Articles de revues : « Labour market outcome »

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Utkirov, Abbos, et Rauf Salahodjayev. « Impact of WIUT Library Activities on Labour Market Outcome ». International Journal of Higher Education Pedagogies 2, n^o 2 (19 novembre 2021) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ijhep.v2i2.26.

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This paper investigates the impact of the Learning Resource Centre activities of Westminster International University Tashkent (WIUT) graduated students on the labour market outcome. WIUT library provides a learning environment that helps students to create practical teams and individual projects to support the agenda of employability. The study aims to clarify the relationship between library activities and labour market outcomes. This proposes the improvement of a commercial responsiveness workshop, in collaboration with other services, and alumni voices in an employability guide. A quantitative research approach was employed; an online survey questionnaire was distributed to alumni students to obtain the data. It was a semi-structured questionnaire designed using a Likert Scale to collect data from 607 graduates. The study revealed that LRC activities have a significant impact on labour market outcomes for students. LRC activities such as presentation skills, information technology skills, problem-solving skills, research skills were mostly expected in the labour market. Research limitations– The study was focused only on graduates of WIUT, which may limit the generalizability. Therefore, the researcher proposed to study and compare other graduates of universities in Uzbekistan. The insights are valuable for planning the curriculum of LRC activities and developing teaching practices at WIUT. Moreover, current and graduate students can learn market-oriented skills and labour market demands. This is the first-ever study in Uzbekistan that explores the relationship of university library activities on employability skills of alumni.

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BENDA, LUC, FERRY KOSTER et ROMKE VAN DER VEEN. « Activation is not a panacea : active labour market policy, long-term unemployment and institutional complementarity ». Journal of Social Policy 49, n^o 3 (11 juin 2019) : 483–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000515.

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AbstractEvaluation studies of active labour market policy show different activation measures generate contradictory results. In the present study, we argue that these contradictory results are due to the fact that the outcomes of activation measures depend on other institutions. The outcome measure in this study is the long-term unemployment rate. Two labour market institutions are of special interest in this context: namely, employment protection and unemployment benefits. Both institutions, depending on their design, may either increase or decrease the effectiveness of active labour market policies in lowering long-term unemployment. Based on an analysis of macro-level data on 20 countries over a period of 16 years, our results show that employment protection strictness and unemployment benefit generosity interact with the way in which active labour market policies relate to long-term unemployment. Our results also indicate that, depending on the measure used, active labour market policies fit either in a flexible or in a coordinated labour market. This suggests that active labour market policies can adhere to both institutional logics, which are encapsulated in different types of measures.

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Kotyrlo, Elena, et Ilya Bulgakov. « Fatherhood, marriage and male labor market outcomes ». Applied Econometrics 62 (2021) : 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1993-7601-2021-62-125-143.

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We explore the relationship between fatherhood and marriage and male labour outcomes. We challenge the direction of causality. The difference in differences method for three periods (before, per year, and after an event in family life) allows establishing whether changes in family life follow changes in work life or vice versa. The results are obtained using data from RLMS‐HSE for individuals and households in the period 2014–2017. We find limited confirmation of individual effects. They can be attributed to both direct and inverse relationships between male labour outcome and changes in family life.

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Lissowska, Maria. « Evolution of the Institutions Governing the Labour Market. The Case of Poland ». QA Rivista dell'Associazione Rossi-Doria, n^o 4 (décembre 2010) : 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qu2010-004002.

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Evolution of the Institutions Governing the Labour Market. The Case of Poland The paper describes the path of structural and institutional changes in the labour market during transition to the market economy in Poland. The role of previously strong protection of employees and of Solidarnosc in the lagging and inconsistent changes in the rules governing the labour market is underlined. Their outcome is a segmented labour market, with substantial unemployment persisting, only partly flexible, and insecure. Weak job creation and segmentation of the market together with the cultural properties of society (passivity, "learnt helplessness") and inadequate employment programmes prompt exit from the labour market rather than mobility.

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Damrongplasit, Kannika, Cheng Hsiao et Xueyan Zhao. « Health status and labour market outcome : Empirical evidence from Australia ». Pacific Economic Review 24, n^o 2 (23 mars 2018) : 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12257.

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Liotti, Giorgio, et Rosaria Canale. « Poverty and labour market institutions in Europe ». Panoeconomicus 67, n^o 3 (2020) : 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan2003277l.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of flexibility in the labour market on workers? monetary poverty in 15 European countries in the time span 2005-2016. We estimate how the labour market regulation index (LMRI) affects workers? monetary poverty through two empirical exercises: in the first one, we use an autoregressive distributed lag model and, in the second one, the generalized method of moments model. The results suggest that greater flexibility of the labour market is positively correlated with greater monetary poverty among employed people. The result does not change significantly when introducing the effect of the economic crisis and the interaction effect between the economic crisis and the LMRI. Therefore, we conclude that the outcome should be considered to be noticeable whatever the macroeconomic conditions occurring in the labour market.

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Drydakis, Nick. « Economics applicants in the UK labour market ». International Journal of Manpower 36, n^o 3 (1 juin 2015) : 296–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2014-0061.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate whether job applicants who have obtained a BSc in economics from 15 UK universities face different labour market prospects. The author examines whether university entry standards and Russell Group membership affect UK economics applicants’ occupational access and entry-level annual salaries when unobserved heterogeneities, such as ability, motivation, family characteristics and networks, are minimized. Design/methodology/approach – The author evaluate the research question by recording the job search processes of 90 British economics applicants from randomly selected universities. The key elements of the approach are as follows: third-year undergraduate students apply for early career jobs that are relevant to their studies. Applications are closely matched in terms of age, ethnicity, experience and other core characteristics. Differential treatment in the access to vacancies and entry-level annual salaries per university applicant are systematically measured. Findings – By observing as much information as a firm does, the estimations suggest that both entry standards and Russell Group membership positively affect applicants’ labour market prospects. Although the firms cannot evaluate by themselves whether graduates from highly reputable universities are more or less capable and motivated than graduates from less reputable universities, it appears that the university attended affects firms’ recruitment policies. Importantly, valuable variables that capture firms’ and jobs’ heterogeneities, such as occupational variation, regions, workplace size, establishment age, and the existence of trade unions and human resources, are also considered and provide new results. Practical implications – Understanding the impact of entry standards and university reputation on students’ labour market outcomes is critical to understanding the role of human capital and screening strategies. In addition, obtaining accurate estimates of the payoff of attending a university with a high entry threshold and reputation is of great importance not only to the parents of prospective students who foot tuition bills but also to the students themselves. Furthermore, universities will be interested in the patterns estimated by this study, which will allow recent UK economists to evaluate the current employment environment. In addition, universities should be keen to know how their own graduates have fared in the labour market compared with graduates of other universities. Originality/value – In the current study, the author attempt to solve the problem of firms’ seeing more information than econometricians by looking at an outcome that is determined before firms see any unobservable characteristics. In the current study, ability, motivation, family characteristics and networks cannot affect applicants’ access to vacancies and entry-level salaries. The current study can estimate the effect of university enrolment on applicants’ occupational access and entry-level salaries, controlling for unobserved characteristics that would themselves affect subsequent outcomes in the labour market.

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Graff, Heidi Jeannet, Volkert Siersma, Anne Møller, Jakob Kragstrup, Lars L. Andersen, Ingrid Egerod et Hana Malá Rytter. « Labour market attachment after mild traumatic brain injury : nationwide cohort study with 5-year register follow-up in Denmark ». BMJ Open 9, n^o 4 (avril 2019) : e026104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026104.

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ObjectivesSickness absence after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is frequent due to postconcussive symptoms. We examined labour market attachment following mTBI up to 5 years postinjury.Design and settingNationwide cohort study with register follow-up.ParticipantsPatients between 18 and 60 years with mTBI (International Classification of Diseases, version 10 diagnosis S06.0) were extracted from the Danish National Patient Register (n=19 732). Controls were matched on sex, age and municipality (n=18 640). Patients with spinal cord and column injuries, traumatic brain injury and concussions 5 years preinjury or as secondary diagnosis to the concussion in the inclusion period were excluded.Primary and secondary outcome measuresData were extracted from the Danish Register for Evaluation of Marginalization. Primary outcome was ‘not attending ordinary work’ defined as receiving any social transfer payment. Secondary outcomes were health-related benefits, limited attachment to the labour market, permanent lack of attachment to the labour market and death.Results5 years after diagnosis, 43% of patients were not attending ordinary work. The odds increased from 6 months (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.36) to 5 years (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.45 to 1.63). The odds of health-related benefits were 32% (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.42) at 6 months and 22% (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.33) at 5 years. Limited attachment to the labour market showed increased odds at 5 years (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.51) and the odds of permanent lack of attachment to the labour market were higher for patients compared with controls (OR 2.59, 95% CI 2.30 to 2.92). Death was more than two times higher at 5 years postinjury (OR 2.62, 95% CI 2.10 to 3.26).Conclusions43% of concussed patients were not attending ordinary work 5 years postinjury and received health and social transfer benefits. We conclude that mTBI has a long-term impact on labour market attachment. Prevention and treatment of persisting postconcussive symptoms should be considered.Trial registration numberNCT03214432; Results

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Schieckoff, Bentley, et Claudia Diehl. « The labor market participation of recently-arrived immigrant women in Germany ». Journal of Family Research 33, n^o 2 (6 septembre 2021) : 322–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-462.

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Objective: This article investigates the role of motivation in female immigrants' labour force participation. Focusing on recently-arrived immigrants (who have resided in the host country for 18 months or less), we compare the outcomes of two different ethnic groups in Germany: Poles and Turks. Background: The immigrant integration literature tends to focus on the role of resources in immigrant labour market integration. However, when examining particularly the labour force participation of female immigrants, their motivation for joining the labour force is also important. Previous studies of female immigrants in Germany have often neglected this consideration, which includes aspects like culturally-specific gender values and perceived ethnic discrimination. Method: We use data from the SCIP project (Diehl et al., 2015) to conduct logistic regressions on female immigrants’ labour force participation. Our sample includes 829 female immigrants from Poland and Turkey between the ages of 18-60, who were either active in the labour force or were 'at risk' of entering. Results: In line with previous studies, our analysis shows that female immigrants' labour market resources, mainly their prior work experience and German proficiency, greatly reduce the ethnic gap in labour force participation rates. Moreover, motivational factors have a large impact on this outcome for both groups, and greatly enhance the picture that our empirical models present. However, we find no evidence that perceived ethnic discrimination plays an important role. Conclusion: Our analysis indicates that when seeking to understand the labour market participation of female immigrants, their resources and motivation should be seen as key components of a gender-sensitive analysis.

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Rasmussen, Jens Lehrmann. « Economic Inequality, Human Rights, and Labour Markets ». Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 15, n^o 2 (juin 1997) : 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/092405199701500202.

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The purpose of the article is to analyse relations between human rights and economic inequality. Further, the role played by markets in these relations is examined. The importance of choice of dimension in which to measure inequality, such as consumption or hourly wages, is outlined. It is argued that the important thing in a human rights context is inequality of opportunity, not inequality of outcome. An analysis of reasons for making inequality a social concern, and of reasons for accepting inequality under certain circumstances, is attempted. By means of this, a hierarchy of reasons for inequality is suggested, where inequality is considered least morally acceptable, if it is founded on discrimination, more morally acceptable if it is founded on differences in methods of acquisition, and most acceptable if it is founded on differences in effort and talents. Important effects of factor market interactions on such types of inequality are examined. It is suggested that market forces tend to reduce discrimination. Inequality due to differences in method of acquisition is likely to be enhanced by market forces, possibly beyond the point generally acceptable by moral standards. The same is possible concerning inequality due to differences in effort and talents. Further, it is indicated that market forces cannot prevent poverty and may enhance it. If market forces are unable to generate an acceptable distribution, redistribution will be called for. It is suggested in this article that in a democracy the extent of redistribution is likely to be determined by the preferences of the median voters.

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Pérez-Vigil, Ana, Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, Magnus Helgesson, Lorena Fernández de la Cruz et David Mataix-Cols. « Labour market marginalisation in obsessive–compulsive disorder : a nationwide register-based sibling control study ». Psychological Medicine 49, n^o 6 (28 juin 2018) : 1015–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718001691.

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AbstractBackgroundThe impact of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) on objective indicators of labour market marginalisation has not been quantified.MethodsLinking various Swedish national registers, we estimated the risk of three labour market marginalisation outcomes (receipt of newly granted disability pension, long-term sickness absence and long-term unemployment) in individuals diagnosed with OCD between 2001 and 2013 who were between 16 and 64 years old at the date of the first OCD diagnosis (n = 16 267), compared with matched general population controls (n = 157 176). Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox regression models, adjusting for a number of covariates (e.g. somatic disorders) and stratifying by sex. To adjust for potential familial confounders, we further analysed data from 7905 families that included full siblings discordant for OCD.ResultsPatients were more likely to receive at least one outcome of interest [adjusted HR = 3.63 (95% CI 3.53–3.74)], including disability pension [adjusted HR = 16.36 (95% CI 15.34–17.45)], being on long-term sickness absence [adjusted HR = 3.07 (95% CI 2.95–3.19)] and being on long-term unemployment [adjusted HR = 1.72 (95% CI 1.63–1.82)]. Results remained similar in the adjusted sibling comparison models. Exclusion of comorbid psychiatric disorders had a minimal impact on the results.ConclusionsHelp-seeking individuals with OCD diagnosed in specialist care experience marked difficulties to participate in the labour market. The findings emphasise the need for cooperation between policy-makers, vocational rehabilitation and mental health services in order to design and implement specific strategies aimed at improving the patients’ participation in the labour market.

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Mulyaningsih, Tri, Dhian Adhitya et Amelia Choya Tia Rosalia. « Education, skills and labour market outcome in Indonesia : An instrumental variable approach ». Economic Journal of Emerging Markets 13, n^o 2 (2021) : 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ejem.vol13.iss2.art6.

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Marković Pavlović, Mirna. « Nastavak obrazovanja u uslovima neizvjesnosti - ulaznica za biro za zapošljavanje ili dobra menadžerska strategija ? » Obrazovanje odraslih/Adult Education 13, n^o 2 2013 (2013) : 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53617/issn2744-2047.2013.13.2.21.

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One of the, with increased regularity accented, interpretations of the bosnian-herzegovinian context suggests that institutions of higher education and the labour market implement two (innappropriately) separated policies. At the same time, young people try to improve their chances on the labour market through own assessment of risks and possibilities which might emerge if they continue their education. Is this investment (of time, material resources, enthusiasm) really convenient or at least proportional to the value of the expected outcome? It seems that this hypothesis will not be seiously considered before a person faces the (im)possibility of finding a job in her/his profession or faces the challenge of keeping a job, once she/he entered the labour market.

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Roy, Shantanu De, et Mampi Bose. « COVID-19 Crisis and Some Contours of the Rural Labour Market in India ». Indian Economic Journal 69, n^o 3 (3 juin 2021) : 479–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00194662211023833.

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Indian labour markets are segmented based on caste, gender groups, region, types of workers and types of contractual arrangements. An important feature of the labour markets in India, notwithstanding intersectionalities across segments, is greater access to high-quality work with social security benefits to the privileged sections of the society as compared to the socially oppressed sections, including women. The latter dominate in low-quality, less stable and insecure work in the informal sector.The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures have increased the vulnerability of the informal workers, including the migrant workers. The article analyses the features of rural and urban labour markets, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, that had contributed to vulnerability of the workforce. The analysis was based on the National Statistical Office ( NSO, 2020 )—Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) database of 2018–2019, NSSO (2014)—Report of the Situation of Agricultural Households in India, NSSO (2014)—Employment and Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau, and the Economic Survey of India. It also analyses the impacts of the pandemic on the rural labour market based on the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) database. Our analysis reveals that the rural labour market in India was more adversely affected by the lockdown measures than the urban counterpart. In the rural areas, there was collapse of non-farm employment and increased participation in agricultural work was largely an outcome of distress. Furthermore, reverse migration of workers had led to sharp decline in remittances, particularly in the eastern Indian states that are largely agrarian and poor. The article advocates policy initiatives that include expansion of the rural employment programmes for providing relief to the poor and working population in India.

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Brook, Paul, et Christina Purcell. « The resistible rise of the temporary employment industry in France ». Economic and Industrial Democracy 41, n^o 1 (6 juin 2017) : 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x17695439.

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This article is an historical account of the contested growth of the temporary employment agency sector in France. It utilises a variegated capitalism conceptual framework to explain the evolution of a distinctive temporary employment agency sector and regulatory environment under French politico-institutional conditions that was contingent upon global developments. The article charts the role of large agencies in constructing a market for agency labour despite wide-scale cultural, political and trade union opposition. In order to build legitimacy, agencies sought partners in the labour movement from the late 1960s onwards. By the late 1990s, the sector had grown significantly within a gradually more permissive regulatory framework, despite ongoing but fragmenting opposition. The article demonstrates that the growth of agency labour was not an inevitable outcome of global pressure for labour market deregulation. It also reveals how national regulatory institutions alone are not a sufficient bulwark against global labour market pressures.

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Majuri, Tuomas, Hanna Huovinen, Tanja Nordström, Leena Ala-Mursula, Jouko Miettunen et Erika Jääskeläinen. « M131. RETURN TO LABOUR MARKET IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOSES – THE NORTHERN FINLAND BIRTH COHORT 1966 ». Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (avril 2020) : S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.443.

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Abstract Background People with psychotic disorders typically have the poorest rate of employment compared to other mental disorders. However, the chances of returning back to labour market and work after long-term work disability is unclear. Aim of this study was to study proportion of persons who can return to labour market after they have received disability pension. We also aim to study potential predictors for return to work. Methods The study was based on the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) (N=12 058) which is an unselected, general population-based sample. NFBC1966 offers us a unique way to examine return to labour market and its predictors in general population sample with true prospectively collected data with 50-years follow-up. Different national registers were utilized in the study (information about psychiatric diagnoses and occupational outcomes). Occupational outcomes until end of the 2016 were measured by information about disability pension, disability benefits and employment contracts. The sample included 232 schizophrenia patients, 208 persons with other psychosis and 1927 persons with non-psychotic psychiatric disorder diagnosed until the end of 2016. There is also large amount of predictor data (for occupational outcomes) collected since birth until recent years. Results Of the 141 (61%) persons with schizophrenia who had been on disability pension due to psychiatric reason, disability pensions of 16 (11%) persons had ended due to return to labour market. Of the 74 (32%) persons in the other psychosis subgroup and 180 (9%) in the non-psychotic psychiatric disorder subgroup who had been on disability pension due to psychiatric reason, corresponding numbers of pension’s ending due to return to labour market were 18 (24%) and 56 (31%), respectively. Disability pensions of 14 (10%) persons in schizophrenia group, 3 (4%) persons in other psychosis subgroup and 4 (2%) persons in non-psychotic psychiatric disorder subgroup had ended due to death. Disability pensions of 111 (79%) persons in schizophrenia group, 53 (72%) persons in other psychosis subgroup and 120 (67%) persons in non-psychotic psychiatric disorder subgroup were still running. Later, also sociodemographic information, psychiatric and somatic comorbidity and age at the onset of disease as predictors for the good occupational outcome (i.e. return to work) will be analysed and presented. Discussion Our results indicate that having schizophrenia diagnosis often means relatively poor occupational outcome compared to other psychiatric disorders and ending up on disability pension. Besides of that some people with psychosis manage to maintain their working ability, some people also manage to return to labour market after being on disability pension. Finding the predictors for returning back to labour force in long-time follow-up can help us to cut off the long-term disability periods and support people back to work in the future.

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STADELMANN-STEFFEN, ISABELLE. « Women, Labour, and Public Policy : Female Labour Market Integration in OECD Countries. A Comparative Perspective ». Journal of Social Policy 37, n^o 3 (juillet 2008) : 383–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279408001967.

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AbstractThis article investigates the influence of political measures and instruments on women's employment in OECD countries. The policy dimension builds the central explanatory category filling the ‘black box’ between political institutions and the decision-making process on the one hand, and policy outcome on the other. Unlike former comparative studies on the relationship between women's employment and public policies, this article analyses a much larger country sample, looking at 28 OECD countries as well as a broader range of policies. Additionally, path analyses are conducted, modelling direct and indirect causal effects on women's labour market integration. The analyses show that while the cultural, economic and political framework can create a positive environment for women's employment in general, ‘women-friendly’ public policies are important, and are necessary for the more intensive and egalitarian labour market integration of women compared to that of men.

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Madsen, Aleksander Årnes. « Return to work after first incidence of long-term sickness absence : A 10-year prospective follow-up study identifying labour-market trajectories using sequence analysis ». Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, n^o 2 (11 avril 2019) : 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818821003.

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Aims: The study aim was to identify prototypical labour-market trajectories following a first incidence of long-term sickness absence (LTSA), and to assess whether baseline socio-demographic characteristics are associated with the return-to-work (RTW) process and labour-market attachment (LMA). Methods: This prospective study used Norwegian administrative registers with quarterly information on labour-market participation to follow all individuals born 1952–1978 who underwent a first LTSA during the first quarter of 2004 ( n =9607) over a 10-year period (2004–2013). Sequence analysis was used to identify prototypical labour-market trajectories and LMA; trajectory membership was examined with multinomial logistic regression. Results: Sequence analysis identified nine labour-market trajectories illustrating the complex RTW process, with multiple states and transitions. Among this sample, 68.2% had a successful return to full-time work, while the remaining trajectories consisted of part-time work, unemployment, recurrence of LTSA, rehabilitation and disability pension (DP). A higher odds ratio (OR) for membership to trajectories of weaker LMA was found for females and older participants, while being married/cohabitating, having children, working in the public sector, and having a higher education, income and occupational class were associated with a lower OR of recurrence, unemployment, rehabilitation and DP trajectories. These results are consistent with three LMA indicators. Conclusions: Sequence analysis revealed prototypical labour-market trajectories and provided a holistic overview of the heterogeneous RTW processes. While the most frequent outcome was successful RTW, several unfavourable labour-market trajectories were identified, with trajectory membership predicted by socio-demographic measures.

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URBAN, SABINE M. L., et DARIO VELO. « Labour Market Flexibility : Need and Outcome. Some Socio-economic Reflections based on the European Experience ». European Review 14, n^o 4 (8 septembre 2006) : 587–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798706000573.

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The fast rate of the globalisation process and huge technological changes are leading to increased uncertainty. Risk (considered either as a threat or as an opportunity) is correlated to uncertainty. That means that the socio-economic environment may be considered as ambiguous, and the reaction of players complex, unforeseeable and difficult to handle. In such conditions one looks for simple formulae or tricks to manage the necessary change in human behaviour, institutional structures, production and trade methods. ‘Flexibility’ seems to be a magic keyword – both a performance driver and an expression of freedom. Labour market flexibility is currently the focus of ideological and political debate. This paper aims to clarify some points in the debate, especially in the European Union context. First, we give some brief information about the EU framework with regard to the labour market flexibility and its performance. Second, we try to understand how labour market flexibility is dependent on decisions of enterprises (in search of competitiveness). But this point of view needs to be enlarged to a more systemic approach; flexibility is only one of the socio-economic performance variables. A flexibility paradigm is related to a new political and humanistic project, and is a serious consideration for a number of industrial and financial companies, scientific associations and bodies.

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Arvin, B. Mak, et Jennifer L. Summers. « Maternal Participation in the Labour Market and Child Education Outcome in Developing Countries ». Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement 21, n^o 2 (janvier 2000) : 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2000.9669897.

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Green, Anne, Gaby Atfield et Kate Purcell. « Fuelling displacement and labour market segmentation in low-skilled jobs ? Insights from a local study of migrant and student employment ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 48, n^o 3 (3 novembre 2015) : 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x15614327.

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Medium-term employment trends highlight increasing labour market disadvantage for people with no/low qualifications. Consequently, established local populations with no/low qualifications have been reported as being hostile to ‘new arrivals’ filling local jobs, on the basis that they are perceived as taking employment opportunities away from them. Drawing on a local study of migrant and student employment on opportunities for people with no/low formal qualifications in the UK city of Coventry, this paper shows how labour market restructuring in the context of neoliberalism has resulted in an increasingly compartmentalised labour market, in which some types of employment have become undesirable and often not feasible for some local workers, but attractive (or at least acceptable) for other groups, including migrant workers and students. The outcome is reduced labour market opportunities for local people with no/low qualifications, because the more flexible migrant workers and students allow employers to restructure their workforces and develop jobs that fit with the ‘frames of reference’ of these groups but match the requirements of some established local people less well.

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Benassi, Chiara, et Niccolò Durazzi. « Dualisation as Class Conflict : The Case of Labour Market and Vocational Training in Germany ». SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, n^o 159 (avril 2021) : 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2021-159002.

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Popular accounts of labour market reforms in Western Europe have identified a process of dualisation over the last three decades, whereby service sector employ-ment has been deregulated while workers in the core manufacturing sector still en-joy high levels of employment protection and high wages. Two different labour market logics are thought to be in place between core and peripheral sectors and to co-exist in a stable equilibrium nurtured by the co-incidence of interests between capital and labour in core manufacturing sector, who jointly acted to safeguard workers in core sectors at the expense of peripheral service sectors. Building on the case studies of labour market and vocational training reform in Germany, this ar-ticle challenges this account. It is argued that processes of dualisation are best conceptualised as the contested outcome of a political conflict between capital and labour. Dualisation is not a stable equilibrium but rather the result of bargain-ing processes between employers who push for liberalization and unions who try to prevent it or - at least - mitigate it.

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Bavaro, Vincenzo, et Vincenzo Pietrogiovanni. « A hypothesis on the economic nature of labour law ». European Labour Law Journal 9, n^o 3 (septembre 2018) : 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952518799761.

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This article aims to introduce in the scientific debate on the future of EU labour law and its relationship with human and fundamental rights, a redefinition of the collective labour rights in terms of ‘collective labour freedoms’. This redefinition is undertaken in different steps and initiates from the so-called ‘Laval doctrine’ that has emancipated the economic freedoms (mainly referred to as the freedoms of the employers) from the social rights (mainly referred to as the rights of workers and trade unions): collective labour freedoms do not question the outcome of the balance struck by the CJEU but the possibility of balancing per se. In order to do so, this contribution proposes a different methodology that synthesises a socio-historical analysis of social rights as materially considered and acted by social partners with a positive reading of fundamental charters and constitutions in which the freedom of association, the right to collective bargaining and industrial action are recognised as tools to regulate the interests of a social and economic nature (in form of an inseparable hendiadys) pursued by both sides of the labour market, employers and employees. Collective labour freedoms underline the inherent economic nature of labour law and, in line with the theoretical framework (but opposite in terms of political goals) with the German ordoliberals, they do not deny the freedom of market; moreover, they are valuable entitlements to achieve the social market economy as enshrined in Art. 3(3) of TEU. The article finally presents a possible outcome of the proposed methodology with an example taken from a pivotal case from the Italian Supreme Court on the limits to the exercise of the right to strike in non-standard forms.

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Adamecz-Völgyi, Anna, Petra Zsuzsa Lévay, Katalin Bördős et Ágota Scharle. « Impact of a personalised active labour market programme for persons with disabilities ». Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, n^o 19_suppl (février 2018) : 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817738421.

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Aims: The paper estimates the impact of a supported employment programme implemented in Hungary. Methods: This is a non-experimental evaluation using a matching identification strategy supported by rich data on individual characteristics, personal employment and unemployment history and the local labour market situation. We use a time-window approach to ensure that programme participants and matched controls entered unemployment at the same point in time, and thus faced very similar labour market conditions. Results: We find that the programme had a positive effect of 16 percentage points on the probability of finding a job among men and 25 percentage points among women. The alternative outcome indicator of not re-entering the unemployment registry shows somewhat smaller effects in the case of women. Conclusions:In comparison to similarly costly programmes that do not facilitate employment in the primary labour market, rehabilitation services represent a viable alternative.

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Lewkowicz, Jacek, et Anna Lewczuk. « An Institutional Approach to Trade Union Density. The Case of Legal Origins and Political Ideology ». Central European Economic Journal 2, n^o 49 (21 mars 2018) : 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceej-2017-0008.

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Abstract Which institutions may be important in terms of trade union density and how significant they are? Although the status of trade unions may be very different among states, unions are still a very meaningful component of labour markets. In this paper, we contribute to the debate about the institutions that may affect the outcome of trade unions in different legal systems. Firstly, we draw on the theoretical underpinnings of trade union activity and density. Then, we conduct an empirical analysis of the relationships between trade union density in a particular country, country’s legal origins and government’s ideology. In this way, the paper enriches an underexploited niche in institutional research devoted to labour market issues.

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Martini, Mattia, Dario Cavenago et Laura Mariani. « When the Outcome is Employability : Leading Indicators for the Governance of Labour Market Services ». Public Organization Review 18, n^o 4 (22 août 2017) : 507–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11115-017-0393-3.

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Muffels, Ruud, et Ruud Luijkx. « Labour market mobility and employment security of male employees in Europe : `trade-off' or `flexicurity' ? » Work, Employment and Society 22, n^o 2 (juin 2008) : 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017008089102.

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The dominant view in economics is that increasing demands for flexibility on the labour market jeopardizes employment security. However, against the prediction of a negative relationship or a`trade-off' between flexibility and security, there is evidence for a positive, mutually reinforcing relationship known as the `flexicurity' thesis. Using comparative panel data for 14 European countries, we elaborate dynamic outcome indicators for flexibility and employment security to assess the differences across countries and welfare regimes in balancing the two.We estimate transition models to explain the observed mobility patterns.The outcomes confirm the impact of the institutional set-up indicated by regime type on these transitions supporting the `variety of capitalism' approach.The regulated Southern and Continental regimes perform worst and the unregulated Anglo-Saxon and Nordic regimes best in attaining high levels of flexibility and employment security simultaneously, though for both regimes with a small loss either in flexibility or in security.

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Ahmed, Tutan. « Labour market outcome for formal vocational education and training in India : Safety net and beyond ». IIMB Management Review 28, n^o 2 (juin 2016) : 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2016.05.002.

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Ahmed, Tutan. « Labour market outcome for formal vocational education and training in India : Safety net and beyond ». IIMB Management Review 28, n^o 2 (juin 2016) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2016.05.007.

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Harman, Jakub. « Impact of the Covid 19 Pandemic on the Labor Market in the Slovak Republic : Women vs. Men ». Ekonomické rozhľady – Economic Review 50, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2021) : 396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/er.2644-7185.2021.4.396-409.

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In the spring of 2020, the world was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, which had a significant impact on both the economic and noneconomic spheres of everyone's life. The paper deals with the impact of the pandemic on the labour market in the Slovak Republic. The analysis examines data of selected indicators at the level of districts and regions. The results showed a more negative impact on men than on women. The economic activity rate of men decreased on average by 1 p.p., while that of women only by 0.5. At the same time, labor markets in eastern and central Slovakia were affected more than those in western Slovakia. The results of the analysis indicate that people with higher education are more resilient to the corona crisis than those with no or low education, specially women with higher education are more resilient to the corona crisis. A paradoxical outcome of the analysis is the finding that the number of workers in the 55+ age group in the labor market increased for both genders and across the country. The focus of economic policy should be to mitigate the negative effects of the corona crisis through measures aimed at creating jobs and increasing employment.

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Bowles, Paul. « Beijing’s Polanyian gamble ». Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo 1, n^o 1 (29 juillet 2011) : 125–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35533/ecd.pb.

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This article examines the Chinese leadership’s efforts to address rising inequalities originating from decades of market-led domestic reform, undertaking a «Polanyian gamble» with policy measures. The author analyses the restructuring of urban employment from secure, State-sector jobs to an open–market free-for-all, with all of the insecurity it implies. The rural transformation from self-sufficiency to wage labour transition also brought upheavals in social and economic structures. The article offers the view that China's elites have acted to mitigate the effects of market policies in order to avoid working class rebellion, through rural investment, tax reform, subsidies and revised labour laws. The author argues that this effort appears to be successful in many respects, as worker-employer conflicts that rose quickly in the 2000s have increasingly begun to be addressed in arbitration, rather than in street-level demonstration or outright conflict with the State. Although successes are evident, the ultimate balance of deleterious market effects vs state policies toward alleviation remains tenuous, the outcome uncertain.

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Bertrand, Anne-Laure. « Refugees’ trajectories in Switzerland : Impact of residence permits on labour market integration ». Quetelet Journal 7, n^o 1 (1 avril 2019) : 71–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/rqj2019.07.01.03.

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Life course trajectories of refugee populations in European countries highly depend on the various statuses and residence permits that are assigned to them. Taking the case study of Switzerland, this article aims at showing the impact of the legal framework on refugees’ chances of labour market integration. The term «refugee» here refers to all the individuals who came to Switzerland seeking asylum, no matter the outcome of the asylum procedure – and not only to those who obtained the status as defined by the 1951 Geneva Convention. In this study, the longitudinal follow‐up of the individuals is made possible by the matching of data from several population registers. From a descriptive point of view, sequence analysis allows the visualization of refugees’ trajectories from their arrival in the country – in terms of both residence permits and of labour market participation. Survival analysis models then show the concordance between the administrative status and the economic status, the access to more stable permits increasing significantly the chances of labour market integration. As a consequence, those who remain for many years with the most precarious permits (asylum seekers and provisionally admitted persons) go through a process of cumulative disadvantage. Although the economic vulnerability of refugees has been highlighted previously, this paper shows that within the refugee population, the host countries’ legislation creates an additional hierarchy, based on the residence permits, that further widens inequalities.

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Joseph, Ebun. « Composite counterstorytelling as a technique for challenging ambivalence about race and racism in the labour market in Ireland ». Irish Journal of Sociology 28, n^o 2 (8 juillet 2020) : 168–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0791603520937274.

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In this study, the statement ‘race is no longer an issue’ is used to examine how 32 migrants of Spanish, Polish and Nigerian descent understand the significance of race in labour market mobility in Ireland. Their responses showed that Black and White workers talk about race differently. It also revealed an ambivalence about race among the White workers. This article employs counterstorytelling technique to analyse and present these differences through stories which humanise the lived experiences of migrants navigating the Irish labour market. The article commences with a discussion of how whiteness provides unacknowledged privilege. This is followed by a discussion of critical race theory’s counterstorytelling as an analytical tool for examining social relations. The participants’ narratives and current realities are then synthesised and woven into dialogues to construct composite portraits that invite readers into the world of migrant workers. The two stories constructed in this article portray how stories can open conversation about race and racism. Story A contains stereotypes that are used to explain the lack of racial diversity in the workplace, while story B challenges the complacency about how race and racism impact on the disparity in outcome among different groups. Finally, the article highlights the importance of counterstories in labour market research.

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Maasdorp, Gavin. « Globalisation, economic policy and the new dualism in the South African economy ». South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 4, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2001) : 505–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v4i3.2660.

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Economic dualism in South Africa has mutated from the original modem vs. traditional sector conception to one of poverty vs. non-poverty. Globalisation provides opportunities to reduce poverty, but government policies determine the outcome. The South African government's sound macroeconomic policies have not been matched on the micro side. The labour market has not been liberalised, employers are loath to increase staff numbers, and foreign investment in labour-intensive industries is not being attracted. The policy choice is one of lower real wages and more jobs or higher real wages and fewer jobs. The unemployed and those in absolute poverty would opt for the former, unionised labour for the latter. Policy reforms will be politically difficult, but without them the dual economy will persist.

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Young, Suzanne. « Outsourcing : two case studies from the Victorian public hospital sector ». Australian Health Review 31, n^o 1 (2007) : 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah070140.

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Outsourcing was one process of privatisation used in the Victorian public health sector in the 1990s. However it was used to varying degrees and across a variety of different services. This paper attempts to answer the questions: Why have managers outsourced? What have managers considered when they have decided to outsource? The research was carried out in a rural hospital and a metropolitan network in Victoria. The key findings highlight the factors that decision makers considered to be important and those that led to negative outcomes. Economic factors, such as frequency of exchange, length of relationships between the parties, and information availability, were often ignored. However, other factors such as outcome measurability, technology, risk, labour market characteristics and goal conflict, and political factors such as relative power of management over labour were often perceived as important in the decision-making process. Negative outcomes from outsourcing were due to the short length of relationships and accompanying difficulties with trust, commitment and loyalty; poor quality; and excessive monitoring and the measurement of outcomes.

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Svabova, Lucia, et Katarina Kramarova. « Allowance for School Graduate Practice Performance in Slovakia : Impact Evaluation of the Intervention ». Mathematics 10, n^o 9 (25 avril 2022) : 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10091442.

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This study aims to evaluate the impact of a selected active labour market policy measure that has been applied in Slovakia—Allowance for school graduate practice performance—on the employability of young jobseekers and their sustainability in the labour market, and thus, it will also empirically contribute to the field of relevant literature. The policy targets unemployed school graduates, and it enables them to acquire professional skills and practical experience that corresponds with their level of education, work habits, and possible direct contact with potential employers. At the same time, this measure addresses a long-standing gap in the Slovakian education system, namely, the insufficient linkages between the educational process, the practices in the field, and the requirements of the labour market. Using fiscal resources to finance this policy, it provides a natural and logical platform to investigate the relevance of the outcome of this measure in the context of its proclaimed objectives. In light of this, we employed a counterfactual approach to compare the results of the participants who were affected the measure (recipients; treated group) and non-participants, as their counterparts (comparison/control group), using an instrumental variable to mitigate self-selection and selection-bias problems. Our findings show that this policy intervention has a short- or medium-term impact on the employability of unemployed school graduates and the sustainability of their careers. In addition, a positive impact on their monthly wages was observed. We also came to the conclusion that, assuming the measure is linked to other labour market policy interventions, which is aimed at employers that are willing to hire young unemployed people, it would be possible to improve the functionality and effectiveness of support for the unemployed through indirect measures.

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Svabova, Lucia, et Katarina Kramarova. « Allowance for School Graduate Practice Performance in Slovakia : Impact Evaluation of the Intervention ». Mathematics 10, n^o 9 (25 avril 2022) : 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10091442.

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This study aims to evaluate the impact of a selected active labour market policy measure that has been applied in Slovakia—Allowance for school graduate practice performance—on the employability of young jobseekers and their sustainability in the labour market, and thus, it will also empirically contribute to the field of relevant literature. The policy targets unemployed school graduates, and it enables them to acquire professional skills and practical experience that corresponds with their level of education, work habits, and possible direct contact with potential employers. At the same time, this measure addresses a long-standing gap in the Slovakian education system, namely, the insufficient linkages between the educational process, the practices in the field, and the requirements of the labour market. Using fiscal resources to finance this policy, it provides a natural and logical platform to investigate the relevance of the outcome of this measure in the context of its proclaimed objectives. In light of this, we employed a counterfactual approach to compare the results of the participants who were affected the measure (recipients; treated group) and non-participants, as their counterparts (comparison/control group), using an instrumental variable to mitigate self-selection and selection-bias problems. Our findings show that this policy intervention has a short- or medium-term impact on the employability of unemployed school graduates and the sustainability of their careers. In addition, a positive impact on their monthly wages was observed. We also came to the conclusion that, assuming the measure is linked to other labour market policy interventions, which is aimed at employers that are willing to hire young unemployed people, it would be possible to improve the functionality and effectiveness of support for the unemployed through indirect measures.

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Fudge, Judy. « The future of the standard employment relationship : Labour law, new institutional economics and old power resource theory ». Journal of Industrial Relations 59, n^o 3 (9 mai 2017) : 374–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185617693877.

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This article addresses two questions about the standard employment relationship that have become prominent in labour law literature: Does it exacerbate inequality? Is its decline inevitable? The focus is on the second question and emphasizes the extent to which the standard employment relationship was both embedded in, and the outcome of, an institutional ensemble that was fashioned out of the post-war capital–labour compromise in industrialized democracies. The analysis proceeds in three steps. The first is conceptual and stresses the distinctive nature of labour as a fictive commodity, and the recurring regulatory dilemmas that arise in any attempt to institutionalize a labour market. The second step historicizes and contextualizes the employment relationship, emphasizing politics and conflict (power resource theory) over rational choice and coordination (new institutional economics) as the basis for its institutionalization. The emphasis on politics, power and labour leads to the third step, which focuses on how the broad process of financialization influences three key institutions – the large manufacturing firm, the democratic welfare state and autonomous trade unions – that have been crucial for the development of the standard employment relationship.

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Williams, Colin Charles, et Slavko Bezeredi. « Explaining and tackling the informal economy : a dual informal labour market approach ». Employee Relations 40, n^o 5 (6 août 2018) : 889–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-04-2017-0085.

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Purpose To transcend the long-standing debate regarding whether workers are driven into the informal economy by either their involuntary “exclusion” or voluntary “exit” from the formal economy, the purpose of this paper is to propose and evaluate the existence of a dual informal labour market composed of an exit-driven “upper tier” and an exclusion-driven “lower-tier” of informal workers, and to explore its policy implications. Design/methodology/approach To do so, data are reported from a 2015 survey of the informal economy conducted in South-East Europe involving 6,019 face-to-face interviews in Bulgaria, Croatia and FYR Macedonia. Findings Identifying a dual informal labour market with three exit-driven informal workers for every exclusion-driven informal worker, a multinomial logit regression analysis reveals that, compared to the exclusion-driven “lower tier”, the exit-driven “upper tier” is significantly more likely to be populated by the formally employed, retired and those not struggling financially. Participation is not affected by the perceived severity of penalties and likely risks of detection, but relative to those in the exclusion-driven “lower tier”, there is a significant correlation between those doing so for exit rationales and their lack of both horizontal trust and vertical trust in formal institutions. Practical implications The outcome is a call to transcend the conventional deterrence approach of increasing the penalties and risks of detection. Instead, to tackle those driven by exit rationales, tackling both the lack of horizontal trust that other citizens are operating in a compliant manner and the lack of vertical trust in formal institutions is advocated. To tackle exclusion-driven informal workers, meanwhile, a focus upon the macro-level economic and social conditions which lead to their participation is required. Originality/value This is the first paper to empirically evaluate the existence of a dual informal labour market and to evaluate its policy implications.

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Wolter, Stefan C., Jürg Schweri et Samuel Mühlemann. « Why Some Firms Train Apprentices and Many Others Do Not ». German Economic Review 7, n^o 3 (1 août 2006) : 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2006.00155.x.

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Abstract The latest study investigating the cost-benefit ratio of apprenticeship training for Swiss companies has shown that most apprentices offset the cost of their training during their apprenticeship on the basis of the productive contribution of the work they perform. Given this outcome, it is worth investigating why so many firms choose not to train apprentices. Maximum-likelihood selection models were used to estimate the net cost of training for firms without an apprenticeship programme. The models show, firstly, that non-training firms would incur significantly higher net cost during the apprenticeship period if they would switch to a training policy and, secondly, that this less favourable cost-benefit ratio is determined less by cost than by absence of benefit. For the apprenticeship system as such the results indicate that, as long as training regulations and the market situation permit a cost-effective training of apprentices, companies do not need specific labour market regulations or institutions to offer training posts. In this respect, the Swiss findings might be of interest for the ongoing German discussion about the expected repercussions of a more general labour market deregulation on the apprenticeship training system.

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Wang, Mo, Marjan Vaez, Thomas Ernst Dorner, Syed Ghulam Rahman, Magnus Helgesson, Torbjörn Ivert et Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz. « Sociodemographic, labour market marginalisation and medical characteristics as risk factors for reinfarction and mortality within 1 year after a first acute myocardial infarction : a register-based cohort study of a working age population in Sweden ». BMJ Open 9, n^o 12 (décembre 2019) : e033616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033616.

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ObjectivesResearch covering a wide range of risk factors related to the prognosis during the first year after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is insufficient. This study aimed to investigate whether sociodemographic, labour market marginalisation and medical characteristics before/at AMI were associated with subsequent reinfarction and all-cause mortality.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.ParticipantsThe cohort included 15 069 individuals aged 25–64 years who had a first AMI during 2008–2010.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe outcome measures consisted of reinfarction and all-cause mortality within 1 year following an AMI, which were estimated by univariate and multivariable HRs and 95% CIs by Cox regression.ResultsSociodemographic characteristics such as lower education showed a 1.1-fold and 1.3-fold higher risk for reinfarction and mortality, respectively. Older age was associated with a higher risk of mortality while being born in non-European countries showed a lower risk of mortality. Labour market marginalisation such as previous long-term work disability was associated with a twofold higher risk of mortality. Regarding medical characteristics, ST-elevation myocardial infarction was predictive for reinfarction (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.21) and all-cause mortality (HR: 3.80, 95% CI: 3.08 to 4.68). Moreover, diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, stroke, cancer and mental disorders were associated with a higher risk of mortality (range of HRs: 1.24–2.59).ConclusionsSociodemographic and medical risk factors were identified as risk factors for mortality and reinfarction after AMI, including older age, immigration status, somatic and mental comorbidities. Previous long-term work disability and infarction type provide useful information for predicting adverse outcomes after AMI during the first year, particularly for mortality.

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Keller, Tamás. « The long run effects of self-confidence on the labour market A test on Hungarian data ». Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 1, n^o 1 (2010) : 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/cjssp.2010.01.05.

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It is easy to see that highly fatalistic, low-efficacy persons believe that their actions have little outcome. Because greater fatalism lowers an employee’s desired effort level, it may result in lower wages, while the anti-fatalistic attitude translates into more effective work that in turn may be rewarded with a higher salary. The examined self-confidence scale is very similar than the most widely used Rotter locus of control scale. People with high self confidence are determined, feel to have an influence on their future and are optimistic. I examine not only the wage-impact, but also human capital impact of self-confidence.

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Kossen, Chris, et Cec Pedersen. « Older workers in Australia : The myths, the realities and the battle over workforce ‘flexibility’ ». Journal of Management & ; Organization 14, n^o 1 (mars 2008) : 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200003485.

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AbstractA decisive 2004 fourth term win for the Howard Government and control over the Senate provided the Australian government with a mandate to further deregulate the labour market in the name of ‘flexibility’. This paper uses a critical perspective to challenge the wisdom of neo-liberal market economics as the driving force behind the rapid expansion of non-traditional ‘flexible’ forms of work and the persistence of a deficit model/perspective that continues to devalue the human capital value of older workers. It is argued that these trends will contribute to ongoing under utilisation of ‘older’ labour and intensification of skill shortages, in part, as a result of lack of investment in maintaining human capital. In responding to Australia's rapidly ageing workforce the Howard Government has adopted modest measures designed to counter age based discrimination and encourage workforce participation. However, participation rates among older workers in Australia have remained one of the lowest among Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries. This paper argues that the Government's labour market deregulation policies are reducing the availability of jobs that provide sufficient working conditions and remuneration to make workforce participation attractive. The erosion of employment conditions associated with ‘flexible’ workforce reform leads to underemployment, an employment outcome that often fails to meet the needs of many older workers. More recently, however, the Government has embarked on reforms that appear to provide genuine incentives aimed specifically at attracting workforce participation by older workers, but unfortunately these are by and large confined to those aged 60 years and over.

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Kossen, Chris, et Cec Pedersen. « Older workers in Australia : The myths, the realities and the battle over workforce ‘flexibility’ ». Journal of Management & ; Organization 14, n^o 1 (mars 2008) : 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2008.14.1.73.

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AbstractA decisive 2004 fourth term win for the Howard Government and control over the Senate provided the Australian government with a mandate to further deregulate the labour market in the name of ‘flexibility’. This paper uses a critical perspective to challenge the wisdom of neo-liberal market economics as the driving force behind the rapid expansion of non-traditional ‘flexible’ forms of work and the persistence of a deficit model/perspective that continues to devalue the human capital value of older workers. It is argued that these trends will contribute to ongoing under utilisation of ‘older’ labour and intensification of skill shortages, in part, as a result of lack of investment in maintaining human capital. In responding to Australia's rapidly ageing workforce the Howard Government has adopted modest measures designed to counter age based discrimination and encourage workforce participation. However, participation rates among older workers in Australia have remained one of the lowest among Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries. This paper argues that the Government's labour market deregulation policies are reducing the availability of jobs that provide sufficient working conditions and remuneration to make workforce participation attractive. The erosion of employment conditions associated with ‘flexible’ workforce reform leads to underemployment, an employment outcome that often fails to meet the needs of many older workers. More recently, however, the Government has embarked on reforms that appear to provide genuine incentives aimed specifically at attracting workforce participation by older workers, but unfortunately these are by and large confined to those aged 60 years and over.

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Kosyakova, Yuliya, et Hanna Brenzel. « The role of length of asylum procedure and legal status in the labour market integration of refugees in Germany ». Soziale Welt 71, n^o 1-2 (2020) : 123–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2020-1-2-123.

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This study examines the role of the length of the asylum procedure and legal status in the integration process among recently arrived refugees in Germany. In particular, we focus on the transition to the first German language course and the transition to first employment. For our empirical investigation, we rely on the newest data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Refugee Sample and apply survival analyses techniques. The results show that both procedure length and legal status shape integration processes. First, lengthy asylum procedures impede investments in acquisition of the language of the host society and delay labour market entry. Second, having a decision on the asylum application (irrespective of the outcome) increases the transition rate to the first job and promotes entry into the first language course. Presumably, legal certainty and a corresponding residence permit (even with a shorter-term perspective) are more decisive for the take-up of employment or investment in host country language acquisition. Beyond the outcome and the length of the asylum procedure, the origin country matters: refugees arriving from countries whose citizens have rather high prospects of remaining are quicker to take up a language course, whereas refugees with poor staying prospects manage to enter the labour market promptly to eventually improve their prospects of staying in Germany. We conclude that policymakers should prioritize efficient asylum procedures to create timely legal certainty and to encourage refugees’ integration process.

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Pulignano, Valeria. « Union struggle and the crisis of industrial relations in Italy ». Capital & ; Class 27, n^o 1 (mars 2003) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981680307900101.

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This paper argues that the Berlusconi government is seeking to replace the ‘social concertation’ arrangement between government and trade unions with ‘social dialogue’ in an effort to undermine trade union ‘power’. This endeavour by the government to impose a policy of ‘social dialogue’ would severely limit trade unions' influence in economic and social policy decision-making and leave Berlusconi free to introduce reforms favouring his friends in employer organisations. One likely outcome would be the deregulation of the Italian labour market strongly damaging workers' rights.

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Dignam, Alan. « The globalisation of General Principle 7 : transforming the market for corporate control in Australia and Europe ? » Legal Studies 28, n^o 1 (mars 2008) : 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2007.00076.x.

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The integration of national financial markets over the past 30 years has resulted in a globalised market for corporate control which has increased both the opportunities for companies to fund acquisitions and the possibility of being acquired. Takeovers and mergers have, as a result, become a matter of some concern for governments, as they try to encourage the development of financial markets but also deal with the consequences of a globalised market for corporate control, where even companies regarded as national champions are within the reach of a foreign takeover. In the course of the last decade General Principle No 7 of the UK Takeover Code, that shareholders should decide the outcome of a takeover bid, has been adopted in many jurisdictions around the world and has formed the heart of the EU Directive on Takeovers. The Principle is however a controversial one, as its adoption is often viewed in civil law jurisdictions as an attack on a core part of a social market system. This has been particularly evident in the debate on the EU Directive on Takeovers. A number of common law heritage countries have also based their takeover regime around General Principle No 7 and many of these common law heritage counties have similarities with social market systems, in that they have less significant stock exchanges than the UK, the make up of their shareholding base is more concentrated and employment protections are more extensive. A central jurisdiction in that overlap is Australia, with exactly this combination. The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical effect of introducing UK takeover principles into the Australian system, by creating an empirical data set of takeovers of Australian listed companies covering the period before and after those UK-based principles were introduced. In doing so the paper found that factors such as concentrated ownership, capital controls and protective labour law have significant effects on the market for corporate control. There was no transforming effect evident in adopting an anti-managerial pro-shareholder takeover regime. As such, the fear that the adoption of a standardised EU-wide takeover Directive, along the lines of the UK Panel on Takeovers and Mergers' shareholder-oriented General Principle 7, would have a negative transforming effect on social market systems appears, on the Australian evidence, to be overblown, while other key features of such systems, particularly concentrated ownership and protective labour laws, remain in place.

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Boccuzzo, Giovanna, Luigi Fabbris et Omar Paccagnella. « Job-major match and job satisfaction in Italy ». International Journal of Manpower 37, n^o 1 (4 avril 2016) : 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2014-0083.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study how graduates’ jobs may be determined by their educational performances and social background. In particular, the authors investigate job-education mismatch and job satisfaction to evaluate whether time spent and effort exerted during university studies were compensated with a good job. Design/methodology/approach – Data on the occupational status of the graduates 36 months after graduation, collected by the Padua University on its graduates, are analysed by means of univariate and multivariate methodologies. In particular, the pathways from graduates’ social capital to job satisfaction are investigated through a structural equation modelling approach. Findings – The authors find that a minority of graduates can be considered as overeducated when considering the requirements of the labour market, but many graduates state that any degree would suffice for their job. Multivariate analyses show that graduates’ job quality is related to their university choice and outcome, high school choice and performance, social capital. Destiny is written from the beginning of the educational pathway, but students can affect their labour market future with an appropriate choice of university programme. Originality/value – The qualified point of this paper lies on the complexity of the model adopted for the analysis and its ability to highlight direct and indirect effects: two job outcomes (job-major match and job satisfaction) are the variables of interest, analysed within a structural model covering all educational stages of the Italian educational pathway, from parental social background to university degree.

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Boachie, Micheal Kofi, et K. Ramu. « Effect of public health expenditure on health status in Ghana ». International Journal of Health 4, n^o 1 (21 février 2016) : 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijh.v4i1.5794.

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<p>Health is an outcome indicator of economic growth and development of a country. Healthcare is a major factor for health status. In this regard, healthcare expenditure is a vital input for the health production function. In this context, this study examined the effect of public health expenditure on health status in Ghana. Annual time-series data on infant mortality rate, real per capita income, literacy levels and female labour force participation rate for the period 1990-2012 have been used. Infant mortality rate was used as the output variable. To test the relationship between input-output variables, Ordinary Least Squares and Newey-West regression techniques were used. The regression estimates suggest that real per capita income, public health expenditure, education and female presence in the labour market were negatively related to infant mortality rate. However, the elasticity coefficients of female participation in the labour market and real per capita income were statistically insignificant at 5% level. This study concludes that public health expenditure and literacy/education improve health status by reducing infant mortality. The favourable effect of education or literacy on health is greater than that of public health spending whereas the effect of real per capita come on health was found to be weak. The findings provide the impetus for government to raise literacy level and its health spending in the country to promote health.</p>

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Južnik Rotar, Laura. « Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Employment Programme on Young Unemployed People ». Engineering Economics 32, n^o 1 (26 février 2021) : 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.32.1.23276.

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Youth unemployment is of paramount concern for the European Union. Young people are facing potentially slow and difficult transitions into stable jobs. What optimally supports young people on the labour market poses a challenging question for economic policy makers. Active labour market policies can be beneficial to young unemployed people. The aim of active labour market policy is to improve employability of the unemployed. The consequences of an overly generous welfare state can be a reduction in motivation to work. The effectiveness of employment programmes is therefore a crucial step in the process. This paper aims to estimate the treatment effect of subsidized employment programmes on young Dutch unemployed people using difference in differences propensity score matching. We test whether the effects of subsidized employment programmes for young Dutch unemployed people are positive and strong in both the short and long term on the probability of re-employment and on the probability of participation in the regular educational system in comparison with the outcome produced in the event that an individual would continue seeking employment as an unemployed person. The probability of re-employment in short-term circumstances is positive, but small. Whereas with long-term examples (two years after the programme start) the probability is negative. Alternatively, the probability of participation in regular educational systems is positive in the short-term as well as in the long-term, but evidently decreases in the long-term. Welfare reforms undertaken in the Netherlands are directed towards enhancing efficiency. The role of social partners in social security administrations is reduced and the reforms are intended to promote reintegration of people who are out of work. There is a general agreement that the Netherlands is going in the right direction by giving priority to work and study over benefits, as it has become evident that generous social benefits make employment policies inefficient.

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