Thèses sur le sujet « Lacunae in law – Italy »

The thesis is a socio-legal account of Italian penality between 1970 and 2000. It analyses the Italian experience as a critical case study with which to test David Garland, Alessandro De Giorgi and Nicola Lacey’s theories of punishment in contemporary Western polities. It argues that Italian penality is not sufficiently explained by reference to Garland or De Giorgi’s meta theories of ‘late modern’ and ‘post-Fordist’ punishment. Lacey’s institutional analysis provides a better framework, if modified to allow for the centrality of political dynamics in Italy. The thesis argues that Italian penality is a ‘volatile penal equilibrium’, whose ‘differential punitiveness’ is marked by oscillations between repression and leniency. The thesis provides an institutional analysis of Italian punishment, investigating in turn the Italian political economy, political culture and state-citizen relations, judicial contributions to penal trends, and the punishment of non-EU migrants. The thesis argues that Italian penality can be systematised by reference to political dynamics, in particular political conflict and political dualisms. Political conflict can broadly be defined as conflict between political interests, ranging from parties through to broader political groups such as families; dualisms are tensions produced by opposing institutional dynamics. The thesis analyses these conflicts and dualisms in terms of penal pressures, either in favour of penal exclusion or moderation. Italy’s institutional structure incorporates political conflict, and fosters structural tensions. The result is that Italy’s volatile political equilibrium is conveyed through its institutions to the penal realm, producing a volatile penal equilibrium. Ultimately, the Italian case study demonstrates that contemporary theories of penality should explicitly incorporate political dynamics and their institutional anchorage. Italian penality can be analysed in terms of the nature of the state and its institutions and inclusion and exclusion from political belonging. Contemporary theories would profit from incorporating this analysis.

Moving from an analysis of the US literature on public interest law, on law and social change and law and social movements, the research explores how, under what conditions and with what consequences, legal actors have relied on the prohibition of discrimination to challenge nationality related differences of treatment in the Italian context. It will analyse how the implementation of the Racial Equality Directive and the equal treatment clauses provided under EU law with regard to specific categories of TCNs have effected the opportunities for effective enforcement of the prohibition of discrimination at the national level and investigate the extent to which such opportunities have shaped legal strategies. Finally the research will assess the impact of litigation in terms of achieving equal rights in courts and generating policy response.

The thesis deals with the concept of presumptions, and in particular of legal presumptions, in the context of national tax systems (Italy and Belgium) and EU law. The purpose was to investigate the concept of legal presumption under a twofold comparative perspective. After having provided a general overview of the common core concept of presumption in the European context, an insight in the national approach to legal presumptions was given by examining two different national experiences, namely the Italian and Belgian tax systems. At this stage, the Constitutional framework and some of the most interesting and relevant at EU level presumptive measures were explored, with a view to underlining possible divergences and common grounds. The concept of (national) legal presumption was then investigated in the context of EU law, with the attempt to systematize under a uniform perspective a matter which has been traditionally dealt with either from the merely national point of view or, at EU level, through a fragmented form. In this instance, the EU law relevant framework and the most significant EUCJ case-law, in particular in the field of customs duties, VAT, on the issue of the repayment of taxes levied in breach of EU law and in the area of direct taxation, were examined so as to construe the overall EU approach to national legal presumptions. This was done with the finality of determining if and to what extent a common analytical framework may be identified, from which were extracted certain criteria governing the compatibility of national legal presumptions with EU law.

The thesis deals with the concept of presumptions, and in particular of legal presumptions, in the context of national tax systems (Italy and Belgium) and EU law. The purpose was to investigate the concept of legal presumption under a twofold comparative perspective. After having provided a general overview of the common core concept of presumption in the European context, an insight in the national approach to legal presumptions was given by examining two different national experiences, namely the Italian and Belgian tax systems. At this stage, the Constitutional framework and some of the most interesting and relevant at EU level presumptive measures were explored, with a view to underlining possible divergences and common grounds. The concept of (national) legal presumption was then investigated in the context of EU law, with the attempt to systematize under a uniform perspective a matter which has been traditionally dealt with either from the merely national point of view or, at EU level, through a fragmented form. In this instance, the EU law relevant framework and the most significant EUCJ case-law, in particular in the field of customs duties, VAT, on the issue of the repayment of taxes levied in breach of EU law and in the area of direct taxation, were examined so as to construe the overall EU approach to national legal presumptions. This was done with the finality of determining if and to what extent a common analytical framework may be identified, from which were extracted certain criteria governing the compatibility of national legal presumptions with EU law.

Recent years have seen major developments in the way commercial civil aviation is dealt with worldwide.
As 1992, the target date for the completion of the internal market rapidly approaches, a common air transport policy is slowly taking shape in the European Economic Community. In order to allow the EEC air transport industry to adapt progressively to the new competitive environment, a two-tier liberalization process is being pursued.
The second phase of the process has already commenced. Difficulties are being faced: on the one hand, the EC Commission is firmly determined to push for further liberalization; on the other hand, however, Member States are still reluctant to give up control over the airline industry.
Whether a common Community air transport system will be attained by the end of 1992 necessarily depends upon each EEC Member State's political will to contribute effectively to the process of European integration.

The thesis analyses the secondary establishment of foreign European Union public companies limited by shares in France, Greece and Italy. The conditions for the establishment of branches, agencies and subsidiaries in the three countries are presented. Their compliance with European Community law is evaluated. Although the formal conditions for the recognition and secondary establishment of foreign companies comply with European Community law, national legislative and administrative practices limit the activities allowed to foreign persons and violate their free establishment, as confirmed by the European Court of Justice. This proves the first hypothesis: the companies' freedom of establishment is still violated. The second hypothesis is that the persistence of France, Greece and Italy to continue these violations is mainly due to the lack of effective judicial protection for foreign companies suffering damages as a result. Judicial protection at the national level, in national judicial proceedings, even where the European Union principle of state liability is raised, is ineffective due to the privileges of the state in actions against it. In view of the currently minimal role that individuals may play in proceedings before the European Court of Justice, the only manner in which protection at the European Union level can be sought is through the Francovich scenario, which combines state liability and preliminary rulings from the European Court of Justice. The inefficiencies of national proceedings and the inherent problems of indirect actions before the European Court of Justice render the Francovich scenario inadequate for the protection of companies. This proves the second hypothesis. In the future a possible, yet untested, new interpretation of concurrent liability may allow companies to seek redress before the European Courts on the basis of concurrent liability between the breaching Member State and the Community for failure of the Commission to perform its supervisory duty.

Thesis advisor: Kenji Hayao
Thesis advisor: Hiroshi Nakazato
The most stunning example of two historical figures working both together and against one another to fashion a shared goal is the demonstration of power and compromise displayed by Count Camillo Benso di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Sicilian Revolution of 1860 and additional events during the greater Italian Risorgimento. This thesis is an attempt to uncover the bargaining strategies utilized by Cavour and Garibaldi throughout their political interactions as well as reach important conclusions concerning the use of interpersonal relationships to aid, not hinder, the outcome of a common political aim. This case study focuses on the years from 1852 to 1870, but specifically looks at 1859 to 1861, largely considering the theoretical framework of political game theory as outlined by Thomas Schelling. After forming two distinct hypotheses regarding both the competitive and cooperative nature of the two men's relationship, this thesis finds a greater cooperative characteristic to their historic interactions, although both hypotheses contribute to a relationship that formed the state of Italy
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2008
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: International Studies
Discipline: International Studies Honors Program

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science TransAtlantic Studies." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.

The European Union and the single States have different laws and regulations protecting linguistic rights. In this dissertation we have a look at three different situations, namely those of Ireland, Italy and Spain. We see which legal arrangements have been made in order to protect the cultural heritage and the usage of minority and regional languages in each State.

The movement to protect wilderness resources can conflict with local intentions for land use and development, particularly in economically marginal areas. In rural Italy, on the island of Sardinia, the plan to create a Gennargentu National Park has incited active opposition on the part of the communities affected. In the town of Baunei, responses to environmental legislation are motivated by the desire to maintain communal control over common lands. Political action, both formal and informal, is organised by local understandings about the impact of certain laws and institutions on the town economy, principally by the restriction of residents' usi civici (traditional rights of usufruct). This thesis considers the role and meaning of the usi civici in Baunei, and the implications of this for environmental politics in Sardinia.

This research on healthcare strategies of home-based, low-wage, immigrant careworkers contributes to the ways medical anthropology, migration studies and social science understand human-economy-family care relationships and health and carework as commodities in today's global economy. It reveals the consequences for workers as they defray the costs of care for the Italian government and contribute to their home economies. This research was conducted in Genoa, Italy, which has the largest percentage of people over the age of 70 in any city of its size in the world and a tradition of sending and receiving immigrant workers. The main question was: Under the circumstances of providing labor-intensive, in-home supportive services, how do immigrant workers respond to their own health needs? The researcher collected data from interviews with 50 careworkers, 25 professionals who provide services to the careworkers, and 23 administrators in the health system, government agencies, labor unions, and the Catholic Church. The careworkers interviewed were women from South America, as they do most of the carework jobs in this city. Long-term participant observation and interview data were analyzed to: 1) produce empirical data on health concerns of and healthcare resource use by migrant careworkers; and 2) investigate the relationships between health concerns, living/working conditions, and healthcare resource use of transnational immigrants in the informal economy. The data showed that the Catholic Church promoted immigrants as able workers, aided their elderly parishioners, and provided necessary mental health support to careworkers who experienced stress. The data also revealed that the health care system of Italy functioned well to address the physical health concerns of immigrant careworkers. The relationship between the client and the worker was important for the general well-being of the worker and her ability to maintain her general health, have time for medical appointments, socialize outside of the workplace, and attend community events. This study examined: strategies for using health resources; responses of the Italian medical system personnel to anti-immigrant legislation; use of non-State resources to meet health needs; the health consequences of caring for an elderly person in the private home; and ways to address these health consequences.

Article 22 of the Warsaw Convention, 1929 limits the liability of the air carrier in the event of death or wounding of a passenger to 125,000 Francs-Poincare based on a defined gold value. In 1955, the limitation has been raised to 250,000 Francs-Poincare.
As gold has lost its special position in the monetary system the value of the limitation of liability has decreased and some plaintiffs have argued that the limitation of liability is unconstitutional.
The Warsaw System is presented, the grounds for a limitation of liability, and Article 22 are analyzed. The relationship between municipal law and international law is described. The constitutionality of Article 22 is examined for the jurisdictions of Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America. Those lines of argumentation that could be used to challenge Article 22 in all constitutional systems similar to those of the abovementioned States are presented.

The presence of facilities owned and used by the United States armed forces around the world has been matter of debate over the years and for a wide variety of reasons. The purpose of this work is to examine the public perception of the presence and activity of United States’ armed forces on Italian soil, as shaped by a set of major agreements dating back to the aftermath of World War II, when our country needed support in order to reconstruct its economy and security, and found in the Marshall Plan and the partnership with the United States a powerful tool to recover from the conflict. But what is the current status of these treaties? How do our domestic laws apply towards U.S. personnel stationed in the Italian jurisdiction? Are the civilian communities on both sides informed about the status of bases within their country and overseas, and in any case, what kind of information is accessible to the public and how does it affect the collaboration and trust between these two economic and military partners? Given the premise that the major agreements between Italy and the United States, with an exception for the Shell Agreement of February 2nd 1995, still remain a secret, I tried to answer this question choosing the time-span that goes from 1998, year of the infamous “Cavalese Cable Car Disaster” to the present days, since it is only after this accident that the “Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Defense of Italy and the Department of Defense of the United States of America” has been unveiled to the public. From an organizational point of view, the thesis is divided in two parts, made up of three chapters each, following two main fields of research: in the first part, which deals with the historical background of the military installations themselves, I examine the role of U.S. bases abroad, the legal framework regulating their presence in the Italian case, and how these have been used in procedures involving Italian and American military and intelligence personnel. The dissertation goes then further into defining the presence of American troops not only as a mere normative issue, but also focusing a on what the public perception of the subject is, and to what extent its media coverage defines Italian-North American relations and their bilateral security arrangements. In order to show the variety of opinions on this theme, I decided to concentrate my analysis on a selection of several newspapers articles, which provided an immense load of information on the matter (specifically, the The New York Times digital archives), websites of U.S. Navy and Air Force Network, Italian newspapers such as La Repubblica, l’Espresso, and many visual and graphic resources found online. In the last two chapters, I will briefly compare Italy’s situation with the experience of other countries working as hosts for the U.S. military system, showing what the hopes and concerns of citizens of different nationalities are, when facing the same question of national security and sovereignty. The conclusion will be an attempt to seek a common ground between the cases taken into exam, and considering the potentially positive and negative aspects of U.S. stationing abroad, and how differences in perception and understanding created by media can improve awareness and foster debate in an area that seems confined to an administrative and legal dispute, but unquestionably presents social and cultural implications as well.

The world population is increasing while the average age rises steadily. With this, the percentage with any kind of physical impairment is equally increasing (WHO, 2011). Today, a large part of our built environment is planned for people without disabilities. The inaccessible environment prevents people with disabilities to live independently and participate in society. This divides the population into two: the ones with a disability and the ones without one. The thesis is focused on accessibility for persons with various physical impairments in dwellings. Building legislation in Italy is limited to Milano and in Sweden the main focus has been Stockholm because of the similar population and accommodation. This master thesis aims at defining how two different countries, both part of the European Union, works with accessibility for disabled. To define and analyze the work at different political levels, laws and guidelines that is used to regulate accessibility for buildings have been investigated and to describe and analyze differences and similarities a comparative method has been used. A literature study and case study have been applied to answer the research questions, as well as for further understanding and comprehension. Both Sweden and Italy has ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of persons with disabilities, but the study has shown that there is work left before the buildings are fully accessible for all. Sweden has a clear legal framework and standards regarding accessibility in buildings, but yet many newly built dwellings do not meet the requirements or the process is ineffective concerning accessibility. Italy has not come as far as Sweden and their current building legislation is very strict, which causes problems for architects and the responsible for control of plans. Control of how well new built apartment houses function is poor and both countries have work to be done in the field; especially In Milano, Italy. When it comes to social support Italy is behind Sweden in available and free social support for disabled. In Italy it is depending on the family to help while in Sweden society take more responsibility. So the thesis shows that the countries have differences despite the same legal framework from the UN and the EU. They can learn from each other and together build a more accessible environment.

Il n’existe pas de modèle idéal en matière de transition énergétique. En effet, même si certains pays, à l’instar de la France et l’Italie, disposent d’un système énergétique prenant en compte des objectifs de développement durable, certaines limites peuvent freiner le développement de la transition énergétique. Une mise en oeuvre efficace de la transition énergétique doit nécessairement prendre en compte les exemples des autres pays, ce qui aura nécessairement pour objet d’entraîner une remise en cause profonde des régimes juridiques encadrant le secteur de l’électricité. Les différences qui caractérisent les orientations en matière énergétique en France et en Italie justifient, à notre sens, un rapprochement entre ces deux pays dans le cadre de ce travail. Dans ce contexte, une étude critique des avantages et des limites du régime juridique français, à l’aune du cas italien, est ainsi proposée. L’une des vocations de ce travail est ainsi de faire évoluer positivement les règles de droit français en matière de transition énergétique, à l’aide des mécanismes juridiques du droit comparé
There is no ideal model for energy transition. Although some countries, such as France and Italy, have an energy system that takes into account sustainable development objectives, various limitations can limit the development of energy transition. For energy transition to take place effectively, the examples of other countries must be taken into account. Such energy transitions of course, will be subject to in-depth scrutiny by the legal regimes that govern the electricity sector. The differences in the energy guidelines in France and Italy justify, in our view, a reconciliation between these two countries as part of this work. In this context, a critical study of the advantages and limitations of the French legal system, in the light of the Italian case, is therefore proposed. One of the objectives of this work is how to positively develop the rules prescribed by French law on energy transition, using the legal comparative law mechanisms

This research was focused on the study of the rich materials - not yet properly cataloged - which are kept in the State Archives of Bologna, with particular reference to the Criminal Court of Appeal in the Napoleonic era. The choice of a judiciary in Bologna appeared, from a methodological profile, full of different suggestions, given that - as we know - Bologna was and still is a university town for excellence with a strong tradition in the field of legal science and, at the same time, a center of great importance in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy; Bologna is therefore a privileged place to measure the comparison between the doctrinal tradition and the french innovation. In the passage from ancien régime to the Napoleonic age the role of the judge has faced the hegemonic will of the legislature to control the iurisdictio and the process. The class of judges, which in previous centuries had enjoyed considerable autonomy and that sometimes felt they could judge 'like God', was confronted with the projects of reform and streamlining regulations that invested primarily the exercise of justice, the procedure and the judiciary.

L'homme n'habite plus vraiment, il s'abrite. Habiter exige une " part de monde " propre à l'individu afin que se réalise l'évènement de demeurer. Le droit au logement rend compte d'une exigence démocratique qu'il convient de prendre au sérieux au sein des sociétés française et italienne. Elle se manifeste inévitablement comme l'expression d'une certaine ouverture du droit positif au présent, le droit ne pouvant rester aveugle à ce qui l'entoure. L'individu questionne constamment ses ressources lorsque ces dernières ne suffisent pas ou plus à lui assurer une existence digne et se tourne le cas échéant vers la solidarité nationale afin d'y remédier. Il convient dès lors de s'interroger sur la consistance normative du droit au logement en droit comparé au regard de la convergence de ses sources internationales et nationales. Cet enrichissement donne corps à une mise en œuvre selon le principe de subsidiarité opérée par les acteurs les plus proches de la misère sociale à qui il revient en définitive de traduire la signification du droit au logement.

Au début du XIVe siècle, les premiers papes d’Avignon sont confrontés, en Italie du Nord et dans les terres de l’Église, à un important mouvement de contestation de leur autorité, dans un contexte de développement des régimes seigneuriaux. Parmi les principaux acteurs de cette opposition figurent les représentants de familles alors en pleine expansion, tels Matteo Visconti et ses fils (Galeazzo, Marco, Luchino, Stefano et Giovanni) à Milan, les marquis Rinaldo et Obizzo d’Este à Ferrare, Federico da Montefeltro à Urbino, ainsi que d’autres seigneurs ou communautés de plus faible envergure dans la Marche d’Ancône ou dans le Duché de Spolète. Le paroxysme de ces tensions a lieu sous le pontificat de Jean XXII (1316-1334). Pour faire face à ces oppositions multiples, la voie judiciaire est très largement utilisée, dans le cadre ordinaire des juridictions temporelles comme dans celui, plus spectaculaire, de l’officium Inquisitionis. Au cours des années 1320 en effet, plusieurs de ces seigneurs sont à la fois condamnés comme rebelles de l’Église et comme hérétiques. Cette thèse analyse ainsi les traces archivistiques abondantes et variées produites à l’occasion de ces conflits, conservées aux Archives vaticanes et à la Bibliothèque vaticane, et montre comment la Papauté a procédé, en partie grâce au procès, à la construction juridique, idéologique et rhétorique d’une figure de l’ennemi et du « tyran » gibelin
In the early 14th century, the first popes of Avignon were confronted with a large movement of protest against their authority in Northern Italy and in the States of the Church at a time when the power of the lords was increasing. Among the main actors of this protest were the members of noble families, such as Matteo Visconti and his sons - Galeazzo, Marco, Luchino, Stefano and Giovanni - in Milano, marquesses Rinaldo and Obizzo d’Este in Ferrare, Federico da Montefeltro in Urbino, as well as other lords or less powerful communities in the March of Ancona or in the duchy of Spoleto. The protest reached a climax of unrest during the pontificate of John XXII (1316-1334). To face those numerous oppositions, legal proceedings were widely used within the usual framework of the temporal jurisdiction or following the more spectacular rules of the officium Inquisitionis. Indeed, in the 1320s, several of those lords were sentenced as rebels to the Church, and as heretics. This PhD offers an analysis of the documents made during those conflicts, located in the archives of the Vatican and of the Vatican Library, and shows how, thanks to legal proceedings, the papacy used the law, ideology and rhetoric to construct a figure of the enemy and of the ghibelin “tyrant”

À la suite des sollicitations internationales et européennes, les systèmes juridiques nationaux ont tenté de faire pénétrer l’environnement dans la structure ontologique de la fiscalité. Cette recherche explore les moyens par lesquels les instruments fiscaux – à la fois en termes de prélèvements et de dépenses – peuvent aider les États à atteindre leurs engagements en matière environnementale. C’est donc la signification de fiscalité environnementale qu’il s’agit d’individualiser, son essence et les caractéristiques de son mode opératoire. La fiscalité et l’environnement sont liés par une relation qui a évolué au fil du temps. Après avoir examiné ses origines économiques, qui ont ensuite trouvé leur place dans le droit positif, le cœur de cette recherche doctorale portera sur l’analyse juridique de l’écotaxe et de la dépense fiscale environnementale pour les évaluer à l’épreuve des principes fiscaux nationaux et européens
Environmental taxation can contribute effectively to the achievement of international and European environmental objectives, and this research aims to examine its nature, characteristics and effects. Taxation and environment are linked by an old relationship, which has changed over time. It started for economic reasons and then found its place also in juridical principles. This research applies a broader approach to the concept of environmental taxation, focusing on the analysis of environmental taxes and tax expenditures, to evaluate their compatibility with national and European tax law principle

Los Estatutos de Autonomía de última generación incorporaron la participación de los ciudadanos como derechos, competencias e instituciones, pero siempre desde la democracia participativa. No obstante, la más reciente legislación autonómica en materia de participación popular de algunas Comunidades Autónomas como Andalucía, Cataluña y Navarra, además de desarrollar aquello previsto en los EE.AA., recogen nuevas modalidades de consulta popular, diferenciadas del referéndum y también de las demás consultas propias de la democracia participativa. Ello nos lleva a cuestionarnos acerca del modelo de ejercicio de democracia a nivel autonómico desde la perspectiva de las consultas populares, llegando a la siguiente conclusión: el modelo de democracia de las Comunidades Autónomas reproduce el modelo de democracia estatal, fundado en la democracia representativa. Aun así, la diferencia entre ambos modelos radica en la complementariedad de esta última: mientras que en el modelo estatal es la democracia directa (y semi directa) quien complementa de forma residual la democracia representativa, en el modelo autonómico este lugar lo ocupa la democracia participativa. Para llegar a esta conclusión se procede delimitando previamente el concepto de consulta popular –tanto a nivel teórico, como en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico- constitucional–; a partir del derecho comparado –con especial relevancia del modelo de democracia en los Estados de EE.UU. y del modelo de democracia de las Regiones de Italia–; y analizando los EE.AA. y el posterior desarrollo legislativo. El punto de partida teórico propone observar la consulta popular desde una doble vertiente: la consulta popular como categoría genérica –donde el referéndum es una subespecie– y la consulta popular como institución propia de participación popular, más allá de los demás instrumentos de democracia participativa. Esta concepción nos conduce a proponer una interpretación que sitúa la consulta popular –que denominamos como tertium genus o híbrida– como un instrumento a caballo del referéndum y de las demás consultas de democracia participativa.
Els Estatuts d’Autonomia d’última generació incorporaren la participació dels ciutadans com a drets, competències i institucions, però sempre des de la democracia participativa. No obstant això, la més recent legislació autonòmica en matèria de participació popular d’algunes Comunitats Autònomes –com Andalusia, Catalunya i Navarra– a més de desenvolupar allò previst als EE.AA., recullen noves modalitats de consulta popular, diferenciades del referèndum i també de les demés consultes populars pròpies de la democràcia participativa. Això ens duu a qüestionar-nos sobre el model d’exercici de democràcia a nivell autonòmic des de la perspectiva de les consultes populars, havent arribat a la següent conclusió: el model de democràcia de les Comunitats Autònomes reprodueix el model de democràcia estatal, fundat sobre la democràcia representativa. Tot i així, la diferència entre ambdós models radica en la complementarietat d’aquesta darrera: mentres que en el model estatal és la democràcia directa (i semi directa) qui complementa de forma residual la democràcia representativa, en el model autonòmic aquest lloc l’ocupa la democràcia participativa. Per arribar a aquesta conclusió es procedeix delimitant prèviament el concepte de consulta popular –tant a nivell teòric, com en el nostre ordenament jurídic-constitucional–; a partir del dret comparat –amb especial rellevància del model de democràcia dels Estats dels EUA i el model de democràcia de les Regions d’Itàlia–; i analitzant els EE.AA. i el posterior desenvolupament legislatiu. El punt de partida teòric proposa observar la consulta popular des d’una doble vessant: la consulta popular com a categoria genèrica –on el referèndum és una subespècie– i la consulta popular com a institució pròpia de participació popular, més enllà dels demés instruments de democràcia participativa. Aquesta concepció ens porta a proposar una interpretació que sitúa la consulta popular –que denominem com a tertium genus o híbrida– com a un instrument a cavall del referèndum i de les demés consultes de democràcia participativa.
The Statutes of Autonomy of the latest generation incorporates the citizen participation as rights, competencies and institutions, but always from the perspective of a participatory democracy. However, the most recent autonomous legislation on popular participation of some Autonomous Communities such as Andalusia, Catalonia and Navarre, in addition to developing what is foreseen in the Statutes of Autonomy, includes new modalities of popular consultation, differentiated from the referendum and from other consultations inherent to participatory democracy. For this reason, the model of the exercise of democracy at the autonomous level is queried from the perspective of popular consultations. A conclusion is drawn that the model of democracy of the Autonomous Communities reproduces the model of state democracy, founded on representative democracy. The difference between the two models lies in the complementarity of the latter: while at the state model it is the direct (and semi direct) democracy that complements representative democracy in a residual way, at the autonomous model this place is occupied by participatory democracy. In order to reach this conclusion, the concept of popular consultation is delimited beforehand, both on a theoretical level and in our legal-constitutional order; on the basis of comparative law, specifically the model of democracy at state level of US and the model of democracy in the Italian regions; by analyzing the Statutes of Autonomy and the subsequent legislative development. The theoretical starting point proposes an observation of popular consultation from a double perspective: popular consultation as a generic category, where the referendum is a subspecies; popular consultation as an institution of popular participation, beyond the other instruments of participatory democracy. This conception leads us to propose an interpretation that situates the popular consultation, which we call tertium genus or hybrid, as an instrument that stands between the referendum and the other participatory democracy consultations.

La tesi affronta la problematica dell'intervento penale a tutela della religione in Italia e Gran Bretagna, concentrandosi in particolare sulle fattispecie “tradizionali” di vilipendio, bestemmia e blasphemy. La sezione prima prende in esame essenzialmente il profilo storico della disciplina penalistica e confessionale a tutela della religione mettendo in luce la nascita, l'evoluzione e la conformazione dei delitti di religione nei due ordinamenti sino alle soglie del XIX secolo. La seconda sezione, invece, analizza il diritto moderno e l'attuale configurazione del vilipendio, della bestemmia e delle religious offences, in una prospettiva di diritto comparato, nel contesto contemporaneo del pluralismo, della secolarizzazione e della dimensione “europea” del fenomeno religioso e delle libertà ad esso connesse. La peculiare posizione giuridica della canon law della established Church of England nell'ordinamento britannico ha reso necessario inoltre uno sguardo sullo status della blasphemy nell'ambito delle doctrinal offences, con lo scopo di studiare le reciproche influenze tra le religious offences nella common law e quelle previste nell'ordinamento “interno” alla Church of England. Le chiavi di lettura concettuali che emergono dalla ricerca sono: il rapporto tra “sistemi di diritto ecclesiastico” (relazioni tra Stato e Chiesa) e scelte politico-criminali a tutela del fenomeno religioso, l'evoluzione del bene protetto e del fondamento della tutela penale nella giurisprudenza dei due Paesi, i modelli di tutela penale (alternativa tutela speciale/tutela comune), i recenti sviluppi del “diritto penale di religione” ed infine il problema della laicità in rapporto alla tutela penale del fenomeno religioso.
This work aims to study the criminal law providing for the defence of religion in Italy and Great Britain, focusing upon such traditional criminal conducts as “vilipendio”, bestemmia and blasphemy. The first section deals with the historical reconstruction of criminal and religious law protecting religion, in order to give an account of the origin and the evolution of the legal provisions concerning the religious offences within both Italian and British legal systems until the beginning of the nineteenth century. The second section examines the legal provisions, stipulated in the modern and contemporary ages, of the offences of “vilipendio”, “bestemmia” as well as British religious offences, in a comparative law perspective, within the framework of pluralism, secularisation and the European dimension of religious freedom. It has been necessary to study the legal provisions concerning blasphemy also as to doctrinal offences, in order to explain the peculiar legal status of the Canon Law of the Church of England, as well as to understand the mutual influences between the religious common law offences and the doctrinal offences in the domestic law of the Church of England. The main conclusions of this research work concern the connection between “the Ecclesiastical Law systems” (that is, the systems of State-Church relations) ad the choices of the legislator to protect the religious dimension; the evolution of the legal content as well as of the rationes of the criminal law within the Italian and British jurisprudence; the patterns of criminal law (seen as an alternative between special and general protection); the recent developments of the concept of “religious offence” and the problem of the relations between secularisation and the criminal protection of religion.

La tesi affronta la problematica dell'intervento penale a tutela della religione in Italia e Gran Bretagna, concentrandosi in particolare sulle fattispecie “tradizionali” di vilipendio, bestemmia e blasphemy. La sezione prima prende in esame essenzialmente il profilo storico della disciplina penalistica e confessionale a tutela della religione mettendo in luce la nascita, l'evoluzione e la conformazione dei delitti di religione nei due ordinamenti sino alle soglie del XIX secolo. La seconda sezione, invece, analizza il diritto moderno e l'attuale configurazione del vilipendio, della bestemmia e delle religious offences, in una prospettiva di diritto comparato, nel contesto contemporaneo del pluralismo, della secolarizzazione e della dimensione “europea” del fenomeno religioso e delle libertà ad esso connesse. La peculiare posizione giuridica della canon law della established Church of England nell'ordinamento britannico ha reso necessario inoltre uno sguardo sullo status della blasphemy nell'ambito delle doctrinal offences, con lo scopo di studiare le reciproche influenze tra le religious offences nella common law e quelle previste nell'ordinamento “interno” alla Church of England. Le chiavi di lettura concettuali che emergono dalla ricerca sono: il rapporto tra “sistemi di diritto ecclesiastico” (relazioni tra Stato e Chiesa) e scelte politico-criminali a tutela del fenomeno religioso, l'evoluzione del bene protetto e del fondamento della tutela penale nella giurisprudenza dei due Paesi, i modelli di tutela penale (alternativa tutela speciale/tutela comune), i recenti sviluppi del “diritto penale di religione” ed infine il problema della laicità in rapporto alla tutela penale del fenomeno religioso.
This work aims to study the criminal law providing for the defence of religion in Italy and Great Britain, focusing upon such traditional criminal conducts as “vilipendio”, bestemmia and blasphemy. The first section deals with the historical reconstruction of criminal and religious law protecting religion, in order to give an account of the origin and the evolution of the legal provisions concerning the religious offences within both Italian and British legal systems until the beginning of the nineteenth century. The second section examines the legal provisions, stipulated in the modern and contemporary ages, of the offences of “vilipendio”, “bestemmia” as well as British religious offences, in a comparative law perspective, within the framework of pluralism, secularisation and the European dimension of religious freedom. It has been necessary to study the legal provisions concerning blasphemy also as to doctrinal offences, in order to explain the peculiar legal status of the Canon Law of the Church of England, as well as to understand the mutual influences between the religious common law offences and the doctrinal offences in the domestic law of the Church of England. The main conclusions of this research work concern the connection between “the Ecclesiastical Law systems” (that is, the systems of State-Church relations) ad the choices of the legislator to protect the religious dimension; the evolution of the legal content as well as of the rationes of the criminal law within the Italian and British jurisprudence; the patterns of criminal law (seen as an alternative between special and general protection); the recent developments of the concept of “religious offence” and the problem of the relations between secularisation and the criminal protection of religion.

Lo scopo della presente tesi è lo studio della tutela del rapporto di lavoro contro il licenziamento ingiustificato, nel Diritto brasiliano, nel Diritto internazionale (Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro - OIL), nel Diritto dell’Unione Europea e nel Diritto comparato. Innanzitutto, studio l’evoluzione storica del lavoro umano, dal comunismo primitivo al capitalismo, per mostrare come si è formato ed è cambiato il rapporto tra il lavoratore ed il suo padrone, proprietario dei mezzi di produzione, soprattutto riguardo la possibilità del lavoratore di svincolarsi dal rapporto, garantita soltanto nel capitalismo. Nell’ambito di questo, esamino l’evoluzione dal modello liberale – che garantisce al datore di lavoro un’ampia libertà di licenziare – al modello sociale, nel quale il lavoratore viene tutelato contro il licenziamento ingiustificato. Analizzo dunque l’evoluzione storico-giuridica di questa tutela nel Diritto brasiliano, fino ad arrivare al modello previsto dalla Costituzione Federale del 1988, che cerca di conciliare i diritti del lavoratore e gli interessi aziendali. Prendo allora in esame la Convenzione n. 158 dell’OIL, incorporata al Diritto brasiliano nel 1992 e che garantisce una tutela similare a quella costituzionale. Evidenzio la sua gerarchia costituzionale, poiché tutela diritti umani, e la incostituzionalità della sua denuncia nel 1996, la quale sta ora in esame dalla Suprema Corte brasiliana. In seguito studio la tutela in questione nel Diritto comunitario e nel Diritto di undici Paesi: Italia (soprattutto), Germania, Francia, Spagna, Portogallo, Svezia, Danimarca, Finlandia, Inghilterra, Stati Uniti e Giappone. La loro scelta si basa sul fatto che questi Paesi garantiscono, soprattutto tramite la legge, ma anche attraverso la contrattazione collettiva e la giurisprudenza, un efficiente sistema protettivo contro il licenziamento ingiustificato. In seguito, propongo un modello di tutela contro i licenziamenti individuali e collettivi in Brasile, a partire dalle norme della Costituzione del 1988, della Convenzione n. 158 dell’OIL e delle leggi brasiliane, tenendo in conto le norme del Diritto comunitario e dei Diritti stranieri, specialmente quello italiano, e della Raccomandazione n. 166 dell’OIL. Finalmente, discuto eventuali problemi che possono avvenire a partire dell’istituzione di questo modello, riguardanti la sua efficacia ed i suoi possibili effetti sullo sviluppo dell’economia brasiliana. Discuto anche alcuni mezzi utili per garantire l’effettività dei diritti dei lavoratori, come le clausole sociali, la responsabilità sociale dell’imprenditore, la formazione di blocchi regionali, il sindacalismo internazionale e l’organizzazione della società civile. Lo studio della tutela contro il licenziamento ingiustificato viene basato sulla prospettiva della sua fondamentale importanza per garantire il diritto al lavoro e l’efficacia di tutti gli altri diritti dei lavoratori.
This thesis aims to study the protection against unjustified termination of employment contract, in Brazilian, international (International Labour Organization - ILO), European Union’s and comparative law. Firstly, we discuss the human labor’s historical evolution from the primitive communism until the capitalism, to show how the relationship between the worker and the service recipient (means of production’s owner) was created and has changed, mainly when it comes to the worker’s freedom to rid himself of this relationship, affirmed only in the capitalism. In the capitalist system, we analyze the evolution from the liberal model – that ensures the employer’s wide freedom to dismiss the worker – to the social model, in which the worker is protected against unjustified dismissal. Then we study this protection’s historical evolution in Brazilian law until the Federal Constitution of 1988’s protection model, which aims to balance the worker’s rights with the enterprise’s interests. So we analyze the ILO Convention n. 158, that was incorporated into Brazilian law in 1992 and ensures a protection similar to the Constitution’s one. We demonstrate its constitutional level, since it protects human rights, and the unconstitutionality of its denunciation in 1996, which is being judged by Brazilian Supreme Court nowadays. After that, we study this protection in European Union’s and eleven countries’ laws: Italy (mainly), Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, England, United States and Japan. Their choice was based on the fact that they ensure, mostly by law, but also by collective agreements and Court decisions, an efficient protection system against unjustified dismissal. Then we propose a protection model against individual and collective dismissals in Brazil, based on the rules of Federal Constitution of 1988, ILO Convention n. 158 and Brazilian laws, and taking into account the European Union’s and the eleven countries’ laws, mainly the Italian one, and ILO Recommendation n. 166. Finally, we discuss some problems that might happen due to this model’s institution, related to its effectiveness and its possible effects on Brazil’s economic development. We also analyze some useful means to make labor standards effective, such as social clauses, corporate responsibility, regional organizations, global trade unionism and civil society’s organizations. This study is based on the understanding that protection against unjustified dismissal is fundamentally important to guarantee the right to work and the effectiveness of all other labor rights.

L’histoire des lieux de l’enseignement du droit s’intéresse à la présence des centres de transmission et de diffusion d’un savoir ou savoir-faire juridique à l’intérieur d’un espace géographique donné. Elle prend comme objet la continuité ou la discontinuité des écoles localisées ainsi que leur forme. Elle s’interroge sur les facteurs ayant conduit à la légitimation d’un lieu comme centre d’enseignement, les facteurs ayant participé à sa réussite ou contribué à son échec (nombre de professeurs, nombre d’étudiants, type de privilège reçu, conditions de production du livre). Une attention particulière est ainsi accordée à l’institutionnalisation des lieux de l’enseignement du droit. Le cadre (matériel et formel) de l’enseignement du droit entre ainsi dans son champ d’investigation. Une histoire matérielle comporte (et non sans risques) une enquête quantitative qui, en fonction des sources et des documents disponibles, permet, malgré les lacunes et les approximations, de mesurer en quelque sorte la présence de l’enseignement (enseignants et étudiants) en facilitant une perception sans doute plus concrète de sa diffusion. Il s’agit en effet de conduire une enquête sur les lieux de l’enseignement du droit (pouvant nous éclairer sur le droit enseigné lui-même et son rôle social ou de socialisation entre élites éduquées) organisée autour de deux axes principaux : l’axe institutionnel (construction juridique du centre d’enseignement nommé – schola, studium, studium generale, universitas) et l’axe didactique (l’ensemble des forces intellectuelles, matérielles et financières, mobilisées dans l’enseignement du droit). La France et l’Italie sont deux espaces d’échange de savoirs juridiques ayant partagé, sur les bancs d’écoles, mais dans des contextes parfois assez différents, une même tradition juridico-scolaire du moins jusqu’à la fin du Moyen Âge “bartoliste” comprenant le XVIe siècle. Les rencontres et les séparations ne sont pas simplement géographiques, elles sont aussi historiographiques
The aim of this study is to show the institutional construction, the continuities and the discontinuities, of legal learning centers and schools in two territories, Italy and France, linked by a common legal past in Europe, in the long period (from the 5th to the early 16th century). It is a survey of legal education centers organized around two principal axes : the institutional (the legal construction of an authorized place for legal learning named – schola, studium, studium generale, universitas), and the didactic one (all intellectual and material forces mobilized in legal education). As a starting point of legal education, Justinian’s constitutio “Omnem” linked with a small group of ecclesiastical rules on education became a guide-line for the institutionalization of professional jurists’ law schools during and after the “juristic revival” (12th century). Launching a specific dynamic into medieval legal system, the institutionalization of law schools (of ius canonicum and/or ius civile) is a complex phenomenon that needs formal settings. The higher authorities of the Middle Age provide them, indirectly promoting the autonomy of legal learning. First marked by pluralism (at the beginning there are different law schools weakly regulated), legal education (specifically the creation and circulation of the legal schools’ model) is progressively controlled through the definition of an “authorized place” where legal learning is valid providing legal titles and degrees. Legal education is concentrated in studia which have received particular privileges and where “annual cycles of teaching” are constantly assured by a variable number of law teachers. The political, material and financial support of higher authorities (especially of the Church) with the contribution of the City for law schools is a major factor of legal centers’ success

La nécessité de développer des politiques dédiées à la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel n’est plus à prouver. Aujourd’hui la question du patrimoine culturel soulève une nouvelle problématique liée au partage des compétences entre les différentes collectivités publiques. En France, il semble que perdure une vision centralisatrice de la protection du patrimoine, et on est en mesure de se demander comment sont organisées les politiques publiques patrimoniales dans les pays voisins, et notamment dans les Etats dotés d’une structure juridique et administrative différente et quelle place occupe particulièrement les collectivités décentralisées. La mise en parallèle des situations en France, en tant qu’Etat unitaire, en Italie, en tant qu’Etat régional et en Belgique, en tant qu’Etat fédéral, a permis de dégager des points de convergence et des points de divergence. Ainsi, malgré une évolution historique sensiblement similaire, le cadre juridique dans lequel s’inscrivent les compétences des collectivités décentralisées est très différent d’un Etat à l’autre. Il se manifeste par des sources et des critères de répartition de compétences hétérogènes. Au-delà d’un contexte diversifié, ces trois Etats se rejoignent en ce qui concerne l’exercice des compétences des collectivités décentralisées. Ces dernières disposent d’une autonomie limitée au sein des législations spécifiques au patrimoine. Mais il semble que ces collectivités trouvent une plus grande liberté dans le cadre de législations plus générales. Ces politiques patrimoniales viennent donc s’ajouter aux politiques fondées sur les dispositifs classiques de protection
The need to develop policies dedicated to the preservation of cultural heritage has been proven. Today the issue of cultural heritage raises a new problem related to the distribution of powers between different public authorities. In France, it seems that there is a centralizing vision of heritage protection that carries on. Therefore we can ask ourselves how heritage public policies are organized in neighboring countries, especially in the states with a different legal and administrative structure and also more particularly, which position do decentralized authorities get. The comparison between France, as unitary State, Italy, as regional State, and Belgium, as federal State shows similarities and differences. Thus despite a substantially similar historical evolution, the legal framework of which the powers of decentralized communities are part of, is very different from one state to another. It can be seen through sources and criteria of heterogeneous powers repartition.Beyond a diverse context, this three States come together with exercise of powers by decentralized authorities. These have limited autonomy in specific legislation heritage. But it seems that these authorities are more freedom in legislation more general. These heritage policies are in addition to policies based on traditional instruments of preservation

Las oficinas de farmacia desarrollan una importante labor sanitaria centrada en la actualidad en la dispensación de medicamentos, que es la última etapa del camino que estos recorren hasta llegar al consumidor. Por ello, estos establecimientos sanitarios juegan un importante papel en el uso de los medicamentos, que a su vez son una pieza clave en la atención sanitaria; razón por la cual el número, distribución en el territorio y características de las oficinas de farmacia tienen una importante influencia en la calidad de la sanidad que disfrutan los ciudadanos de un país. Por todo ello, la profesión farmacéutica es una de las que están sometidas a una mayor regulación y ello nace de las características peculiares del medicamento con respecto a otros productos. Pero aunque los medicamentos son prácticamente los mismos en todos los países, las regulaciones a las que están sometidos los farmacéuticos y las oficinas de farmacia son bien diferentes en los países de nuestro entorno, pues la idea que en cada país se puede tener respecto a la legislación sobre la farmacia también es distinta; así se observa que las diferencias van de un modelo casi totalmente liberalizado hasta un modelo completamente estatalizado. Pero a la diversidad de situaciones legislativas de la farmacia de un país a otro se ha de añadir que normalmente los países no son homogéneos, existiendo diferencias en el seno de los mismos; en nuestro país estas diferencias no fueron reconocidas legalmente por el Estado hasta la promulgación de la Constitución de 1978, fecha relativamente cercana, por lo cual el llamado Estado Autonómico no ha completado su despliegue. Si unimos a esto el proceso liberalizador que se ha iniciado en la actividad de las farmacias, es fácil comprender la magnitud de los cambios a los que está siendo sometida la farmacia en España. Visto lo anteriormente expuesto, el trabajo se propone estudiar la ordenación farmacéutica en España y la intervención de las Comunidades Autónomas en la misma, centrándose en los aspectos relacionados con la oficina de farmacia, y comparando la situación que se perfila en nuestro país con la existente en otros países europeos de estructura compuesta, es decir, federales o bien que reconocen autonomías; concretamente se han escogido los casos de Alemania, Italia y Suiza. En primer lugar se estudia la estructura política española actual, para entender el marco general de la distribución de competencias entre el Estado y las Comunidades Autónomas, con especial énfasis en lo que determina la Constitución. Acto seguido se estudiará la distribución de competencias en materia farmacéutica entre ambas partes, para analizar a continuación el marco jurídico de la ordenación farmacéutica en España, tanto estatal como autonómico. La parte central del trabajo se dedica a presentar la situación en los otros tres países de estructura compuesta. Para examinar las competencias que ejercen las Regiones y Estados Federados en materia de farmacia, aquí también es necesario estudiar previamente la estructura política de cada país mediante las respectivas Constituciones. También hace falta conocer la estructura de la Sanidad en cada país y la intervención de los entes regionales en ella. A continuación el estudio se concentra en la situación del sector farmacéutico en cada país y en particular en la intervención legislativa de ambos en materia de oficinas de farmacia, si es que realmente se produce. La última parte del trabajo estudia la situación legislativa de la ordenación farmacéutica en las Comunidades Autónomas y su comparación con los otros países objeto de estudio. Este estudio ha de centrarse en los aspectos más importantes de la legislación sobre oficinas de farmacia: propiedad y titularidad, planificación de su número y transmisión. Este estudio ha de permitir la comparación de la situación española con la de los otros países, comparación que se centra en la influencia de la legislación regional en el modelo de ordenación farmacéutica. A partir de ello se desprenderán unas conclusiones, con orientaciones para garantizar la calidad de los servicios que prestan actualmente las oficinas de farmacia a la población, al mismo tiempo que las Comunidades Autónomas hacen uso de sus competencias, desarrollando el Estado de las Autonomías definido por la Constitución Española.

La phase préparatoire souffre d’un déséquilibre flagrant causé par un phénomène de diffusion de la contrainte vers l’amont de la procédure. D’où une double translation de pouvoirs : du juge au procureur et du procureur à la police. Le réflexe est alors de compenser ces nouvelles prérogatives des autorités d’enquête par l’octroi de droits aux personnes privées. C’est toutefois confondre les droits des personnes privées et les pouvoirs des acteurs institutionnels.Recentrant la réflexion sur les seuls rapports de pouvoir entre le juge, le parquet et la police, cette thèse propose de s’inspirer des concepts publicistes pour réfléchir à la possibilité d’un véritable équilibre des pouvoirs dans la phase préparatoire du procès pénal.Afin de décloisonner le débat et de relativiser le droit français, la réflexion se nourrit de la comparaison avec les droits allemand et italien, ayant tous deux réformé en profondeur leur phase préparatoire il y a maintenant plusieurs décennies.Les réflexions ici proposées sur l’équilibre des pouvoirs dans la phase préparatoire du procès pénal débouchent sur des interrogations plus vastes quant à l’équilibre général de la procédure
The pretrial process suffers from a blatant imbalance due to a dissemination of coercion toward the procedure’s upstream. Hence a dual translation of powers: from the judge to the prosecutor and from the prosecutor to the police. The reflex is then to compensate these new prerogatives of the investigation authorities by granting rights to private persons. However, this confuses the rights of private persons with the powers of institutional actors. By refocusing the reflection on the power relations between the judge, the prosecutor and the police, this thesis proposes to draw inspiration from publicist concepts to reflect on the possibility of a real balance of powers in the pretrial process of the criminal trial.To relativize French law, the reflection is based on a comparison with German and Italian laws, both having thoroughly reformed their preparatory phase several decades ago. The reflections proposed here on the balance of powers in the pretrial process of the criminal trial lead to broader questions about the overall balance of the procedure

This thesis aims to analyze the federalizing process in Italy, from its origins to the most recent developments. It is divided into six chapters and describes the implementation of the federalizing process, exploring the laws, the activity of the Constitutional Court and the main literature about this topic. Chapter one outlines the evolution of local finance in Italy, passing through Risorgimento, the process of unification, the Giolitti era, the First World War and the Fascist period. This dissertation deals also with reforms carried out during the Fifties and the Sixties and points out the relationship between central and local finance during the Seventies, the Eighties and the Nineties. Chapter two explores the constitutional basis of federalism, represented by Article 119 of the Constitution. The first topic of research is the description of fiscal autonomy, comparing the text of Article 119 with the previous formulation, and focusing the relationship between Article 119 and Article 117 of the Constitution. The second topic of research aims to describe the main case law dealing with fiscal federalism, from 2001 to 2009. Chapter three focuses on the first legislative «attempts» to realize fiscal federalism. In fact, there were some laws that tried to reform the relationship between central and local power, from the financial point of view, even before the reform of Title V of the Constitution. Other laws tried to do the same after 2001. It is necessary to wait until 2009, when it was approved Law n. 42/2009, to start to develop a complete system of fiscal federalism. Chapter four examines the main contents, the reaction of institutional system and the main literature about Law 42/2009. In particular, the dissertation deals with the thirty one principles of the new fiscal federalism, with the new structure of regional and local finance and with the equalization system. Chapter five explores the effects of the recent Legislative Decrees of implementation of fiscal federalism. Chapter six outlines the realization of federalizing process into the special regions. The analysis focuses mainly on the articles of Law 42/2009 and of the decrees which produce effects on these regions, directly and indirectly. The dissertation explores also three Acts between special regions and Government, in order to change the financial parts of their Statutes.
Il presente lavoro si propone di analizzare il processo evolutivo del federalismo fiscale in Italia. La trattazione è articolata in sei momenti, allo scopo di verificare lo stato di attuazione del federalizing process, dando conto degli interventi legislativi in materia, dell'attività interpretativa della Corte costituzionale e delle principali acquisizioni dottrinali maturate nel dibattito scientifico. Il capitolo I ripercorre l'evoluzione della finanza locale in Italia, dal Risorgimento italiano, culla delle prime teorie federaliste, alle riforme a Costituzione invariata poste in essere negli anni Novanta. All'interno di questa ampia cornice storica, si approfondiscono le declinazioni del rapporto tra finanza statale e locale, passando attraverso l'unità d'Italia, l'età giolittiana, la Grande guerra ed il ventennio fascista. Si illustrano, inoltre, i lavori dell'Assemblea costituente relativi all'art. 119 Cost., per poi analizzare gli elementi distintivi della fase di «autoderminazione tributaria» che caratterizza gli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta. Si approfondiscono, quindi, i contenuti delle riforme degli anni Settanta, dando particolare rilievo al criterio della spesa storica, nonché i principali interventi di politica fiscale degli anni Ottanta e Novanta. Il capitolo II riguarda il fondamento costituzionale del federalismo fiscale. Muovendo dalla disciplina costituzionale in materia di decentramento, ad opera della l. cost. n. 3/20001, il lavoro si concentra sul parametro di riferimento del federalismo fiscale, l'art. 119 Cost. Dopo aver descritto le principali posizioni elaborate nel panorama dottrinario italiano, si offrono riflessioni in punto di autonomia impositiva, si verificano le connessioni con l'art. 117 Cost., si analizzano le principali problematiche relative al fondo perequativo, alle risorse aggiuntive, agli interventi speciali e alla c.d. golden rule. Una parte considerevole del capitolo sviluppa inoltre i percorsi tracciati dall'attività interpretativa del Giudice delle Leggi durante il periodo di inattuazione del rinnovato dettato costituzionale. Quale criterio per la disamina, si distinguono le pronunce relative all'autonomia di entrata da quelle afferenti all'autonomia di spesa. Il capitolo III focalizza i primi tentativi legislativi di attuazione del federalismo fiscale. Metodologicamente, si sceglie di considerare gli interventi legislativi precedenti alla riforma costituzionale del 2001 (l. n. 133/1999 e d.lgs. n. 56/2000) e quelli successivi (c.d. bozza lombarda e disegno di legge Prodi del 2007). Tali provvedimenti sono esaminati tenendo in adeguata considerazione i principali contenuti, gli elementi di novità nonché i profili problematici e verificando il tutto alla luce delle diverse opinioni maturate nel dibattito scientifico. Il capitolo IV è esclusivamente dedicato alla legge 5 maggio 2009, n. 42 recante Delega al Governo in materia di federalismo fiscale, in attuazione dell'articolo 119 della Costituzione. L'incipit della disamina è costituito dai lavori preparatori alla legge, in relazione ai quali si espongono le principali reazioni del sistema istituzionale e della dottrina che ne hanno accompagnato l'iter di formazione. In prosieguo, si analizzano i contenuti della legge, muovendo dall'ambito di intervento alla portata innovativa delle finalità. Si dedica, quindi, un focus specifico ai trentuno principi e criteri direttivi in essa contenuti, nonché alle interazioni tra gli organi di governance del federalismo fiscale istituiti dalla stessa delega (la Commissione tecnica paritetica per l'attuazione del federalismo fiscale, la Commissione parlamentare per l'attuazione del federalismo fiscale e la Conferenza permanente per il coordinamento della finanza pubblica). Si descrive la struttura della nuova finanza regionale e locale e il sistema perequativo, specificando, infine, le scelte operate dalla legge in materia di interventi speciali e perequazione infrastrutturale. Il capitolo V tratta le innovazioni poste in essere ad opera degli otto decreti legislativi di attuazione. Il legislatore delegato ha elaborato, nei due anni previsti per l'esercizio della delega, otto provvedimenti di attuazione: il d.lgs. n. 85/2010, in materia di federalismo demaniale; il d.lgs. n. 156/2010 recante l'ordinamento transitorio di Roma capitale; il d.lgs. n. 216/2010 sui fabbisogni standard di Comuni, Città metropolitane e Province; il d.lgs. n. 23/2011 in materia di autonomia finanziaria dei Comuni; il d.lgs. n. 68/2011 sull'autonomia tributaria di Regioni e Province e costi standard in sanità; il d.lgs. n. 88/2011 in materia di risorse aggiuntive e interventi speciali; il d.lgs. n. 118/2011 recante armonizzazione dei sistemi contabili e dei bilanci di Regioni ed enti locali e, infine, il d.lgs. n. 149/2011 sui meccanismi sanzionatori e premiali per Regioni, Province e Comuni. Il capitolo VI approfondisce, infine, il tema dell'attuazione del federalismo fiscale nelle Regioni a statuto speciale. Si analizzano, anche alla luce dei rilievi evidenziati in ambito scientifico, le disposizioni della l. n. 42/2009 direttamente e indirettamente applicabili alle Regioni speciali, e quelle che, nei decreti legislativi di attuazione, riguardano precipuamente le autonomie speciali. Si dedica quindi un approfondimento ai protocolli d'intesa siglati da alcune Regioni speciali con il Governo, posti in essere nel 2009 e nel 2010, ai fini di modificare gli statuti speciali nella loro parte finanziaria.

Tomando como punto de partida la obra de Antonio Pigliaru La vendetta barbaricina come ordinamento giuridico (1959), este trabajo estudia la cultura jurídica vindicatoria contemporánea de los pastores de Barbagia, las montañas centrales de la isla de Cerdeña. Referencia y clásico indiscutible, la obra de este jurista de la propia región no tiene parangón en cuanto a dimensión, profundidad y densidad en el estudio de este caso concreto, y al mismo tiempo por la concreción en el establecimiento del sistema vindicatorio como ordenamiento social y jurídico. Sin embargo, su trabajo no parece haber tenido continuidad y sigue muy presente el prejuicio etnocéntrico y evolucionista que reduce la venganza de sangre a un fenómeno prejurídico y de justicia privada. Sólo muy recientemente (Terradas 2008) su aportación ha sido revisada críticamente como merece en términos comparativos y de Antropología jurídica. La constatación de esta discontinuidad ha llevado a preguntarnos sobre la forma y las condiciones de la persistencia de esta cultura jurídica vindicatoria, sugerida por la existencia hasta la actualidad de homicidios vindicativos. Pese a la recurrencia histórica de determinadas instituciones y mecanismos consuetudinarios de mediación, arbitraje y pacificación, el trabajo de Pigliaru deja entrever pero no consolida ni formaliza los procedimientos para la composición de los conflictos y la reconciliación, constatados etnográfica e históricamente en otros sistemas vindicatorios. Esta ausencia es una de las principales cuestiones que planteamos en el trabajo. Los pilares de la investigación son el trabajo de campo, el análisis de casos judiciales y el estudio de la Antropología e Historia social y jurídica de Barbagia. El trabajo de campo ha sentado las bases para la comprensión de las formas de la sociabilidad barbarichina, especialmente la rígida costumbre de la hospitalidad en relación a los regímenes de amistad y enemistad, la vecindad o el parentesco espiritual. La perspectiva histórica sobre el Derecho consuetudinario, los contratos de pastoreo, las formas de propiedad y el parentesco, por su parte, nos han permitido establecer la especificidad etnográfica de la montaña sarda. Finalmente, el estudio directo y en profundidad de dos expedientes judiciales sobre sendas faide (encadenamientos de venganzas) de las pasadas décadas, complementados indirectamente con otros casos conocidos por crónicas periodísticas o estudios secundarios, nos llevan a constatar la continuidad y persistencia de la cultura jurídica vindicatoria de Barbagia. El trabajo concluye sugiriendo las razones de esta persistencia, que parece ir asociada a un desplazamiento y reducción del ámbito de la sociabilidad y la comunidad, y por tanto de la solidaridad, la reciprocidad, la hospitalidad y, en última instancia, de los mecanismos para resolver y componer los conflictos y las ofensas. La adaptación exitosa contemporánea de la economía de pastoreo, que se ha expandido en detrimento de la agricultura, ha pasado por el establecimiento de la empresa ganadera sedentaria y consiguientemente por un reforzamiento del vínculo entre hermanos varones: el éxito de la “empresa” pecuaria, cada vez más basada en la propiedad privada y adaptada a los ritmos y las formas de la economía capitalista, exige unos resultados que han llevado a ese reforzamiento, puesto que son los hermanos varones quienes heredan y conducen el ganado. Se habría pasado de una solidaridad de parentesco más amplia a una reducción agnaticia que relega a las mujeres, históricamente principales activadoras de la reciprocidad y custodias de la hospitalidad entre las casas, contrae el ámbito más extenso de la solidaridad de parentesco e impide la activación de los mecanismos de prevención, composición y reconciliación. En resumen, persiste la economía y la cultura del pastoreo pero sin estos mecanismos, decantando la balanza hacia la vindicta cruenta, lo que explicaría el desencadenamiento más virulento y desenfrenado de venganzas en las últimas décadas.
This is a study on the contemporary vindicatory justice of the shepherds in the inland Sardinian highlands. The starting point is the classical work by Antonio Pigliaru La vendetta barbaricina come ordinamento giuridico (1959). Despite its indisputable relevance, both as a case study and as recognition and establishment of vendetta in Barbagia as a vindicatory system, this study has had no continuity. Evolutionary and ethnocentric prejudices about vendetta as a pre­legal and private justice system persist even in the Sardinian highlands. Only recently has Pigliaru's work been critically reviewed as it deserves in terms of Comparative and Legal Anthropology (Terradas 2008). This thesis aims at checking the present validity of Pigliaru's findings against new ethnographic evidence. Many present vindictive homicides show the persistence of vindicatory customary law. How has this system persisted until nowadays? We may say that Pigliaru, despite historical evidence, didn't give artibration and pacification institutions its due, while he oversized vindictive resolutions. But there is also ethnographic and historical evidence of blood­feud spreading during the last decades. So the main issue here is the disappearance of composition and reconciliation procedures, demonstrated as universals by ethnography. The basic pillars of this research are: field work on sociability and hospitality in relation to amity and feud regimes, analysis of some court cases on homicides occurred during de 1980s, and the study of Social and Legal Anthropology and History of Sardinia. Its main goal is the verification of persistence of vindicatory customary law in relation to the displacement and reduction of the scope of sociability and community life. Accordingly we ultimately confirm the reduction of the extent of solidarity, reciprocity and hospitality, and, consequently, of the mechanisms to resolve and compose conflicts and offenses. The successful contemporary adaptation to the grazing economy, which has expanded to the detriment of agriculture, required the establishment of a sedentary livestock enterprise and consequently a strengthening of the bond between male brothers. The success of the livestock "business", increasingly based on private property and adapted to the rhythms and forms of the capitalist economy, demands results that have led to this reinforcement, since it is the male brothers who inherit and grow the cattle. A shift would have taken place away from the solidarity of a wider kinship sphere towards an agnatic reduction that relegates women ­historically the main activators of reciprocity and custodians of hospitality among houses­, contracts the broader scope of kinship solidarity and hinders the activation of prevention, composition and reconciliation mechanisms.

La presente tesi si concentra sui processi di decentramento in Italia e Spagna, analizzando l'impatto dei mutamenti del quadro giuridico europeo sull'autonomia finanziaria regionale. L’ordinamento finanziario sovranazionale è stato infatti ampiamente modificato negli ultimi anni (specialmente con riferimento alla c.d. "Eurozona") per affrontare le pressanti sfide di natura macroeconomica derivanti dalla crisi del debito sovrano, che ha coinvolto svariati Stati Membri. L'analisi del tema proposto viene effettuata con il metodo della comparazione, prendendo in considerazione gli ordinamenti italiano e spagnolo. Tale scelta metodologica riposa essenzialmente su due elementi, che integrano il requisito della comparabilità tra i due ordinamenti: a) la vicinanza strutturale e l'influenza reciproca che storicamente si è verificata tra i due modelli di decentramento (che vengono usualmente riportati alla forma – o tipo – di Stato regionale); b) la comune soggezione ai vincoli finanziari derivanti dall’ordinamento europeo, unita a una condizione di grave difficoltà finanziaria che coinvolge il sistema regionale in generale, e – in maniera più acuta – le Regioni e Comunidades Autónomas (d’ora in poi, CC.AA.) che sono state (o sono) colpite da fenomeni di mala gestio. Si presenterà ora brevemente la struttura del lavoro. I primi due capitoli parlano dello Stato regionale in Italia e in Spagna, ossia il contesto, lo “sfondo”, nel quale si inserisce il tema dell’autonomia finanziaria, seguendo la contrapposizione astratto/concreto, statico/dinamico: da un lato i modelli elaborati dalla dottrina, dall'altro l’evoluzione storica delle esperienze regionali, in entrambi i casi con particolare riferimento ai profili finanziari. Il primo capitolo descrive dunque la modellistica che viene generalmente utilizzata rispetto alle forme di distribuzione territoriale del potere politico (unione di stati, confederazione, stato federale, stato regionale, stato unitario), con un particolare approfondimento per la problematica categoria dello Stato regionale e, rispetto ad esso, registrando sia le posizioni critiche sull’utilità della categoria sia la particolare rilevanza che il livello di autonomia finanziaria regionale può avere a fini classificatori. Il secondo capitolo tratta invece partitamente le due linee storiche che si incrociano nella tematica in esame. Da un lato, lo sviluppo del regionalismo in Spagna e in Italia e le varie fasi dell’autonomia finanziaria nei due ordinamenti: non sfugge infatti a chi scrive che l’attuale stato delle finanze pubbliche territoriali sia in entrambi i casi il frutto di un complesso processo di evoluzione; tuttavia – ai fini della comparazione – pare opportuno privilegiare l’aspetto sincronico a quello diacronico, concentrandosi sull'ultimo stadio di questo percorso, nel suo intreccio con un sistema normativo e decisionale sempre più complesso, nazionale e sovranazionale. Dall'altro lato, si fa appunto un quadro dell’evoluzione della governance finanziaria europea sotto l’impatto della crisi economico-finanziaria che si è originata a livello globale a partire dal 2008. Tale evoluzione costituisce infatti il presupposto dei mutamenti costituzionali e normativi che si vogliono analizzare nel presente lavoro. Il terzo capitolo, che è il più ampio del lavoro, descrive l’ordinamento finanziario di Regioni e CCAA nel quadro di un sistema normativo che ormai affonda le sue radici nel livello sovranazionale. Obiettivo di questa parte del lavoro è tanto dare conto del sistema delle fonti dell’autonomia finanziaria da un punto di vista formale, quanto esporre ed analizzare le scelte normative compiute in concreto. Al suo interno, il capitolo è tripartito: ordinamento UE, ordinamento italiano e ordinamento spagnolo. La ragione di una trattazione separata dei due Paesi sul piano delle fonti è evidente: si tratta di sistemi peculiari e non sovrapponibili. In Spagna il metodo di finanziamento delle CCAA è determinato da due importanti leggi organiche, la LOFCA (Ley Orgánica de Financiación de las Comunidades Autónomas) e la LOEPSF (Ley Orgánica de Estabilidad Presupuestaria y Sostenibilidad Financiera): diventa dunque essenziale approfondire natura e ambito di competenza di ciascuna di esse, assieme al discusso problema del rapporto tra leggi organiche e Statuti delle CCAA nel sistema delle fonti del diritto. In Italia il quadro delle fonti si è fatto nel tempo sempre più articolato: basti ricordare la previsione di una specifica legge rinforzata da parte della nuova formulazione dell’art. 81, c.6, Cost. e il ruolo della legge delega sul federalismo fiscale (l. n. 42 del 2009) nel condizionare il contenuto dei relativi decreti legislativi di attuazione. All'interno dei paragrafi relativi all'uno e all'altro Paese si cerca di porre in luce i due versanti dell’autonomia finanziaria già esplicitati in precedenza, entrata e spesa. Rispetto al'’autonomia di entrata, si dà conto tanto dello spazio concesso alla potestà impositiva di Regioni e CCAA – e quindi il potere di istituire tributi propri regionali e i ccdd. tributos cedidos anche dal punto di vista normativo nel caso spagnolo – quanto del problema centrale del finanziamento delle autonomie territoriali mediante risorse derivanti dai tributi statali, nelle forme della compartecipazione al gettito degli stessi e dei trasferimenti statali. Il profilo dell’autonomia di spesa riceve poi una considerazione altrettanto approfondita. In sistemi regionali in cui la decisione sulle entrate è ancora sostanzialmente in mano al livello di governo centrale, è chiaramente l’autonomia di spesa a concretare più direttamente l’autonomia finanziaria regionale, fino a spingere taluno a coniare la categoria del federalismo fiscale “di spesa”. Proprio sull'autonomia di spesa hanno però impattato in maniera più diretta la crisi economico- finanziaria, i vincoli finanziari europei e la loro attuazione a livello interno: quest’ultima è avvenuta non soltanto tramite provvedimenti del legislatore statale volti a porre un limite globale alla spesa delle autonomie, al fine di garantire il rispetto dei vincoli sovranazionali da parte del complesso dei soggetti che compongono la c.d. finanza pubblica allargata (limiti diretti all'autonomia di spesa), ma anche tramite norme di legge che incidevano su ambiti rientranti nella competenza delle Regioni, fra i quali gli aspetti ordinamentali, giustificati dallo scopo di contenimento della spesa pubblica (limiti indiretti). Il quarto capitolo approfondisce il tema delle relazioni finanziarie fra Stato e Regioni/CCAA sul piano dei principi costituzionali: a differenza del capitolo precedente, la trattazione viene svolta trasversalmente fra i due ordinamenti, nella convinzione che vi siano alcune linee fondamentali in comune fra di essi. Si delinea quindi un vero e proprio statuto costituzionale dell’autonomia finanziaria nello Stato regionale che si sostanzia nei seguenti principi: autonomia finanziaria e corresponsabilità fiscale; solidarietà; sufficienza finanziaria (connessione risorse-funzioni); coordinamento finanziario; equilibrio di bilancio e sostenibilità finanziaria; leale collaborazione. Per ciascun principio non si dà conto soltanto dei riferimenti normativi ma soprattutto dell’interpretazione che ne è stata data dalla giurisprudenza costituzionale, istanza deputata a far “vivere” i principi nei mutamenti istituzionali e sociali tramite l’interpretazione costituzionale. Il quinto capitolo approfondisce infine un profilo spesso trascurato a livello dottrinale, ossia quello dei sistemi finanziari delle autonomie differenziate, nell’uno e nell’altro ordinamento. Nel caso italiano, il tema è quello della c.d. specialità finanziaria, che configura un percorso originale e peculiare nel quadro del regionalismo italiano. Il tema parrebbe porsi in maniera più complessa nel caso spagnolo, in virtù della potenziale asimmetria che caratterizza il sistema: tuttavia, in virtù della portata omogeneizzatrice della LOFCA, la maggior parte delle comunità autonome presenta un sistema di finanziamento sostanzialmente unitario. La reale differenziazione si coglie piuttosto rispetto al sistema del convenio e concierto autonómico seguito da País Vasco e Navarra, sistema che costituisce il portato di un lungo percorso storico e concreta una delle peculiarità del regimen foral di questi territori. Specialità finanziaria e regime forale presentano tratti di somiglianza e costituiscono esperienze meritevoli di approfondimento: essi sono da un lato oggetto di critica in entrambi i Paesi in quanto considerati “privilegi fiscali”, allo stesso tempo non di rado la estensibilità dei sistemi ad alcune (o a tutte le) Regioni viene fatto oggetto di studio.
Los dos primeros capítulos hablan del Estado regional en Italia y España, es decir el contexto en el que se inserta el tema de la autonomía financiera. El primer capítulo describe las categorías que generalmente se usan con respecto a las formas de distribución territorial del poder político (unión de Estados, confederación, Estado federal, Estado regional, Estado unitario), con un estudio particular de la categoría problemática del Estado regional. El segundo capítulo trata de las dos líneas históricas que se entrecruzan en el tema estudiado. Por un lado, el desarrollo del regionalismo en España e Italia y las diversas fases de autonomía financiera en los dos sistemas; por otro lado, la evolución de la governance financiera europea bajo el impacto de la crisis económico-financiera que se ha originado a nivel mundial desde 2008. Esta evolución es, de hecho, la condición previa de los cambios constitucionales y legislativos que se quieren analizar en el trabajo. Los capítulos tercero y cuarto estudian la autonomía financiera regional según una perspectiva constitucional general: el tercero desde el punto de vista formal, con referencia al sistema de fuentes del derecho, y el cuarto desde el sustantivo, es decir, con respecto a los principios constitucionales. El capítulo tercero trata de la autonomía financiera respectivamente de ingreso y de gasto en el caso italiano y español, considerando los sistemas de fuentes de la Unión Europea e internos de ambos Estados. En relación a la autonomía de ingreso, el trabajo se centra principalmente sobre el problema del poder de las Regiones y CCAA para establecer sus propios impuestos regionales (y sus límites), así como sobre los impuestos cedidos por el Estado a las CCAA en España, por para luego abordar el problema central de financiar autonomías territoriales a través de los recursos derivados de impuestos estatales, en la forma de compartir los ingresos y las transferencias estatales. El perfil de la autonomía del gasto juega también un papel central en el trabajo. Sobre el poder de gasto de las autonomías, han impactado de manera más directa la crisis económica y financiera, las limitaciones financieras europeas y su aplicación a nivel interno. También se considerará el problema de la deuda pública. El capítulo cuarto estudia en particular la jurisprudencia constitucional sobre los siguientes principios: principio de autonomía financiera, principio de suficiencia financiera, principio de coordinación, principio de estabilidad presupuestaria, principio de solidaridad y de ordinalidad, principio de lealtad institucional y de cooperación. Finalmente, el quinto capítulo estudia un perfil a menudo descuidado a nivel doctrinal, que es el de los sistemas financieros de las autonomías diferenciadas, en uno u otro País. En el caso italiano, se trata de la especialidad financiera, que configura un camino original y peculiar en el marco del regionalismo italiano. En el caso español, la diferenciación real se verifica con respecto al sistema de convenio y concierto autonómico de País Vasco y Navarra. Especialidad financiera y régimen Foral tienen rasgos similares y son experiencias interesantes: algunos las critican como "privilegios fiscales", pero otros estudian la extensibilidad de estos sistemas a las demás Regiones/Comunidades.
Els dos primers capítols parlen de l'Estat regional a Itàlia i Espanya, és a dir el context en què s'insereix el tema de l'autonomia financera. El primer capítol descriu les categories que generalment es fan servir pel que fa a les formes de distribució territorial del poder polític (unió d'Estats, confederació, Estat federal, Estat regional, Estat unitari), amb un estudi particular de la categoria problemàtica de l'Estat regional. El segon capítol tracta de les dues línies històriques que s'entrecreuen en el tema estudiat. D'una banda, el desenvolupament del regionalisme a Espanya i Itàlia i les diverses fases de l'autonomia financera en els dos sistemes; d'altra banda, l'evolució de la governance financera europea sota l'impacte de la crisi economicofinancera que s'ha originat a nivell mundial des de 2008. Aquesta evolució és, de fet, la condició prèvia dels canvis constitucionals i legislatius que es volen analitzar en el treball. Els capítols tercer i quart estudien l'autonomia financera regional segons una perspectiva constitucional general: el tercer des del punt de vista formal, amb referència al sistema de fonts del dret, i el quart des del substantiu, és a dir, pel que fa als principis constitucionals . El capítol tercer tracta de l'autonomia financera respectivament d'ingressos i de despesa en el cas italià i espanyol, considerant els sistemes de fonts de la Unió Europea i interns d'ambdós Estats. En relació a l'autonomia d'ingressos, el treball se centra principalment sobre el problema del poder de Regions i CCAA per a establir els seus propis impostos regionals (i el seus límits), així com sobre els impostos cedits per l'Estat a les CCAA a Espanya, per després abordar el problema central de finançar autonomies territorials a través dels recursos derivats d'impostos estatals, en la forma de compartir els ingressos i les transferències estatals. El perfil de l'autonomia de despesa juga també un paper central en el treball. Sobre el poder de despesa de les autonomies, han impactat de manera més directa la crisi econòmica i financera, les limitacions financeres europees i la seva aplicació a nivell intern. També es considerarà el problema del deute públic, al qual s'han posat límits significatius a partir del nou context regulador supranacional. El capítol quart estudia en particular la jurisprudència constitucional sobre els següents principis: principi d'autonomia financera, principi de suficiència financera, principi de coordinació, principi d'estabilitat pressupostària, principi de solidaritat i d'ordinalitat, principi de lleialtat institucional i de cooperació. Finalment, el cinquè capítol estudia un perfil sovint descuidat a nivell doctrinal, que és el dels sistemes financers d'autonomies diferenciades, en un o altre País. En el cas italià, es tracta de l'especialitat financera, que configura un camí original i peculiar en el marc del regionalisme italià. En el cas espanyol, la diferenciació real es verifica que fa al sistema de conveni i concert autonòmic del País Basc i Navarra. Especialitat financera i règim foral tenen trets similars i són experiències interessants: alguns les critiquen com "privilegis fiscals", però altres estudien la extensibilitat d'aquestes sistemes a les demés Regions / Comunitats.
The first two chapters deal about the “regional State” in Italy and Spain. The first chapter describes the categories that are generally used to classify the forms of territorial distribution of political power (union of States, confederation, federal State, regional State, unitary State), with particular attention to the problematic category of the regional State. The second chapter concerns the two historical aspects of the matter. On the one hand, the development of regionalism in Spain and Italy and the various phases of financial autonomy in the two systems; on the other hand, the evolution of European financial governance under the impact of the economic crisis since 2008. This evolution is, in fact, the precondition of the constitutional and legislative changes that the thesis aims to analyse. The third and fourth chapters are devoted to regional financial autonomy according to a general constitutional perspective: the third from the formal point of view, with reference to the system of sources of law, and the fourth from the substantive standpoint (constitutional principles). In particular, the third chapter deals with financial autonomy and, respectively, with tax power and power of expenditure in the Italian and Spanish cases, considering both the European Union and the internal sources of law. In relation to the tax autonomy, the thesis focuses mainly on the problem of the power of Regions and Autonomous Communities to establish their own regional taxes (and their limits), as well as on the taxes assigned by the State to the Autonomous Communities in Spain. Then, the thesis deepens the central problem of financing territorial autonomies through resources derived from State taxes, in the form of revenue sharing and State transfers. The topic of spending power also plays a central role in the research: the European financial rules and their application have a direct impact on regional spending autonomy. The problem of public debt, which is significantly regulated by the new supranational legal context, will also be considered. The fourth chapter is devoted in particular to the constitutional case law on the following principles: the principle of financial autonomy, the principle of financial sufficiency, the principle of coordination, the balance budget principle, the principle of solidarity and its limits, the principle of institutional loyalty and cooperation. Finally, the fifth chapter deals with a matter often neglected at the doctrinal level, which is the financial systems of differentiated autonomies, in both countries. In the Italian case, the Financial Specialty represents an original and peculiar way within the framework of Italian regionalism. In the Spanish case, the most important differentiation is the system of the convenio/concierto autonómico (agreement) of the Basque Country and Navarre.

L’expression ‘le plus ancien métier du monde’ suggère l’idée d’inter-temporalité dans la prostitution. En réalité, bien que le phénomène de la prostitution ait toujours existé, le traitement juridique de cette activité est diversifié et en constante évolution. Sur le plan juridico-pénal, le panorama comparatif actuel révèle la difficulté d’identifier une discipline commune et universelle en matière de prostitution dans les différents systèmes démocratiques libéraux. Cela est dû au fait que le traitement juridique de la prostitution n’est que le résultat d’un conflit de valeurs. En d’autres termes, les différents régimes de réglementation du phénomène de la prostitution et les choix de politique criminelle différenciés résultent de la conception acceptée par chaque législateur national des notions fondamentales de vulnérabilité, de dignité et de disponibilité du corps, qui sont pertinentes dans ce contexte, et l’équilibre qui en découle. Dans ce contexte, à partir de l’étude comparée de la législation et des pratiques d’application de pays ayant adopté différents modèles de réglementation - en l’occurrence l’Italie et la France - il sera notamment tenu compte de la justification commune qui sous-tend ces différentes approches. En fait, le présent travail vise précisément à examiner la question de la criminalisation de la prostitution à partir de la racine, en concentrant l’enquête sur le rapport entre les différentes théories, les choix législatifs et les décisions jurisprudentielles adoptées dans le domaine de la prostitution, en particulier dans les systèmes juridiques italien et français. Cette étude permet tout d’abord de comprendre le sens des décisions jurisprudentielles et des réformes législatives les plus récentes en matière de lutte contre le phénomène de la prostitution. Deuxièmement, cette analyse permet de vérifier dans quelle mesure les choix de politique criminelle adoptés par les différentes autorités législatives et judiciaires sont suffisamment justifiés ou étayés par des arguments solides, tout en garantissant la protection des droits fondamentaux des personnes prostituée
The expression “the oldest job in the world” suggests the idea of inter-temporality in prostitution. In reality, although the phenomenon of prostitution has always existed, the legal treatment of this activity is diversified and constantly evolving. From a juridical point of view, the current comparative picture reveals the difficulty of identifying a common and universal discipline to deal with prostitution in the various liberal-democratic systems. This is due to the fact that the legal treatment of prostitution is nothing but the result of a conflict of values. In other words, the different regimes of regulation of prostitution and the differentiated choices of criminal policy are the result of the conception accepted by each national legislator on the fundamental notions of vulnerability, dignity and availability of the body, which are relevant in this particular context, and the consequent balance that derives from it. In this context, starting from the comparative study of legislation and tribunal practice of countries that have adopted different regulatory models - Italy and France in particular – attention will be focused on the common justification that lies behind these different approaches. In fact, the present work aims precisely to consider the question of the criminalization of prostitution from the root, focusing the investigation on the ratio of the different theories, the legislative choices and the jurisprudential decisions adopted in the field of prostitution, particularly in the Italian and French legal systems. This study will allow, first of all, the understanding of the meaning of the most recent jurisprudential decisions and legislative reforms in the field of prostitution. Secondly, it will make it possible to verify to what extent the choices of criminal policy adopted from time to time by the various legislative and judicial authorities are sufficiently justified or supported by solid arguments and, at the same time, they guarantee the protection of the fundamental rights of prostitutes

Defence date: 29 November 1991
Examining board: Prof. B. de Witte, I.U.E., superviseur ; Prof. L.M. Diez-Picazo, I.U.E. ; Prof. J.C. Escarras, Toulon ; Prof. A. Pizzorusso, Pise ; T. Renoux, Aix-Marseille ; Prof. M. de Villiers, Nantes
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

This dissertation examines the interactions between early modern science and traditional Jewish legal scholarship through the life and work of Italian rabbi and physician Isaac Lampronti (1679-1756). Lampronti produced both the first alphabetically organized encyclopedia (the Paḥad Yiẓḥak) and the first periodical (the Bikurei kaẓir) of rabbinic law, which refashioned the traditional rabbinic system according to scientific methodologies and emerging Enlightenment ideas. Unwilling to relinquish the authorities of either science or traditional Jewish law, Lampronti creatively mediated the tensions between the two. The dissertation shows that the intellectual movements of the period not only catalyzed innovation within the realm of religious belief, they transformed religious practice and study as well.

Defence date: 19 February 1993
Examining board: Prof. Antonio Baldassarre ; Prof. Paolo Caretti ; Prof. Renaud Dehousse ; Prof. Bruno de Witte (supervisor) ; Prof. Valerio Onida ; Prof. Federico Sorrentino
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 1 June 2000
Supervisor: L.-M. Diez Picazo ; Jury members: J. Ziller, Y. Mény
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
In conseguenza del processo di integrazione europea, i cittadini dei paesi membri dell’Unione europea si trovano ad essere soggetti non solo alla normativa nazionale, ma anche - nei settori e nelle materie in cui i paesi membri hanno rinunciato alla propria esclusiva sovranità per trasferirla all’Unione - a quella comunitaria. Il che, da un lato, può portare ad una ulteriore complicazione dei rapporti tra le pubbliche istituzioni ed i cittadini, ma, dall’altro lato, può altresì portare ad una maggiore omogeneità nell’applicazione del diritto dei paesi comunitari, dato che la legislazione e l’interpretazione dei principi comunitari fanno (quasi) sempre riferimento ai principi comuni derivati dai vari paesi membri. Nei paesi dell’Europa comunitaria il paradigma che voleva esclusivamente bilateri i rapporti tra cittadino e Stato (ovvero tra cittadino e pubblica amministrazione) non trova più esclusiva applicazione1: infatti in aree cruciali per la vita economica dei paesi comunitari (dall’agricoltura alla concorrenza, dal credito alle imposte sul valore aggiunto), l’intervento comunitario é divenuto sempre maggiore, per non dire dominante.

Defence date: 30 November 1998
Examining board: Prof. Gerard Delille, European University Institute ; Prof. Olwen Hufton, Merton College, University of Oxford (thesis supervisor) ; Dr. Richard Mackenney, University of Edinburgh (external supervisor) ; Prof. Brian Pullan, University of Manchester
First made available online 29 August 2017
This study seeks to account for the political tranquillity of the Venetian people in early modem Venice (1550-1700). According to the ideology of the aristocratic elite, this was primarily attributable to its unique system of justice. Gasparo Contarini, the classic exponent of the 'myth' of Venice, derived the republic’s famed political stability from its guiding principle that, justice should be equally administered to all. Many studies have sought to explode this myth of Venetian justice by comparing these high principles with their operation in practice. The study focuses on the operation of the justice system in a specific area which touched the lives of all Venetians: the regulation of the internal market. As in other European cities, the market had a corporate structure, being divided up among guilds - privileged interested groups which possessed a monopoly on a limited sector of the market. While unusually, Venetian guilds were denied any formal political participation, alternative channels of communication between guilds and government existed in the courts, where the laws regulating the market might become the object of negotiation. The study of the courts therefore illuminates the whole question of guild-state relations in Venice. The role of the government in market justice was a dual one: it prosecuted lawbreakers in the name of the public interest, but was also the adjudicator of civil disputes between the rival private interests of the guilds. This is reflected in the division of the thesis into two halves. The first half examines the relation between public and private in the administration of the public law, while the second half focuses upon the resolution of private disputes, both between the guilds and within them. The study begins with a historiographical introduction to the problematic of political stability, justice and the world of the guilds. The first chapter examines the structure of the government courts and the extent to which the system was in fact governed by private interests. The gap between the law of the court-room and the reality of the street is examined in chapter two. The unreliability of the police forced the government to rely upon a system of self-interested policing by the guilds, and this gave the guilds significant influence over the implementation of policy in practice. Chapter three shows how government efforts to implement its own agenda in the public interest were often compromised by this need to cooperate with the guilds. The fourth chapter turns aside from issues of public law and looks within the boundaries of the guilds, seeking to determine to what extent they were genuinely popular institutions. Government regulations to protect ordinary guildsmen from dominance by a minority were also motivated by the desire to prevent the emergence of a wealthy class of elite guildsmen, who might have demanded political participation. Chapter five examines the nature of the external boundaries between guilds - their definition, violation and formation. The increasing rigidity of these boundaries in the seventeenth century and the consequent intensification of disputes between guilds were related to the imposition of an inflexible system of taxation by the government. Chapter six goes on to examine the resolution of such disputes, in terms of costs and legal procedures, and the consequences of this for rich and poor. Government attempts to impose an efficient system of summary justice were resisted by 'parasitic' elements within the courts - in particular those poorer nobles who earned their living from civil litigation. Tensions at the heart of the ruling elite therefore ensured that the free play of wealth in the court system was allowed to continue. The implications of the study are summarised in the conclusion.