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Seward, Domingos Guerreiro. « Measuring labour market slack in Portugal : an outcome-based approach ». Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17293.
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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e FinanceiraO presente artigo fornece um estudo extensivo da heterogeneidade no mercado de trabalho português. Utilizam-se microdados referentes ao Inquérito ao Emprego cobrindo um ciclo económico completo, desde 1998:1 a 2018:1, para avaliar a ligação ao mercado de trabalho de vários estados de trabalho e analisam-se as alocações mais apropriadas de indivíduos entre estados. Simultaneamente, avalia-se a adequação dos critérios de classificação de desemprego convencionais. É adoptada uma classificação de estados de mercado de trabalho com base na evidência das transições entre estados. Para o efeito, aplicam-se modelos multinomiais e binários logit para os determinantes das transições, com vista a testar a equivalência entre grupos de não-emprego. Conclui-se que o mercado de trabalho português é caracterizado pela existência de considerável heterogeneidade, tanto entre como dentro dos convencionais estados de não-emprego. Em particular, a evidência aponta para que o grupo de indivíduos em inactividade que expressam desejo em trabalhar constitui um estado distinto no mercado de trabalho, exibindo um comportamento de transição mais próximo do desemprego do que do grupo de indivíduos em inactividade que não expressa desejo em trabalhar. Os resultados também indicam que a classificação enquanto inactivos de indivíduos que pretendem emprego mas que não procuram por razões de espera, os indivíduos em inactividade que procuram trabalho e os indivíduos que têm um emprego para iniciar daí a mais de três meses pode não ser a mais adequada, considerando que estes exibem substancial ligação ao mercado de trabalho e se rejeita a sua equivalência para com os seus pares.
This paper provides a comprehensive study of the heterogeneity in the Portuguese labour market. We use rich Labour Force Survey (LFS) microdata covering a complete business cycle, from 1998:1 to 2018:1, to evaluate the labour market attachment of several labour states and assess the most suitable allocation of individuals across statuses. In addition, we evaluate the adequacy of the conventional unemployment criteria. We apply an outcome-based categorisation of labour market status by exploiting the information on the results of the behaviour of non-employed persons. To that end, we employ multinomial and binary logit models of the determinants of transitions of workers to test for the equivalence between non-employed groups. Overall, we conclude that heterogeneity is an evident feature of the Portuguese labour market, both between and within the conventional non-employment states. In particular, we find that the status comprising those inactive workers which want work constitutes a distinct state in the labour market and displays a transition behaviour closer to unemployment than to the group of inactive workers which do not want work. Moreover, the classification as inactive workers of individuals which report "waiting" as a reason for not having searched for a job, those individuals who have searched for a job but are still considered to be out-of-the-labour-force, as well as those individuals which are due to start work in more than three months might not be reasonable, since they show considerable attachment to the labour market and we reject the pooling of such states with their counterparts.
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Gash, Vanessa. « Flexible labour markets : qualities of employment, equalities of outcome ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c409eb37-8c91-4e80-9e98-ab0018372149.
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This thesis investigates the quality of atypical employment to reveal whether support for the generation of temporary and part-time jobs is an effective policy for labour market renewal or whether it leads to labour market segmentation. This issue is investigated through analyses of the quality of atypical employment, with the following components of atypical work investigated: working-conditions, wages, poverty risk, exposure to unemployment and/or labour market drop out, as well as the extent to which atypical employment leads to the standard employment contract, termed its 'bridging function'. Strong and consistent variation in the quality of atypical work (relative to standard contract employment) combined with evidence of a weak bridging function is taken as an indicator of labour market marginalisation for these workers. Evidence of labour market marginalisation would suggest that non-standard contracts foster market segmentation. A key component of the analyses asserts that institutional context will structure atypical worker outcome with comparative analysis run on three countries to test this hypothesis. The countries chosen for the analysis varied in their combination of institutions thought to structure labour market outcome. The institutions thought to structure labour market outcome were classified into two groups, or axes, thought to structure labour markets in a different manner. The first group of institutions were thought to influence the relative openness or flexibility of markets, while the second was thought to influence the integration of labour market outsiders. Denmark is presented as a flexibly integrative labour market, the French market is presented as rigidly integrative and the United Kingdom is labelled flexibly non-integrative. The empirical analyses revealed strong and consistent variation in the quality of atypical work (relative to standard contract employment) and while the evidence suggests that temporary employment does provide a bridging function, the same was not true of part- time employment. This led us to conclude that policies which have sought to flexibilise the labour market through the generation of temporary and/or part-time employment are likely to contribute to market segmentation. Nonetheless we established important differences between countries which provided insights into the labour market conditions which were the most supportive of atypical worker inclusion.
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Jewell, Sarah. « Human capital acquisition and labour market outcome in UK higher education ». Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494790.
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In recent decades participation in higher education in the UK has increased but at the same time students increasingly faced a greater burden of the costs. With the government keen to increase participation it is important to understand the costs and benefits of higher education for the individual student. This thesis is a microeconomic study investigating formal and informal human capital acquisition in UK higher education and the subsequent labour market outcomes, stemming from the human capital theory developed in the 1960s. The research is based on the 2006 and 2007 University of Reading graduate cohorts (4,577 observations) using data collected from the University of Reading student database and the Destinations of Leavers in Higher Education survey, with further data collected on 678 graduates through an employment survey. Our analysis incorporates a variety of econometric methods. including discrete choice modelling, and used a broader range of socio-economic background variables, including parents' income and education than previous studies.
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Idahosa, Love Odion. « Impact of South Africa's older persons' grant on the labour market outcome of prime age individuals ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8514.
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Includes bibliographical references.The study evaluates the impact of the presence of an individual who is age eligible for "state older persons' grant" on the labour force participation of prime age individuals who live with these individuals. Exploiting the panel structure of the National Income Dynamic Study (NIDS) data set, the study uses all three waves (2008, 2010 and 2012) of the data set to estimate if whether or not a causal relationship exists between the probability of employment of these prime age individuals and the existence of an individual eligible for pension in the household. Apart from employing cross sectional methods, the study makes use of pooled OLS and an Individual Fixed Effect model to estimate different equation specifications which control for various factors. To facilitate better comparison with previous literature, certain regression specifications in both the cross section and Panel evaluation methods restricts the sample to households with at least three generations of individuals residing within the household unit. Consistent with previous research, cross sectional results show that holding other factors that affect the probability of employment constant, there exists a negative association between the existence of age eligible individuals in households with prime aged adults, and the probability that these adults are employed. Contrary to previous research however, the panel results uphold instead of contradicting the results from cross sectional analysis and hence suggest that there indeed exists a negative causal relationship between the existence of at least one pension eligible individual and the probability that prime age adults living with them are employed. The results also find that consistent with previous research, the males in the household are the major drivers of this effect.
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Östh, John. « Home, Job and Space : Mapping and Modeling the Labor Market ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7449.
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How does space affect individuals’ outcome on the labor market? And how do we measure it? Beyond the notion of the labor market as a system of supply and demand, lays a society of individuals and workplaces, whose relationships are undeniably complex. This thesis aims to shed some new light on how to investigate and analyze the complex labor market relationships from a spatial perspective. In this thesis, five self-contained articles describe the spatial relationship between individuals and workplaces. In the first article, the official delineation of local labor market areas is tested against the delineation of labor markets for different subgroups. Differences in the regionalization are discussed from the subgroups’ and municipals’ perspective. In the second article, two sources of bias in the computation of local labor market areas, and suggestions how to reduce them, are presented. In the third article the spatial mismatch hypothesis is tested and confirmed on a refugee population in Sweden. In articles four and five, a new model for the estimation of job accessibility is introduced and evaluated. The model, ELMO, is created to answer to the need for a new accessibility measure to be used in spatial mismatch related research. The usability of the model is validated through empirical tests, were the ELMO-model excels in comparison to the accessibility models it is tested against.
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MATAJ, IRA. « GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY AND OCCUPATIONAL OUTCOMES IN WESTERN EUROPE. A COMPARISON BETWEEN ITALY, UK AND GERMANY ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/889925.
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The aim of my research is to study internal geographical mobility and its association with social mobility in a comparative perspective for selected countries in Europe, namely Italy, UK and Germany using longitudinal data. The first part of my thesis focuses on the selection process that takes place in the movements of the population. What are the characteristics of individuals who move? How are they different from the non-movers in terms of education, social origin, civil status? The second part will analyze how geographic mobility affects labour market outcomes. Are individuals who move more likely to have an upward occupational mobility? Since geographic mobility affects men and women differently, a dedicated section will focus on gender differences in these trajectories. To test the research hypothesis I use random-effect and fixed-effect probability models with panel data. The results show differences between the countries in term of selection processes and social mobility. The empirical results also confirm that women gain less from migration in terms of occupational outcomes compared to men.
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Caamal-Olvera, Cinthya G. « Labour market outcomes in mexico ». Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494194.
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Hesselius, Patrik. « Sickness absence and labour market outcomes / ». Uppsala : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4272.
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Staneva, Anita Vaskova. « Comparative essays in labour market outcomes ». Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42355.
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This thesis consists of three essays which provide a detailed empirical investigation of the returns to education, gender wage gap and public-private wage differential in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia and Tajikistan - countries that have received little attention in the literature. The studies are based on rich data sets which allow the most up-to- date analysis of the specific labour market outcomes. All three essays go a step further than the existing empirical literature since in each one the quantile regression results showed a much broader picture than the ones based on central tendency measures such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The first essay looks at what had happened to the returns to human capital in Bulgaria over the period from early 1986 pre-transition to 2003. The study also contributes to the literature by estimating returns to education across the entire wage distribution, providing further evidence from Serbia, Russia and Tajikistan. Moreover, it deals with endogeneity and sample selection biases in a quantile regression framework. The second essay estimates gender wage gaps in the selected countries by applying a decomposition method that simulates marginal distributions from the quantile regression process. The study seeks to extend the popular Machado and Mata (2005) distributional approach by addressing the 'index' number problem suggested by Neumark (1988) and Oaxaca and Ransom (1994 and 1998). The gender wage gap decomposition is performed for each quantile of the earnings distribution by using the pooled wage structure as a non-discriminatory structure and giving a much richer picture of the influence of the covariate and coefficient effects. The third essay provides a comprehensive empirical study on the public-private wage differential in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia, and Tajikistan. The study seeks to understand whether the differential in the public-private sector payment is explained by differences in workers characteristics or the difference in the returns to these characteristics. The endogenous sector choice is also considered. The study further analyses what has happened to the public sector hourly earnings differential at different points in the conditional earnings distribution and over time by adapting the Donohue-Heckman time-wise decomposition.
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Roth, Duncan [Verfasser], Alfred [Verfasser] Gerloff et John [Verfasser] Moffat. « Cohort size and labour-market outcomes / Duncan Roth ». Bielefeld : wbv Media, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1159939977/34.
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Rocha, Leonardo Bichara. « Internal migration and labour market outcomes in Brazil ». Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402819.
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Carayol, Timothée. « Social capital, human capital, and labour market outcomes ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/414/.
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This thesis aims to document several aspects pertaining to the dynamics of human capital, both from a theoretical and an empirical viewpoint. Chapter 2 studies how informational flows arising from social connections can affect careers and promotions. It aims to achieve identification of this causal pathway by focusing on the careers of bishops in the Catholic church. The range of the data, both in time and in space, makes it possible to infer some types of social connections between bishops (based on geography and careers), which in turn allows for the identification of their effect on careers. I find that being connected to the relevant bishops has a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of promotion to a diocese. Chapter 3 investigates the transmission of human capital from one generation to the next. While the correlation of parents’ educational achievement with that of their children is strong and well documented, there is a scarcity of consensual evidence that this relationship has a causal nature. We use a French reform that increased the duration of compulsory schooling by two years as a natural experiment, providing exogenous variation in parental years of schooling, and study its effect on the children of the affected individuals. We find evidence of a strong effect of paternal education on the educational achievement of children. Research on employer learning has concentrated on contexts where there is uncertainty only on either the general or the match-specific human capital of the worker. Chapter 4 develops a model where general and specific human capital coexist, and the uncertainty is on their respective shares in total productivity. The model generates predictions on a number of dimensions, e.g. declining worker mobility with experience and increase in wage variance over the lifetime.
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Ongere, Ruth Boyani. « The effect of disability on labour market outcomes ». Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31199.
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This study estimated the effect of disability, disability type and disability grants on labour force participation, employment and wages using NIDS data from Wave 1 to Wave 4. Data was analysed as a panel to account for the effects over time. A pooled OLS, a random effects and a fixed effects model were applied on the panel dataset to explain the effects of disability, disability type and disability grants on labour market outcomes. To determine which of these models was the most appropriate, specification tests were performed. The Hausman test revealed that the fixed effects model was the most appropriate model in explaining the panel dataset. Results from the fixed effects model indicated that disability had no effect on labour force participation and employment but had a negative effect on wages, as wages were likely to decrease by 8% after an individual became disabled. Disability grants had disincentive effects on labour supply as grant recipients were 12% less likely to participate in the labour market and 8% less likely to be employed. Disability type was found to have no effect on labour force participation, employment and wages except for individuals with sight/hearing and speech disabilities as their wages were likely to decrease by 14% after individuals developed problems with sight, hearing or speech. Results from the pooled OLS and random effects model however found significant effects of disability, disability type and disability grants on all labour market outcomes. Despite estimation biases that do not account for self-selection or the lack of correlation between unobservable characteristics and independent variables, random effects models allow for the generalization of results beyond the sample and may be of interest to policy makers. This however requires further investigation using multilevel models that correct for selection bias. This study concluded that disability had negative effects on labour market outcomes particularly on wages, demonstrating that PWDs remain economically disadvantaged. The implementation of policies that prioritize equity for PWDs in workplaces is therefore recommended.
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Roth, Duncan [Verfasser], Alfred Verfasser] Gerloff et John D. [Verfasser] [Moffat. « Cohort size and labour-market outcomes / Duncan Roth ». Bielefeld : wbv Media, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1159939977/34.
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Antecol, Heather. « Gender differentials in labor market outcomes ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0023/NQ50981.pdf.
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Antecol, Heather. « Gender differentials in labor market outcomes / ». *McMaster only, 1998.
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Mvundura, Mercy. « Menopause Transition and Labor Market Outcomes ». Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/38.
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Over the past 50 years, women have become important participants in the labor market. With the increase in the number of middle-aged women going through the menopause transition, the question arises as to the effect of this transition on the labor market. Previous studies have shown that reproductive cycles have a non-trivial negative effect on women’s labor market outcomes. Thus, the cessation of these reproductive cycles (menopause) should bring relief for these women. However, another body of literature asserts that the menopause transition itself has a negative effect on women’s mental and physical health and so may have a negative effect on labor market outcomes. This study seeks to explore the effect of the menopause transition on labor market outcomes. The empirical analyses are done using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women, with the key explanatory variables being the menopause transition stages: premenopause, perimenopause, surgical menopause and natural postmenopause. The regressions include a control for whether the woman experienced early menopause and whether she had a hysterectomy. The first part of the study examines the impact of the menopause transition on health using depression and the scores on the activities of daily living as the measures of health status. These analyses use cross sectional data drawn from the 1995 wave of the survey for activity limitations and the 2003 wave for the depression measure. The findings of these analyses indicate that the menopause transition increases the likelihood of depression and functional limitations. The main part of the study explores the effect of the menopause transition on the following labor market outcomes: labor force participation, hours worked, full time employment, wages, and self-employment. Ordinary Least Squares, the fixed effects model, the random effects model, and the family fixed effects (siblings) model are used to examine these questions. The analysis also uses 2SLS to correct for endogeneity of the menopause variables and the Heckman two-step procedure to correct for sample selection bias. The findings show that women in premenopause are less likely to be in the labor force than women in natural postmenopause, even after controlling for life-cycle variables. The results also indicate that there are certain benefits from using hormone replacement therapy (HRT), as women who had surgical menopause and are using hormones are more likely to be in the labor force than women with surgical menopause who are not using HRT. Women in premenopause and women in perimenopause are less likely to work full-time compared to women who experienced natural postmenopause. The findings also show that there are no significant differences in hours worked by women in the different menopause stages. Women in premenopause typically earn more than women in natural postmenopause. Furthermore, women in perimenopause and women with surgical menopause are more likely to be self employed. The findings indicate that, among a generally healthy population, the menopause transition results in an increase in labor supply. However, a wage penalty is observed among women in postmenopause, when compared to women who are premenopause. The implications of the findings are that menopause should not be medicalized but should be viewed in a social and cultural context as the changes that occur during the transition may open up possibilities for positive individual development. Thus the cessation of menstrual cycles brings relief for women and results in an increase in labor supply, albeit one associated with a wage penalty.
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Prakash, Anila. « Three Essays on Labor Market Outcomes ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/560807.
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The three chapters in this dissertation look at different aspects of the labor market and its players. The first chapter estimates the impact of using the internet for job search on job match quality. Using both the semi-parametric Meyer (1990) model and the non-parametric Hausman Woutersen (2014) hazard model, the paper finds that exit rate from employment is at least 28% lower when internet is used as a job search tool. The second chapter looks at the effect of past unemployment on future wages. It is believed that employers may use past unemployment as a signal of low productivity. In this situation workers with a history of unemployment may receive lower wages. The paper uses the Machado Mata (2005) quantile decomposition technique to decompose the wage difference into differences due to characteristics and differences due to rewards. Results indicate that workers with an unemployment spell of more than three months receive at least 12% lower wages and that more than 40% of this wage difference can be attributed to the lower rewards received by the previously unemployed.. The last chapter focuses on human capital formation and looks at some of the reasons behind the low levels of schooling India. Using the Indian Household Development Survey (2005), the paper finds that income continues to be an important factor behind the low level of primary school enrollment. On average, poor students have at least 3% lower enrollment rates, when compared to similar skilled non-poor students.
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García, Gómez Pilar. « Health, informal care and labour market outcomes in Europe ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7376.
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Esta tesis contribuye a la literatura analizando los efectos causales que el estado de salud tiene sobre la participación laboral en la población en edad de trabajar. De este modo, analiza los efectos que un deterioro en el estado de salud tiene sobre la participación laboral del individuo, así como los efectos de proveer cuidados informales sobre la participación laboral femenina. El primer capítulo utiliza una aproximación empírica homogénea en nueve países europeos, lo que hace posible relacionar las diferencias encontradas con diferencias en el contexto institucional. El segundo capítulo analiza el papel que juega el estado de salud en las transiciones hacia y fuera del empleo. Los resultados muestran que el estado de salud general afecta simétricamente las entradas y salidas del empleo, mientras que cambios en el estado de salud mental sólo influyen el riesgo de abandonar el empleo. El tercer capítulo examina los efectos de varios tipos de cuidados informales en el comportamiento laboral femenino. Los resultados sugieren que los costes de oportunidad laborales aparecen en aquellas mujeres que conviven con la persona dependiente, al mismo tiempo que los efectos negativos surgen cuando se proveen cuidados informales por un período superior al año.This thesis aims to contribute to the literature with an attempt to identify the causal effects of health on labour market outcomes in the working-age population. I analyse the effects of the onset of a health shock on the individuals' labour market outcomes, and also the effects of caregiving on female labour participation. The first chapter uses a homogeneous empirical framework to estimate the first set of effects on nine European countries, which allows me to relate the empirical estimates to differences in social security arrangements across these countries. The second chapter analyses the role of health in exits out of and entries into employment and the results show that general health affects symmetrically entries into and exits out of employment, but changes in mental health status influence only the hazard of non-employment for the stock sample of workers. The third chapter examines the effects of various types of informal care on female labour behaviour and the results suggest the existence of labour opportunity costs for those women who live with the dependent person they care for, and the negative effects appear when caregiving for more than a year.
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Rijkers, Bob. « Small Enterprise Performance and Labour Market Outcomes in Ethiopia ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504161.
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Zhetibaeva, Elvung Gulzat. « Employment in New Firms : Mobility and Labour Market Outcomes ». Doctoral thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192510.
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This thesis studies the role of new firms in the labour market and uses Swedish data to analyze labour mobility in new firms, including both transitions of workers into and from new firms. In particular, it focuses on employees’ wages in new firms and post-new firm employment labour market outcomes as transitions into long-term employment and entrepreneurship. This thesis consists of four essays. The first two essays concern labour mobility into new firms. The last two essays focus on post-new firm employment mobility. The first essay explores the role of new firms as an entry point into the labour market for individuals with little (or no) labour market experience. The findings show that the wage penalty found in previous research, which includes more heterogeneous groups of employees, decreases once the focus is solely on labour market entrants. The second essay investigates whether there is a wage penalty for being employed at a new firm if the individual employee’s experience and status in the labour market are taken into account; this essay focuses on individuals who decide to switch jobs. The findings show that there is a wage penalty for being employed at a new firm; however, considering a random selection into new firms may underestimate the wage differentials. The third essay studies the role that new firms play for the career path of their employees. In particular, this paper analyzes whether short-term employment in new firms (employment lasting less than one year) may serve as a stepping stone toward long-term employment (at least two years of employment with the same employer) for non-employed individuals. The findings indicate that short-term employment in new firms may serve as a stepping stone toward long-term employment. The fourth paper examines the new firm effect on entrepreneurship, which the findings indicate is positive and statistically significant; this effect remains even after controlling for a worker's ability and shows that employees with both high and low levels of ability may transition to entrepreneurship.QC 20160916
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Pecháčková, Monika. « Gender Based Inequalities in Labor Market Outcomes ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192460.
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This thesis focuses on gender based differences in occupational allocation in Central-European countries, i.e. in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. The main goal is to find out how much of the gender differences is related to women being equipped with higher/lower human capital in comparison to men. This thesis uses data from 2010 Life in Transition Survey provided by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Focus will be placed on white/blue collar occupations split. For the empirical analysis an extension of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition for binary dependent variable model provided by Fairlie (2005) will be used.
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Lazareva, Olga. « Labor market outcomes during the Russian transition ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (EFI), 2009. http://www2.hhs.se/efi/summary/787.htm.
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Yu, Li. « Labour market outcomes, migration intentions of rural-urban migrants and return migration in China ». Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3340.
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It has been widely documented that migrant labourers have made great contributions to the urban economy of China; as well, the explosive growth of rural-urban migrants has generated several "migration problems," such as growing social inequality in urban China. It is widely reported that a large number of migrants have returned to their places of origin, after several years of "urban life," and this trend has been accelerated after the global economic crisis after 2008. Consequently, the large number of return migrants have created many problems in the cities, such as labour shortage in the manufacturing industry, and also posed a huge challenge to the rural areas in the resettlement of these returnees. In sum, to understand both the migrants in destination cities and return migrants in their places of origin is of great importance for both urban and rural development in China.
The research so far, on the understanding of migrants' behaviour and labour market outcomes in a multi-phased migration process, seems highly controversial and therefore, insufficient. This study, based on migrant survey data collected in Fujian Province, and return migrant interview data collected in Sichuan and Jiangxi Provinces, explores migrant labour market outcomes in the cities, as well as their geographical differentiation; migrant return intentions, and their gender differentiations; return behaviour and the resettlement situations of actual returnees. The results show that the multi-phased migration process of rural migrants in China is synthetically shaped by macro, meso, and micro factors, and by the interactions between these factors. To be more specific, findings of this study indicate that migrant labour markets in urban China are largely geographically differentiated according to several regional characteristics. The study also finds that a large proportion of rural-urban migrants intends to return to their places of origin. As well, their return intentions are significantly gender-differentiated. Finally, the resettlement situations of return migrants are closely connected to their migration experience.ix, 160 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
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Mikkonen, Maria. « Internal migration and labour market outcomes among refugees in Sweden ». Licentiate thesis, Växjö University, School of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1220.
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Reinhold, Mario [Verfasser]. « Four essays on demography and labour market outcomes / Mario Reinhold ». Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2016. http://d-nb.info/112266527X/34.
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Zhang, Ye. « The sociological analysis of globalization and labour market outcomes reconsidered ». Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95165.
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Sociologists are interested in examining the relations between globalization and a range of labour market outcomes, including earnings inequality. Common approaches include studying the impact of globalization on the welfare state, and the effects of import competition and foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows. This thesis examines the effects of exporting, foreign ownership (FDI inflow), and outsourcing with particular emphasis on exporting on i) workplace productivity; ii) worker compensation; iii) the demand for skills and the pay of employees with different skill levels; and iv) employer-provided training. While sociological writings have largely treated productivity as a concept to be attacked, or simply ignored, this thesis discusses the meaning of productivity and addresses issues of its measurement. It highlights the productivity-wages link based on human capital theory, and argues that a necessary step in understanding the relations between globalization and earnings inequality is to look closely at the relationship between globalization and productivity. The four papers find evidence that i) exporting and foreign ownership have strong positive effects on productivity; ii) pay is substantially tied to productivity, and prolonged exposure to export markets and foreign ownership are associated with higher total compensation; iii) employees with higher skills are concentrated in workplaces that are exposed to international markets, and they are paid more than comparably skilled employees in workplaces that are not exposed to international markets; iv) exporters provide more training, most plausibly to make possible the innovation required to compete internationally. The results of the four papers also reinforce each other. First, the process of absorption of best practice in foreign markets, the technological and financial advantages associated with foreign ownership, the adoption of global supply chains, the employment of a workforce with higherLes sociologues sont intéressés par l'examen des relations entre mondialisation et une série de résultats sur le marché du travail, incluant les inégalités salariales. Les approches communes incluent l'étude de l'impact de la mondialisation sur l'état providence, et les effets de la concurrence des importations et de l'investissement étranger direct (IÉD). La présente thèse examine les effets de l'exportation, de la propriété étrangère (entrées d'IÉD), et de la sous-traitance en portant une attention particulière sur l'exportation sur i) la productivité en milieu de travail; ii) le salaire et les avantages sociaux; iii) la demande de compétences et la paye des employés avec différents niveaux de compétence; et iv) la formation fournie par l'employeur. Alors que les écrits sociologiques ont largement attaqué le concept de productivité ou l'ont tout simplement ignoré, la présente thèse s'attarde à la signification de la productivité et les enjeux liés à sa mesure. On y met en relief le lien entre productivité et salaire basé sur la théorie du capital humain, et soutient qu'une étape nécessaire dans la compréhension des relations entre mondialisation et inégalité des gains est de s'attarder à la relation entre mondialisation et productivité. Les quatre articles démontrent que i) l'exportation et la propriété étrangère ont des effets positifs marqués sur la productivité; ii) la paye est fortement reliée à la productivité, et des expositions prolongées aux marchés internationaux et à la propriété étrangère sont associées à une plus grande rémunération; iii) les employés hautement qualifiés se retrouvent surtout dans des milieux de travail exposés aux marchés internationaux, et sont mieux payés que des employés aussi qualifiés qui travaillent dans des milieux de travail non exposés aux marchés internationaux; iv) les milieux de travail impliqués dans l'exportation fournissent plus de form
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Li, Jing. « Three essays on flexible working arrangements and labour market outcomes ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6413.
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This thesis looks at the effects of flexible working arrangements on workers' labour market outcomes. The particular type of flexible working arrangement analysed in this thesis is called "flexitime". This is an arrangement which gives workers the freedom to choose when to start and end their work. Flexitime provides workers with a new way to cater to their domestic responsibilities and in turn may reduce the costs of participating in the labour market. Therefore, it is closely connected with workers' compensation structure, human capital accumulation process, labour supply and job mobility. The effects of flexitime on workers' labour market outcomes are analysed from three aspects: wage, labour supply, and job mobility. The first chapter gives an introduction and overview of the thesis. The second chapter is a study on the compensating wage differentials associated with flexitime. In general I do not find convincing evidence showing the existence of compensating wage differentials associated with flexitime. One possible reason might be that flexitime brings additional benefits to firms (such as increased productivity and reduced turnover rate) so that firms may not necessarily need to reduce actual wages in exchange for flexitime provision. In the third chapter, I develop a model describing how flexitime may affect workers' labour supply decisions. The main finding of the model is that flexitime will increase workers' labour supply when the benefit associated with flexitime (increased child care production efficiency) is high relative to the cost of wage reduction (prediction 1). Meanwhile, the model also predicts that flexitime causes high human capital workers to increase their labour supply more than low human capital workers (prediction 2). Empirical findings show that flexitime is positively associated with working mothers' labour market hours, which confirms model prediction 1. However, there is arguably insufficient empirical evidence verifying model prediction 2. The fourth chapter considers the relationship between flexitime and workers' job satisfaction and job mobility. Flexitime is associated with high job satisfaction levels for both male and female workers. It also reduces the probability of quitting for female workers with young children. Male workers' job mobility decisions are not significantly affected by flexitime. The fifth chapter gives the conclusion of the thesis.
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Chiu, F. P. « Self-assessed health, caring and labour market outcomes in Taiwan ». Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3948/.
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This thesis explores the relationship between self-assessed health (SAH), caring and labour market outcomes based on three empirical studies, for which the existing studies for Taiwan were limited. Our results may help in identifying priorities in terms of the most important individual characteristics for determining health, well-being and the impact of caring on the labour force. In the first empirical study, we use panel data from the Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) to explore the determinants of self-assessed health. In contrast to the existing studies for Taiwan, we use the generalized ordered probit (GOP) model. We find that, although both family background and a shared living environment play important roles in explaining health status, the effect of a common living environment is stronger than the effect of family characteristics on health. There is also evidence that suggests that reporting bias in the SAH measure is prevalent in the PSFD. In the second empirical study, we explore the determinants of well-being, with a particular focus on job characteristics, which has attracted little attention in the literature on Taiwan. We use data from the 2005 PSFD and explore potential sample selection issues when analysing employees only. Our results suggest that, while socio-economic characteristics are a significant determinant of well-being, there is no evidence to suggest that long working hours are associated with a lower level of well-being. The final empirical study investigates the relationship between caring and labour market outcomes. We use panel data from the Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged and Elderly. Our results suggest that informal care has an adverse effect on the labour force participation of women, but not of men. However, for males, a positive association between the provision of financial support and employment is found.
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Kalfa, Eleni. « Immigrants' over-education, their labour market outcomes and remittance behaviour ». Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54350/.
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The thesis investigates immigrants’ labour market performance and migrants’ remittance behaviour using survey data from Spain and Australia. Using empirical estimation techniques, it examines the following three aspects: (1) the impact of immigrants’ educational mismatch at home on the incidence and wage effects of over-education in the destination country; (2) the extent to which immigrants’ social and ethnic capital can correct over-education; and (3) the role of initial motives to migrate, employment conditions and education on immigrants’ remittance behaviour. Using individual data from Spain, the empirical results show that immigrants’ education-occupation mismatch can largely be explained by an existing education-occupation mismatch in the last job held in the home country. In addition to this, a high persistence in over-education is observed throughout their stay in the destination country, with significant wage penalties, especially for the higher educated group. It is argued that immigrants’ performance in the labour market can be improved by their social capital as it provides access to useful resources that could help them in finding a job. However, this does not necessarily mean that social capital can help in finding a better matched job over time. Using a longitudinal household panel survey from Australia, the results suggest that social capital does not contribute in reducing over-education. In particular, social participation and ethnic networks are strong contributors in accentuating over-education. Mixed results are found when distinguishing between levels of education, with the higher educated being better off in the labour market through their contacts. In addition to this, initial motives to migrate, labour market conditions in the host country as well as human capital accumulated may in fact have an impact on immigrants’ decision to stay in the host country, which could in turn affect their remittance behaviour. Evidence from Spain shows that labour migrants are more likely to send money back home, while family migrants have a lower propensity to remit. In addition, employment stability throughout the stay in the host country has a strong negative impact on both, the decision and the amount sent. Significant differences are observed between years of arrival, where the higher educated remit more as time spent in the host country increases, while level of income and employment stability appear to be important determinants for recent arrivals than for those who spent more than 10 years abroad.
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Gross, Michael. « Labour market segmentation : the role of product market and industry structure in determining labour market outcomes ; a test for the United Kingdom ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292028.
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Gartell, Marie. « Educational choice and labor market outcomes : essays in empirical labor economics / ». Stockholm : Department of Economics, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-31043.
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Lowe, Jesse. « The Influence of Primary Market Growth on Human Capital Development : A Comparison of Regional and Individual Outcomes ». Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23103.
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The purpose of this study is to gauge the influence of local/regional labor market conditions on educational outcomes, using human capital and dual labor markets as guiding theories. To gain an understanding of how growth in multiple labor market tiers and various occupation types influence local human capital development as well as students’ decisions to invest in their own human capital; two modeling approaches are utilized. First, the association between local employment growth by labor market tier and aggregate human capital development is evaluated. Second, occupations found to significantly influence local human capital development are transferred to models gauging the educational attainment of individual respondents. Results indicate primary market employment growth has a positive impact on the number of county residents with a high school, Associate’s, and Bachelor’s degree. At the individual-level, primary market growth increased the likelihood of earning a high school and Associate’s degree but did not influence the odds of earning a Bachelor’s degree.
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Han, Euna Norton Edward C. « The effect of obesity on labor market outcomes ». Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,716.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Health Policy and Administration." Discipline: Health Policy and Administration; Department/School: Public Health.
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Falco, Paolo. « Occupational choices and their outcomes in African labour markets ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5df582c5-99f1-4987-b88c-db66829eb49d.
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This thesis is an investigation into the microeconomic mechanisms that govern some of the occupational choices faced by workers in Sub-Saharan Africa, and into the monetary and non-monetary returns to their decisions. Chapter 1 begins by exploring the decision process that leads workers to allocate themselves to different occupations within the economy. In particular, I investigate the role of risk-aversion in the allocation of workers between formal and informal jobs in Ghana, hence attempting to explain a fundamental dimension of duality through an investigation into workers' preferences. In my model of sectoral allocation risk-averse workers can opt between entering the free-entry informal sector and queuing for formal occupations. Conditional on identifying the riskier option, the model yields testable implications on the relationship between risk-aversion and workers' allocation. My testing strategy proceeds in two steps. First, using the first three waves of the Ghana Household Urban Panel Survey (GHUPS) dataset, I estimate expected income uncertainty and find it considerably higher in the informal sector than in formal employment. Second, using experimental data to elicit risk-attitudes I estimate the effect of risk-aversion on occupational choices and I find that, in line with the first result, more risk-averse workers are more likely to queue for formal jobs and less likely to be in the informal sector. The conclusion of the first chapter is that attitudes to risk should feature more prominently in models of sector allocation and in the design of labour market policies, in particular when those policies aim to impact workers' vulnerability to risk and uncertainty. Chapter 2 focuses on the largest occupational category in the Developing world, self-employed workers with small productive activities, and it tries to estimate the returns to different productive assets, namely physical capital, labour and human capital. These are the workers that form most of the informal sector analysed in chapter 1, which allows me to draw a direct link with the analysis so far. The chapter begins by specifying a model for the income-generating process grounded in the literature on firms' production and hence abridging the gap between the analysis of individual earnings and the study of firms' value added. Identification in the empirics is achieved by means of panel estimators that are suitable to address the endogeneity of input choices, which derives from both time-varying and time-invariant unobservable heterogeneity. The use of these estimators is made feasible by the length of the Ghanaian Household Urban Panel Survey dataset at CSAE. I also explore issues of endogeneity in the selection of different technologies, defined by their relative capital and labour intensity. Finally, I analyse the shape of returns to capital, with the aim to detect potential non-convexities in technology. The results show that capital and work-experience play the strongest role in income-generation, while the shares of value added attributed to labour and to formal schooling are low. Marginal returns to investment are high at low capital levels and they decrease very rapidly, pointing against the existence of non-convexities due to minimum scale requirements, but implying that real income gains resulting form micro-investment are modest. Chapter 3 returns to the issue of earnings uncertainty and risk-aversion explored in Chapter 1, but it now takes the allocation choice as given and explores the direct welfare implications of income uncertainty for worker's well-being. Namely, the chapter explores the relationship between income and welfare, with a particular attention on the link between income vulnerability and happiness. Using unique longitudinal data on life-satisfaction and labour market outcomes, I estimate an individual measure of vulnerability (defined as the probability of falling below a low-income threshold) and investigate its effect on well-being. After controlling for unobservable individual fixed effects, work-satisfaction, relative income and other relevant worker characteristics, I find a sizable impact of vulnerability, over and above the income effect. When I explore the mechanisms behind my results, I find that aspiration adaptation to current income may result in a transitory income effect. Moreover, using my direct measure of attitudes to risk from field-experiments (already used in chapter 1), I can test directly the hypothesis that more risk-averse agents suffer more heavily from a given increase in income vulnerability. Overall, my findings support policy interventions that aim to reduce vulnerability, as I expect such policies to have a 'direct' impact on agents' happiness given the prevailing attitudes to risk and uncertainty in the population. Finally, from the point of view of overall social welfare, my results suggest that non-Rawlsian growth models, whereby 'someone may be left behind', may fail to enhance general welfare, for high enough levels of risk-aversion in the population, if the risk of falling behind is sufficiently widespread.
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Alshalabi, Mohamad. « The effect of immigration on the regional labor market outcome ». Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50425.
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The effect of immigration on labor-market performance is the subject of various studies; most of those studies focus on the effect of immigrants on wages. The characteristics of the Nordics labor-market cause a shift in the focus to another labor-market outcome. The primary goal of this paper is to study the effect of immigration on the employment rate on a regional level. Two hypotheses are developed to study the correlation between immigration and the employment rate. By utilizing the autoregressive distributed lag technic for panel data, we find a positive association between immigration and the overall employment rate, as well as for immigrants' employment rate. Unit-root tests using both Levin–Lin–Chu and Harris–Tsavalis to test for time trend and cross-sectional dependence, the results show that most of the variables are integrated after the first difference I(1). Following, I perform a Westerlund cointegration test; the results for the two models show a cointegration among the variables. The two estimations developed by Pesaran PMG and DFE show different results for the two hypotheses. For the first hypothesis, Both estimators show a positive impact with the same magnitude of the share of immigrants to the total population on the employment rate, which contradict the hypothesis, and the estimators fail to capture the effect of education on the employment rate. Also, the density tends to affect the employment rate positively. A post estimation diagnostic, namely, the Hausman test, shows that the PMG estimator is both efficient and consistent. The second hypothesis of the correlation between the immigrants’ employment rate and their share of the population produces less clear results. Here the PMG estimators show no association with the share of immigrants, while the human capital coefficient is significant, the density coefficient is in both estimations. The DFE methods for the second hypothesis is similar in results for the first hypothesis, which implies a positive relationship between the share of immigrants and the immigrants' employment rate.
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Simion, Stefania. « Empirical essays on youths' labour markets and education ». Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/24742.
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The first chapter assesses the impact of the cohort size on labour market outcomes. Using exogenous variation and micro-level data for France, the UK and the US, we study the effect of supply shocks measured at different ages on unemployment rates and wages during a cohort's life cycle. The results from an IV estimation show that the largest magnitude of the effects is found when the cohort size is measured at age 25. The impact of both wages and unemployment rates are temporary, however, both decreasing with time. The second chapter analyses the effects of large inflows of foreign students on English undergraduates. Our results confirm previous findings that there is no overall effect, but we identify changes in the distribution of natives. We find that top performing English students are crowded in by foreign students. It is also mainly English-born males, natives who do not have English as their mother tongue and those of Asian ethnic origins that are crowded in by foreign students. In chapter three, we aim to understand the short-term effects of changes in the level of the tuition fees charged by English universities on students' geographic mobility. Our results suggest that the increase in tuition fees in 2006/07 charged by English universities led students to enrol into universities that are closer to home, with a larger effect experienced by men and White students. Moreover, we find that students are less likely to move to universities located in rich areas.
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Ruckert, Eva. « Estonian women in transition : labour market outcomes between 1989 and 2001 ». Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/257.
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Kerr, Andrew Nicholas. « Human capital, informality and labour market outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d5ef74f9-8fc0-45ff-9c30-b15de04b4e25.
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In this thesis I explore three topics in labour economics, using micro data from South Africa and Tanzania. South Africa suffers from extremely high income inequality, in part as a result of comprehensive Apartheid-era racial discrimination. The first topic explores possible explanations for the extremely large earnings differences across different types of employment for black South Africans, using the KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Study data. I analyse the relative importance of individual ability and institutions, including public sector wage setting and trade unions, in determining earnings. My results suggest that human capital explains much of the earnings differentials within the private sector, including union premiums, but cannot explain the large premiums for public sector workers. Self-employment is very common in urban Tanzania but, unlike South Africa, survey data show that there are large overlaps in the distribution of earnings in private wage employment and self-employment. This suggests that self-employment represents a viable alternative to wage employment in small, low productivity firms for the majority of urban Tanzanians. In chapter three I build an equilibrium search model of the urban Tanzanian labour market to explain the choice of wage and self-employment and the variation in earnings across and within these sectors. In the final topic I explore the effect of education on earnings in Tanzania. Estimating the returns to education has stimulated much recent work in applied econometrics as researchers advance their understanding of the effect of individual heterogeneity on the possibility of estimating the returns to education. In my attempt to purge estimates of the return to education of the influence of individual heterogeneity, I use an education reform in Tanzania as a natural experiment that provides exogenous variation in education. When using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) I find high and strongly convex, increasing returns to education. My best attempt at separating out the effect of individual heterogeneity suggests that returns are still high but that they may actually be concave.
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Kone, Zovanga L. « Essays on the labour market outcomes of immigrants in the UK ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/34561/.
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The present thesis comprises three essays on the labour market outcomes of immigrants in the United Kingdom (UK). Chapter 1 introduces the thesis, outlines its contribution and provides an overview of each of the three essays. Chapter 2 evaluates the role of immigration policy on the occupational outcomes of immigrants to the UK. We use a quasi-natural experiment to tease out the role of immigration policy on the occupational outcomes of immigrants from other factors that affect these outcomes. Looking at a sample of immigrants who entered the UK shortly before and after 2004, the findings suggest that the change in the UK’s 2004 immigration policy only led to a slight increase, although not statistically robust, in the odds of observing A8 immigrants who entered the UK after 2004 in elementary occupations relative to professional occupations. We unearth evidence that A8 immigrants with longer durations of stay in the country have better occupational outcomes. Also, the occupational attainment gap between A8 immigrants and UK-born individuals reduces drastically once one controls for income levels in the source country of the immigrant. In Chapter 3, we examine the implications of networks of social contacts for the occupational outcomes of immigrants with different lengths of stay in the host country. It is commonly assumed that immigrants principally rely on co-ethnics to find employment. Using a direct measure on whether employment was obtained by referral or other means, we find that while this common assumption remains true for immigrants who recently arrived in the UK, co-ethnics no longer appear to be the main source of referrals for more established immigrants. Thus it seems that the social network of contacts of an immigrant potentially extends to include individuals from other countries as their stay in the host country lengthens. This implies that immigrants may undergo a process of “social assimilation” by broadening their network of social contacts. If this diversification improves the “quality” of the network, it could lead to better labour market outcomes. In Chapter 4, we look at the labour market outcomes of different groups of immigrants and the children born to them in the UK, in comparison to natives. Most previous studies assume that all UK-born of non-White ethnicity are children of immigrants because the data commonly used do not identify the place of birth of the respondent’s parents. In light of the history of immigration of some ethnic groups in the UK, however, such an assumption may lead to classification errors in the data, which could have severe consequences for implications of intergenerational mobility in labour market outcomes. Our analysis shows that even an apparently negligible amount of classification errors in the data can cause high level of uncertainty in the estimates of the parameters of interest. Additionally, for the first time in this literature we use a dataset that contains information on parental country of birth to examine labour market outcomes across all major ethnic groups in the UK. Chapter 5 concludes the thesis, and future research topics/directions are discussed.
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Naidoo, Darian. « Transitions to adulthood : Education choices, job search and labour market outcomes ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10288.
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Imperfect information about the costs and benefi ts of education or about job opportunities may imply that youth will not always make the right investments in education or be matched with the right jobs. This thesis investigates two research questions centered on the transition to adulthood: how to inform youth about the returns to education and what are the wage eff ects of using social networks to find jobs. These questions are considered in the context of South Africa, using data from the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS), a longitudinal study of youth. Regarding the first question, existing research on the impact of information interventions has largely ignored the importance of the sequential nature of education investment and heterogeneity in the returns to education, two factors that may affect the impact of information interventions. This thesis addresses this gap in the literature by using a sequential decision making model of investment in education, to investigate the importance of the (in)accuracy of expectations of the return to grade 12 in South Africa. This model allows us to consider how agents may update their expectations in response to new information, when making sequential investment decisions. We fi nd that even if agents respond rationally and are provided with correct information, the accuracy of their expectations may be reduced possibly leading to sub-optimal educational choices. Although it is well known that social networks are productive, in the sense that they increase the probability of finding a job, much less is known about the quality of the match between job seeker and employee that is promoted through their use and, in particular, the impacts on wages, resulting from their use. This thesis estimates the impact of social networks on wages for youth in South Africa. It concludes that the use of social networks is associated with wage discounts and that decreasing social distance (the use of relatives rather than friends), is associated with greater wage penalties. These conclusions have important policy implications. Firstly, we conclude that information interventions should not be conducted without ex ante consideration of the issues of heterogeneity, sequential investment and the process of updating of expectations. Such analysis is likely to be less costly than conducting old experiments and provides the benefit t of anticipating negative impacts before they occur. Secondly, the negative impact on wages of the use of social networks to find jobs suggests that in the context of South Africa, there may be a role for interventions that assist youth to find employment.
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Kastrat, Merima, et Dilan Tas. « Does immigration affect native's labor market outcomes in Germany ? » Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-88104.
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Germany is one of the several countries in Europe that have opened its borders to immigrants for many years. The admission of immigrants into Germany has contributed to the country being the second largest immigration destination in the world, and this has resulted in both negative and positive outcomes for the natives. In this essay, the effect of immigration on natives’ hourly wages and employment was examined, by using microdata for Germany. Native workers’ educational level attainments and 16 different regions in Germany were taken into account to obtain regional variation. Cross-sectional data was used for the years 2005, 2009 and 2015 in order to measure the effect of the share of immigrants on natives’ hourly wages and employment. The findings showed that the share of immigrants, had a positive effect on natives’ wages and employment in 2005 and 2009. In 2015, however, a negative relationship was found, with the share of immigrants impacting negatively on natives’ wages but not on employment. Thus, the study highlights the importance of immigrants on natives’ hourly wages and employment.
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Åslund, Olof, et Mattias Engdahl. « Open borders, transport links and local labor markets ». Uppsala universitet, Institutet för arbetsmarknadspolitisk utvärdering (IFAU), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-200235.
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We study the labor market impact of opening borders to low-wage countries. The analysis exploits time and regional variation provided by the 2004 EU enlargement in combination with transport links to Sweden from the new member states. The results suggest an adverse impact on earnings of present workers in the order of 1 percent in areas close to pre-existing ferry lines. The effects are present in most segments of the labor market but tend to be greater in groups with weaker positions. The impact is also clearer in industries which have received more workers from the new member states, and for which across-the-border work is likely to be more common. There is no robust evidence on an impact on employment or wages. At least part of the effects is likely due to channels other than the ones typically considered in the literature.
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COTTINI, ELENA. « Human Capital Accumulation and the Labour Market : Applications Using Evaluation Methods ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/112.
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Human capital accumulation and its effect on labour market outcomes have been in the focus of economic research for decades. Traditionally the economic literature suggests that there might exist several forms of human capital, where human capital represents the knowledge, skills and health embodied in individuals. Skills and knowledge are largely acquired through education and experience but may also reflect, in part, innate abilities. In addition, some aspects of motivation and behaviour, as well as attributes such as the physical, emotional and mental health of individuals are also considered as human capital. These activities are referred to as human capital because people cannot be separated from their knowledge, skills and health, in the way they are separated from their physical and capital assets. Human capital accumulation is an important determinant of individuals' earning capacity and employment prospects, therefore plays an important role in determining the level and distribution of income in society. Moreover, the costs of these investments include direct outlays on market goods and the opportunity cost of the time that must be withdrawn from competing uses. Apart from direct investments in human capital people could also invest in constructing a network of relationships for example to find a job. Until now all these aspects have been studied separately, in this thesis I try to reconcile them.
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Mardukhi, Jian. « Labour market outcomes of shifts in industrial composition in Brazil and Mexico ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/39253.
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Conventionally, it is believed that wages are primarily determined by aggregate demand for labour, treating its industrial composition as irrelevant. E.g., while trade liberalization affects aggregate labour demand and its industrial composition by differently impacting within-industry labour demands, it is deemed to affect wages mainly through the former rather than the latter. In principle, given that industries pay differently to similar workers, compositional shifts that favour high premium industries, increase the likelihood of high-paying employment and raise the value of outside options for unemployed workers within skill-groups. Consequently, wages strategically increase in all industries. Chapters 1 and 2 explore whether after controlling for changes in aggregate demand for labour, shifts in its industrial composition play an important role in determining wages.
Guided by the outcome of a general equilibrium model, exogenous, trade-induced variation in change in composition of local employment across cities in Mexico and Brazil during the 1990s is used to identify the associated causal wage effects, while controlling for changes in local demands for labour. It is found that shifts in industrial composition of local employment substantially impacts local sectoral wages.
Not much is known about the reasons behind differences in self-employment rate across space. While differences in local factors might matter, such factors are also impacted by changes in self-employment rate, making identification difficult. Chapter 3 asks to what extent local wages and wage-employment rate are important in determining local self-employment rate.
Building on the structure provided by a multi-city, multi-industry search and bargaining model of a labour market, the 1991 and 2000 waves of the Brazilian household census data are used to identify the long-term, causal effects of local employment rate and wages on local self-employment rate across Brazilian sub-national labour markets. Exogenous variation in local structures of wages and employment across Brazilian cities that were induced by trade liberalization of the 1990s in Brazil are used as the basis of the identification strategy. It is found that reallocation to self-employment from unemployment causally, and inversely, depends on local average wage and employment rate, and is substantially more responsive to changes in local wages.
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Soobedar, Zeenat. « Essays on women's labour market outcomes and welfare participation in the UK ». Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/425.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis examines the changes in the labour market behaviour and welfare participation of women in the UK. Over recent decades the UK has seen a dramatic rise in women's labour force participation. This growth led to remarkable shifts in the families employment structure. The UK has seen a rapid decline in the male breadwinner model of employment due to rising dual-earner and single-adult households over the years. In spite of this, the employment rate of single mothers is one of the lowest amongst other mothers and other OECD countries. While Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 evaluate two of the largest welfare transfers in the UK in search for potential explanations for it, Chapter 3 traces the factors behind the rise in dual-earner households. More precisely Chapter 1 investigates the impact of the automatic withdrawal of Income Support on labour supply decisions of single mothers with no qualifications. Consistent with a simple labour supply model, a substantial rise in mothers employment rate and an increase in job search effort are reported. Indeed 20% of single mothers who were initially on Income Support enter work following the benefit withdrawal. Chapter 2 studies the potential causal relationship between the benefit withdrawal and the availability of disability transfers. It is observed that 25% of single mothers with no qualifications who lose Income Support transit into disability benefits rather than work, in line with the predictions of a model of benefits choice. Finally, Chapter 3 uses a decomposition exercise à-la-DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux (1996) to pin down the rise in dual-earner households to changes in: (1) returns to female characteristics conditional on female labour force participation; (2) returns to male characteristics; (3) assortative mating; and (4) female characteristics. Female labour force participation appears to be the primary factor while assortative mating plays a modest role.
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Lan, Di. « Education and Labour Market Outcomes of Children of Immigrants - Evidence from Australia ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22500.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Australia is distinguished by the high proportion of migrants and what is generally regarded as a successful immigration program. This thesis compares the post-school choices and outcomes of a set of first- and second- generation Australian immigrants to their native counterparts. We explore two dimensions of commonly measured socioeconomic outcomes, namely educational and labour market success for young individuals. Utilising information from Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) data, labour market and education outcomes of two sets of young Australians born in 1993-1994 and 1978-1982 are considered. Differences exist in the education and employment outcomes among the first- and second-generation immigrant groups at the first and fifth year after school. Overall analysis suggests that the behaviour and outcomes of young Australians are closely related to the ethnic background of parents. The post-high school paths are associated with parental and own attitudes including the explicit expectation on work or study, educational investments, and learning effort. Second-generation immigrants are found to experience a different post-school path than their native counterparts but achieve similar education attainment and hourly wage rates five years after secondary schooling is completed. Findings in this thesis corroborate the role of immigrant optimism and immigrant background; and imply that the experiences of children of immigrants in Australia are consistent with the modern straight-line assimilation theory.
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Högfeldt, Carl. « The Effects of Sickness Insurance Policies on Labor Market Outcomes ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-105876.
Texte intégral
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Rosenqvist, Olof. « Essays on Determinants of Individual Performance and Labor Market Outcomes ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296299.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Essay 1 (with Oskar Nordström Skans): This paper provides field evidence on the causal impact of past successes on future performances. Since persistence in success or failure is likely to be linked through, potentially time-varying, ability it is intrinsically difficult to identify the causal effect of succeeding on the probability of performing well in the future. We therefore employ a regression discontinuity design on data from professional golf tournaments exploiting that almost equally skilled players are separated into successes and failures half-way into the tournaments (the “cut”). We show that players who (marginally) succeeded in making the cut substantially increased their performance in subsequent tournaments relative to players who (marginally) failed to make the cut. This success-effect is substantially larger when the subsequent (outcome) tournament involves more prize money. The results therefore suggest that past successes provide an important prerequisite when performing high-stakes tasks. Essay 2: Recent experimental evidence suggests that women in general are more discouraged than men by failures which potentially can explain why women, on average, are less likely than men to reach top-positions in firms. This paper provides the first quasi-experimental evidence from the field on this issue using data from all-female and all-male professional golf tournaments to see if this result can be replicated among competitive men and women. These top-performing men and women are active in an environment with multiple rounds of competition and the institutional set-up of the tournaments makes it possible to causally estimate the effect of the result in one tournament on the performance in the next. The results show that both male and female golfers respond negatively to a failure and that their responses are virtually identical. This finding suggests that women’s difficulties in reaching top-positions in firms are caused by external rather than internal barriers. Essay 3: Voting is a fundamental human right. Yet, individuals that are younger than 18 do typically not have this right since they are considered uninformed. However, recent evidence tentatively suggests that the political knowledge of youths is endogenous to the voting age. I test for the existence of such dynamic adjustments utilizing voting age discontinuities caused by Swedish laws. I employ a regression discontinuity strategy on Swedish register data to estimate the causal effect of early age voting right on political knowledge around age 18. The results do not support the existence of positive causal effects of early age voting right on political knowledge. Thus, we should not expect that 16-year-olds respond by acquiring more political knowledge if they are given the right to vote. This finding weakens the case for a lowering of the voting age from 18 to 16. Essay 4 (with Lena Hensvik): We postulate that firms’ production losses from absence depend on the employees’ internal substitutability, incentivizing firms to keep absence low in positions with few substitutes. Using Swedish employer-employee data we show that absence is substantially lower in such positions even conditional on establishment and occupation fixed effects. The result reflects sorting on both entry and exit margins, with stronger separations responses when it was difficult to predict the absence of the employees beforehand. These findings highlight that internal substitution insures firms against production disruptions caused by absence and that absence costs are important aspects of firms’ hiring and separations decisions.
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Lee, Marcos Ki Hyung. « The role of referral hiring on immigrant labor market outcomes ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-04092017-125614/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this dissertation is to investigate whether referral hiring leads to better job search and labor market outcomes for immigrants in São Paulo. To do so, we use a proxy for referral hiring, the share of same nationality workers in a firm one year before hiring, and estimate wage and turnover regression with a matched employer-employee dataset (RAIS). We find that referral hiring lower immigrant\'s wages at hiring, that is, if the proposed proxy increased by 10 p.p., wages would decrease by 1.9%. We also devise a couple of placebo test that reinforce the results we have found. We identify that nationalities with low education workers absorb all the negative impact. Other possible channels could be the size of immigrant networks and immigration age of nationalities, but we find no impact, although these exercises have several identification problems. Future steps include developing a theoretical framework that can rationalize the results.O objetivo dessa dissertação é investigar se a contratação por indicação leva a uma melhor busca por trabalho e melhores resultados no mercado de trabalho de imigrantes na cidade de São Paulo. Utilizamos uma proxy para a contratação por indicação, a proporção de trabalhadores da mesma nacionalidade um ano antes da contratação, e estimamos uma regressão de salários e demissões com a RAIS, um painel de firmas e trabalhadores formais. Nossos resultados mostram que a contratação por indicação diminui o salário do imigrante quando da contratação, isto é, se a proxy aumentasse em 10 p.p., salários cairiam em 1,9%. Também elaboramos alguns testes de placebo que reforçam nossos resultados. Identificamos que nacionalidades com trabalhadores menos educados são os que mais sofrem impacto negativo. Outros possíveis canais seriam o tamanho da rede de imigrantes e a idade de imigração das nacionalidades, mas não achamos nenhum impacto, apesar desses exercícios sofrerem de diversos problemas de identificação. Passos futuros seriam desenvolver um modelo teórico que racionalize os resultados.