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1
Ochsen, Carsten. « Crime and labor market policy in Europe ». International Review of Law and Economics 30, no 1 (mars 2010) : 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2009.08.004.
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Behar, Joseph. « Diplomacy and Essential Workers : Official British Recruitment of Foreign Labor in Italy, 1945–1951 ». Journal of Policy History 15, no 3 (juillet 2003) : 324–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2003.0015.
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The recruitment of about seven thousand Italian migrant workers by the postwar British Labour government is an interesting study in the use of foreign labor recruitment as a diplomatic policy. Foreign labor recruitment has generally been regarded as primarily an economic policy, with political ramifications entering into the picture in the form of domestic issues around integration, racism, labor relations and so on. However, the various British schemes to recruit Italian migrant workers from 1945 to 1951, and the discussion around the movement of migrant workers in postwar Europe carried on in various inter-European bodies, illustrate that foreign labor recruitment can be a much more complex phenomenon.
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Sadykova, L. R. « German Policy Towards Muslim Communities ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, no 6(39) (28 décembre 2014) : 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-174-181.
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The past two-three decades can be characterized by the period of global migration and sharp jump of migratory streams is connected with globalization and with the economic factor, generating labor movement behind resources from Third World countries to the countries with deficiency of labor. The desire to receive comfort life becomes the major reason, and the migrant makes the decision being guided by private interest more often instead of external factors. Western Europe became one of the most important center of gravity of migrants. During the post-war period the need of Europe in foreign labor for restoration of the economy destroyed by war, laid the foundation of mass international migration to this region. Globalization of migratory streams, penetration of foreign culture groups into structure of accepting society and prevalence of multicultural, multiethnic societies are important characteristics of a modern era. Western Europe became one of the most important centers of gravity of migrants. During the post-war period, the need of Europe in foreign labor for restoration of the economy destroyed by war laid the foundation of mass international migration to this region. Special relevance the problem of reception of immigrants, in particular from the Muslim countries, got for the former colonial powers, in particular Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands. Germany also faced this problem; migrants workers from other countries were required for the post-war restoration. Now Germany still is one of the main centers of an attraction of migrants, and concentration of them in this country annually increases. Despite the steps taken by the German government on elimination of Muslim isolation in the German society, its efforts did not bear fruits so far. The majority of Muslims live their life and are still torn off from high life of the country. A possible threat of destruction of the German community appeared when the various ethnic groups appeared in the country.
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Sarabiev, Aleksei. « TO THE ANALYSIS OF LABOR MIGRATION TO EUROPE ». Eastern Analytics 13, no 1 (2022) (2022) : 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2022-01-008-022.
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Labor migraton to European countries is analyzed through the prism of the region's demographic problems as well as of powerful immigraton wave that has generated contradictons between the EU's central migraton policy and the one pursued by separated European countries. On the example of historical documents from the Swiss Federal Archives in Bern, the author shows the contnuity of both the features of migraton trends and independent approaches to the development of internal migraton policy, in partcular by the Swiss authorites. As a fruitul element in the analysis of factors, immediate causes, consequences and the very labor actvity of non‑European immigrants, the author proposes to use variants of the deprivaton theory that have been tested for decades in many areas of socio‑psychological and economic research.
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Batychenko, Svitlana. « FEATURES OF FAMILY POLICY IN EUROPE ». GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no 60 (2020) : 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2020.60.65-72.
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Goal. Analysis of the peculiarities of family policy in European countries, such as France, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain. Method. The study is based on general scientific methods, namely, analysis and synthesis, descriptive, analytical. And also socio-geographical - comparative-geographical. Results. Family policy in European countries focuses on the life position of young people, promotes gender equality, creates opportunities to combine work, education and family activities through a well-developed infrastructure. The establishment of the modern family model in which both parents work and the expansion of public education and services for children and families reduce relatively high child poverty, create new jobs in services, and reduce social inequality. Although European countries pursue a common family-gender strategy, they also have their own traditional model of family protection. The Scandinavian model is characterized by comprehensive support for working parents with young children (under the age of three) through a combination of material mechanisms, holidays and wide access to childcare facilities. An important aspect is the policy of gender equality and women's integration in the labor market. The main source of funding for family policy - taxes. Anglo-Saxon - is characterized by deliberately less financial support from families by the state, giving priority to low-income families. The main idea is the non-interference of the state in family and marriage processes and ensuring the well-being of families through the general development of the welfare of society. "Napoleonic" - use intangible forms of support: tax benefits, targeted loans. France has the highest level of state support for families with children and support for working women. The principle of subsidiary security is professed. Taxes and financial contributions are used. The German fiscal system does not encourage couples to work equally, as the tax burden on domestic work is much higher for two full-time employees. Parental leave allows mothers to leave the labor market for up to three years for one child. Scientific novelty. Analysis and comparison of family policy features in European countries. Practical significance. Implementation of family policy measures in domestic practice based on the experience of European countries, choosing the most successful option. The best option is to improve the demographic situation in the country.
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Feld, Serge. « Labor Force Trends and Immigration in Europe ». International Migration Review 39, no 3 (septembre 2005) : 637–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00283.x.
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Labor force trends up to 2025 for the fifteen countries (before May 1, 2004) of the European Community are examined. Will demographic decline have an early effect on manpower volume? An estimation is made to determine whether present migratory flow levels in these countries will be sufficient to counter labor force stagnation. Manpower trend scenarios are proposed for each country. They show highly contrasting situations. These countries favor different policies for mobilizing and increasing their manpower volume. There is wide divergence between the various EU countries as concerns their demographic situation and labor force participation rate as well as their social security systems. Considering these highly diverse national characteristics, the difficulty in arriving at a consensus on EU migratory policy harmonization is stressed.
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Koo Choon-Kweon. « Social Europe and the Development of Labor Policy in the EU ». Korean Political Science Review 42, no 3 (septembre 2008) : 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18854/kpsr.2008.42.3.010.
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BERGEMANN et VAN DEN BERG. « Active Labor Market Policy Effects for Women in Europe — A Survey ». Annales d'Économie et de Statistique, no 91/92 (2008) : 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27917252.
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SAYARI, SABRI. « Migration Policies of Sending Countries : Perspectives on the Turkish Experience ». ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 485, no 1 (mai 1986) : 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716286485001008.
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During the 1960s and early 1970s, Turkey participated heavily in the process of labor migration from the Mediterranean basin to Western Europe. In addition to the policy preferences of advanced industrial European states and the demand for jobs in Europe by large numbers of Turks, Turkey's migration policies played a significant role in the expansion of the migratory flow. Turkish policymakers sought to use labor migration abroad to fulfill several objectives such as reducing unemployment and increasing the volume of foreign-exchange reserves through remittances. The migration of Turkish workers to Western Europe produced some significant results concerning these primary objectives. The policy of exporting workers, however, has also had important unintended consequences and problems for Turkey.
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Anderson, Elisabeth. « Policy Entrepreneurs and the Origins of the Regulatory Welfare State : Child Labor Reform in Nineteenth-Century Europe ». American Sociological Review 83, no 1 (25 janvier 2018) : 173–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122417753112.
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Industrial child labor laws were the earliest manifestation of the modern regulatory welfare state. Why, despite the absence of political pressure from below, did some states (but not others) succeed in legislating working hours, minimum ages, and schooling requirements for working children in the first half of the nineteenth century? I use case studies of the politics behind the first child labor laws in Germany and France, alongside a case study of a failed child labor reform effort in Belgium, to answer this question. I show that existing structural, class-based, and institutional theories of the welfare state are insufficient to explain why child labor laws came about. Highlighting instead the previously neglected role of elite policy entrepreneurs, I argue that the success or failure of early nineteenth-century child labor laws depended on these actors’ social skill, pragmatic creativity, and goal-directedness. At the same time, their actions and influence were conditioned by their field position and the architecture of the policy field. By specifying the qualities and conditions that enable policy entrepreneurs to build the alliances needed to effect policy change, this analysis lends precision to the general claim that their agency matters.
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Marois, Guillaume, Alain Bélanger et Wolfgang Lutz. « Population aging, migration, and productivity in Europe ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no 14 (23 mars 2020) : 7690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918988117.
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This paper provides a systematic, multidimensional demographic analysis of the degree to which negative economic consequences of population aging can be mitigated by changes in migration and labor-force participation. Using a microsimulation population projection model accounting for 13 individual characteristics including education and immigration-related variables, we built scenarios of future changes in labor-force participation, migration volumes, and their educational composition and speed of integration for the 28 European Union (EU) member states. We study the consequences in terms of the conventional age-dependency ratio, the labor-force dependency ratio, and the productivity-weighted labor-force dependency ratio using education as a proxy of productivity, which accounts for the fact that not all individuals are equality productive in society. The results show that in terms of the more sophisticated ratios, population aging looks less daunting than when only considering age structure. In terms of policy options, lifting labor-force participation among the general population as in Sweden, and education-selective migration if accompanied by high integration, could even improve economic dependency. On the other hand, high immigration volumes combined with both low education and integration leads to increasing economic dependency. This shows the high stakes involved with integration outcomes under high migration volumes.
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Berthold, Norbert, et Rainer Fehn. « Arbeitsmarktpolitik in der Europäischen Währungsunion ». Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 3, no 3 (août 2002) : 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2516.00094.
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Abstract While policymakers in Europe were busy implementing EMU during the past decade, persistently high unemployment, which should have been the main policy issue from a normative point of view, was essentially left untackled in most continental European countries. This poses the urgent question of which approach labor market policy should now take in fighting unemployment and which changes have come about with EMU. To deal with this question, the article proceeds in three steps. It is first shown that a web of institutions in labor, goods and capital markets, which are different from those Anglo-Saxon countries and which are interconnected by politico-economic forces, is to blame for the dismal situation on most continental European labor markets. Secondly, it is argued that EMU is not likely to boost employment growth automatically. Thirdly, it is outlined which are the key policy measures to alleviate unemployment in continental Europe and it is discussed whether EMU makes the actual implementation of these measures more likely.
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Montanari, Ingalill. « Europe, Women, and Work : Is the “Adult Worker” Ideal Achieved ? » International Journal of Health Services 39, no 2 (avril 2009) : 245–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.39.2.b.
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Against the background of an overall increase in female labor force participation in Europe, this article presents a comparative analysis of the development of the extent and quality of women's participation in market work over the last 15 years in relation to selected sectoral and, with regard to the service sector, subsectoral sites in which women perform their market work. This is an explorative test of the utility of the theoretical perspective that focuses on the gendered division of total necessary work in society, production as well as reproduction, in order to explain gender inequality. Countries examined are the “old E.U.” member states in various constellations. Data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, International Labor Organization, European Social Survey, and Luxembourg Income Study are used.
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Inglot, Tomasz. « Social Policy and the New Middle Class in Central and Eastern Europe ». Current History 118, no 806 (1 mars 2019) : 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2019.118.806.96.
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“The region has seen a radical shift from widespread unemployment to labor shortages, a historic expansion in higher-education opportunities, and unprecedented mass migration to the West.” Seventh in a series on social mobility around the world.
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Oudiz, Gilles. « European Policy Coordination : An Evaluation ». Recherches économiques de Louvain 51, no 3-4 (décembre 1985) : 301–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800082658.
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According to the European Community Commission the present level of unemployment in Europe should not only last but worsen in the foreseeable future (see CCE 1984). By 1988 the overall unemployment rate in Europe should reach 11,4% if the « optimistic » assumptions retained for the labor supply are to be realized.These are of course average figures but on the whole they correctly reflect the extraordinary convergence of European deflationary policies. Given structural differences, which remain very limited when one compares them to the other Western economies, the European governments seem to have settled for the same macroeconomic strategies. Of course, they have chosen different timings. France, for example, has grown more than its partners in 1981-1982 but is now experiencing a prolonged recession. Whereas West Germany is doing better as far as GNP is concerned but grew very little in the early 80 s. On the whole however a back of the envelope calculation of « sacrifice ratios » for the leading European economies would yield quite similar results. All over Europe disinflation has been achieved at a high output cost and it is not clear that any country has really done better than its partners.
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Julià, Mireia, Laia Ollé-Espluga, Christophe Vanroelen, Deborah De Moortel, Sarah Mousaid, Stig Vinberg, Vanessa Puig-Barrachina et al. « Employment and Labor Market Results of the SOPHIE Project ». International Journal of Health Services 47, no 1 (29 octobre 2016) : 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731416676233.
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This article reports evidence gained by the SOPHIE Project regarding employment and labor market-related policies. In the first step, quality of employment and of precarious and informal employment in Europe were conceptualized and defined. Based on these definitions, we analyzed changes in the prevalence and population distribution of key health-affecting characteristics of employment and work between times of economic prosperity and economic crisis in Europe and investigated their impact on health outcomes. Additionally, we examined the effects of several employment and labor market-related policies on factors affecting health equity, including a specific analysis concerning work-related gender equity policies and case studies in different European countries. Our findings show that there is a need to standardize definitions and indicators of (the quality of) employment conditions and improve information systems. This is challenging given the important differences between and within European countries. In our results, low quality of employment and precarious employment is associated with poor mental health. In order to protect the well-being of workers and reduce work-related health inequalities, policies leading to precarious working and employment conditions need to be suspended. Instead, efforts should be made to improve the security and quality of employment for all workers.
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Navarro, Vicente. « A Critique of Social Capital ». International Journal of Health Services 32, no 3 (juillet 2002) : 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6u6r-ltvn-fhu6-kcnu.
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This article critiques the concepts of communitarianism and social capital as used in the United States and in Europe. For the United States, the author focuses on Robert Putnam's understanding of both concepts, showing that the apolitical analysis of the Progressive Era, of the progressive developments in Northern Italy, and of the situation of labor unions in the United States is not only insufficient but wrong. The critique also includes the difference between U.S. communitarianism and its European versions, Christian democracy and New Labour, and the limitations of both approaches. The uses and misuses of these concepts in the political debate are discussed.
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Savic, Mirko, et Svetlana Mihajlovic-Mihic. « Variations on the European labor markets from gender point of view ». Stanovnistvo 48, no 2 (2010) : 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1002053s.
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In modern societies gender gap attracts significant attention. Scientists are trying to research this issue from different aspects: demographical, sociological, economic, etc. The goal of this paper is to define the basic variables that explain variation on the labor markets in Europe from the gender point of view and to compare labor market in Serbia with European countries in order to identify the countries with the most similar gender performances, with intention to overview their experiences concerning the policy measures for gender gap reduction. Analysis is conducted through observations of activity rates, employment rates, unemployment rates, inactivity rates, and long-term unemployment rates. With use of factor analysis we have identified the main factors on the labor markets in Europe and on the basis of cluster analysis we have conducted grouping of countries on the basis of discovered factors. Identification of cluster with Serbia was conducted and also the place of the Serbian labor market in the same cluster. On the basis of quantitative results qualitative analysis was conducted to overview the experience in the field of gender differences on the labor market in the countries from the same cluster as Serbia, with special attention to Italy. Contemporary researches define labor market policy measures oriented to reduction of inequalities in the field of paid and unpaid labor. Decrease of these inequalities will consequently lead to the increase of female labor supply on the market. Final result of this research is the recommendation of policy measures in order to reduce gender differences in economic activity with final goal of creating modern society in Serbia and convergence with the most advanced countries in that field.
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POZNIAK, O. V. « Ukrainian Migrants in Europe : Situation Depending on the Region of Stay ». Demography and social economy, no 2 (30 juin 2021) : 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2021.02.110.
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Ukraine has become one of the largest donors of population and labor force in Europe. The assessment of the migration of Ukrainians to the countries of Europe is based on data from three national surveys on external labor migration (2008, 2012, 2017), a survey in the framework of the TEMPER project with the participation of the author (2017-2018), as well as data from a number of studies of Ukrainian labor migration conducted in Ukraine and in recipient countries. The purpose of the paper is a comparative analysis of the migration of Ukrainians to different regions of Europe. Methods of the research are system approach, method of complex use of information from different sources, comparative and graphic methods. Scientific novelty of the paper is to identify the features of external labor migration of citizens of Ukraine depending on the geographical direction of movement. The changes in the trends of external labor migration of Ukrainians that occurred since the independence are analyzed. A comparative analysis of the migration of Ukrainians to Western and Eastern Europe was carried out. It is shown that labor trips to countries neighboring Ukraine mostly remain circular and short-term. Migration to Western Europe is characterized by a transition from circular to permanent migration, with the formation of new Ukrainian Diasporas in the recipient countries. The composition of migrants to Western Europe by gender, age, level of education, regions of origin, legal status of stay abroad, etc. is analyzed in comparison with Ukrainian migrants to Eastern Europe and the employment population of Ukraine. Special attention is paid to the professional composition of migrants before and after departure. It is concluded that the increase in the share of the European Union in the structure of external labor migration from Ukraine is a positive phenomenon, as it contributes to the spread of European values in Ukrainian society. Future tendencies of Ukrainian migration, in particular in the context of COVID-19 epidemic are estimated. Proposals for improving the migration policy of Ukraine are presented.
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Cronert, Axel. « Unemployment reduction or labor force expansion ? How partisanship matters for the design of active labor market policy in Europe ». Socio-Economic Review 17, no 4 (26 avril 2017) : 921–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx014.
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AbstractComparative scholars fundamentally disagree about the impact of partisan politics in modern welfare states, particularly in certain ‘new’ policy areas such as active labor market policy (ALMP). Using new data on 900 ALMP programs across Europe, this study attempts to reconcile a long-standing dispute between the traditional ‘power resources’ approach and the ‘insider/outsider’ approach pioneered by Rueda. The study argues that both left-wing and right-wing governments invest in ALMP but that politics still matter because parties’ preferences regarding unemployment differ. The left is more inclined to expand programs primarily designed to reduce unemployment, which exclusively target ‘core’ groups in, or at risk of, unemployment, and programs in which participants are no longer counted among the unemployed. In contrast, both sides are equally prone to expand programs that also—or instead—target people who are not yet participating in the labor market, which thus also—or instead—serve to increase labor supply.
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Zimmermann, Klaus F. « Tackling the European Migration Problem ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no 2 (1 mai 1995) : 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.2.45.
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A fortress Europe immigration policy is currently observed throughout the European Union. The European migration problem seems to be that, in the face of high and persistent unemployment rates, additional immigration implies further unemployment. This might not be true if immigration helps to erode institutional constraints and enhances labor market flexibility, a point that is seen of particular virtue in the European setting. The paper also argues that past European migration, although limited, has been positive for the labor markets, and there are only few alternative policy options in the future.
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Nica, Elvira. « Labor Market Determinants of Migration Flows in Europe ». Sustainability 7, no 1 (7 janvier 2015) : 634–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7010634.
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Gobeyn, Mark. « State-Producer Group Relations and Economic Policy Formation in Postindustrial Society ». American Review of Politics 14 (1 novembre 1993) : 395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1993.14.0.395-415.
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This paper examines recent attempts to link the emergence of postindustrial/postmaterialist public value structures to the recent decline of corporatist policymaking and interest intermediation practices in western Europe. It is argued that the decline of corporatist forms in Europe can be linked more persuasively to the economic transformation commonly ascribed to the postindustrial phenomenon, than to the “societal value changes” that accompanied that transformation. It is argued here that, in forcing greater discipline upon labor, the structural economic features of postindustrial society have pre-empted the functional role of postwar corporatist political structures. Consequently, capitalists appear no longer willing to maintain centralized concertative linkages with trade unions within state policymaking structures.
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Pitukhina, Maria. « STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE ADAPTATION OF FOREIGN MIGRANTS (THE CASE OF THE OECD MEMBER STATES) ». EUrASEANs : journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no 5(24) (30 septembre 2020) : 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.5(24).2020.56-76.
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The article deals with the OECD migration policy, namely, its strong points that were revealed during the last 20 years. The author also explains how OECD migration policy responds to technological, economic, and social challenges. In effective adaptation of foreign migrants the principal role is mainly assigned to monitoring of the OECD member states. The outstanding practices of the latter turned out to be highly important for shaping the migration policies of other countries. The article is also dealing with the examples of labor migrants’ adaptation to the OECD labor market, particularly, bottleneck vacancies analysis of the Nordic countries, Baltic States, and Central Eastern Europe. Institutions, traditions and employability are extremely important parameters for migrants’ adaptation at the new for them labor markets.
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Risnyy, Oleh. « Regulation of the Ukrainian labor market in the context of European integration : system priorities ». Managerial Economics 21, no 1 (16 octobre 2020) : 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/manage.2020.21.1.67.
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The purpose of the study is to research the effective international practice of European integration and identify the main system priorities of an effective transformation of the state policy of labor market regulation for Ukraine. The research methods are a comparative analysis concerning the activity of the employment services, the labor market situation in Ukraine and abroad, in particular in Eastern Europe, a statistical analysis of the structure of the employment level, of annual earnings etc., and a systemic analysis, aimed to improve the direction of labor market regulation.
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Bloom, David, Alexander Khoury et Jaypee Sevilla. « OP76 Economic Contributions Of Older Adults In Europe ». International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017) : 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317001568.
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INTRODUCTION:Europe's population is aging rapidly. Europeans aged 60 years and over formed only 16 percent of Europe's total population in 1980, but they now constitute 24 percent and will grow to 34 percent by 2050 (1). These challenges may be expected in the form of tighter labor markets, lower savings rates, and slower economic growth, as well as fiscal stress from lower earnings and tax revenue and increased pension and healthcare spending.We may, however, overestimate the magnitude of these challenges and make poorer policy choices if we underestimate the productive contributions that older adults make to society. The literature measuring these productive contributions is regrettably underdeveloped, as is the literature on what policies can enhance such contributions.This study focuses on the market and non-market productive contributions of older adults in Europe and addresses three questions: (i)What is the nature and magnitude of the contributions made by older adults in Europe?(ii)How do those contributions vary by country, time, and age, and how are they likely to evolve as the relative size of older cohorts swells?(iii)How might changes in policy, institutions, behavior, and health likely influence the economic effects of population aging in Europe?METHODS:These research questions are explored using multivariate statistical tools to analyze rich data from multiple countries and waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).RESULTS:Older adults in Europe make significant productive contributions in the form of labor force participation, caregiving for family and friends, and volunteering. These contributions vary widely by country and are correlated with age, health status, official retirement age, and population age structure.CONCLUSIONS:The economic effects of population aging in Europe can be significantly moderated by effective retirement and healthcare policy.
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Häusermann, Silja, Thomas Kurer et Hanna Schwander. « Sharing the Risk ? Households, Labor Market Vulnerability, and Social Policy Preferences in Western Europe ». Journal of Politics 78, no 4 (octobre 2016) : 1045–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/686972.
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Lejeune, Aude. « Disability Rights and Cross-National Disparities in Europe ». Current History 121, no 833 (1 mars 2022) : 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2022.121.833.90.
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Europeans with disabilities continue to face lack of opportunity in areas including education and employment. The extent of such disparities, and policies to address them, vary across the member states of the European Union. In 2000, an EU directive on employment equality set antidiscrimination rules, including requirements for employers to offer reasonable accommodations to disabled workers, that were subsequently adopted by member states. But a comparison of disability policy in France and Sweden shows that divergent approaches to labor rights remain in place, with France relying on quotas while Sweden offers job training programs.
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Krause, Annabelle, Ulf Rinne et Klaus F. Zimmermann. « European labor market integration : what the experts think ». International Journal of Manpower 38, no 7 (2 octobre 2017) : 954–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-05-2017-0101.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the current state of the single European labor market (SELM), its related risks and opportunities, and identify useful measures for reaching the goal of increased European labor mobility. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted an online survey among European labor market experts (IZA research and policy fellows) on the current state of the SELM, its determinants, and the role of the Great Recession. The authors evaluate the data using descriptive and regression-based methods. Findings The experts agree on the SELM’s importance, especially for larger economic welfare, but are not convinced that it has been achieved. To enhance labor mobility across Europe, the respondents identify key factors such as recognizing professional qualifications more efficiently, harmonizing social security systems, and knowing several languages. Moreover, at least 50 percent of the respondents consider positive attitudes – by policy makers and citizens alike – toward free mobility to be important to enhance labor mobility. Originality/value The IZA Expert Opinion Survey presents a unique opportunity to learn how numerous experts think about the important issue of European labor market integration and moreover constitutes a valuable extension to public opinion surveys on related topics. This survey’s findings provide a sophisticated basis for a discussion about policy options regarding the SELM.
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Swenson, Peter A. « Varieties of Capitalist Interests : Power, Institutions, and the Regulatory Welfare State in the United States and Sweden ». Studies in American Political Development 18, no 1 (avril 2004) : 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x0400001x.
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Current wisdom about the American welfare state's laggard status among advanced industrial societies, by attributing it to the weakness of the Left and organized labor, poses a historical puzzle. In the 1930s, the United States experienced a dramatically progressive turn in social policy-making. New Deal Democrats, dependent on financing from capitalists, passed landmark social insurance reforms without backing from a well-organized and electorally successful labor movement like those in Europe, especially Scandinavia. Sweden, by contrast, with the world's strongest Social Democratic labor movement, did not pass important social insurance legislation until the following two decades.
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Cox, Kevin R. « Development policy, Western Europe and the question of specificity ». European Urban and Regional Studies 27, no 1 (2 octobre 2018) : 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776418798689.
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In the Anglophone literature on local and regional development policy there are tendencies to overextension of claims from one side of the Atlantic to the other, or there is no comparative framing at all. As a result the specificity of the West European case tends to be lost. In contrast with the USA, the West European instance is very different indeed. Although there have been changes since the postwar golden years of urban and regional planning, central government remains crucial in the structuring of local and regional development and has given expression to counter-posed class forces: regional policy was historically an aspect of the welfare state as promoted by the labor movement, while urbanization policy has been much more about the forces of the political right. In the USA, by contrast, local governments and to a lesser degree, the states, have been and continue to be supreme; in contrast to Western Europe, location tends to be much more market-determined, with local and governments acting as market agents. Class forces have seemingly been much weaker, territorial coalitions occupying the center ground. As a first cut, these differences have to do with state structure: the Western European state is far more centralized, facilitating the implementation of policies that are relatively indifferent to local specificity, while in the USA the converse applies. State structures, however, are parts of broader social formations and reflect the different socio-historical conditions in which West European societies, on the one hand, and their American counterpoint, on the other, have emerged.
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de Lecea, Antonio. « Europe’s Economic Future : Europe Can Grow Faster ». Global Economy Journal 15, no 2 (juillet 2015) : 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2015-0026.
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Europe’s GDP growth is gathering pace as a consequence of both sound policies and external factors. Forecasts are being revised upwards even though they keep potential growth estimates low. This article argues that there are good reasons to expect a scenario with higher medium term growth, where reforms are accelerated, and increases in investment, productivity, and labor participation offset the decline in population and temporary legacies from the crisis. Several studies show the big growth gains from this scenario. Moreover, experience in various European countries confirms that it is feasible. Reforms are underpinned by the current accommodative monetary policy and by a responsible, but more flexible, fiscal policy stance that smoothens adjustment, improves fairness, and supports demand in countries with fiscal space. Successes in growth-enhancing reforms, better awareness of their potential net benefits, and more attention to prevent or reduce negative distributional effects, may restore trust and garner citizens’ support for this growth model. They may also help overcome the obstacles to further integration that should make this model more robust.
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Heizmann, B. « Social Policy and Perceived Immigrant Labor Market Competition in Europe : Is Prevention Better Than Cure ? » Social Forces 93, no 4 (18 novembre 2014) : 1655–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou116.
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Chowdhury, Anis. « Labor Market Policies as Instruments of Industry Policy : What Can Europe Learn from Southeast Asia ? » American Journal of Economics and Sociology 67, no 4 (octobre 2008) : 661–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2008.00594.x.
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Tamara, KORTUKOVA. « PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF UKRAINIAN LABOR MIGRANTS IN EUROPE ». Foreign trade : economics, finance, law 117, no 4 (10 septembre 2021) : 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(117)05.
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Background. Citizens of Ukraine are one of the largest groups of seasonal workers in the European Union. At the same time, Ukrainian migrant workers often suffer violations of their rights abroad. In this aspect, Ukraine has an urgent task to protect the rights of Ukrainian seasonal migrant workers abroad. For European Union, despite the economic crisis that has led to higher unemployment, there is an urgent need for seasonal workers in the EU Member States, due to the fact that seasonal work is generally not attractive for the EU labor market. The aim of the article is to determine the features of protection of the rights of Ukrainian seasonal migrant workers in the European Union. Materials and methods. The research is carried out on the basis of general and special research methods, in particular, such as: discourse and content analysis, system analysis method, induction and deduction method, historical-legal method, formal-legal method, comparative-legal method, and others. Results. Seasonal work is one of the types of temporary employment, which is limited to a certain period of time. In the European Union, seasonal work is not attractive to citizens of the European Union. In this regard, it should be noted that the Member States of the European Union have a long practice of attracting seasonal migrant workers to their labor market, which was especially intensified in the post-war period, characterized by labor shortages on the European continent, which led to this policy development. Today, with the onset of the global pandemic COVID-19 and the starting of lockdown, the European Union still needs seasonal migrant workers, especially in the agricultural sector, to perform seasonal work. In this area, the EU has developed supranational legislation, which was analyzed in the article. Conclusion. Given that Ukrainians are one of the largest groups of seasonal workers in the European Union, it is important for Ukraine to protect its citizens abroad, which, in particular, can be strengthened by signing bilateral agreements with EU Member States on employment and social protection of Ukrainian citizens; agreements on mutual employment of employees; agreementson employment and cooperation in the field of labor migration, etc. Keywords: labor migration; seasonal migration; the right to equal treatment; Seasonal Workers Directive; bilateral agreements on labor migration.
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Barbieri, Paolo, Giorgio Cutuli, Raffaele Guetto et Stefani Scherer. « Part-time employment as a way to increase women’s employment : (Where) does it work ? » International Journal of Comparative Sociology 60, no 4 (6 juin 2019) : 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715219849463.
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Part-time employment has repeatedly been proposed as a solution for integrating women into the labor market; however, empirical evidence supporting a causal link is mixed. In this text, we investigate the extent to which increasing part-time employment is a valid means of augmenting women’s labor market participation. We pay particular attention to the institutional context and the related characteristics of part-time employment in European countries to test the conditions under which this solution is a viable option. The results reveal that part-time employment may strengthen female employment in Continental Europe and especially in Southern Europe, where an increase in part-time employment—even if it is demand-side driven—leads to greater employment participation among women. We also discuss some policy implications and trade-offs: Although part-time work can lead to higher numbers of employed women, it does so at the cost of increasing gendered labor market segregation. We analyze data from the European Labor Force Survey (EU-LFS) 1992–2011 for 19 countries and 188 regions and exploit regional variation over time while controlling for time-constant regional characteristics, time-varying regional labor market features, and (time-varying) confounding factors at the national level.
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Rakhmonov, Abubakr K., et Roman V. Manshin. « Trends and strategies of labor emigration from Tajikistan to OECD countries ». RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no 1 (15 décembre 2019) : 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-1-159-168.
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The article discusses the trends and strategies of labor emigration from Tajikistan to OECD countries. Waves and types of emigration from Tajikistan, adaptation of emigrants from Tajikistan to OECD countries. As well as the migration policy of the OECD countries in relation to immigrants from Tajikistan. Tajik labor migrants are becoming increasingly brighter than the prospect of getting a job not only in the CIS countries, but also in Europe, Asia and North America, where working conditions are better, and wages are much higher than in Russia and Kazakhstan. The OECD countries can rightfully be considered as new directions of Tajik emigration. An important feature of the tendency and strategy of labor emigration as a result of our research would be to note the combination of educational and vocational qualifications, resettlement and seasonal labor, labor migration - mostly unskilled and skilled with retraining and internship of labor migration from Tajikistan. Adaptation of immigrants is accompanied by some difficulties. The main one is job searches, which usually take several months. For the most part, the emigrants of Tajikistan consider Eastern Europe and Greece as countries of temporary residence, their main goal being moving to Western Europe (Austria, Germany, Scandinavian countries, etc.). There are cases of intentional destruction of their passports by Tajik migrants when they move to Germany with subsequent appeal to the authorities under the guise of refugees from Afghanistan, since both Tajiks and Afghans speak Farsi (Dari) to receive refugee status and corresponding benefits in Germany. In the OECD countries, new Tajik communities are being formed, which may become, in the near future, networks of attraction for new migrants from Tajikistan.
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Kistaubayeva, А. K. « Labor immigration of Kazakhs to France ». BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 133, no 4 (2020) : 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-133-4-77-86.
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This article examines the state of labor immigration of the Kazakh Diaspora, as well as studying the possibilities of conditions for economic adaptation of Kazakhs in developed capitalist countries. The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of labor migration of Kazakhs to France. Based on this goal, the study solves the following tasks aimed at studying the history and current situation of Kazakhs living in France, in the focus of analyzing the policy of the French government in relation to immigration workers and employees in the 1945- 1980-ies; the reasons for labor immigration of Kazakhs to France. Western Europe has become a center of attraction for foreign workers coming here, primarily from the less developed countries of the continent, as well as from Turkey. In the last ten years, inter-state migration of workers in Western Europe has grown to unprecedented proportions. Every year, more than a million workers were sent from one European country to another in search of work. The reasons lay in the political and economic crisis, the increase in the unemployment rate, which was the result of an increase in the number of migrants among Kazakhs in France. The post-war economic situation caused the demand for workers to restore the economy destroyed by the war, and led to an increase in the level of tariffs (wages). Scientists believe that the active replenishment of the French labor market with cheap foreign labor from other countries is due to the convenient location of France.
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Palència, Laia, Deborah De Moortel, Lucía Artazcoz, María Salvador-Piedrafita, Vanessa Puig-Barrachina, Emma Hagqvist, Glòria Pérez et al. « Gender Policies and Gender Inequalities in Health in Europe ». International Journal of Health Services 47, no 1 (20 août 2016) : 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731416662611.
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The aim of this article is to explain the results of the SOPHIE project regarding the effect of gender policies on gender inequalities in health in Europe. We start with the results of a systematic review on how gender regimes and gender equality policies at the country level impact women’s health and gender inequalities in health. Then, we report on three empirical analyses on the relationship between different family policy models existing in Europe and gender inequalities in health. Finally we present four case studies on specific examples of gender policies or determinants of gender inequalities in health. The results show that policies that support women’s participation in the labor force and decrease their burden of care, such as public services and support for families and entitlements for fathers, are related to lower levels of gender inequality in terms of health. In addition, public services and benefits for disabled and dependent people can reduce the burden placed on family caregivers and hence improve their health. In the context of the current economic crisis, gender equality policies should be maintained or improved.
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Potyrała, Anna. « When Immigration Becomes a Necessity. ROC Immigration Policy – Lessons for Europe ». Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, no 14 (31 décembre 2020) : 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rie.2020.14.10.
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Migration issues have been at the forefront of international discussions since 2015. They have been considered from the perspective of both human rights and the interests of individual states. The latter seem to have prevailed, leading to a kind of offensive against admittance of third-country nationals. Restrictive regulations introduced into national legislations, combined with reluctance towards international legal initiatives promoting concerted efforts to assist and protect migrants and eliminate the underlying causes of migrations, have resulted in adoption of zero-tolerance immigration policies. In this paper, the author sets out to assess the immigration policy of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Having recognized that its labor shortages cannot be compensated for by internal migration, the country has significantly remodeled its approach to immigration. The answer to the question about the relevance and efficiency of the proposed legal solutions will be used to indicate possible solutions for EU Member States planning to reform the common migration and asylum policies. The analysis uses methods commonly applied in social studies in general, and legal and political studies in particular. While legal analysis and systems analysis are the key research methods, comparative analysis has been used as well.
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Haruka Yoshimori, Haruka Yoshimori, et Masaaki Yoshimori. « An Education Gift — Integrated Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills — for Future Generations to Grow the Economy in the Digital Phase ». SocioEconomic Challenges 6, no 2 (2022) : 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.6(2).5-18.2022.
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This paper summarizes arguments driving education policy discussion about a relationship between the growth of the economy and early childhood cognitive and non-cognitive skills. The first finding is that rising Harmonized Test Scores, including PISA test scores, do not contribute to labor productivity per person in high income courtiers in Asia, Europe, and North America. On the other hand, the test scores can drive the economy in high income countries in Africa, Caribbean, Middle East, and South America; upper middle-income countries in Africa, Caribbean, Middle East, Ocean, and South America; low middle-income countries; and low middle-income countries more than high-income countries. The second finding is that rising Harmonized Test Scores (HTS) are likely to connect to labor productivity per hour. By a simple regression by taking a logarithm, this study investigates the relationship between labor productivity per hour and the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) test scores. The coefficient of determination is 0.60. It is not enough to get a sufficient result. Accordingly, the study discusses how labor productivity per hour in high income courtiers in Asia, Europe, and North America is associated with non-cognitive skills. In the digital economic phase, it seems that integrated cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills contribute to labor productivity per hour. We recommend that policymakers should invest in early childhood to not only maintain or improve PISA test scores but also to improve non-cognitive skills associated with psychology. Overall, this paper presents analysis and empirical results, aimed at building a more future-oriented education policy. The audience for this paper includes policymakers, educators, and economists.
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CRONERT, AXEL. « Varieties of Employment Subsidy Design : Theory and Evidence from Across Europe ». Journal of Social Policy 48, no 4 (18 mars 2019) : 839–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000126.
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AbstractEmployment subsidy programs have experienced considerable expansion across Europe in recent decades. To date, most studies analyzing this policy shift have assumed that these programs are largely equivalent in terms of their designs, effects, and explanations. In contrast, this article argues that employment subsidies are best understood as versatile multi-purpose tools that can be used as means to rather different distributional ends. Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis to explore novel data from hundreds of employment subsidy programs across Europe, this article develops a new typology based on two overarching trade-offs. The typology highlights that employment subsidies may be designed to counteract as well as to sustain insider/outsider divides in the labor market, and that they may be designed to tackle either structural or cyclical labor market problems. In a first empirical evaluation of the typology, programs with different designs are found to vary systematically in terms of distributional outcomes and starting conditions.
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Wahl, Asbjørn. « European Labor : Social Dialogue, Social Pacts, or a Social Europe ? » Monthly Review 54, no 2 (4 juin 2002) : 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-054-02-2002-06_4.
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LIBANOVA, E. M., et O. V. POZNIAK. « External Labor Migration from Ukraine : the Impact of COVID-19 ». Demography and social economy, no 4 (4 décembre 2020) : 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2020.04.025.
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The article is devoted to the assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on the tendencies of external labor migration from Ukraine. The relevance of the work is due to the limited analytical research on population migration during the pandemic. Until the beginning of 2020, changes in the formation of external labor migration flows occurred mainly under the infl uence of the internal situation in the country and the transformation of Ukraine’s political relations with certain foreign countries, but under COVID-19, the trends of external labor migration from Ukraine have changed radically for reasons independent of the socio-economic situation in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to assess the changes in the scale of labor migration due to COVID-19 and to determine the prospects for external labor migration of Ukrainians. Relevant analytical developments became the basis for the formation of recommendations for adjusting the migration policy of Ukraine in the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. The novelty of the study is to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the parameters of external labor migration from Ukraine and to assess probable perspective future transformations of migration trends. Abstract-logical and systema tic approaches, the method of expert assessments are used in the study. The analysis of the migration situation in Ukraine in recent years is carried out, the latest changes in the directions and scales of external labor migration are identifi ed. The tendencies of international population movement aft er the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. Prospects for external migration of the population of Ukraine are determined. The future of this process will depend on the pace of economic recovery in Europe and the world at large and the local demand for labor from other countries. It is probable that the employment structure of Ukrainian labor migrants will change by type of activity: migrants who were not employed in agriculture before the pandemic will not resume work so soon, and those who remained in the recipient countries will try to fi nd employment in agriculture and related activities. The geography of working trips will also change, and a new reorientation of some migrants is probable — from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, especially Germany and the United Kingdom, which are far ahead of traditional Ukrainian employment countries (Poland, the Czech Republic and even Italy) in terms of wages. A key element of the policy of keeping some migrants in Ukraine is a radical non-declarative change in the state’s attitude to small and medium-sized businesses. It is necessary to involve representatives of small and medium business to public policy, including policy of withdrawal from quarantine, business support. Eff ective business support programs should also be implemented, in particular following the example of EU countries. For those migrants who, even under the best conditions, are not interested in starting a business in Ukraine, a strategy is needed to ensure that, on the one hand, these people are not lost to Ukraine, and on the other hand, to get the most out of working with the diaspora. This will help both to improve the situation in the economy and to improve the image and strengthen Ukraine’s infl uence in the world.
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Asikoglu, Yaman. « The Scope for Policy Coordination between the United States and Europe : Implications of Asymmetric Labor Markets ». Journal of Economic Integration 5, no 1 (15 mars 1990) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.1990.5.1.13.
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Vanhuysse, Pieter. « Book Review : Labor Markets and Social Policy in Central and Eastern Europe : the Accession and Beyond ». Journal of European Social Policy 16, no 3 (août 2006) : 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095892870601600314.
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Jensen, Jill. « From Geneva to the Americas : The International Labor Organization and Inter-American Social Security Standards, 1936–1948 ». International Labor and Working-Class History 80, no 1 (2011) : 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547911000159.
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AbstractBeginning in the mid-1930s, Western Hemisphere nations turned to social insurance legislation—guided by the new concept of social security—in response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression. Supported by the International Labor Organization (ILO), national-level policy makers introduced a range of measures in recognition of the 1935 US Social Security Act. As Europe descended into a war, inter-Americanism served as way to maintain regional economic, and later military, security. This article describes an era of social welfare diplomacy in the Americas, one in which countries south of the US border projected their own distinct visions of social policy. Regional solidarity served as an integral step in the development of ideas concerning international social and economic rights. Placing President Franklin Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy in a wider frame, this analysis of ILO inter-American activities reveals an intriguing moment in history, when leaders from several nations saw economic development, trade, future growth, social security, and labor rights as integrally bound together.
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Straubhaar, Thomas. « Allocational and Distributional Aspects of Future Immigration to Western Europe ». International Migration Review 26, no 2 (juin 1992) : 462–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600215.
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This article shows that an analysis of the impacts of immigration has to be divided into allocational and distributional aspects. From an allocational point of view, like free trade in goods, services and capital, migration is welfare-improving as long as marginal productivities of labor are not equalized worldwide. From a distributional point of view, however, the immigration society has to bear the effects of sharing its common public goods and its social values with the new immigrants. Free immigration will only be allowed if the allocational welfare gains exceed the distributional welfare losses. According to this rule of thumb, a guideline for an efficient migration policy is sketched.
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Barkin, Solomon. « The Flexibility Debate in Western Europe : The Current Drive to Restore Managements' Rights Over Personnel and Wages ». Articles 42, no 1 (12 avril 2005) : 12–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050283ar.
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Managements' drive for the removal of contractual and govemmental restraints on their control of the work force is rationalized in Western Europe as necessary to achieve greater internal and external competitiveness. In support of this view the OECD substituted the advocacy of a flexible manpower policy (including wage policy) under the euphorie title of 'positive adjustment policy' for the prior program of an active manpower policy promoted during the sixties and early seventies. The soundness of the arguments for this change in policy has been questioned by internal research findings as well as reports by consultants and special expert groups appointed by the organization. These studies call for a package of policies and measures negotiated between management and unions to realize the ultimate ends of manpower mobility and job security. The free labor market cannot by itself serve as the mechanism for realizing these goals. Employment security and not segmentation of the work force should be the objective of joint policy making.
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Moyen, Stéphane, et Nikolai Stähler. « UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE : SHOULD BENEFIT ENTITLEMENT DURATION REACT TO THE CYCLE ? » Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, no 3 (2 octobre 2012) : 497–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000478.
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The aim of this paper is to study the optimal duration of unemployment benefit entitlement across the business cycle. We analyze whether the entitlement duration should be prolonged in bad and shortened in good times. Because of consumption smoothing, such a countercyclical policy can be welfare-enhancing as long as it does not affect labor market adjustment too severely and/or as long as it can even help to reduce inefficiencies there. If, however, the labor market is already quite inflexible, procyclical behavior may be preferable. In a calibrated dynamic business cycle framework, we find that countercyclical benefit entitlement duration may be preferable in the United States but not in Europe.