Articles de revues : « Labor policy – Czech Republic »

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HIEKISCHOVÁ, Michaela. « Policy Alienation Amongemployees of the Labor Office of the Czech Republic ». Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, n^o 57 E (25 juin 2019) : 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.57e.1.

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Kotrusová, Miriam, et Klára Výborná. « A policy fiasco : The institutional (non-)reform of Czech public employment services in 2011 ». Central European Journal of Public Policy 9, n^o 1 (1 mai 2015) : 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cejpp-2016-0007.

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Abstract The article deals with an institutional reform of public employment services implemented in the Czech Republic in 2011. By merging social benefits administration with employment services into the newly established Labour Office of the Czech Republic, the right-wing government attempted to reduce the staffing and administrative costs of these services and to improve the governance of local labour offices. Using the theoretical concept of “policy fiasco” and taking an interpretive perspective thereon, we analyse these organisational changes in the functioning of public employment services in the Czech Republic. Our data consist of interviews with experts on labour market policy in the Czech Republic and two focus groups with employees of labour offices who had participated in the reform process. We conclude that the institutional reform of public employment services in the Czech Republic in 2011 can be referred to as a policy fiasco in the sense of the theoretical concept used in the work of Bovens and t’Hart (1998).

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Macakova, Libuse. « Selected Problems of Integration of Foreigners in the Czech Republic ». Equilibrium 8, n^o 1 (31 mars 2013) : 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2013.007.

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The aim of this paper is to characterize the problems of immigration and subsequent integration of foreigners in the Czech Republic. The starting point is a brief historical perspective on the development of migration policies of the Czech Republic and the development of immigration in recent years. The aspects discussed in particular are education and health care, as the main factors affecting the integration of immigrants. The analysis suggests a pivotal role of the state in the activities focused on the integration of foreigners, an important role is played by non-profit organizations. In the end of the paper attention is focused on the Czech public attitude to immigration. Active immigration policy in the Czech Republic began in 2003. Currently, integration is understood as an essential part of the immigration policy of the Government of the Czech Republic. Integration of foreigners into the Czech society is directly linked to the process of immigration and is crucial for the smooth immigrant participation in the local labor market and life in the country. The main problem is the lack of knowledge of the Czech language by adult immigrants and especially their children, lack of knowledge of the Czech language, which significantly complicates the possibility of integration into the Czech society. Access to health care is another critical area of integration. Not all areas of integration are managed entirely ideally. This paper tries to highlight specific partial deficiencies. Further development is possible only after an analysis of the basic factors of integration.

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Motruk, Svitlana. « Migration of Ukrainians to the Czech Republic in the Context of European Integration processes of the 21st Century ». European Historical Studies, n^o 15 (2020) : 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.5.

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On the basis of a large variety of documents and materials the article analyses the preconditions, main stage and consequences of the Ukrainian migration to the Czech Republic during the period of European integration. The article defines the problems of the migration and the prospects for its development in the 21st century. The author emphasises globalization, world conditions, scientific and technological progress, specialization of markets at regional level, social and public labor potential as the key factors of labor mobility, as well as geopolitical and geocultural factors, that changes people’s world outlook in the context of information society. The study focuses on the main reasons for migration from Ukraine to Czech Republic (relatively stable and positive situation in the Czech economy in comparison to the Ukrainian, position in the labor market, the cultural and linguistic similarities, the long history of mutual migration processes). In addition, the author points out at a number of the modern trends of the migration (the quantitative growth of migrant workers and students in absolute numbers as well as in percentage, the growing number of Ukrainians with the Czech residence permit, the transformation of the social structure of migrants, permanent illegal employment). The changes in the migration policy of the Czech Republic after accession to the EU, its political and social context, positive and negative effects, the contents of the so-called «Ukraine Project» and «Ukraine Mode» are examined. The growing impact of the Ukrainian migrants on the development of the Czech economy and society is underlined. The article identifies of the modern migration as a phenomenon, which is being institutionalized and which transforms from a traditional social movement into a structured social organism (diaspora, network of national public associations, infrastructure of the migration services market, etc.), and thus into the subject and instrument of regulation of the people’s economic activity. Some aspects of the Ukrainian diaspora life in Czech Republic are considered.

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Drbohlav, Dušan. « Immigration and the Czech Republic (with a Special Focus on the Foreign Labor Force) ». International Migration Review 37, n^o 1 (mars 2003) : 194–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00134.x.

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This article presents an overview of international migration in the Czech Republic, with a special focus on labor immigration. Currently, the Czech Republic is an immigration and transit country. The most important immigratory segment — economic immigrants — create a colorful mosaic of various ethnicities (80% of them from Europe), each group with their own different economic strategy and niche. After sketching historical patterns and data problems, the focus is on the current situation of labor migrants in the country. A number of issues are addressed: e.g., the relationship between immigrant inflows and the economic situation of the country; immigrants’ regional concentration/deconcentration processes; the popularity of the capital city of Prague and western regions vis-a-vis eastern ones; and the different structural backgrounds of immigrants coming from the East versus the West. Special attention is placed on undocumented/illegal immigration, mainly in relation to the misuse and evasion of immigration legislation. Finally, the immature Czech migration policies and practices are discussed, as are needed policy improvements and the need for new immigration legislation. It is clear that the major trend over time leads to more restrictive migratory policies, in line with efforts to harmonize Czech migratory policies and practices with those of the European Union (EU).

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Pikhart, Zdeněk, Šárka Pikhartová et Pavel Procházka. « Adverse consequences of economic policy in combating global climate change in the Czech Republic ». Society and Economy 43, n^o 2 (21 juin 2021) : 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2021.00002.

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AbstractThe main aim of the article is to identify unintended consequences of economic policies to combat climate change, in the short and long run, using the example of the Czech economy. The short term impacts are assessed by world input-output analysis in order to capture direct and indirect channels affecting the Czech automotive industry. Optimistic, realistic and pessimistic scenarios of decrease in demand for cars due to the imposition of environmental taxes in the European Union and the rest of the world are presented. The results show adverse impacts on Czech gross domestic product from 1.6 to 4.9 percentage points. The economy is expected to change its structure and reallocate factors of production to an alternative use, but there is a risk of suboptimal allocation, which might reveal losses from less efficient allocation of labor and capital. Therefore, the analysis of the relationship between economic welfare and the quality of the environment is conducted. Data on the Czech economy confirm the hypothesis of an environmental Kuznets curve and point to unintended consequences of overly ambitious policies to mitigate global climate change. If economic welfare excessively declines, there would be a significant risk of undermining people's will to invest into environmental protection.

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Dopita, Miroslav, et Jana Poláchová Vašťatková. « Paradoxes of Doctoral Studies in Education Sciences in the Czech Republic ». Qualitative Sociology Review 17, n^o 1 (8 février 2021) : 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.17.1.5.

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Adequate staffing of university studies with qualified academics was completed thanks to the reimplementation of three-stage university education during the post-socialist restoration of higher education in the Czech Republic. Thus, the doctoral degree of education has been attained by more than four-fifths of academic staff, with over two-fifths of them being aged 50+. The current course of university studies, including doctoral study programs, is influenced by their focus on educational and research strategy. With regards to the regulations for graduating in doctoral studies, doctoral candidates act as homo oeconomicus following neo-liberal educational policy. The conditions for doctoral studies, namely, those in educational sciences, thus lead to paradoxes caused by the current higher educational policy. The objective of the paper is to analyze the neoliberal set-up of the higher education policy of the Czech Republic in the field of doctoral studies in educational sciences in particular and its possible impacts in the area of labor-market integration of graduates and university training of academics.

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Kročil, Ondřej, Miroslav Dopita et Richard Pospíšil. « Integration social enterprises as a tool of employment policy ». Ekonomski pregled 70, n^o 3 (30 avril 2019) : 554–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.70.3.10.

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Employment policy as part of the social policy of the state has two basic objectives - achieving full employment and protection against unemployment. There are many groups of people who are highly vulnerable to unemployment on the labour market. For these people, the existence of so-called integration social enterprises, which can offer them a job opportunity, can be particularly useful. If integration social enterprises are supported by the state, we can talk about an active employment policy. Objective of this research is to determine representation of integration social enterprises in a selected region of the Czech Republic and to assess their potential in the context of state employment policy. Although legislative conditions for social enterprises have not yet been developed in the Czech Republic, the research shows that social enterprises have the potential to become a useful tool of active employment policy. It was found that the target group of analysed social enterprises are mainly people with disabilities, who may have a problem with finding a job under current circumstances in the labour market of the Czech Republic. Without the contribution of analysed social enterprises, the excess of supply over demand for labour of people with disabilities would increase an additional 7.37 percent.

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Vančura, Michal, Tatiana Mintálová, Martin Blažek et Václav Toušek. « Innovation environment in the Czech Republic ». Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 16 (1 janvier 2010) : 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.16.7.

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The by-product of the current global economic processes is increasing competitive pressure. In conditions of world economy globalization, the Czech Republic was particularly successful in the 1990s, mainly due to the strategy of “low cost economy”. Low costs were the primary source of competitive advantage. Increasing pressure of large countries with cheap labour force does not allow the Czech Republic make its labour costs lower and use this as a source of economic growth and international competitiveness. Therefore the Czech Republic was forced to direct its further economic development towards the knowledgebased economy. Due to this new priority, in the economic policy the innovative abilities of the companies, increasing quality of human resources, as well as research and development of the new technologies became the most important tasks. For the most of companies these trends were tantamount with the necessity of basic changes in production process organization, management, human resources development, etc. Both inner and outer entrepreneurial environments were thus considerably changed and innovative companies become the carriers of comparative advantages in the regional development. The objective of the article is to assess the current position of the Czech Republic in international perspective as far as the innovative efficiency is concerned. The authors also will try to point the strong and weak sides of the innovation system in the Czech Republic. The second part of the paper analyses the innovative potential of particular Czech regions.

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Konusikova, Lubica, et Alzbeta Kucharcikova. « Approaches to Active Labour Market Policy in The Slovak Republic, Czech Republic and in Finland ». Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 17, n^o 2 (31 mai 2015) : 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2015.2.73-79.

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Toth, Daniel, Mansoor Maitah et Kamil Maitah. « Development and Forecast of Employment in Forestry in the Czech Republic ». Sustainability 11, n^o 24 (4 décembre 2019) : 6901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246901.

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Employment in forestry is an essential component of the forestry industry. It is a socio-economic phenomenon, which has been at the edge of economists’ interest for quite a long time. The proportion of employees in the forestry sector is relatively small, standing at only 0.6%. However, forestry as a sector has a very significant multiplier effect which is reflected in the growth of related jobs. Examples of this can be found in the production of forestry machinery and equipment, the construction of wooden and timber structures, and the furniture sector. These sectors are kept separately in economic and statistical records, but forestry remains their natural determinant. The aim of this work is to describe, analyze, and formulate the prognosis for the development of these types of jobs. Conclusions of the work show that there has been a decrease in employment and simultaneously an increase in labor productivity. This is due to a increasingly high use of technological equipment. Development forecasts show that the Czech Republic does not differ from the overall surveyed trends in other selected countries. It is therefore evident that forecasts of the development of employment in forestry are also relevant in other similar countries. Our results show a statistically significant reduction in forestry employment. The analysis focused on the Czech Republic, but the results may also apply to other European countries. A significant decrease in employment leads to instability in the forestry sector. It means a skilled labor force leaves the forestry sector and is not replaced. Disruption of knowledge continuity leads to a negative impact on the environment.

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Maitah, Mansoor, Daniel Toth, Luboš Smutka, Kamil Maitah et Veronika Jarolínová. « Income Differentiation as a Factor of Unsustainability in Forestry ». Sustainability 12, n^o 11 (10 juin 2020) : 4749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114749.

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Environmental policy is a set of objectives put in place for the protection of natural resources including water, air, soil, food, and other renewable resources. In addition, it has a considerable impact on the labor market and the income of employees in the environmental and forestry sectors. Environmental policy both directly and indirectly creates new jobs, the so-called green jobs. These jobs are designed to be long-term and sustainable, working towards both environmental and socio-economic stability. The aim of the research was to determine if there was a difference in income between the forestry and the environmental policy sectors. The primary objective of this paper was to propose ideas and instruments for strengthening the income of employees in both sectors to the creators of the new State Environmental Policy. This objective was met through appropriate research methods, including the field survey technique. In terms of statistics, we used descriptive characteristics and tested the hypothesis using a T-test. The data from 70 respondents were collected from January 2019 to December 2019. Half of the respondents were from the forestry sector, and the other half worked in environmental protection. Their total income was compared by using two selective T-tests, and the results showed a strong discrepancy. The analysis indicated that the average incomes in forestry are significantly lower than incomes in the environmental protection sector (in the Czech Republic). The statistically higher income of environmental workers reflects that the State Environmental Policy is effective, which improves the position of employees in the labor market. The forestry sector deserves similar concentrated state assistance, and therefore we recommend that the new State Environmental Policy in the Czech Republic also addresses the problem of low income in forestry.

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Koldinská, Kristina. « Czech and Slovak Labour Law — Protective or Liberal ? Labour Law from the Split of Czechoslovakia to post–EU Accession ». International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 24, Issue 3 (1 septembre 2008) : 397–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2008021.

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This paper examines recent developments, the present situation and future prospects for labour law in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It is based on findings from a comparative study on the evolution of Czech and Slovak labour law during the period 1995–2005. The paper deals with the most important elements of labour law in the areas of individual labour relations, collective bargaining and employment policy. The main issue examined is the contrast between flexibility and rigidity in labour legislation in two new EU Member States.

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Stavjaňová, Jana. « Value Added Tax Gap in the Czech Republic ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, n^o 6 (2014) : 1427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462061427.

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The paper deals with an estimation of tax evasion of value added tax in the Czech Republic during 2006–2012. For the estimation I have used the concept of tax gap which is based on a comparison of the theoretical tax liability in the economy with the actual tax receipts. According to my results the VAT gap in the Czech Republic gradually increased during the observed period and it is more than CZK 100 billion in the last three years. The most significant growth of VAT gap occurred between the years 2007 and 2008 and between 2011 and 2012 when the reduced VAT rate was increased by 4 percentage points. The second part of the paper focuses on impact of my estimates on tax policy of the Czech Republic. I discuss two different possibilities how the additional revenue gained from VAT gap reduction could be used – either to decrease the government deficit and therefore to meet the Maastricht criteria or to decrease tax burden on labour which influences particularly low income workers.

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Jurik, Nancy, Alena Křížková et Marie Pospíšilová (Dlouhá). « Czech copreneur orientations to business and family responsibilities ». International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 8, n^o 3 (12 septembre 2016) : 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-09-2015-0032.

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Purpose This paper aims to utilize a mixed-embeddedness approach to examine how state welfare policies, employment conditions and gender norms shape orientations to divisions of business and domestic labor among Czech copreneurs, i.e. romantic couples involved in businesses together. Design/methodology/approach Twelve copreneur couples were interviewed; male and female partners were interviewed separately. Women’s narratives are centered in analyzing motivations for business, divisions of labor, orientation to business/family and state policies. After detailing women’s orientations, correspondence with male partner orientations is considered. Findings Analysis reveals how state policies, employment conditions and gender norms inform copreneur narratives about business and family life in the Czech Republic. Female respondents expressed three orientations: business as opportunity, business for family and business/home as teamwork. Women tended both business and family, whereas most male partners focused exclusively on business. Research limitations/implications Although the small, purposive sample was not representative of all Czech copreneurs, findings detail how social context frames business/family dynamics. Practical implications This mixed-embeddedness perspective demonstrates how gender norms, state taxation and welfare shape the organization of Czech copreneurships and can support or discourage women’s entrepreneurship. Social implications Mechanisms producing gender inequality in copreneur businesses are revealed. Originality/value Findings identify connections between female copreneur business/family orientations and the context of gender regimes, state policy and employment practices in a post-socialist country. Also revealed are changing orientations across family and business stages.

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Pernica, Martin. « Evaluation of the adequacy of government minimum wage valorization policy in the Czech Republic in 2017 in the European context ». Oeconomia Copernicana 8, n^o 1 (31 mars 2017) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.v8i1.2.

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Research background: The government of the Czech Republic has agreed to an increase in the minimum monthly wage as of the beginning of 2017 to 11,000 CZK, which represents a year-over-year increase of over 11 %. The government is thus fulfilling its objective set out in February 2014 and stipulated in the Government Statement of Purpose, i.e. to approximate the minimum wage to 40 % of average wages. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to assess the adequacy of the Government Minimum Wage Valorization Policy, in particular from two points of view. Firstly, in view of selected macroeconomic indicators in the Czech Republic — the development of consumer prices, average gross wages, economic growth and workforce productivity. Secondly, in comparison with other EU member states which have introduced the institution of a minimum wage. Methods: In order to assess the adequacy of government policy to improve the social protection of the rights of the working population, a background research was conducted into the literature of important studies on the effects of minimum wages on unemployment, while the development of average gross wages in the CR, the minimum monthly wages in the CR and the Kaitz index were also analyzed. Furthermore, an evaluation of selected macroeconomic indicators in the Czech Republic was performed by means of time lines and the percentage representation of employees in the individual gross wage bands according to sex and type of economic activity. Last, but not least, a comparison was made of minimum wages, real gross domestic product per capita and workforce productivity in Euros and in purchasing power standards between the Czech Republic and countries which have enacted the institution of minimum wages. Findings and Value added: The minimum wage in the Czech Republic is the fifth lowest in the EU. In the long term, it is earned by approximately 3% of employees, which is less than the rate common in other EU countries. Currently, the amount of the minimum wage is below the threshold of income poverty. In comparison with the GDP per capita in PPS and real labour productivity per person employed in other EU countries, the position of the Czech Republic is significantly better, although other EU countries offer higher minimum wages. The decision of the current government to significantly increase the minimum wage as of 2017 is correct.

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Garbat, Marcin. « POLICY OF SUPPORTING EMPLOYMENT OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD ». Polityka Społeczna 571, n^o 10 (31 octobre 2021) : 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5428.

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The right of people with disabilities to participate in economic life is, inter alia, the right to employment and participation in labor relations. The policy of supporting the employment of people with disabilities refers to actions oriented at the labor market and strengthening the employment opportunities of this social category. Such a policy is aimed at the parallel use of several or even a dozen or so activation instruments. Legal instruments supporting employers of people with disabilities in 10 countries, including 8 from the EU, such as: Belgium (Brussels and the capital region), China, the Czech Republic, France, Japan, Spain, Germany (Brandenburg), Luxembourg, Slovakia and Italy were analyzed. The analysis is also enriched by the description of instruments used in other countries of the world, if they were worthy of attention. Particular emphasis was placed on showing systemic solutions that sometimes allow employment support to be different than in Poland. The analysis describes the most interesting and best functioning national systems which, in their policies, implement the principle of equal opportunities and fight against discrimination, and enable employment of a person with disabilities

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Flek, Vladislav, et Martina Mysíková. « Youth Labour Flows and Unemployment in Great Recession : Comparing Spain and the Czech Republic ». Review of Economic Perspectives 15, n^o 2 (1 juin 2015) : 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2015-0016.

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Abstract Using Spain and the Czech Republic as examples of two EU countries with different labour market performance, we apply a gross flow analysis based on EU-SILC longitudinal data. We find that while in Spain the increases in youth unemployment are driven mostly by young people who lose their jobs, in the Czech Republic, this is mainly due to new labour market entrants who failed to find a job. The analysis of flow transition rates suggests that youth labour markets with enormously high unemployment rates have not failed in all relevant respects. Their development seems to be hindered predominantly by high risk of job losses and diminishing employment prospects of the unemployed, rather than by impeded transitions from inactivity to employment. In countries with lower youth unemployment rates, unemployment policy agenda appears to be challenged by quite the opposite tendency

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Matlochová, Ewa. « Dostosowanie prawa wewnętrznego w Republice Czeskiej do unijnych wymogów antydyskryminacyjnych na przykładzie prawa pracy ». Prawo 320 (28 septembre 2016) : 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.320.5.

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Adaptation of domestic law in the Czech Republicto the EU anti-discrimination requirements based on the example of labor lawThis article deals with one of the most crucial fields of EU social policy, namely with the principle of non-discrimination and its transposition into Czech national law. The degree of implementation varies greatly between the countries. The purpose of this article is to present the example of law implementation in the EU and highlight some specific issues of concern relating to the state of the adoption of EU anti-discrimination directives.

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Tichá, Alena, Dana Linkeschová, Zdeněk Tichý et Zuzana Mrňová. « Wages and Incentive Instruments for Enhancing the Performance of Construction Industry Employees ». Tehnički glasnik 14, n^o 4 (9 décembre 2020) : 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20200601164817.

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The aim of the article is to present quantitative development of wages and incentive instruments in the Czech Republic during the recent period and at the same time to provide an insight into the emerging changes in the labor market brought by the industry and the construction industry digitization. Strong demand for increased corporate social responsibility of the companies in the technical, economic and environmental protection and care sectors, and in particular in mutual communication between market partners, has had and will have an impact on wage policy and creation of employer wage systems. This article briefly gives the insight into what visions and strategies this situation brings into the construction industry field.

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Malá, Zdeňka, Gabriela Červená et Michaela Antoušková. « Analysis of the impacts of Common Agricultural Policy on plant production in the Czech Republic ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, n^o 7 (2011) : 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070237.

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Common agricultural policy has fundamentally projected itself into the business management of individual agricultural businesses. The submission addresses the assessment of the effects of subsidy policy on the production, costs and profit of agricultural businesses that engage predominantly in plant production. At the same time, it determines the effects of subsidy policy on demand for the production factors of labour and land. To the research questions more than 100 agriculture businesses were analyzed. The date from financial statements enabled to construct production function model, to quantify the cost function, the function of demand for land, the demand for the production factor of labour and finally the profit function was constructed. The results of research evidence the fact that direct payments have a negative effect on the production of agricultural businesses, but on the other hand they initiate demand for agricultural land and increase the profit of agricultural producers. The results also show direct payments do not motivate agriculture businesses towards increased production. The direct payments also increase the demand for production factor of land and they have also a significant effect on the value of profit.

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Papavasilevská, Sandra. « Modified Area-based System in Czech Republic ». Financial Law Review, n^o 25 (1) (31 mars 2022) : 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996834flr.22.012.15662.

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Tax system in the Czech Republic and offers some specific suggestions for reform. In the long term, their taxation could be maintained. Many politicians not only in the Czech Republic believe that a higher property tax on real estate investments can solve the housing crisis. There are several examples showing that such a solution does not lead to the desired result. In many states, such a tax increase solved a certain "housing crisis". Such a solution is at all sensible and will ultimately not only disadvantage economically the socially weaker, who do not have the resources to get their own place. On the other hand, the overall taxation of investment housing could contribute to increasing revenues of municipal budgets without changing the budgetary allocation of taxes. The inclusion of elements of elementary equality and work with so-called local coefficients, possibly combined with the categorisation of immovable property as established in the Land Registry, appears to be a meaningful key to the solution. On the basis of these two groups or categories, differential taxation can be achieved for a wide range of properties without creating room for discussion about what is and is not an investment apartment [OECD 2010]. But there are two weaknesses in dealing with this, namely policy changes, where the increase in the coefficient is unpopular within local authorities, and that it will be quite different in this area. The area-based property tax has been gaining influence in developing and transitional countries around the world. This report first examines how the area-based tax is administered in thirty-eight countries according to statutes. Area-based assessment is more commonly used in rural areas than urban areas, for land than buildings, and with few adjustments. Over half the countries allow some local control [Fischel 2001: 17]. The paper presents an overview of the theoretical and practical experience of both the immovable property taxation forms (area-based and value-based) concerning the different aspects of micro and macroefficiency, equity and the “ability to pay” aspects as well as the fiscal and technical aspects, with the special emphasis on (post)transition economies – new EU members. The EU recommendations in this area, especially concerning the shift of tax burden from (labour) income to property, are pointed out. The comparative analysis of relevant taxation in the EU member countries is presented, pointing out that some of them, which have fulfilled the formal requirement of the recurrent taxes on immovable property introduction, still implement a simpler form – the area-based one. In particular, the article focuses on the definition of the tax system in the Czech Republic, and intentionally on the processing of property taxes. Inheritance, gift and acquisition taxes on immovable property, including their definition and the way in which they are transformed, are mentioned in particular in these property taxes. However, the main objective of the work was to approximate the property tax, in relation to value-based taxation or a modified area-based system. Attention is also focused on defining the pluses and minuses of these taxes, what advantages they are, what advantages they are not, and which of the countries uses which system of taxation. The work seeks to highlight why a system is used within the Czech Republic, including its benefits within the tax system.

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Hölscher, Jens, et Ray Bachan. « Income Dynamics and Stability in the Transition Process ». Acta Oeconomica 52, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2002) : 421–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.52.2002.4.2.

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Income distribution is a widely neglected subject in applied macroeconomics. This paper looks at the current state of art, which can be summarised as the “Transatlantic Consensus”explaining inequality through a partial analysis approach with changes on the labour market at its core. The potential interrelationship between inequality and growth is particularly important for transition countries, because according to common knowledge in this case the change of regime went along with rising inequality and declining income in the initial phase. The Czech case - the Czech Republic being the most egalitarian country among the former socialist economies - is even more interesting, because here income distribution remained relatively stable before and throughout the transition period. This result is illustrated by Lorenz curves. The analysis of so-far unpublished empirical data indicates that there is no need for active distribution policy in the Czech Republic. This result might not hold for other transition countries, which find themselves at the initial part of the Kuznets curve, but on a lower level of income.

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Kantová, Marcela, Šárka Prudká, Markéta Arltová et Magdaléna Kotýnková. « Efficiency of Labour Market Policy Changes in the Czech Republic and Sweden in 2006-2015 ». Politická ekonomie 66, n^o 4 (1 août 2018) : 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.1222.

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Szarowská, Irena. « Quality of Public Finance and Economic Growth in the Czech Republic ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, n^o 4 (2016) : 1373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664041373.

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Quality of public finances belongs to a key policy challenge as its improvement should lead to a long-term economic growth. The aim of the paper is to investigate if the key channels and tools used by the public finance (structure of revenue system, size of the government and composition of expenditure, level and sustainability of fiscal position) affect economic growth in the Czech Republic in the period 1995-2013. The empirical model is based on the methodology of Barro and Sala-i-Martin (2003) and the model of Mankiw et al. (1992) which is adapted to the framework of this study. The results of dynamic regressions suggest that economic growth is affected by public finance variables only partly and traditional sources of economic growth (human capital or openness) play bigger role. Provided evidence shows that total tax burden as well as the structure of revenue system (especially implicit tax rates on labour and consumption) should be primarily used as tools for maintain macroeconomic objectives. On the contrary, changes in size and composition of expenditure, balance and debt report not statistically significant impact.

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Adamec, Václav, et Luboš Střelec. « A study of potential output and output gap in the Czech Republic ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, n^o 2 (2012) : 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260020009.

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Analysis of economic cycle is of enormous importance for monitoring economic output and explaining price and wage inflation. It provides essential information for shaping economic and monetary policy of central authorities. Several methods are currently available to estimate potential output and output gap. In the current study, methods of Hodrick-Prescott filter and Cobb-Douglas production function were implemented to estimate potential output, which cannot be empirically observed. For the purpose of comparing the above methods, quarterly and annual time series of real GDP, labour and gross fixed capital starting in 1996 were used for estimation of the output gap. Relative contributions of labour, fixed capital formation and technology improvement factor towards growth of potential output were quantified for the studied series. The Cobb-Douglas production function appears to be superior to Hodrick-Prescott filter in providing quality estimates of potential output. Hodrick-Prescott filter allows estimation of potential output; nevertheless, it fails to identify components of cyclic behaviour of economic activity. Cobb-Douglas production function describes level of potential product assuming average utilization of production factors. A detailed analysis of components of economic growth in the observed period is provided.

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BULAKH, T., S. ZALYUBOVSKA et G. KASHCHEІEVА. « Strategic and Innovative Areas in the Development of National Migration Policy in the Context of Macroeconomic Growth of the Ukrainian Economy ». Scientific Bulletin of the National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Audit, n^o 1-2 (1 juin 2022) : 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/nasoa.1-2-2022.05.

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The distinctive features of the Ukrainian migration policy today are inadequate administrative, legal and social regulation of migration processes, creating bureaucratic barriers in public administration bodies. These problems call for solutions that would promote consolidation of democracy and observation of human rights in Ukraine, its integration in the global community, on the one hand, and enhancement of the national security, on the other. Being subject to broad-scale political debate in scientific and political circles of Ukraine, the migration problem needs continuing research. The article analyzes performance and trends in the migration policy of Ukraine. Its features and efficiency are revealed. It was found that the main characteristics of the country’s external migration are: dominance of labor migrants among the migrant categories; by gender structure, labor migration is most common among men. The main destinations of labor migration are Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary. The main characteristics of internal migration are the continuation of the trend towards urbanization, with the decreasing rural population and increasing urban population. High migration losses of the population are characteristic of the Western and South-Western regions of Ukraine. Most people changed their place of residence for Kharkiv, Kyiv and Dnipropetrovsk regions. It was found that the migration policy of Ukraine is characterized by low efficiency. At the moment, migration processes are spontaneous. And this leads to an increase in the disproportion of regional labor markets, increasing social tensions, the formation of conditions for the spread of ideas of national intolerance among the Ukrainian population. The main reasons behind the growing migration activity in Ukraine are highlighted: the instability of the socio-economic environment, decreasing salary rate, overall welfare and quality of life. Measures to improve the migration policy of Ukraine are proposed.

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Žofčinová, Vladimíra, et Zuzana Hrabovská. « Problems of Unemployment through the Employment Policy in the Labour Market : The Case of the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic ». Public Administration Issues, n^o 5 (2019) : 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2019-0-5-103-119.

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Luhova, V., A. Hutorov, J. Yarmolenko, T. Ivashchenko, O. Gutorov et Y. Bakun. « EXTERNAL LABOR MIGRATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE ». Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 5, n^o 40 (8 novembre 2021) : 514–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v5i40.245209.

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Abstract. This paper reports a study into the trends and patterns of the impact of external labor migration on the effectiveness of the functioning of Ukraine’s labor market, as well as defining those areas where migration processes could be coordinated in order to preserve the labor potential of this country. The scale and characteristics of the external labor migration in Ukraine have been considered. A tendency has been identified towards increasing the number of potential labor migrants among the population of Ukraine. The main destinations for migrant workers are the EU, primarily Poland, Italy, and the Czech Republic. It was found that the main labor migrants are men aged 30 to 49 with secondary and secondary specialized education, which indicates a significant outflow of «labor» from Ukraine. The main motives that encourage Ukrainians to work abroad have been determined. The main one has been investigated, related to the low level of wages in Ukraine, which is several times lower than the level of remuneration in the recipient countries. The positive and negative consequences of labor migration for Ukraine as a labor donor country have been given. Among the direct positive consequences, the main ones are the reduction of pressure on the labor market and the decrease in unemployment. Among the negative ones is the migration of the most active part of the labor force, the migration of young people and the most qualified specialists, which causes a shortage of labor in Ukraine’s labor market. The ways to improve the coordination of migration processes have been proposed, in order to preserve the labor potential of this country. The first is to improve the information support of the labor migration management process; the second is to promote economic growth and social development in Ukraine. The implementation of these measures could reduce the motivation for labor migration and provide conditions for the return of migrant workers. Keywords: labor migration, migrant, labor outflow, labor market, migration policy. JEL Classіfіcatіon J45, J61, J69 Formulas: 0; fig.: 5; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 23.

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Kamerman, S. B., et A. J. Kahn. « Child and Family Benefits in Eastern and Central Europe and in the West : Learning from the Transition ». Environment and Planning C : Government and Policy 11, n^o 2 (juin 1993) : 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110199.

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As countries in Eastern and Central Europe attempt the transition to market economies, they challenge the theoretical and applied repertoires of political economy. It is the premise in this paper that the transition tests the social policy ‘wisdom’ of the pluralistic, democratic ‘Western’ societies and offers scholars the opportunity for monitoring and learning. The paper is focused on family benefits, a component of social policy, and is concentrated on Hungary, Poland, and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. A contrast is made to European countries of the European Community and the European Free Trade Association. The United States is also covered. The discussion is concentrated on maternity and parental leave, care for infants, toddlers, and preschool children, and family allowances. One important question addressed is whether with current financial constraints the East will be forced to relinquish its family benefit policies as the West expands such policies. Or, to the contrary, will these policies be expanded further in the East, as a substitute for unemployment insurance and to solve other labor-market problems?

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Falkner, Gerda. « Institutional Performance and Compliance with EU Law : Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia ». Journal of Public Policy 30, n^o 1 (25 février 2010) : 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x09990183.

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AbstractThis article compares the performance of state institutions and compliance with EU law in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia. The public institutions highlighted are of crucial relevance when it comes to enforcing EU social standards and include the court and legal systems as well as labour inspectorates and equal treatment authorities. Expert and practitioner assessments point to major shortcomings in their institutional performance. The procedural compliance pattern to which these shortcomings give rise closely resembles that found by previous studies in some Western European countries, notably Ireland and Italy. Thus, the four countries examined here fall within a ‘world of dead letters’ as far as their compliance with EU law is concerned. In this ‘world’, EU directives tend to be transposed in a politicised mode (although so far, this happened rather timely and correctly) and there is frequent non-compliance at the later stages of monitoring and enforcement.

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Minařík, Bohumil, et Jiří Pešl. « Economic impacts of demographics ageing of Czech population ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, n^o 6 (2006) : 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654060117.

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Through the last fifteen years, the Czech Republic rank among the advanced European countries. It has brought both positives and negatives. The most problematic are questions of a population ageing as a result of the natural increase of inhabitants. In this article, there are presented sources of information and basic methodical instruments and related demographic indicators. This article is dealing with an actual demographic situation in the Czech Republic and its anticipated development until 2050 year in reference to a natality, mortality and foreign migration. In the last fifteen years, the mortality decreased significantly (from 12.5 in 1990 to 10.5 in 2004) and expectation of life (men: from 67.5 in 1990 to 72.6 in 2004, women: from 76.0 to 79.4) on one hand, but on the other hand, the total fertility decreased dramatically (from 1.89 in 1990 to 1.20 in 2004). Until 2050 year is supposed to increase the average age of population at about ten years and a rate of age category over 65 years should grow to double of actual situation. On the other hand, medial variety of prediction is supposed (beyond a certain temporary decrease) to increase of total fertility to a value of 1.62 at average birth mother age over 29 years. The outcome of this work will be another expressive downgrade of demographic situation and extreme pressure to the retirement system. The other part of work is dealing with causes and consequences of population ageing, for example in reference to a labour market and unemployment, but also in reference to educational system, health and retirement system. This article also recapitulates relevant continuity of the unfavourable demographic situation solution, especially in the point of main political subject view in the Czech Republic. There are mainly different options of population policy, a pressure to a decrease of a population education and especially a retirement reform. The particular proposals are influenced by a different point of political subjects view to the world and a rate of individual responsibility and country in it.

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Malá, Z., et M. Malý. « The determinants of adopting organic farming practices : a case study in the Czech Republic ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 1 (19 février 2013) : 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10/2012-agricecon.

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The presented article focuses on an analysis of the phenomena appearing in the implementation of the transition from classic conventional technology in the production of agricultural food products to an ecological manner of farming. The main objective is an empirical analysis of the determinants of the implementation of ecological production technology, whereby not only is their definition focused on, but also the quantification of the level of their effect. The primary methodological tool for achieving the objective is a binary choice model, which was estimated in three variants – probit model, logit model and linear probability model. These estimations are conducted on the basis of the unbalanced panel data from 531 agricultural businesses – legal entities obtained over the time period 2004–2008. Results of the analyses indicate that the transition to and implementation of the organic production technology is negatively affected primarily by the higher age of the farmers and the high productivity of labour. On the other hand, the subsidies for the support of organic agriculture, as well as a high return on cost can be considered as the factors which positively influence the implementation of the organic technology. Given this fact, it is possible, through agricultural policy, to effectively influence the number of organically managing farmers, as well as the acreage of the organically managed land. And from the achieved outputs, the type of farm is subsequently characterised where a transition to organic farming may most likely be expected.

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Erlebach, Martin, Martin Tomáš et Petr Tonev. « A functional interaction approach to the definition of meso regions : The case of the Czech Republic ». Moravian Geographical Reports 24, n^o 2 (1 juin 2016) : 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2016-0009.

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Abstract The definition of functional meso regions for the territory of the Czech Republic is articulated in this article. Functional regions reflect horizontal interactions in space and are presented as a useful tool for various types of geographical analyses, and also for spatial planning, economic policy designs, etc. This paper attempts to add to the discussion on the need to delineate areal units at different hierarchical levels, and to understand the functional flows and spatial behaviours of the population in a given space. Three agglomerative methods are applied in the paper (the CURDS regionalisation algorithm, Intramax, and cluster analysis), and they have not been used previously in Czech geography for the delineation of functional meso regions. Existing functional regions at the micro-level, based on daily travel-to-work flows from the 2001 census, have served as the building blocks. The analyses have produced five regional systems at the meso level, based on daily labour commuting movements of the population. Basic statistics and a characterisation of these systems are provided in this paper.

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Hora, Ondřej. « Empirical evaluation of professional traineeships for young people up to 30 years of age ». Central European Journal of Public Policy 12, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2018) : 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cejpp-2018-0008.

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Abstract In this article, we evaluate ‘Professional traineeships for young people up to 30 years’, an active labour market policy measure implemented in the Czech Republic. Professional traineeships were one of the possibilities for suitable offer to young people within Youth Guarantee in the Czech Republic in 2014 and 2015. First, we conducted a process evaluation (document analysis and interviews) to uncover the design and implementation aspects of the program. Next, we followed the counterfactual impact evaluation approach towards the estimate of returns to unemployment (competing risk analysis) based on individual administration data from public employment services. We have found that professional traineeships were successful in attracting the interest of both young people and employers. Mainly young people with middle and high level education have entered the program. Most of them have been provided with on-the-job subsidies in the private sector. When considering the impact of the program on the unemployment of participants and a control group, it was shown that after two years, the measure was effective only for young people with long pre-program Employment Office registration. When we consider the reasons for leaving Employment Office registration, the measure seems to be more effective, since many young people in the control group left the Employment Office register in favour of options that were outside of the labour market.

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Włodarczyk, Przemysław. « Monetary Policy Transmission and the Labour Market in the Non‑eurozone Visegrad Group Countries in 2000–2014. Evidence from a SVAR Analysis ». Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 20, n^o 4 (30 décembre 2017) : 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0026.

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This paper is aimed at filling the gap in existing economic research by delivering new evidence on the money‑labour nexus in the emerging markets of the non‑eurozone Visegrad group countries (i.e. Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland). Analyses are based on the Strucutral VAR (SVAR) models of the monetary transmission mechanism, estimated using monthly data from the 2000:1–2014:2 period. In order to obtain impulse responses, the short‑run restrictions set, based on the monetary transmission theory, is imposed. Two different identification schemes are considered.The results confirm that there exists a nexus between monetary policy, employment, and unemployment. According to the obtained estimates monetary policy shocks invoked lagged, hump‑shaped reactions of output, employment and unemployment in each of the analysed countries.

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Czubak, Wawrzyniec, et Krzysztof Piotr Pawłowski. « Sustainable Economic Development of Farms in Central and Eastern European Countries Driven by Pro-investment Mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy ». Agriculture 10, n^o 4 (27 mars 2020) : 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040093.

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Improvements in sustainability at the farm level are the basic driver of agricultural sustainability at the macro level. This is a challenge that can only be met by farms which efficiently process inputs into products. The increase in the efficiency of European farms is largely conditioned by measures taken under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), especially its second pillar. The purpose of this study was to determine the net effect of pro-investment instruments available under the second pillar of the CAP in selected Central and Eastern European countries. Unpublished Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) microdata provided by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (DG AGRI) were used as the source material. The study presented in this paper is unique in that the research tasks are based on unpublished microdata of selected Central and Eastern European farms. The study relied on the Propensity Score Matching approach; the net effect of pro-investment mechanisms was analyzed using productivity and profitability indicators calculated for farms which have been keeping FADN records for a continuous period of no less than 6 years. As shown by the study, structural funds available under the CAP clearly provided an investment incentive for farms. The conclusion from the assessment of changes in the availability of productive inputs is that the beneficiaries reported a greater increase in fixed asset value and in farm area in all countries except for the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The comparative analysis of countries covered by this study failed to clearly confirm that labor is substituted with capital to a significant extent. Every country covered by this study experienced a noticeable negative net effect on both the productivity and profitability of capital. When considering all the countries, the beneficiary group has no clear advantage over the control group in terms of changes in land and labor productivity and profitability (a statistically significant positive effect was recorded for land productivity and profitability in Slovenia). As regards labor, a statistically significant positive net effect (a difference in growth rate between the beneficiary group and the control group) was recorded in Slovenia, but also in Poland, where beneficiary farms reported a greater increment in labor profitability and reduced the negative difference in labor productivity.

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Mulska, Olha, Olha Levytska, Volodymyr Zaychenko, Taras Vasyltsiv et Olha Ilyash. « Pull environment of migration in the EU countries : Migration vector from Ukraine ». Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, n^o 4 (19 novembre 2021) : 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.23.

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The growing Ukrainian migration towards EU countries determines the need for evaluation of pull factors shaping their environment to regulate these processes better. The study aims to assess the EU’s pull environment attracting migrants, and evaluate the elasticity of Ukrainian total and labor migration to the change of social and economic factors in EU countries. The data are collected for the period from 2005 to 2018. The method involves weighting the indicators and sub-indices with the following calculating partial and integral indices of the pull environment of migration for selected EU countries (the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Italy, Portugal, Greece, and Spain) and the EU-28. During 2005–2018, the integral level of pull environment of migration in the EU-28 was above average, whereas the most attractive countries for external migrants were Germany, the Czech Republic, Spain, and Italy. In terms of the intensity of total migration from Ukraine in 2018, Poland (236.06 departures per 1,000 Ukrainians), Hungary (73.6), Germany (12.6), and Italy (7.3) are among the main destinations. While the intensity of Ukrainian migration is high, its growth rate depends on the time lag (different elasticities in the medium and long run). The integral analysis of the pull environment has a practical value allowing to conduct migration intensity and elasticity evaluation, as well as the cross-country pull-factor analysis (pull strength) for substantiating the improvement of regulatory and methodological provisions of migration policies for both Ukraine and the hosting EU states. AcknowledgmentThe study has been conducted within the framework of applied research “Mechanisms of the proactive policy for reducing social vulnerability of the population (based on the Carpathian region of Ukraine)” (M. Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Reg. No. 0121U112014, 2021–2023).

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Stańko, Aneta. « Poziom ubóstwa w krajach nowo przyjętych do Unii Europejskiej ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n^o 53 (25 septembre 2004) : 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.53.17.

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The paper presents chosen indicators of poverty and labour market in new member countries of the European Union. The new member countries could participate in the open coordination of policy against poverty and social exclusion from the first day of membership. The poverty level in new member countries was almost on the same level as in the "old" members but the poverty threshold was much lower in new members. The biggest sphere of poverty was in Estonia and Lithuania (over 16%), the lowest-in the Czech Republic and Hungary (about 10%). The main cause of poverty in all of the member countries was unemployment, especially persistent.

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Donath, Liliana E., et Petru-Ovidiu Mura. « The Looming Central and Eastern European Real Convergence Club. Do Implicit Tax Rates Play a Part ? » Danube 10, n^o 1 (1 mars 2019) : 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/danb-2019-0004.

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Abstract The paper investigates whether there is a convergence club stance for the Visegrad countries plus Romania and Bulgaria and the part played, in this process, by the implicit tax rates on labour and consumption, respectively. For the purpose of the research, the GDP per capita, productivity and unemployment are used as convergence indicators and dependent variables. The dataset covers the 1995–2016 timeframe and the analysis is based on a panel-model approach. The main results show that the implicit tax on labour has no significant effect on the convergence indicators while the implicit rates on consumption are statistically significant with negative influence. The interpretation of results is made considering a set of control and robustness variables where policy lessons derive from. The conclusion reflects on the policy lessons that can serve to accomplish the convergence club within selected CEE countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Romania.

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Rumánková, Lenka, Elena Kuzmenko, Irena Benešová, Luboš Smutka et Adriana Laputková. « Animal Husbandry Export Measures Productivity : What is the Position of the Czech Republic ? » Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 12, n^o 4 (30 décembre 2020) : 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/aol.2020.120407.

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Efficiency, productivity and competitiveness are important indicators of any production process. Speaking of agriculture and, in particular, animal husbandry in the light of sustainable development context, the values of these indicators become of special importance. Since adequate and efficient usage of disposable labour, land and capital can play a crucial role in obtaining and preserving higher efficiency and productivity levels, the natural question arises - does any relationship exist between mentioned production factors and revealed comparative advantage? The main aim of this research is to evaluate the relationship between export-measured productivity and comparative advantages in animal husbandry of selected European countries. The benchmark is provided in relation to the Czech Republic. To analyse productivity of agricultural and, more specifically, animal production in the European countries selected for the analysis (based on available balanced data incorporating the period from 2005 to 2017), a decision was made to trace export performance of these countries recalculated with regard to a unit of core productive factors, such as land, labour and capital. Based on the foreign trade indicators (Gruber Lloyd index, RCA index), cluster analysis was conducted, in which individual calculation was used as an input variable. Subsequently, hierarchical clustering and Ward´s method were used. The evidence from this study suggests that the revealed comparative advantage of the countries is not determined primarily by the level of export-based productivity. The relationship between these variables is rather weak and very often negative, which indicates that productivity indicators do not play a significant role in the overall competitiveness of the monitored countries.

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Urbancová, Hana, et Pavla Vrabcová. « Age management as a human resources management strategy with a focus on the primary sector of the Czech Republic ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 6 (22 juin 2020) : 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11/2020-agricecon.

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Primary sector, especially agricultural companies, have long been struggling with labour shortages and demographic trends as well as with negative age structure of employees. The article, therefore, aims to identify the organisational benefits and strategies of human resource management that will help ensure a generational change in selected agricultural companies in primary sectors. The data was obtained on the basis of quantitative research in 136 companies operating in the primary sector according to the CZ-NACE methodology. More than 75% of the enterprises assessed do not apply age management, the biggest obstacle being staffing shortage in the area of age management. The respondents see the main benefits in retaining key employees, improving motivation, increasing performance, and improving organisational climate. The article is limited by its focus on the specific primary sector, nevertheless, this topic is very important in its focus on Common Agricultural Policy at the level of individual companies in all countries of the European Union.

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Gródek-Szostak, Zofia, Mateusz Malinowski, Marcin Suder, Klaudia Kwiecień, Stanisław Bodziacki, Magdalena D. Vaverková, Alżbeta Maxianová et al. « Energy Conservation Behaviors and Awareness of Polish, Czech and Ukrainian Students : A Case Study ». Energies 14, n^o 18 (7 septembre 2021) : 5599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185599.

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Energy education of the younger generation, who are the future decision makers, investors, consumers, scientists, or skilled labor force in new energy technologies, is crucial for the future of Europe and the world. However, beyond the long-term goals of energy education policies, the short-term effects on energy conservation and the promotion of renewable energy sources are equally as important. The main purpose of the paper is to identify and analyze the behavior of students (who study the issues related to energy saving and RES), in terms of energy conservation. The conducted analysis focused on examining and comparing the scope of responses of the surveyed students in individual countries, especially in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Ukraine. The survey was carried out using the computer-assisted web interview (CAWI). Descriptive and graphical methods were used to present the results. Statistical analysis of the collected data included basic measures of descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. The main results of the study are as follows: Almost 60% of the surveyed students follow the principles of energy conservation; however increased educational activities on eco-energy behaviors is recommended. The share of RES in the heating systems of the studied residential buildings is 9%, on average, with the highest percentage of houses in Poland (14%) and the lowest in Ukraine (only 2.6%). When compared with literature reports, the collect data show that educational activities can be as effective as a tool in implementing RES and pro-environmental behaviors as the government’s environmental policy and household subsidies.

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Katona, Klára. « Tőkepiaci versenyképesség tényezőinek alakulása Kelet-Közép-Európában ». Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 4, n^o 3-4 (1 janvier 2009) : 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2009.3-4.143-147.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyse the FDI potential index in Central-Eastern Europe. This index was elaborated by UNCTAD to identify the main elements of competitiveness in capital market. According to international and regional researches these factors influence the investors' decisions which are the following: market size of the country, openness of the trade, state of the infrastructure, level of human capital, country risk, the labour cost and labour productivity, tax policy, tax level. The research covers the periods before and after the integration of this region to European Union. The temporal and spatial comparison concerning the influence of these factors on FDI mirrors the competitiveness of these countries (Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland) in capital market and proved the essential effects of the level of human capital and the infrastructure in the new member states.

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Kočvarová, Ilona. « Population Reduction, Unification of Curriculum and Diversification of Financial Support of Secondary Education in the Czech Republic : The Situation in the Years 2006 – 2016 ». Acta Technologica Dubnicae 7, n^o 1 (1 avril 2017) : 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/atd-2017-0002.

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Abstract Introduction: The article focuses on the situation in the area of secondary education in the Czech Republic. Its aim is to reflect three topics: population reduction, unification of curriculum and diversification of financial support of secondary education in the Czech Republic in 2006 - 2016.Methods: The results are underlined by available data from the national statistics. The data are collected annually and are accessible on the website of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. They contain the entire population of secondary schools, teachers and pupils. Analysis was provided with the use of SPSS, version 24.Results: There is a reduction of vocational and apprentice schools, but at the same time we are increasing financial support to their fields of study. Under the 2004 law, each school has an individual school educational program, but realistically, we see that the curriculum at secondary school level of education rather standardises. On the labour market, we need graduates of vocational and apprentice schools, but we still strongly support grammar schools and other theoretically oriented schools, whose graduates are not motivated for manual professions.Discussion: Closer analysis focused on reflection of selected trends in the area of secondary education is needed for the purposes of education policy and for planning future research studies in this area.Limitations: Continuous development takes place in the field of education. All comparisons in the years 2006-2016 are therefore limited. The data were used in their original form, in some cases were not available and therefore they could not be included in the analysis.Conclusions: Educational policy is very complicated, because education is difficult to control and it is based on freedom of access. Therefore, the most important target for the future is to stabilize the situation and be able to reflect maximum of factors influencing secondary education in our society. Although current trends clearly support lifelong learning and its unification, we should not forget the specific fields of apprentice and vocational schools, which are needed on the labour market.

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Čadil, Jan, Karel Mirošník et Ján Rehák. « The lack of short-term impact of cohesion policy on the competitiveness of SMEs ». International Small Business Journal : Researching Entrepreneurship 35, n^o 8 (20 mars 2017) : 991–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242617695382.

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The purpose of this article is to study the relationship between the competitiveness of small- and medium-sized companies and the public support offered to them in the form of direct subsidies allocated through European structural funds. Using micro-data gathered by the Operational Programme Enterprise and Innovations for Competitiveness (OPEIC) of European structural funds from 2007–2013, this analysis focuses on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic. We employed a counterfactual approach based on Propensity Score Matching (PSM), Nearest Neighbour Estimator and Difference in Difference design with two groups of companies: applicants receiving support and a control group. When using value added and value added per labour cost as the competitiveness indicators for SMEs, we found that Cohesion Policy (CP) support had no statistically significant impact on these indicators. On the other hand, we a found positive impact on personnel expenditure. These results highlight a number of doubts regarding the effectiveness of SME cohesion funding, given that a rise in personnel expenditure, which is not supported by an appropriate increase in added value, is unlikely to be sustainable.

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Dvouletý, Ondřej. « Does the Self-employment Policy Reduce Unemployment and Increase Employment ? Empirical Evidence from the Czech Regions ». Central European Journal of Public Policy 11, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2017) : 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cejpp-2016-0032.

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Abstract Empirical evidence related to the effectivity and outcomes of the self-employment programmes in the Central and Eastern Europe is still very rare, despite the important role of entrepreneurship in the economic development of post-communist economies. The main purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the impact of self-employment subsidy for unemployed in the Czech NUTS 3 regions for the period of years 2012–2015 to provide policy makers supportive material useful for policy adjustments. The study applies quantitative research framework, which is based on the construction of econometric models. Estimated regression models with region fixed effects supported the negative association between the amount of supported self-employed and unemployment rates in the Czech regions. This finding is theoretically framed by the theory of necessity entrepreneurship. Positive spillover of the programme (‘a double dividend’), was econometrically tested on the regional employment rates. Obtained estimates found that there is a positive contemporaneous relationship (weakly significant) between the number of supported self-employed and the employment rates but not in the lag. Analysis of the costs revealed that the costs of self-employment programme are not that high, if one takes into account the alternative costs of unemployment benefits paid to the unemployed and social insurance paid back to the state by the newly established self-employed. Therefore, this tool of active labour market policy has a potential of wider usage. Nevertheless, the applied empirical strategy was based on the regional level and has its limitations. Provided results need to be interpreted cautiously, without any causal inference, because the true outcomes of the programme could be analysed only on the level of supported individuals. Future research should therefore challenge the effectiveness of the start-up subsidy programmes in the Czech Republic on the level of individuals, with focus on the survival rates of subsidized businesses and incomes of their formerly unemployed owners.

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LIBANOVA, E. M., et O. V. POZNIAK. « External Labor Migration from Ukraine : the Impact of COVID-19 ». Demography and social economy, n^o 4 (4 décembre 2020) : 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2020.04.025.

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The article is devoted to the assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on the tendencies of external labor migration from Ukraine. The relevance of the work is due to the limited analytical research on population migration during the pandemic. Until the beginning of 2020, changes in the formation of external labor migration flows occurred mainly under the infl uence of the internal situation in the country and the transformation of Ukraine’s political relations with certain foreign countries, but under COVID-19, the trends of external labor migration from Ukraine have changed radically for reasons independent of the socio-economic situation in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to assess the changes in the scale of labor migration due to COVID-19 and to determine the prospects for external labor migration of Ukrainians. Relevant analytical developments became the basis for the formation of recommendations for adjusting the migration policy of Ukraine in the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. The novelty of the study is to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the parameters of external labor migration from Ukraine and to assess probable perspective future transformations of migration trends. Abstract-logical and systema tic approaches, the method of expert assessments are used in the study. The analysis of the migration situation in Ukraine in recent years is carried out, the latest changes in the directions and scales of external labor migration are identifi ed. The tendencies of international population movement aft er the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. Prospects for external migration of the population of Ukraine are determined. The future of this process will depend on the pace of economic recovery in Europe and the world at large and the local demand for labor from other countries. It is probable that the employment structure of Ukrainian labor migrants will change by type of activity: migrants who were not employed in agriculture before the pandemic will not resume work so soon, and those who remained in the recipient countries will try to fi nd employment in agriculture and related activities. The geography of working trips will also change, and a new reorientation of some migrants is probable — from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, especially Germany and the United Kingdom, which are far ahead of traditional Ukrainian employment countries (Poland, the Czech Republic and even Italy) in terms of wages. A key element of the policy of keeping some migrants in Ukraine is a radical non-declarative change in the state’s attitude to small and medium-sized businesses. It is necessary to involve representatives of small and medium business to public policy, including policy of withdrawal from quarantine, business support. Eff ective business support programs should also be implemented, in particular following the example of EU countries. For those migrants who, even under the best conditions, are not interested in starting a business in Ukraine, a strategy is needed to ensure that, on the one hand, these people are not lost to Ukraine, and on the other hand, to get the most out of working with the diaspora. This will help both to improve the situation in the economy and to improve the image and strengthen Ukraine’s infl uence in the world.

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Hnatek, Jonas, Vaclav Stejskal, Tomas Vendl, Radek Aulicky, Jarmila Malkova et Miloslav Zouhar. « Fumigation of Insect-Infested Wooden Logs by EDN Using Two Scenarios of Plastic Tent-Tarpaulin Sealing : Wooden Logs Stacks Placed on Bottom Plastic Sheets or Directly on Underlying Soil ». Sustainability 13, n^o 23 (3 décembre 2021) : 13377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313377.

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Recently, the largest bark beetle calamity (Ips typographus) of the last 100 years has erupted in Central Europe, including the Czech Republic. This calamity may threaten the sustainability of growing large areas of monoculture Norway spruce (Picea abies) in this area. Limited economically feasible physical and chemical pest control options are available to prevent the bark beetle spread. However, from these options, only mechanical bark removal or gas-insecticide fumigation result in instant deactivation of all pest stages throughout the entire stack of stored logs. Due to the ban on the use of methyl bromide (MeBr) for the fumigation of log piles under tarpaulin, the adaptation of the phyto-quarantine method EDN to the destruction of I. typographus bark beetles in harvested wood directly in forests was newly proposed in the Czech Republic. The methodical experience with fumigation of the harvested logs, however, was only available for wood fumigation in chambers or in tent-tarps fumigation placed on paved (concrete/asphalt) surfaces mainly in ship harbors. Prior to the introduction of the new EDN fumigation method of bark beetle infested wood stored directly in the forests, it was initially unclear whether it was necessary to use or neglect bottom sheets to optimize exposure and maximize Ct products for the permitted fixed initial dose (50 g·m−3). Therefore, the initial validation pilot trials were aimed at the estimation and comparison of EDN temporal dynamics and Ct products under real forest conditions and two fumigation scenarios: Wooden log pile placed on bottom plastic sheets or directly on soil without the bottom sheets. Field trials were performed under both identical as well as different environmental conditions. In addition, they revealed that the concentration decrease was significantly faster and Ct products were significantly lower in the case of trials without the bottom sheets. The experiments indicated high EDN sorption by the uncovered soil under the tent. Quantitatively, the average Ct product was 4.8 (identical conditions) and 3.7 (different conditions) times lower in EDN trials without the bottom sheets when compared to the use of bottom sheets. The initial field-forest fumigation validation trials indicated a necessity to carry out EDN fumigation under tent-tarps also using bottom sheets, although this fumigation procedure increases the labor-demands to some extent. Based on the presented results and additional data, the Czech authority issued for the EDN plant protection product an authorization for the limited and controlled use of wooden logs. Therefore, this work became the basis of the historically and first officially authorized use of any fumigant for pest control under commercial forest conditions.

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Bilenko, Yuriy. « Labor productivity in the agriculture, structural shifts and economic growth in the Central and Eastern European countries ». Agricultural and Resource Economics : International Scientific E-Journal 8, n^o 4 (20 décembre 2022) : 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2022.08.04.01.

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Purpose. In our article, we assess the scope and directions of changes in agricultural labor productivity compared to other sectors of the economy. Methodology / approach. For our survey we choose 15 countries: (і) EU countries – Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, as well (іі) post-Soviet European countries – Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, russia and also (ііі) Albania for period 1996–2019. We use an empirical methodology designed to analyze structural decomposition of labor productivity into the growth effect within the sector and structural dynamic and static effects, often called ‘shift-share analysis’. We analyze process of convergence of sectoral labor productivity and its impact on economic growth. Results. Labor productivity grows in the agricultural sector of the economy at the fastest rate, on average by almost 12 % per year. The growth effects within the industry takes a dominant position in all sectors of the economy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and its share is on average 88.5 %, and the structural effects are as follows: the dynamic effect is almost 1%, the static effect is 10.4 %. We have confirmed that the agricultural sector is gaining weight in the economic growth of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the influence of the service sector is increasing, although together they do not exceed the influence of the growth of value added in industry. Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time we have used the methodology of decomposition of labor productivity growth into three effects: growth, dynamic and static ones for the period before the financial crisis 2008 and after the crisis for 15 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Using panel GLS estimator with fixed effects we estimate the impact of labor productivity on economic growth in different sectors for 1991–2020 period. Practical value / implications. The main results of the study can be used for elaboration of effective economic policy in agriculture development in Central and Eastern European countries; for identification of structural shifts in labor productivity in different sectors of the economy before and after the financial crisis; for estimation of the level of convergence between different sectors of the economy; determining main factors of increasing value added in agriculture in Ukraine and other Central and Eastern European countries; implementation structural changes in economy in the period of crisis.

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