candidate for the task. However DNNs require a huge amount of data to train including the Ground Truth (GT) data. In this thesis a DL pixel-based approach backed by the state of the art semantic segmentation methods is followed to tackle the problem of LULC mapping. The DNN used is based on DeepLabv3 network with an encoder-decoder architecture. To tackle the issue of lack of data the Sentinel-2 satellite whose data is provided for free by Copernicus was used with the GT mapping from Corine Land Cover (CLC) provided by Copernicus and modified by Tyke to a higher resolution. From the multispectral images in Sentinel-2 Red Green Blue (RGB), and Near Infra Red (NIR) channels were extracted, the 4th channel being extremely useful in the detection of vegetation. This ended up achieving quite good accuracy on a DNN based on ResNet-50 which was calculated using the Mean Intersection over Union (MIoU) metric reaching 0.53MIoU. It was possible to use this data to transfer the learning to a data from Pleiades-1 satellite with much better resolution, Very High Resolution (VHR) in fact. The results were excellent especially when compared on training right away on that data reaching an accuracy of 0.98 and 0.85MIoU.
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Andersson, Rikard. « Historical land-use information from culturally modified trees / ». Umeå : Dept. of Forest Vegetation Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200561.pdf.
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Sandewall, Mats. « Sustainable use of forest land in Southeast Asia : a strategic planning approach / ». Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6062-X.pdf.
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Mlotha, McArd Joseph. « Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover Change Impacts Upon Ecosystem Services in Montane Tropical Forest of Rwanda : Forest Carbon Assessment and REDD+ Preparedness ». Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1527773591460797.
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Loughery, Kristen. « Explaining the occurrence of public and private land preservation policies ». Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company ; downloadable PDF file, 86 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597632391&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Wu, Sin-leung Arthur. « The change in land policies of the HKSAR government since 1997 ». Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23295417.
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Crowther, Kevin Dion. « Economic factors influencing industrial landowner assistance programs on private forest land in the south / ». This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-040657/.
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Mya, Thandar Toe. « RAINFALL VARIABILITY, LAND COVER DYNAMICS AND LOCAL LIVELIHOOD IN DRY ZONE, CENTRAL MYANMAR ». Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215601.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第19775号
農博第2171号
新制||農||1041(附属図書館)
学位論文||H28||N4991(農学部図書室)
32811
京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻
(主査)教授 神﨑 護, 教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 大澤 晃, 外国人教師 鄭 克聲
学位規則第4条第1項該当
36
Torbert, John L. « Reclamation of surface-mined forest land in the southern Appalachians ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40485.
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Torbert, John Lee. « Reclamation of surface-mined forest land in the southern Appalachians / ». This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12232009-020803/.
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Weir-Wilson, Margaret Mary. « St. Leonard's Forest : social and economic change from 1750 to 1914 and its impact on a forest landscape ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/48867/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis is concerned with the changes to a forest landscape, that of St. Leonard's Forest, Horsham, West Sussex, changes that were wrought by human activity over two and half centuries. In order to uncover and understand these changes the author has focused on five private estates within the Forest core, Holmbush, Buchan Hill, St. Leonard's, Coolhurst and Leonardslee, and two villages in the Forest, Colgate and Lower Beeding. The five estates are considered with regard to ownership and control, land use and workers on the estates. The two villages are examined for their growth, the profile of the population, poverty and wealth. The establishment and endowments of the parish churches are outlined along with the development of the parish of Lower Beeding and its ties to Magdalen College, Oxford. Paternalism was a theme in the Victorian and Edwardian period, and the 1900 Footpath Dispute demonstrated a move away from these attitudes towards a more individualistic concern with private property rights. For the first time this study pulls together the numerous and complex strands which make up the landscape history of St. Leonard's Forest. It explores the factors both social and economic which impacted on the Forest. The juxtaposition of the nearby expanding market town of Horsham with its large common, improving communications, sales of land, and the attitudes of individual Forest landowners all combined to transform the Forest from a wild barren heathland in 1750 to a place of desirable picturesque estates and expanding villages by 1914, before the impact of the Great War was to change the Forest landscape yet again.
39
Nqaphi, David Zibekile. « Government policies aimed at combating land degradation in Alfred Nzo District ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12404.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Land degradation is a serious problem in communal district of Alfred Nzo, Eastern Cape in South Africa. The root causes of land degradation and soil erosion differ. The causes of land degradation in Alfred Nzo district communal areas are due to soil erosion by wind, water and poor agricultural practices. Rainfall is one of the most important climatic factor that contributed a lot in land degradation in the Alfred Nzo District. Other main factors contributing to land degradation include: Socio-economic factors related to historical land policies and inappropriate land uses, Poor land use planning, Drought and rainfall variability .Land use and management and sand mining. This study tried to pay more focus on the assessment of government policies which aimed at combating land degradation in South Africa in their nature but the area of focus will be Ntabankulu Local Municipality area in the project called Ematolweni Agricultural Co-operative Project. The reason to focus in this project is because they are currently practising crop production under electrified irrigation system but the main obstacle in this project are the dongas which are seemed to be a serious threat to the project site. During rainy seasons the project site is not easily accessible, that hampers access to market. There is also direct and serious effect of land degradation which is food insecurity which is emanating from loss of biodiversity and ground cover, loss of soil productivity, loss of income, decreased yield, and decline in economic productivity and national development. Lastly it is wisely recommended that to reduce the effect of land degradation in Alfred Nzo enlarge, government should strengthen the intervention programmes and provide more support to the LandCare programme which was the concept introduced in Australian and adopted in South Africa in 2001. This programme is assisting at restoring sustainability and productivity to land and water management in both rural and urban areas. It is holistic in nature, encompassing integrated sustainable natural resource management.
40
Emanuelsson, Marie. « Settlement and land-use history in the central Swedish forest region : the use of pollen analysis in interdisciplinary studies / ». Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6307-6.pdf.
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Fabbriciani, Antonio Antonino. « Land reform policies and human rights : a South African case study ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/502.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This treatise begins with a discussion of different clauses of the Bill of Rights in the South African Constitution and the land reform policies of the South African government. The inequality and injustice caused by decades of apartheid land law forms the background of the land reform programme. The treatise addresses the consequences of this legacy on the implementation of the South African Constitution including the right to property. The discussion includes the three key elements of the land reform programme namely restitution, redistribution and tenure reform. The content of this treatise ranges over these three elements of land reform, applying constitutional issues to the relevant case law, The balancing and the reconciliation of rights and interest between the individual and the public in a just manner will be the barometer. The conclusion shows that the Constitution both protects existing rights and authorises the promotion of land reform within the framework of Section 25 of the Constitution, and that every aspect of the property clause has to be regarded as part of a constitional effort in balancing individual interest and public interest in terms of a constitutional order. It is my sincere hope that this treatise will contribute toward the achievement of equity, stability and by the values of an open and democratic society based on human dignity, freedom and human rights.
42
Gillfillan, Abigail. « Using geographic information systems to develop and analyze land use policies / ». View online, 2008. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/273/.
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43
Garba, Shaibu B. (Shaibu Bala). « Urban land policies and low income housing in metropolitan Kano, Nigeria ». Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61295.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The scarcity and inaccessibility of land in urban areas has become a major obstacle in the provision of housing to low-income groups in developing countries. This thesis studies the land policies and practices in Metropolitan Kano, Nigeria, and investigates the issues and problems hindering the adequate supply of residential land to low-income groups.The thesis commences with a general study of urban land policies and low-income housing in developing countries. It examines the nature of housing problems in developing countries, the role of land in the housing problems, issues addressed by land policies, and policy measures and strategies used. The general study is followed by a specific study of the land policies and practices in the study area. The policy and institutional management frameworks are identified and examined. The roles of the major institutions are explained. The last section identifies and examines the main issues and problems with the existing policies.
The thesis concludes that actions are necessary to address the identified issues and problems with the policies in order to avoid chaos. Suggestions for policy reform are made.
44
Wu, Sin-leung Arthur, et 胡善樑. « The change in land policies of the HKSAR government since 1997 ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31966688.
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Ewais, H. M. H. « Land use policies in a cityport with special reference to Alexandria ». Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383274.
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Odunlami, T. A. « The ineffectiveness of land use policies : A case study of Nigeria ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382299.
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JUNIOR, JAIME MASSAGUER HIDALGO. « RELATIONS OF PUBLIC POLICIES AND THE LAND USE FOR CARSHARING SYSTEMS ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=26362@1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A dissertação em questão aborda o tema de carsharing, relacionando as políticas públicas para estacionamento de veículos do sistema e as teorias de ocupação e uso do solo. O estudo aborda o histórico do sistema desde a sua aparição na Europa a partir do final da década de 1940 até à presenta data, contextualizando a sua inserção junto à antropologia do consumo e às teorias do planejamento ambiental e urbano. O objetivo do estudo é relacionar as boas práticas para a operação do sistema de carsharing, levando em consideração as diferentes teorias de uso e ocupação do solo e as diferentes políticas de estacionamento adotadas em diversas cidades. O trabalho baseia-se em variados estudos a respeito do tema de carsharing e nas práticas adotadas em municipalidades no Brasil e no exterior. Os dados apresentados neste estudo foram coletados em sites de municipalidades, artigos e publicações relacionadas ao tema. Os dados coletados são apresentados por meio de exemplos e tópicos com a ótica da mobilidade urbana sustentável. As conclusões apontam para as práticas ideais e as alternativas para a inserção do sistema de carsharing a rede de transportes públicos das cidades atuais.According to the IPCC report (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2004, 23 percent of greenhouse gas emissions effects related to energy were originated in the transport sector. More than half of these emissions were generated by the use of light vehicle ride and motorcycles, defined as individual motorized transport. Half of the energy consumed in the transport sector is intended for individual motorized transport. However, it is carrying less than 25 percent of the world s passengers. Despite this low number, traffic accidents are responsible for one million deaths annually and ten million injured people. This number is part of a list of the ten leading causes of death recorded and reported by health agencies around the world, a rate next to malaria and HIV. A survey conducted by the Ministry of Cities in Brazil in conjunction with the National Department (National Traffic Department) in the year of 2005 shows that the costs of traffic accidents in Brazilian roads reached the number of twenty-two billion reais, a figure that represented 12 percent of the Brazilian GDP, taking into account the loss of production associated with the death of individuals or the interruption of its activities, the costs for health care and care with vehicles.
48
Moeng, Jemina Kokotsi. « Land reform policies to promote women’s sustainable development in South Africa ». Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28709.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study focuses on the role that land reform policies have played and are continuing to play in promoting women’s sustainable development in South Africa. The Land Reform Policy and its related Programmes which aim to provide equitable access to land have gathered strength after 1994 and intend to promote participation and involvement of women, youth and people with disabilities. To this effect the study has investigated the effectiveness of the Land Reform Policy and the Programmes with specific reference to women beneficiaries. The topic of the thesis refers to the Land Reform Policies as opposed to only one Land Reform Policy (The White Paper on South African Land Policy of 1997) which was introduced with the aim of integrating the then three existing policies which were later renamed programmes; Redistribution, Tenure Reform and Restitution. The Land Redistribution Programme is based on the Provision of Certain Land Rights for Settlement Act, 1993 (Act 126 of 1993) and Section 25 (b) (5) of the Constitution, 1996. The programme provides for the description of land for settlement purposes and financial assistance to people acquiring land for agricultural purposes. The Land Tenure Reform Programme is based on the Upgrading of Land Tenure Rights Act, 1993 (Act 112 of 1993) and Section 25 (b) (6) of the Constitution, 1996. This programme is aimed at availing and providing security of tenure in different ways to its beneficiaries. The Land Restitution Programme has its basis on the Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994 (Act 22 of 1994) and Section 25 (b) (7) of the Constitution, 1996. The Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994 (Act 22 of 1994) provides for the restitution of rights in land to those dispossessed of land in terms of racially based policies of the past. This thesis will therefore make reference to the main Land Reform Policy (WPSALP, 1997) and the Redistribution Programme and its sub-programmes. The role of government has been quite critical in the establishment and implementation of the Land Reform Policies. This is fundamental especially because land reform is a national mandate. There is proven necessity that each government sphere must play its role and support each other towards achieving this call. There is potential to achieve beyond what has been achieved to date if all spheres of government and the relevant stakeholders put enough effort into this and land reform is placed centrally in all government spheres. Formal agreements are necessary between the three spheres of government on ensuring that land reform is implemented successfully and benefits its targets beneficiaries. The study revealed that previous policies and legislations purposefully neglected and isolated women as beneficiaries of any developmental initiatives. The study proved that women are still regarded as the main provider of support to their families and yet have little say in land matters. The way in which the inferiority of women was inculcated was evident in the manner in which women were complacent with their lifestyles and ability to still take care of their families irrespective of the lack of resources. The study mainly discusses the White Paper on South African Land Policy of 1997 in isolation of the other policies even though there is strong mentioning of the Constitution, 1996, the land related legislation which the programmes are based on and the RDP document as some of the policies supporting land reform. The other beneficiary categories as mentioned are equally important but the focus herein is on women. The study applied the qualitative research method towards addressing the study focus challenges. A qualitative study is defined as an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of analysis that explore a social or human problem. The ability of women to own and utilise land is the focus of the study particularly in terms of promoting sustainable development for women. The desired result out of this study is an enquiry on how has the land reform empowered women towards their sustainable development, as well as what has been the process of ensuring that women have equal access to land. The qualitative research types that have been applied are a combination of case studies, literature review and unstructured interviews. An analysis of the relationship between Public Administration and land reform is undertaken by the study. Within the analysis of the relationship between Public Administration and land reform, focus is on the origin of Public Administration and sustainable development’s perspective to Public Administration. The need to maintain a balance between economic development and environmental protection to ensure generational equity is highlighted as critical for sustained livelihoods. The use of natural resources such as land in an environmentally friendly manner will ensure that future generations can utilise land for their livelihoods as well. The enquiry has revealed that there is a lot of literature on the subject of land reform. Further on, through the unstructured interviews and cases used within the study, women have made a success of the land they received even though support to utilise land was not timeously provided by the relevant Department of Agriculture. The level of education, presence of women on farms, the ability to make decisions and knowledge of business concepts contributed to the women’s success. The study revealed that previous policies and legislations purposefully neglected and isolated women as beneficiaries of any developmental initiatives. The study has proven that women were and still are regarded as the main support for their families and yet do not have any say in what happens on land matters. The way in which the inferiority of women was inculcated was evident in the manner in which women were complacent and satisfied with their lifestyles and ability to still take care of their families irrespective of the lack of resources. The study further emphasises the important role of government in the establishment and implementation of the Land Reform Policies. There is proven necessity that each government sphere must play its role and support each other towards achieving this call. There is potential to achieve beyond what has been achieved to date if all spheres of government put enough effort into this and land reform is placed centrally in all government spheres. Cooperation between the three spheres of government and the beneficiaries of land is necessary towards ensuring that land reform is implemented successfully. The thesis proposes that women should not be regarded as recipients of land only but also as contributors towards the government’s land reform. The lack of support that has been observed in the early years of land transfers to women has only delayed success of women but it did not hamper their continuous production on land. Implementation of these Land Reform Policies has supported women towards their sustainable development and improved livelihoods. The study has also revealed that some of the international countries still face challenges towards the inclusiveness of women in land related initiatives and can exchange success cases and learning with the South African models. The systems model that has been proposed by the study is based on the contribution of all the affected stakeholders and not government alone. The Land Reform Programmes have made a difference in people’s lives but there is work that is still necessary in terms of ensuring cooperation, coordination and strategies that indicate the extent to which government can support women.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)
unrestricted
49
Piquer-Rodríguez, Maria. « Effects of policies and zoning on future land use in Argentina ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17762.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Landwirtschaftliche Expansion und Intensivierung treiben die Umwandlung natürlicher Ökosysteme weltweit. Bis heute ist unklar, inwieweit politische Maßnahmen negative Folgen für die Umwelt minimieren können. Die Kombination mit Szenarien-Analysen kann ein Rahmen zur Unterstützung von Planungsprozessen schaffen, um potentielle Auswirkungen von politischen Maßnahmen zu erforschen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, die Triebkräfte der Veränderung von Argentiniens Agrarlandschaften zu verstehen, potentielle zukünftige Landnutzungsveränderungen zu analysieren und den Einfluss ökonomischer und naturschutzbezogener politischer Maßnahmen auf diese zu erfassen. Im ersten Teil der Dissertation wurden die Triebkräfte landwirtschaftlichen Landnutzungswandels mittels eines Nettoertrags-Modells ermittelt. Danach wurde der Einfluss von ökonomischen und naturschutzbezogenen Maßnahmen auf zukünftige Landnutzungsveränderungen sowie auf die Konnektivität von Waldgebieten mit Hilfe von Landnutzungs-Szenarien analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass landwirtschaftliche Intensivierung von ökonomischen Maßnahmen getrieben ist, während landwirtschaftliche Expansion durch naturräumliche Eigenschaften und Zonierungsprogramme jenseits der Profitmaximierung determiniert wird. Politische Maßnahmen mögen einen geringeren Einfluss auf Landnutzungswandel haben als bisher erwartet. Die Entwicklung von Agrarland konzentriert sich auf Gebiete mit hoher Priorität für den Umweltschutz. Zonierungsprogramme wie das Argentinische Waldgesetz stellen wirkungsvolle Maßnahmen dar, um umweltschädigenden Entwicklungen vorzubeugen. Die Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass Naturschutz nicht zwingend im Konflikt mit ökonomischer Entwicklung steht, denn mittels Landschaftsplanung kann die Konnektivität von Waldgebieten auch unter gleichbleibenden Abholzungsraten bewahrt werden. Die Dissertation zeigt den Mehrwert von a-priori Evaluierungen der potentiellen Einflüsse von Maßnahmen auf Landnutzungswandel.Agricultural expansion and intensification drive the conversion of natural areas worldwide. Yet, it is not clear where and how much production would need to expand and intensify to meet future demands and how policies may help minimizing environmental trade-offs. Particularly the latter requires an understanding of the underlying forces that drive agricultural land-use changes. This offers a framework for planners and decision makers to explore potential impacts from policies, especially in very dynamic regions. Argentina, where agricultural expansion and intensification result in dramatic conversions of natural areas, is a good example of a dynamic human-environment system. The goal of this thesis was to understand the drivers of agricultural land-use change and to explore future trajectories of land-use change, and how economic and conservation policies may impact them. This thesis examines drivers of agricultural land-use changes using a net returns model of agricultural production. Then, it evaluates the effects of economic and conservation policies on future land-use changes and on the connectivity of forests by developing scenarios of future land-use change. Results highlight that agricultural intensification in Argentina is driven by economic interventions, whereas agricultural expansion primarily responds to environmental characteristics and zonation programs. Economic policies may have less power in governing land use changes than previously thought, as results suggest that there are other factors, than profit maximization, influencing land conversions. Future agricultural development would occur in priority areas for conservation in Argentina, but zonation policies, such as the Forest Law, appear to be powerful in limiting potential environmental trade-offs. Conservation planning does not necessarily need to conflict with economic development, since under similar deforestation rates; landscape planning can preserve forest connectivity in the Chaco.
50
Majumdar, Indrajit Teeter Lawrence Dale. « Family forest landowner behavior in the Southeast ». Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Dissertations/MAJUMDAR_INDRAJIT_51.pdf.
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